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The Ethnobotany of Chinchero, an Andean Community in Southern

Christine Franqueniont Timothy Plowman Edward Franquemont

Stoen R. King

Christine Niezgoda

Wade I)

Calvin R. Sperling

March 30, 1990 Publication 1408

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>rado Island. Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif., 943 pp. id T. D. Pennington. 1963. A comparison of montane and lowland nomy, and floristics. Journal of Ecology. 51: ina: Cultural patterns in visions, pp. 63-80. In Bro ton Publishers, The Hague, Netherlar dor, pp. 785-821. In Steward. J. H., ed.. Handbook ol

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Botany NEW SERIES, NO. 24

The Ethnobotany of Chinchero, an Andean Community in Southern Peru

Christine Franquemont fTimothy Plowman

Institute of Economic Botany Department of Botany New York Botanical Garden Field Museum of Natural History Bronx, New York 10458 Chicago, Illinois 60605-2496

Edward Franquemont Steven R. King Christine Niezgoda

Institute of Andean Studies Board on Agriculture Department of Botany P.O. Box 9307 National Research Council Field Museum of Natural History Berkeley, California 94709 Washington, D.C. 20418 Chicago, Illinois 60605-2496

Wade Davis Calvin R. Sperling

Institute of Economic Botany Germplasm Services Laboratory New York Botanical Garden U.S. Department ofAgriculture Bronx, New York 10458 Agricultural Research Service Beltsville, Maryland 20705

Accepted November 1, 1988 Published March 30, 1990 Publication 1408

PUBLISHED BY FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 1 990 Field Museum of Natural History Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 89-85570 ISSN 00 15-0746 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA TIMOTHY PLOWMAN 1944_1989

We dedicate this volume

with love and gratitude to Tim Plowman, who brought us all together and showed us the way

Table of Contents 9. Schematic map of Chinchero 12 10. Mountain reflected in a pond on the pampa of Yanacona 13

PREFACE vii 1 1 . Puqpuq waterfall said to be inhabited

ABSTRACT 1 by sirena (Sp.), the malignant female

INTRODUCTION 1 spirit 15 CHINCHERO: THE SETTING, AN ANDEAN TOWN 1 2. Mother and daughter peeling potatoes 2 in house courtyard 16 LOCAL GEOGRAPHY 10 13. An ayni group accomplishing first METHODS 14 hoeing of potato field with attendant rit- CULTIVATED IN CHINCHERO 19 ual 20 EXPLANATION OF FORMAT 14. Harvest of maway (irrigated) fields 21 Information 29 15. Tops of plants from maway (irrigated Informant Biographies 31 field) used as fodder 22 Note on Quechua (Qichuwa) Orthography 16. A woman adding to a pile of potatoes 32 being harvested by a group of people LIST OF CHINCHERO PLANTS working in minkha 23 Fungi 32 1 7. Anisette Huaman and his wife posing in Lichens 33 front of Anisette's household garden of Algae 34 herbs and ornamentals raised for use, Mosses (Musci) 34 sale, and curiosity 26 Liverworts (Hepaticae) 35 18. A ch'asti, an adolescent role in dance Ferns and Fern Allies 36 groups and fiestas, cleaning wheat 28 Gymnosperms 40 19. Woman displaying lisas (Ullucus tubero- Angiosperms 41 sus) for sale or barter in Chinchero Sun- CONCLUSION 107 day market 44 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 107 20. Woman washing quinua (Chenopodium LITERATURE CITED 108 quinod) grains 50

INDEX OF LOCAL NAMES Ill 2 1 . Graciano Pumaaylli assembling stalks of for GENERAL INDEX . . 1 22 huamanpito (Columellia obovata) use in basket-making 51 22. Graciano Pumaaylli using hands and List of Illustrations toe to begin weaving a basket 52 23. Nilda Callanaupa gathering the flowers of kiku (Bidens andicola ssp.) to use for

1 . The town of Chinchero, built on Inca a yellow dye 54 ruins 3 24. Children carrying kindling after a day 2. The site of a Sunday barter and com- with flocks or in fields 61 mercial market in Chinchero 4 25. of awarunkhu (Puya we- 3. Two teams of three men plowing with berbaueri), woody stems and leaves of chakitaqlla (Andean footplow) in field tayanqa (Baccharis tricuneata), and suy- above Lake Piuray 5 tu (probably Eupatorium volkensii) are 4. Map of Chinchero, showing location of gathered and burned and their ashes zones and communities 6 made into llipta. an alkaline admixture 5. A river cut dividing the western plains chewed with coca 68 and the eastern hills of Chinchero 7 26. Maria Huaman and daughter pulveriz- 6. A minkha labor group, assembled for ing ashes of plants to make llipta 69 the day, resting after harvesting potatoes 27. Liquid being added to the pulverized 8 ashes so that they may be shaped into 7. Members of an ayni group work togeth- patties of llipta 70 er, hoeing in a potato field, in a lifelong 28. Formed masses of llipta drying 71 relationship of labor exchange 9 29. Melchior Cusihuaman and neighbor lay-

8. An ayni group works together to con- ing bundles of thatch onto a new roof . . 73

struct a new house . .11 30. Anisette Huaman thatching a roof 74 31. Simeona Jaimes using a gourd as ladle List of Tables to test chicha 75 32. Maria Livita straining boiled jora into a raki a of ichu (chicha jar) through layer i. wild plants forming part of diet 24 on a basket ... 76 (high-altitude grass spp.) 2. Origins of Chinchero cultigens 27 33. Oca (Oxalis tuberosd) cultivated for edi- 3. Minor cultivated plants . 29 ble tubers 90 34. Tools used to cultivate tubers are locally made, especially of chachaquma (Escal- lonia resinosa): plow (usually Eucalyp- tus), kutiq (hoe and potato hook), qha- suna (clod-breaker), and chakitaqlla (footplow) 97

VI Preface with Chinchero residents to establish a center for The goal of the Chinchero ethnobotanical proj- traditional culture located in Chinchero (C. Fran-

ect was to document, from an interdisciplinary quemont, 1 982), a living museum designed to speak perspective bridging botany and anthropology, the for traditional Quechua life in dialogue with the flora of a human community whose boundaries Spanish-speaking school system oriented to coast- are political and cultural as well as geographic. The al culture. Segments of the project were dedicated project developed from the long-term research in to agricultural systems, textiles, fiestas, music, sto- this town in the high Peruvian of two of us rytelling, and finally, plants. In 1982 we began a (C.F., E.F.) which began with an exploration of survey of the flora of the community of Chinchero the cognitive and practical worlds of Andean as an extension of the ongoing work toward cul- weavers (C. Franquemont & E. Franquemont, op. tural preservation. It was clear that low esteem for cit.). During a long period of association with traditional knowledge of the environment was Chinchero, we worked with members of the com- working to put the people of Chinchero at a dis- munity in support of a range of projects, including advantage with their more technologically ad- cultivation of potatoes, laying of pipes for a po- vanced compatriots in a number of ways. First, table water system, and activities of the school and prestigious wheat (in bread) and rice, both expen- the soccer league; in 1980 we took two cargos sive imported commodities, were replacing locally (sponsored the participation of two dance groups) grown foods such as quinua and even potatoes in for the town's annual celebration of the patron the Quechua diet. Second, farmers' need for cash saint (Spanish, fiesta patronat). and the consumption patterns of the larger re- Two problems illustrate our (C.F., E.F.) moti- gional economy caused changes in agricultural vations in studying the ethnobotany ofChinchero. strategies. Large areas of land were being planted A specific question arose in conversations with to barley rather than Andean tubers, since the Cus- Chinchero weavers. The town is home to one of co beer factory provided seed and guaranteed pur- the community-specific textile traditions that chase of harvests. Farmers were restricting the di- characterize the area (C. Franquemont, versity of their potato crops, in some cases 1979, 1986; E. Franquemont & C. Franquemont, influenced by government agricultural programs. 1986, 1987). Like many other researchers, we Many farmers sought short-term gains in ignoring wanted to understand the meaning of the woven the traditional seven-year rotation system, relying designs. Since the designs had names, an obvious on chemical fertilizers to maintain productivity. place to start was to translate those names. Several Third, the awe of modern medical technology such of the pal/ay (Quechua, 'design') names were said as injections and pills progressive and lifesaving also to be the names of plants. One , chili in some situations was devaluing the daily prac- chili, was particularly common; we were told that tice of herbal medicine long used to maintain the it grows "right around here anywhere," always fol- health of the community. These examples suggest lowed by, "well, I don't see one right now, but the urgency that the authors and the people of

. . ." Five years later when we undertook a com- Chinchero saw at that time in documenting the plete survey of the plants of Chinchero, we still local knowledge of plants. did not know which plant was chili chili. We One of us (T.P.) volunteered to coordinate the were curious was the design, an elaborated zig- considerable botanical aspect of the project, and zag, a picture of the plant, or a symbol for a sacred three of us (S.K., W.D., C.S.) agreed to collaborate or valuable plant? In a sense, this work was un- as field botanists. Funding was secured through dertaken to answer the question of the meaning Earthwatch, Inc. With this team of six researchers, of a category named chili chili and of many other 19 energetic Earthwatch volunteers in two groups, categories as well. Those comparisons between and the residents of Chinchero with whom we had plants and weaving designs were in themselves a worked to create the cultural center, we were able question in (C. Franquemont, 1986). in 1982 to complete an extensive survey of Chili chili, in fact, is the name given to at least Chinchero flora. five plant species: Three are Geranium species, the Another year of fieldwork by one of us (C.F.) in fourth, an Anemone, and the fifth, a Hydrocotyle. Chinchero in 1985-1986 continued the ethnobo- All share an ornamentally scalloped leaf form, as tanical survey directing study specifically to the does the central motif in the woven design. logic of Quechua plant classification (C. Franque- Between 1979 and 1982 we (C.F., E.F.) worked mont, 1987).

Vll

The Ethnobotany of Chinchero, an Andean Community in Southern Peru

Abstract

An ethnobotanical study was conducted in tality of the place of plants in a culture and the Chinchero, Peru. The political district of Chin- direct interaction by the people with the plants" chero has an area of more than 135 sq km at (Ford, 1978, p. 44). The form ofan ethnobotanical altitudes between 3000 and 5000 m; the com- study depends on its author's identification as cog- munity's 18,000 residents form a cultural unit. A nitive anthropologist, botanist, archaeologist, or floristic survey was undertaken in 1982 as part of ecological or physical anthropologist, among oth- an ongoing ethnographic project on Chinchero cul- ers. Frequently, studies by one group are not useful ture. The methodologies of anthropologists and or even intelligible to another. Many studies have botanists were combined to elicit a complete un- concentrated on economics and utility, with an derstanding of the relationship of Quechua people underlying theme of usefulness to our own society, and plants in this Andean environment. The study but frequently ignoring the conscious or collective identified at least 507 plant species in 319 genera activities of people. Alternatively, the anthropol- in 1 1 2 families, equivalent to more than 250 Que- ogical study of semantic domains, of naming sys- chua categories. For each species, the following tems, has been done by anthropologists, who often information is provided: Latin binomial, geo- ignore the natural world in which those human graphic distribution, locality, habitat, local names, activities take place. and ethnographic information. Even as Chinchero The goal of research in Chinchero was to doc- undergoes rapid acculturation, individuals main- ument, from this interdisciplinary perspective, the tain knowledge of plants' characters and uses in flora of a human community whose boundaries all aspects of daily life. We encountered 14 New are political and cultural as well as geographic. Our World and 17 Old World species cultivated as work succeeds the remarkable ethnobotanical sur- food, tea, medicine, shelter, and commodities. In veys of Berlin et al. (1974), Principles ofTzeltal addition, both wild and cultivated plants play vital Plant Classification, and Alcorn (1984), Huastec roles in ritual, myth, design, and local ecology. The Mayan Ethnobotany, and follows the presentation results of this unique multidisciplinary research used by Vickers and Plowman (1984). Ultimate will be of use to a broad range of scholars. inspiration came from the New World ethnobo- tanical studies of Richard Evans Schultes. In Chinchero, we attempted a collaboration between Introduction disciplines in a study which kept in mind the pur- poses and methods of both botany and anthro- Ethnobotany has been an ill-defined discipline pology. By providing a reporting format and a without an established methodology. The defini- specific methodology for ethnobotanical plant col- tion ofethnobotany remains problematic, since its lection and botanically relevant ethnography, the first use in 1895 by Harshberger to refer to the study tried to satisfy the goals of ethnobotany, to study of "plants used by primitive and aboriginal illuminate the human and cultural complexities of people ..." (Ford, 1978, p. 33) and its more recent people's relationships with plants, in a work where redefinition by Ford as "concerned with the to- both people and plants are visible.

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO The thousands of voucher specimens in the in Peruvian herbaria as well as from colonial and Chinchero collection represent at least 507 plant modern references, especially the Flora of Peru

species in 3 1 9 plant genera in 1 1 2 plant families (Macbride, 1 936 et seq.) Soukup's book is a source and some 250 local categories. Specimens come of a great deal of comparative information, with from nine communities of Chinchero between the emphasis on highland and coastal plants. The data altitudes of 3000 and 5000 m. Forty-two species was rather uncritically assembled, however, and are plants of Old World origin, one is from Aus- the book is cumbersome to use and limited by lack tralia, and the remaining species are native to the of information on the areas of Peru in which species New World. The majority of species is limited in occur. present distribution to the Andes. By our estimate, More recently, a careful but unpublished study the collection represents 95% ofthe by Fisher (1976) was based on work in a pseu- species growing in Chinchero, including several donymous highland village in the Department of species new to science, a number of plants never Cusco. She identified more than 100 locally im- before reported from Peru, and a large number of portant plant species and gave the plants' local plants collected for the first time from the Cusco and scientific names, along with use information area. Detailed ethnographic information accom- she collected from oral and written sources and panies virtually every plant specimen. The collec- pharmacopoeias. Brunei's dissertation (197 5), also tion is the most comprehensive ethnobotanical unpublished, analyzed the variation in plant clas- survey ever done in the central Andes. sification in Chacan, a former hacienda bordering A variety of specialists have devoted their work Chinchero. The work of the late Louis Girault on to the ethnobotany of the Andean highlands, in- the healing inventory of the Kallawaya, a group cluding ancient plant use (Towle, 1961). Both early of ritual and herbal healing specialists in , priests (particularly Cobo) and the great European is extremely well documented, but directed spe- geographic expeditions (Ruiz and Pavon, Rai- cifically at the Kallawaya pharmacopoeia (Girault, mondi) took an interest in the broad range of cul- 1 984). For Bolivia an extensive study by Cardenas tivated and utilized plants they encountered (Her- (1969) and a more superficial survey by Bastien rera, 1937). Valdizan and Maldonado, Peruvian (1982) document current plant use and herbal physicians, published a detailed work, La Medi- medicine; treatment of particular plants is well

cina Popular Peruana, in 1922. The authors, in represented by the work of Carter ( 1 978, 1 980) on the nationalism of their era, sought to document coca. the indigenous (Inca) roots of medical science in A number of authors have described the com- Peru; they were drawn to curanderos (Sp., 'heal- plexity of Andean agricultural systems, notably ers') whom they saw as medical specialists like Leon (1964), Mayer (1974), Gade (1975), Brush themselves. Medicina Popular includes an inven- (1977), Brush et al. (1981), Bristol (1968), and tory of hundreds of Peruvian plants, identified to Orlove and Godoy (1986). Ongoing large-scale ef- species and in some cases illustrated, and their forts will add a great deal to this knowledge, no- uses. tably those in Cuyo Cuyo (Puno) led by Bruce Macbride began publishing the encyclopedic Winterhalder and in the Department of Cusco Flora ofPeru in 1 936, and by that time the prolific continuing the work of the late Cesar Fonseca. scholar Herrera had also begun his extensive doc- Johns and Towers (1981) and Johns and Keen umentation of the botany and ethnobotany of Peru, (1986) explored the frontier between wild and cul- Sinopsis de la Flora de Cusco (1941), and numer- tivated plants. ous articles in the Revista del Museo National (1933a,b, 1938, 1939, 1940a,b, 1942). Yacovleff and Herrera's work (1934-1935) on plant repre- sentation in ancient Peruvian art remains the stan- Chinchero: The Setting, dard. an Andean Town Lira (1946), a Spanish priest working in Cusco, the documented uses of plants as medicines and Many people know Chinchero (fig. 1) as a small as ritual paraphernalia: however, Lira did not town near the city of Cusco in southern Peru with identify plants by scientific name, severely limiting extensive Inca ruins and a colorful Sunday market the usefulness of the work. Soukup (1970), also a (fig. 2). Each year, thousands of tourists visit priest, compiled a vocabulary of the local and sci- Chinchero; most stay less than two hours. They entific names of Peruvian plants from specimens do not realize that Chinchero is a political district

FIELDIANA: BOTANY Explanation of photo credits: cere Chinchero Center for Traditional Culture, a photographic archive maintained by C. and E. Franquemont; S.K. Steven King; W.D. Wade Davis; C.S. Calvin Sperling.

FIG. 1 . The town of Chinchero, built on Inca ruins (photo cere).

comprising 135 sq km of hills and plain, ranging weather brings night temperatures at times below between 3100 and 5000 m in altitude, and a cul- freezing, and intensely sunny days which may be ture area with some 18,000 residents. Since an- as warm as 85F. In striking contrast, during the thropologist Oscar Nunez del Prado first worked wet season (October-April), frequent thunder- there (Nunez del Prado, 1 949), a large number of storms and rainy spells lasting as long as a week cultural anthropologists and archaeologists have turn the land green and muddy, with temperatures done research in Chinchero for varying lengths of more even, fluctuating between 45F. and 60F. time, much of which is, unfortunately, unpub- An average yearly rain of approximately 840 mm lished. Contreras's (1985) recent ethnography and falls almost entirely within these months. Mea- Alcina Franch's (1976) report on the archaeology surements made in Chinchero between 1955 and are the most substantial results yet published from 1961 (Freeman, 1963, quoted in Contreras, 1985) this work. correspond to Tosi's classification of the area as Chinchero is located in the province of Uru- very humid forest, having approximately 1 ,000 mm bamba, approximately 1 5 km northwest of the city of rain per year (Tosi, 1960). of Cusco, and shares a border with the province Chinchero remains fundamentally an agricul- of Cusco. The town center is 25 km from Cusco tural community. The agricultural year has four by paved road, and approximately 10 km from stages: the sowing season before the onset of the the town of Urubamba. Because Chinchero is at heaviest rains (September-November), the rainy high altitude (38 10 m at the town plaza) in a trop- growing season (December-March), the season of ical latitude (1317'S), it has a climate of extreme plowing the fields to be planted the following year contrasts between wet and dry seasons of the year (April) (fig. 3), and the harvest season (May-June). and between hot days and cold nights. From May Three seasons are locally designated: dry (Qu., through September, dry, cold, and often windy chaki), May to the beginning of August; wind time

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO FIG. 2. Every Sunday Chinchero is the site of a barter and commercial market (photo W.D.).

(Qu.-Sp., wayratiempo), from August to Novem- bamba River. (Although this river is properly called ber; and flowering time (Qu.-Sp., tikayttempo), the Vilcanota, to avoid confusion, we refer to it from December through April (Contreras, 1985). as do Chinchero residents as the Urubamba, the During the dry, windy months of June, July, and name it takes at a lower altitude.) The Incas and August, agricultural activities are limited to house- later the Spanish took advantage of this water re- hold-based work, including freeze-drying potatoes source to build a series of canals (and later aq- (Qu., chunu) and other tubers, making and re- ueducts) which carried those waters to Cusco pairing tools, and any left-over sod-turning (Qu., (Sherbondy, 1982). yapur, Sp., barbichd). A deep water cut (Qu., wayq'u; Sp., quebradd) The physiography of Chinchero is of two types separating the western plain and eastern ridges of (map, fig. 4). The western area, a high rolling plain the Chinchero area drains the plain into the valley

(Qu.. pampd) at 3800 m. once formed the bed of of the some 800 m below (fig. 5). a Pleistocene lake; to the east the lake bed is The plain is intensively cultivated for Andean tu- bounded by low limestone hills, rising into a series bers and European grains, while the ridges serve of steep granitic ridges that reach an elevation of for pasture or sparse tuber cultivation, and a few 4600 m. Water remains in the lowest parts of the small fields at the very lowest part of the quebrada, plain in the form of bogs, seasonal ponds, and two approximately 3100 m. allow maize agriculture. large lakes, while in the hills to the east, trapped A large area of high-altitude land above approx- water emerges from several reliable springs. The imately 4000 m (Qu., puna), which cannot be used largest ofthese springs. Qorqor, is the current source for cultivation, supports herding. of water for the city of Cusco. A large lake (Qu., While the plain (Qu., pampd) is relatively uni- quchd) called Piuray drains to the southeast toward form in character throughout Chinchero, the water Cusco; another called Huaypo drains to the Uru- cut harbors a special environment called qhishwa

FIELDIANA: BOTANY FIG. 3. Two teams of three men plow with chakitaqlla (Andean footplow) in field above Lake Piuray (photo CCTC).

(Qu.)- Between the approximate altitudes of 3100 was the location of Topa Inca Yupanqui's royal and 3600 m, trapped moisture and heat allow the estate (Niles, 1987; Alcina Franch, 1976). growth of a dense flora including plants larger in The two major ayllus of Chinchero, Cuper and size than higher-altitude members of the same Ayllupunqu (ayllu 'door' or 'gateway'), existed in species. The hillsides above (Qu., urqu), especially Inca times, and people occasionally still refer to on the eastern side where they are moister and Cuper as hanan ayllu (Qu., 'upper community') better protected from wind, support the few re- and to Ayllupunqu and Yanacona together as hu- maining indigenous in the area (Polylepis, rin ayllu (Qu.. 'lower community'). In this de- , and others). Most of the wide range of scription we use the word ayllu interchangeably wild plants known and used by Chinchero people with community (Sp., comunidad) to refer specif- grow on these slopes in the qhishwa and above. ically to these recognized land-holding groups. Al- We do not know when people first moved into though in some cases this use is historically in- the plain that is now Chinchero; the earliest pub- accurate, because the definition ofayllu is complex lished archaeological remains date from the Killke and has varied considerably, we continue to use period immediately prior to the Incas. By Inca the word to imply the unity and strength, stem- times Chinchero was a well-established focus of ming from a common cultural identity, of these human activity, as evidenced by extensive re- groups of people. When the Spanish arrived (ca. mains of architecture and landscape modification 1533), each of these ayllus occupied a distinct (Alcina Franch, 1976). Large-scale terracing and hamlet between which lay the large area of Inca walls of dressed limestone built in the tightly fitted structures and terraces just mentioned. polygonal style attributed to the Inca Period (ca. Manco Inca burned the structures in Chinchero

A.D. 1438-1532) provide the evidence of a large on his retreat from Cusco in about 1 540, shortly site with apparently administrative and ritual after the Spanish Conquest (Alcina Franch, 1976, functions (Rowe, 1946; Niles, 1987). Chinchero p. 147). By 1608 the Spanish had converted the

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO CALCA

CUSCO

POROY

CHINCHEKO

3810 ftYLLU rUNSU

URUBAMBA

MARAS ANTA

LEGEND " PAMPA Y7A WATER ^^ PAY ED ROAD NORTH STEEP HILLSIDES (PUNA AT HIGHEST LEVELS) DISTRICT ^^Hi DISTRICT LIMITS MYLLU 4 PLAZA OF CHINCH ERO 38 10 ALTITUDE

FIG. 4. Map of Chinchero, showing location of zones and communities.

FIELDIANA: BOTANY FIG. 5. A river cut divides the western plains and the eastern hills of Chinchero. Waqkhata, on the near side, is a sector especially suited to growing grains; beyond are the lower slopes of Antakillqa hillside, used primarily for pasture and gathering (photo W.D.).

largest Inca building into a Catholic church. As tural boundaries recognized by both residents and required by the Spanish policy of reduction (Sp., outsiders. reduction), the surrounding ayllus relocated to form Three lines of power and bureaucracy tie the town that today surrounds the church. At that Chinchero to the national government: a governor time several haciendas controlled large areas and (Sp., gobernador) named by provincial or depart- numbers of people in Chinchero (Toledo, 1974; mental authorities, a mayor (Sp., alcalde) and

Alcina Franch, 1 976). Just as the local Church was council (Sp., conccjo) now elected by town resi- founded on ruins of Inca design, the modern com- dents, and a judge (Sp., juez de paz) empowered munities represent the remains of Inca social to decide some local disputes between individuals structure, the ayllu. (Contreras, 1985). These offices, which (with the Today the approximately 18,000 residents of exception of the judge) conduct their affairs in Chinchero comprise a cultural group that both res- Spanish, were rotated until the 1 960s among a few idents and outsiders identify by ethnic markers mestizo (Sp., 'non-Indian native') residents. that include dress. They live in a total of 1 3 self- Chinchero center has been declared a legal Ur- governing, land-owning communities that retain ban Zone (Sp., Zona Urbana). As of 1986 some individual identities extending to agricultural 300 households cluster around the church and along practices and plant systematics. Chinchero was le- the paved highway where the three primary ayllus gally recognized in 1905 as an independent polit- of Cuper, Ayllupunqu, and Yanacona meet. ical district of the Federal Republic of Peru (Mon- Another 1 5,000 people live dispersed or in smaller talvo, 1 965). The district ofChinchero should not, hamlets on the hills of Chinchero. Residences are however, be thought of as a purely externally im- gradually concentrating around the town center posed political unit, because it follows existing cul- which is the site of the church, primary and sec-

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO FIG. 6. A minkha labor group, assembled for the day, rests after harvesting potatoes (photo cere).

ondary schools, a plaza with a large Sunday market and textile production; the number of Chinchero of barter for produce and sale to tourists, and Inca people conversant in Spanish was small. Dress and ruins. Houses are also agglomerating along the weaving style are the most visible defining char- paved road which links Chinchero in a tourist cir- acters of the area. Many women still wear the cuit with Urubamba, , and Pisaq. multiple braids and handmade clothes that distin- The major demographic trend in Chinchero, how- guish them from women of other Quechua-speak- ever, is out-migration to Quillabamba, Cusco, and ing communities. In the past 40 years, men have Lima, while national culture in the form of lan- abandoned completely the traditional style of vil- guage, dress, music, and money flows steadily into lage-specific dress in favor of identity as part of Chinchero. an area-wide class of rural workers, and many Belying Chinchero's proximity to the city of women are also doing so. Cultural traits specific Cusco, its inhabitants have a justified reputation to Chinchero (or other Quechua communities), for stubborn conservatism in thought, traditions, however, are by no means limited to clothing style. and institutions. Curiously, the residents of They extend into nuances of language use, tech- Chinchero also enjoyed this reputation of con- nology, ritual life, and folklore, making the Cusco trariness in early Colonial times (Sarmiento, 1907 area a mosaic of local cultures united through [1572]) and in fact may have been a non-Inca shared economies, language, beliefs, and history. ethnic group at that time, the Ayarmaca (Rostwo- Residents of Chinchero define their fundamen- rowski, 1970). During Tupaq Amaru's rebellion tal identity as members of one of the self-govern- in the 1 8th century, the people of Chinchero allied ing land-owning communities of Chinchero: Cu- themselves with the Spanish under the leadership per, Yanacona, Ayllupunqu and others (see map, of a cacique (Spanish-recognized native leader), fig. 4). These communities survive from pre-Co- Mateo Pumacahua (Valcarcel Esparza, 1977). As lumbian social groups (Qu., ayllus) and in some as 10 recently years ago, their way of life still cen- cases from colonial annexes (Sp., anejos), outposts tered tuber upon agriculture, animal husbandry. (Sp., estancias), and ranches (Sp., haciendas). The

8 FIELDIANA: BOTANY FIG. 7. Potato fields are hoed twice during the growing season. Members of an ayni group work together in a lifelong relationship of labor exchange (photo C.S.).

government of Peru now officially recognizes the within the boundaries of another ayllu if granted ayllus as independent entities; Umasbamba was permission by that ayllu's meeting, in exchange the first to be recognized as an independent in- for contributing money or collaborating with the digenous community in 1927 (Contreras, 1985). labor tax. They may also participate in that ayllu's Each community has a distinct geographical def- meetings, but do not have voting rights, which are inition, although all lands are not always contig- reserved for residents. uous. A high level of envy (Sp., envidid) among Men have basic responsibility for agricultural and between ayllus can be observed in the hu- organization and labor, although women help in morous nicknames they invent for each other: the fields as needed and throughout the harvest Yanacona is Yana Qhuna ('black snot'), Cuper is season. Women also support agricultural activity Waqcha Cuper ('impoverished' or 'orphaned Cu- through a parallel organization of intensive mutual per'), and Ayllupunqu is Kullu Papa Suqsuq (be- hospitality. People seldom work alone, but rather cause their potatoes are so small they have to be form into groups based on any of several labor- swallowed whole). sharing institutions. Ayni, the most common form Ayllu members (Qu., ayllu masi, now more of agricultural labor, is built of reciprocal labor commonly called by the Spanish equivalent, co- exchange in which each worker is repaid by the muneros) have rights to work the usufruct they owner of a field with a comparable day of labor. own on lands within the ayllu, and also obliga- Minkha workers are compensated in some way by tions. They must attend their ayllu 's meetings (Sp., the end of the work day and do not receive ex- asambled) and participate in a labor tax (Sp.,faena) changed labor from the owner (fig. 6). Faena is a with which the ayllu maintains trails, roads, public labor tax which group members vote upon them- buildings or a community business venture. Com- selves for the common good. Minkha groups gen- munity members may work usufruct they own erally involve four or five workers, aym'commonly

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO assembles 10 or 12, while faena may mobilize Chinchero sits at the intersection of four car- hundreds of people in common enterprise. Ayni dinal directions (see map, fig. 9). life the labor is a regular part of daily during plow- North ing season (April), the harvest season (May-June), Q'IPANCHIS and the sowing season (September-November) 'that which follows us'

(figs. 7-8). West East As in most Andean communities, people are INTI INTI changing. Through the growth of the tourist in- HAYKUPUNA LLUQSIMUNA dustry and increasing control over the profits from (HAYKUPUSAN) 'sun coming their produce and labor, they have been brought 'sun going away' out this way' into the cash economy, even as farming becomes South an increasingly unproductive activity. Traditional NAWPANCHIS was within strategies, whereby planting governed 'our past' each ayllu by sophisticated systems of crop rota- sectoral tion (Qu., muyuy) through fallowing (Qu., Within the boundaries of Chinchero, the paths are now down under in- manay 'sector'), breaking that people travel take them throughout the range creased for cash Low for demand crops. prices of plant habitats, from corn fields at 3100 m to have also hurt agricultural products farming and, windy mountaintops at 4600 m. Quechua people in combination with the lure of work in the city, define several broad ecological zones that are re- have workers. Two other recent discouraged many membered in identifying plant categories: puna, events have caused severe of the depletion agri- pampa, and qhishwa. Puna, the high area above cultural economic base in Chinchero: the com- (1) the line, occurs only in the communities of in 1983 of a road from Cus- pletion paved passing Cuper and Taucca in lands above 4000 m. A di- co Chinchero to and the through Urubamba, (2) versity of high-altitude grasses collectively re- of liver flukes he- appearance parasitic (Fasciola ferred to as ichu characterize the lower part of this and camelid herds. patica) among sheep zone, including Brachypodium mexicanum, Cal- On the new road, the of Cusco is paved city only amagrostis glacialis, Festuca dolichophylla, Fes- a half hour's drive With all chil- away. virtually tucasublimis, Nasellaaff. linearifolia, Nasellapub- dren now school, most in the attending people iflora, and Stipa ichu. Camelids prefer these grass central communities are now and bilingual Spanish species as forage, but few camelids remain today In this of Quechua speakers. process change, many on the slopes of Chinchero. Weberbauer (1945, p. of the institutions and that have evolved systems 366) sets the lower limits of the puna in central since times are now dis- gradually pre-Columbian and southern Peru as 38004000 m, giving as a Like the condor and other birds appearing. large general definition "that elevated region where ag- which are no seen in the skies over Chinch- longer riculture becomes impossible." Cusco area farmers ero, the last ritual is specialist (Qu., altumisayuq) do cultivate tubers within the puna zone by plant- dead. Some traditional rituals as sub- persist only ing specialized cultivars, ch 'iri papas, and by using jects of reminiscence. As communities like a specialized technology called ch 'uqi, the practice Chinchero rise to an together join emerging pan- of planting and cultivating tubers within holes dug Andean culture that is beginning to make a place in unplowed sod. for itself in the international the distinct world, The highest lands are blanketed by "cushion of the Andean mosaic are definition. parts losing plants" such as Aciachne acicularis and small clus- tered groups of low-growing, high-altitude forms of brightly flowered genera such as Nototriche, Vi- ola, and Werneria. The ground here bounces un- Local Geography derneath your feet as you walk. At high altitudes, many unrelated kinds of plants grow in this "cush- For the people of Chinchero, plants mark and ion" growth form, which functions as protection are marked by an ecology they know and use in- from winds and frosts. Flowers with particularly timately. The local view of environmental zones large and intensely colored corollas characterize is determined by altitude and understood through alpine floras. Although Weberbauer (1945, p. 387) plant and animal inhabitants and agricultural po- found these flowers infrequent in the high Andes, tential. They know the plant world in relation to several Chinchero residents pointed out to us the the zones and feature of their local geography. large and unusually colored flowers of such genera

10 FIELDIANA: BOTANY FIG. 8. An ayni group works together to construct a new house (photo cere).

as Nototriche and Gentianella as characteristic of ing on artificial fertilizers to make up for the lack the puna. Weberbauer also noted these species, of fallow, but acknowledging that it does not. but considered them atypical. A small qhishwa, or warm zone, lies between A single but immense expanse of pampa, flat 3100 and 3600 m in the canyon to the east of and open land, occupies most of the area of the town, below the spots where the waters spring out ayllu Yanacona and extends to the flat areas of of the hillside at Puqpuq and Chaqchaq'illay. These fields surrounding Lakes Huaypo and Piuray (fig. waters irrigate Chinchero's few maize fields and 10). The pampa in Chinchero, at a constant alti- then flow another kilometer into the Urubamba tude between 3750 and 3800 m, can be cultivated River. Although this is the only area of Chinchero with modern technology, the lands plowed with where maize can be grown, that fact alone does oxen or even tractors, and the harvests collected not define the zone, since most of the qhishwa by trucks with access to a paved road to Cusco. territory is too steep for cultivation of any kind. Pampa lands are cultivated entirely, so that their These isolated fields within the lands of the town original vegetation is gone. They are now char- of Urquillos were recently won in a lawsuit by the acterized by European agricultural weeds and the community of Cuper and are cultivated by differ- encouraged edible plant Brassica campestris, ent elected members of the community of Cuper grasses (e.g., Festuca sublimis), and rushes (Juncus each year. The large-kerneled white maize grown spp.). Water lying above or just below the ground best in the Urubamba Valley is an extremely valu- of the old lake bed is extremely alkaline. People able export crop (Grobman et al., 1 96 1 ). Residents do not consider the pampa to be as fertile as the of Chinchero without access to these fields reserve hillside lands of Cuper, and the pressures of cash a portion of their potato harvest to make ch 'unu cropping have caused the rotation system dictating specifically to trade for maize grown in the Uru- four or more years of fallow to break down. Many bamba Valley. farmers on the pampa now plant every year, count- The two-hour walk from Chinchero center to

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO 11 North

1 Inca ruins URUBRMBR URQUILLOS CHLCR

MHRRS

RNTR

Nawpanchis CUSCO Inti lluqsimuna M Inti haykupuna CRCHIMRVO POROV Q'ipanchis

FIG. 9. Schematic map of Chinchero.

Urquillos, on the Urubamba River, goes through Punku ('Wind's Door'). There, as at many spots this qhishwa zone. Before the completion ofa paved on Andean paths, one has the definite sensation road to the town of Urubamba in 1983 made pos- of going around a corner. At such spots the Incas sible rapid access by vehicle, Urquillos was the often built an actual doorway, like those outposts closest point in the Urubamba Valley. A long his- at Ollantaytambo and . As the to- tory of close connection exists between the two ponym suggests, the door is opened to the winds communities; a 1 6th-century document noted that from the valley, which are warmer and more gentle Urquillos included an "ayllu Chinchero" of 50 and make a less harsh sound than the winds that

Indians (VillanuevaU., 1982, p. 1 7). Hundreds of blow across the plain. Chincherinos attend the annual fiesta of Urquillos Past Wayraq Punku the path drops off sharply, on March 8, especially important for the healing crossing the stream to turn another corner at Qinti mud baths which take place in the church. Ur- Capilla ('Hummingbird Chapel'), where Chinch- quillos residents in turn bring produce by mule to erinos pause to rest, chew coca, or make a small trade or sell in the Chinchero Sunday market: con- offering. From this spot the Urubamba Valley can diments, flowers, lettuce, hot peppers, and what be surveyed. Hummingbirds and raucous groups they are most appreciated for, huge baskets of ca- of small green parakeets (Sp., lows) fly; the plant puli (Prunus serotina ssp. capuli), packed in the growth becomes lusher and more fragrant. Niwa large leaves of q'armatu (Nicotiana tomentosd). (Cortaderia sp.) grows well above head-height, and Leaving the plaza of Chinchero, people walk to startlingly beautiful passion-flowers (Passiflora the bottom of the Inca ruins along a narrow path pinnatistipula, 'grenadillas') and other vines tangle (formerly an Inca trail), through the area called with . This is the qhishwa. Simayuq (formerly the location of dense sitna Much of Chinchero is not puna, pampa, qhish- the grass), past rock outcrop Chinkana ('maze') wa, or qucha ('lake'). Large areas ofsloped hillside, and the stone in the brook called Qhillu ma- khata and steeper urqu, serve for potato cultiva- chaqwayniyuq ('with a yellow snake'), to Wayraq tion and subsequent rotations of tubers, legumes,

12 FIELDIANA: BOTANY FIG. 10. Mountain is reflected in a pond on the pampa of Yanacona (photo cere).

and grains and for herding. Like Puqpuq and specimen, that person very often told us where it Chaqchaq'illay, the water sources already men- grew, e.g., above Puqpuq waterfall, or at . tioned, many features in this landscape are im- She said, "I know where you got that," and was portant landmarks. A number of kinds of features right. also designate kinds of plants, as do the zones Judgments of ay//w-specific geography affect puna, pampa, and qhishwa. Among these are seep- plant knowledge. Frequently, a person from Cuper age (Qu., ch'aran), running water (Qu., mayu), hill did not recognize a plant from Taucca, or a Cuper (Qu., urqu), fallow (Qu., purun), rock (Qu., qaqd), resident looking at a specimen of the plant tiqllay lake or standing water (Qu., qucha), and the more warmi (Senecio erosus) from the puna above Tauc- general earth (Qu., pacha). ca commented that it grew on Antakillqa, a com- Because the locations in which plants grow are parable environment within her own ayllu. People crucial keys to their identification, so landmarks from Yanacona, which has no puna, often did not also mark plant organisms in both name and con- recognize puna plants at all, unless they had very ceptual identity. Quechua people know what plants large herds and pastured them in the common "should" grow in a given place, what plants to grazing lands on Antakillqa. (Ordinarily, people expect to be there, because of their repeated fa- pasture animals in the fallow fields [Qu., purun] miliarity with all of the places in their world. They of their own community.) relate plants not just to a kind of environment, Plant names are common in Chinchero topon- but to a specific place (e.g., Titiqaqa Wayq'u, In- yms, where the plants mark places in the land- kaq Mallkin Pampa), based on their personal cog- scape. Residents said that the plants named grew nitive map of their own ayllu. (Because ayllus are in those spots, statements we were able to confirm land-based groups, the word refers both to the in some cases. People told us that Q'erapata, the lands and to the social group associated with those name of a small annex to the north of Chinchero lands.) When we talked with someone about any center, referred to a past environment. Formerly particular plant, referred to by name or as a dried during fallow years, the hillsides were white with

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO 13 the pale flowers of the weedy plant q'ira (Astrag- duplicates of each numbered "kind" of plant in alus garbancilld). Now that a number of residences separate plastic bags. In nearly all cases, these have been built, and fields of grains planted year "kinds" were, in fact, plant species. In addition after year as cash crops have replaced the centu- we made a photographic record of most plants. ries-old tradition of crop rotation by sectoral fal- Temporary numbers given at the time ofcollection lowing (Qu., manayes), the Q'ira meadow no long- made possible the coordination of separate notes er blooms. by anthropologists, botanists, and photographers; we assigned permanent numbers to plants in the laboratory before pressing. Botanists kept da'ily Methods notebooks, using temporary numbers to refer to plant specimens, recording date, personnel, place, Our work in Chinchero in 1982 established a specimen number, family and genus if known, basic methodology for ethnobotanical fieldwork, habitat, and description of characters of the plant which we continue to use. We followed the well- likely not to be present in the herbarium specimen, established botanical methodology for collecting such as size, color, and smell. We pressed plants herbarium specimens as outlined, among others, in numbered folded sheets of newspaper, stacked by the United States Department of Agriculture alternately with sheets of felted blotting paper and (1971), augmented by systematic collection of the cardboard corrugates, and tightly strapped be- related ethnographic information necessary to tween wooden press-ends. We laid presses on a make that collection meaningful to us. wooden box containing an electric heating source The original research team that collected the to dry for a day or more, as needed. We stored flora included both botanists with experience in dried specimens in cardboard boxes for use in in- plant collection techniques (W.D., S.K., C.S.) and terviews and ultimate distribution to herbaria in anthropologists with a background of participant Peru and the United States. In accordance with observation and informal interviews (C.F., E.F.). requirements ofthe Ministry ofAgriculture of Peru, In general, while botanists and anthropologists ini- we left duplicate collections of specimens with the tially had limited experience in fieldwork in the Museo de Historia Natural "Javier Prado" (Uni- other disciplines, all had a demonstrated com- versidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos) in Lima mitment to interdisciplinary study (King, 1982; and with the herbarium of the Universidad Na- Davis & Yost, 1 983). The entire Chinchero project cional San Antonio Abad del Cusco. All other team together planned a group strategy for accom- specimens were shipped to Field Museum of Nat- plishing a goal toward which all members of the ural History in Chicago for identification and fur- group would then work. As the study progressed, ther distribution under the direction of two of us the field team diminished in size, but still sought (T.P., C.N.). to fulfill the various original aims of the work. Porter (1959, p. 42) comments that "the ulti- We collected plants within the boundaries of the mate goal of collecting in the field and preserving community of Chinchero (lat. 1323-25'S, long. in the herbarium is very simple: ... to preserve for

P 20-5'W). Botanists organized a laboratory, and all time a series of specimens and notes that will 19 able and energetic volunteers recruited by yield the maximum ofinformation about the plants Earthwatch, Inc., assisted us in the various tasks concerned." The accomplishment of this goal, of gathering, processing, and organizing the plant however, is in no way simple. Which are the plants collection. "concerned"? What are the various kinds of in- We were able to collect most plants during the formation, and from which sources are they to be height of the rainy season (January-March). The taken? How extensive should notes be? For whom majority of plants in the survey came from the are we preserving the data? of community Cuper. which is the most environ- Even the researcher with a clearly defined meth- diverse mentally community of Chinchero, with odology for collecting plants and preserving them lands ranging in altitude from 3100 to 4600 m, still faces questions on stepping outside the lab- and also the community of which two of us (C.F., oratory, beginning with: Who will go along? In this are E.F.) members. study, each daily collection group included an an- Our collection procedure was designed to allow thropologist, a botanist, a local plant user, and one coordination of the activities of our diverse team or more Earthwatch volunteers who assisted in and standardization of the data gathered by all collecting duplicate specimens, photographing members. collected We specimens with one to five plants, and taking notes. Several Chinchero resi-

14 FIELDIANA: BOTANY FIG. 1 1 . Puqpuq waterfall is never visited by people who avoid sirena (Sp.), the malignant female spirit present there (photo S.K.).

dents worked as paid assistants to the project, and corresponding to a political province did not ob- many others volunteered their help (see Acknowl- viate the necessity of a daily decision: Which di- edgments). Both anthropologists (C.F., E.F.) spoke rection should be taken? We selected a direction English, Spanish, and Quechua; botanists (W.D., and destination for each collection team toward S.K., C.S.) spoke English and Spanish; local people the goal of surveying the widest possible range of spoke Quechua and sometimes Spanish. environmental zones, human communities (ayl- In Chinchero, the mandate to conduct a broad lus), and human activities. We targeted, for ex- survey of the flora of an autodefined culture area ample, places such as a "herding area at the sum-

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO 15 FIG. 1 2. Mother and daughter peel potatoes in house courtyard. Note dooryard plantings of useful herbs, chi- wanway, Stenomesson spp. (ornamental), ruda, Ruta graveolens (ritual/medicinal), and llanten (Plantago major) (used for tea) (photo C.S.).

mil of the highest mountain," "potato fields later in the study, we had to allot several days to surrounding a large lake," "waterfall avoided by collecting weeds from paths and dooryards in the

humans" (fig. 1 1 ), or "weedy dooryards." center of town. These common and weedy plants Frequently, we took time to evaluate our pro- were important in documenting the place of plants gress toward this goal along the paths of plant in Quechua life. Two ready examples are markhu collection. We recognized that botanists and an- (Ambrosia arborescens) and muthuy (Senna ver- thropologists alike often tend to search for and sicolor), both of which have a variety of uses (fig.

value the exotic. For instance, in our enthusiasm 12). Some of the extremely common plants from we first explored the most difficult environments Chinchero were difficult for botanists to identify,

of Chinchero; for example, the top of the highest that is, kiku (Bidens andicola), llawlli (Barnadesia hill and an isolated waterfall, with the result that, spp.), and lumu lumu (Hypseocharis bilobata),

16 FIELDIANA: BOTANY which was said by botanists to be limited in geo- to a plant that we had collected underneath an graphic distribution to the Department of Cusco. eagle-shaped rock just above the waterfall, and she Our goal on each excursion was to collect every was right, we were willing to treat her information kind of plant not previously collected. Botanists as if we were looking at the plant together. generally made the judgment of what constituted We segregated some fresh plant specimens for a "kind" of plant, thinking of "kinds" as species. use in ethnographic interviews in the laboratory, We collected and noted unnamed or "useless" so that each plant might be examined by a variety plants as well as those said to be useful. We in- of local people including men and women, young cluded sterile specimens of ethnographic interest, and old. Although we also conducted interviews even though they might be difficult for botanists using dried specimens, people sometimes felt less to identify. Maransiras, for example, is an edible comfortable identifying dried plants. Quechua wild plant which is said never to flower. The sterile people can identify a growing plant more readily specimens of plants in this Chinchero category than a dried specimen, which may have lost im- may represent one or even two new species, al- portant clues of smell, color, or form, even though though identification awaits the collection of flow- people are used to seeing dried plants that have ers. been bought or collected and are kept for use as We collected again any plant which informants medicines or cures (Qu., hampi). called to our attention as particularly useful or Ethnographers kept daily notebooks, using the interesting, as well as plants given names we had same temporary numbers as botanists to refer to not heard before. These repeated collections helped plant specimens. These field notebooks contained us link previously recorded information with the a record of date, personnel, place, and local names plant species ultimately determined. Quechua plant and uses. We took extensive notes on conversa- names show a high degree of variability, which tions with people about these plants, noting the takes several forms. First, people give the same identity of informants and a range of comments, name to different plants; for example, people call which often included name, preferred habitat, both Hypoxis decumbens, an amaryllid, and An- variations, and utility. We also recorded negative thericum eccremorrhizum, a lily, kuchi kuchi (Qu., responses. As noted above, local people partici-

'pig pig'). Second, different people give different pated in every plant-collecting excursion. In ad- names to the same plant; for example, on en- dition, we talked about the plants we found with countering the Nicotiana tomentosa, one people we encountered, then asked other com- person called it q'armatu while another called it munity members to spend time in further inter- paya paya qhura. Third, names change according views in the laboratory. We tried informally to get to context; for example, adults call Fuchsia apetala a cross section of points of view by sex, age, and by the name chhilin campanula (Qu., chhilin is an residence. We formed an admitted bias for con- onomatopoeia for the sound of a bell; Sp., cam- sultants who were culturally conservative, based panilla 'little bell'), while shepherd children may on our experience that people who were more fully call \\frutillafrutilla (Qu. from Sp., 'strawberry bilingual and acculturated to Cusco life simply did strawberry'). Because of such variation, we had to not know very much about plants, had limited regard information acquired without reference to interest in them, and were frequently unable to a plant specimen as indefinite hearsay. comment. We tied our information to the potential sources Ethnographers recorded localities in the form of of varying knowledge by collecting repeated specific toponyms. While these local place names voucher specimens and by noting the location and do not appear on maps, anyone who goes to that context of encounter and the identity of the in- area and asks for a place by name can be led di- formant. In practice we were occasionally willing rectly to it, since Quechua people name every fea- to bend this rule because of the extraordinary ture oftheir topography: fields, hills, passes, springs, memories of Quechua people for their natural en- and places with a view. We included longitude and vironment. Frequently, when we brought home a latitude on plant labels for precision. plant, a passerby would correctly tell us the exact In a sense, each discipline (field botany and eth- spot where we had collected it. Three years later nography) taught a lesson in systematic collection field assistants remembered the plants we had col- and recording of data. Specific skills included col- lected, their locations, and even the weather and lecting whole plants and identifying individual events of that day. For instance, if a person told speakers, paying attention to plant habitats and to us without prompting that we must be referring social contexts, and a great deal of useful descrip-

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO 17 live and functional terminology. While ethnog- of them. In fact, the association of plants with raphy has no apparent standardized methodology, places is the essential mnemonic tool which allows and no comforting details of size of paper and Chinchero people to maintain a complex and in- nature of equipment, our work is not unsyste- tricate body of environmental knowledge, and the matic. We learned and practiced the delicate art logic of those associations is a major classifying ofasking questions naive enough to avoid prompt- device (C. Franquemont, 1987). ing answers, without betraying such ignorance as We recorded negative responses as well. Many to encourage ridicule and hidden obscenity. All times, when we asked someone the name of a plant, participants in our study learned that a plant could the answer was something we rendered as "name have many uses and even names, so that no in- unknown." The actual response might have been, dividual was to be believed or disbelieved. "I don't know," "I can't remember," or a shrug. This study refers to some four years of fieldwork Rarely did people tell us, "That plant has no in Chinchero over a 10-year period. Such depth name."; very rarely, "I've never seen that plant of ethnographic experience, and the pcfcver that before in my life."; and on one occasion, "That's experience holds to enlighten every context of en- not a plant" (in reference to a powdery white li- counter with plants, changes the endeavor of eth- chen, Diploschistes sp.) We found that plants which nobotany. The experiences, actions, and state- are not of interest to people provide negative evi- ments ofknown people provide the constant frame dence of the concerns addressed by their system for discussion. As ethnobotanists working in an of classification (Franquemont, 1987). Of course, agricultural society, we had an advantage over some instances may be evidence of the imperfec- many other scientists because people were as in- tion of any individual's memory, since no one can terested in plants as we were and were happy to recall on demand everything they ever knew. discuss the subject at length. We can better ap- Roughly one out of 1 2 responses fell into this "name preciate the meaning of those words and actions unknown" category. Disproportionate numbers of because our ethnographic information is linked to these cases were cryptogams or aquatic plants, or plant specimens. plants not collected within that individual's ayilu, In any ethnographic study, the questions asked confirming a pattern of

18 FIELDIANA: BOTANY tation, and the reference to that collection at later up at harvest time (in June) or for two weeks if stages of analysis. The Chinchero collection differs dug up earlier in the year. from most ethnobotanical collections because we Equally interesting are the processes for turning collected noneconomic, nonmedicinal, and un- fresh vegetables into foodstuffs that are commonly named plants as well as named useful ones; we stored for periods as long as 1 years and uncom- made repeated collections; we collected any eth- monly for 20. These procedures provided the con- nographic information people were willing to give tinual surplus of food which was the basis of the us rather than concentrating on a few specific ques- (Rowe, 1946). Potatoes go through tions. In addition, we not only attributed infor- stages of productive rotting: tapura, tubers which mation to specific informants, but subsequently are rotten when dug up or soon after, are boiled continued to consider the ethnobotany of Chinch- and eaten in soup; kachi ch'unu, squishy tubers ero as comprised of highly individual knowledge. which have been frozen but not dried, are boiled This broad approach led to the realization of the and eaten with salt and, if possible, cheese; and importance of place names, reminiscence, and ch'unu, shrunken, desiccated tubers which have nostalgia (Franquemont, 1987). been repeatedly frozen, stomped, and sun-bleached, are soaked, boiled, and eaten in soups and stews at any time from one to many years after they Cultivated Plants in Chinchero have been harvested. This preservation strategy is only possible in the extreme climate of the high The cultivated plant species collected in Chinch- Andes, although city residents sometimes dupli- ero include unique Andean cultigens that exhibit cate the first stage by putting potatoes in their specialized adaptations to high-altitude environ- freezer overnight in imitation of kachi ch'unu. ments. Only one of these cultigens, the potato, has Alternatively, potatoes are leached in pools of achieved worldwide importance. These nutritious water for a period of days and then dried to pro- food crops, the result of artificial selection by An- duce white, mealy tubers called moraya (Qu.), dean people, include the tubers Solanum tubero- which also last for years. Lisas (Ullucus tuberosus) sum (Qu.,papa), Ullucus tuberosus (Sp., lisas), Ox- and oca (Oxalis tuberosa) are processed in the same alis tuberosa (Qu., oca), and Tropaeolum tuberosum way as ch 'unu for long-term storage, making llinlli (Qu., anu); the pseudocereal Chenopodium quinoa (Qu.) and khaya (Qu.), respectively. Although these (Qu., quinua); the root crops Arracacia xanthor- freeze-dried tubers far smaller and lighter than rhiza (Qu., rakhachd) and Canna x indica (Qu., fresh tubers are stored in enormous baskets for achira; edible part a rhizome); and the legume later trade or use, they will not be consumed by Lupinus mutabilis (Qu., tarwi). The nutritional insects, bacteria, or rats. value of these cultigens is receiving new attention The community of Chinchero is known (King & Gershoff, 1 987), although indigenous An- throughout the southern Peruvian Andes for grow- dean people have enjoyed them as part of their ing potatoes both on a large scale and with par- yearly diet for millennia. ticular expertise. The pampa of Chinchero may Many of these crops contain secondary com- have been the site of specialized potato production pounds (Johns & Towers, 1981) and must be de- as long ago as Inca times, so that the nearby Inca toxified before they are eaten. Lupinus mutabilis sites of and Machu Qulqa were constructed (Qu., tarwi) contains high levels of quinolizidine for the purposes of industrial processing and stor- alkaloids (King, 1988) which are removed in the age of tubers (E. Franquemont, 1983). More re- process of soaking, boiling, and further soaking cently, Chinchero has been a source of new potato used in Chinchero. Tubers and leaves of Oxalis varieties for the southern Peruvian Andes. Most tuberosa (Qu., oca) contain varying levels of cal- notably. Eugenic Aucapuma created the widely cium oxalate. Tubers are processed by being left popular cultivar Papa Olones through artificial se- in the sun for two or three days to a week, de- lection of tubers he produced by planting the seeds pending on individual taste, as they are said to get of selected potato fruits (Qu., ambarqutu). sweeter with each day of exposure. Tropaeolum Potatoes and, in lesser quantities, other tubers tuberosum contains glucosinilates that release vol- are eaten in a variety of ways. Most commonly, atile mustard oils (isothiocyanates) when cooked which is twice a day in most households in Chinch- (Johns & Towers, 1981). Chinchero people treat ero, boiled potatoes are eaten in soups seasoned Tropaeolum tubers so that they will "taste good." with condiments such as muna (Minthostachys Tubers must be left in the sun for two days if dug glabrescens). Plates or cloths of boiled potatoes are

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO 19 FIG. 1 3. An ayni group accomplishes first hoeing of potato field with attendant ritual (January) (photo W.D.).

offered as accompaniment to every meal. Families varieties from plants in his own fields, where of who can afford cooking oil also eat fried potatoes course he knew what mix of seeds he had planted. occasionally, but most people dislike the im- Potatoes are generally grown according to one proved varieties of white potatoes because they of two regimes. A small number of fields that are are useful only for frying. irrigable (Qu., maway) may be planted as early as Although estimates of the number of varieties August for harvest in January-February. The fo- of potatoes known to Quechua people go as high liage is still green at maway harvest and is used as 1,000, Brush's statement that "the average for fodder, and Brassica campestris is encouraged

farmer growing these varieties can name about within the fields to be eaten as a green (figs. 13- thirty-five types" is consistent with our observa- 14). The great bulk of Chinchero potatoes (Qu., tions in Chinchero (Brush et al., 1981). hatun tarpuy 'great planting') are planted in non- The traditional potato cultivars in Chinchero irrigable fields at the outset of the rainy season in include examples of ecological adaptation, func- October-November and are harvested in May- tional and technological specialization, and the ap- June when the foliage has died and the ground is of the plication aesthetics of taste, texture, and dry (fig. 15). These potatoes are hoed and hilled color. Many Chincherinos were unable to identify twice, once with attendant ritual (fig. 16). potato varieties from growing plants by such char- Chiri papas are specialized for cultivation in acters as flower color, leaf shape and wrinkling, or cold areas and are grown in Chinchero only in the habit, but instead dug up a few tubers. For the high puna areas of Taucca and Umasbamba. Plants same reason, botanists are unable to identify sub- are quite short in stature and withstand frosts; specific or cultivar categories on the basis of her- tubers are small and not very tasty, so that Chinch- barium or specimens alone. Au.Q. was among the erinos reserve them for ch'unu. Two other potato few people we encountered who was able to identify cultivars are grown exclusively for ch'unu: yana

20 FIELDIANA: BOTANY FIG. 14. Harvest of maway (irrigated) fields is done by first cutting the still-green tops of the potato plants with a sickle; then pulling up stalks and removing attached tubers. Quantities of Brassica campestris, eaten as greens, are allowed to grow in potato fields (photo cere).

wanya, also called asul wanya (Qu., yana 'black'; Mariba, yana mariba, yana bole, renacimiento, mi Sp., asurblue"), and cuchillo p'aki ('knife-breaker'; pern, tomasa condemayta, and cusquena were from Sp., cuchillo 'knife' and Qu., p'aki 'to break'), identified as Ministry of Agriculture potatoes. Of which has large reddish tubers which are said to these, only papa cusquena was said to be worth be so hard that they break knives. eating, and it was said to be quite good and to Since virtually all of the land in Chinchero is withstand boiling as well as frying. Chinchero too high in elevation to grow maize (Zea mays), farmers grow other "improved" varieties for sale; Chinchero people reserve a part of their potato they require the use of fertilizer and insecticide harvest in the form of tubers or ch 'unu (Qu.) to and are profitable only for a few farmers with large trade for maize with their neighbors in the Uru- areas of flat pampa land. bamba Valley, where maize is the primary agri- In 1986 growing potatoes was not profitable for cultural product. anyone due to the low price set by the government, When asked directly to name the source of a a price which nonetheless was higher than that of potato cultivar, farmers' answers formed two poles: potatoes abroad. This fact coupled with the lack potatoes were said to be either "from long ago" of an infrastructure for national distribution of (Sp., antigud) and frequently "from the family," agricultural produce resulted in government im- or else from the Ministry of Agriculture. In longer port from abroad of large quantities of potatoes conversations, farmers recognized many paths for sale in cities. from the national government into their fields, The ideal of the potato in Chinchero is qumpis, including hacienda labor paid in potatoes and the with tubers which are evenly round, clear in color, Cusco market as well as direct distribution of seed and mealy in texture. These potatoes are the best tubers by government agencies, but they continued to eat, are the most attractive, and go for the high- to mark cultivars as either "ours" or "theirs." est price if sold. They can be used for any purpose,

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO 21 FIG. 15. Tops of plants from maway (irrigated field) are useful as fodder (photo cere).

although they are not ordinarily made into ch'unu the fox, are thought to be wild, asocial, and un- because they have a high value, and other varieties civilized, to be quite useless. Intiq or killaq papas are specialized for that purpose. The most highly are not Solarium species, but rather Peperomia valued quality in a cooked potato is a mealy tex- species having tiny perfectly round tubers, and so ture called in the literature arenoso (Sp., 'sandy') they can be said to be potatoes in the domain of or harinoso (Sp., 'floury'). Both adjectives are cor- the sun or moon, a parallel but entirely distinct rect translations of the Quechua phrase, aquyuq, social realm, that of supernatural society. used to describe them. Although potato varieties There have been reports that indigenous peoples are said to be specialized for several methods of eat wild tubers (e.g., Correll, 1 962, for Mexico and preparation, including baking in an earth-clod oven the North American Southwest); people in (wathiya) and frying, the most highly regarded po- Chinchero acknowledge the possibility of eating tatoes are those that can be boiled (Qu., wayq'u). wild tubers, but view it as an uncivilized thing to Several specimens of feral, unused Solatium do. They frequently maintain that, although "oth- tuberosum, collected along trails at 3800 m., are ers" who live in poorer or more marginal areas of known as atuq papa (Qu., 'fox's potatoes'), as is Chinchero eat such foods as wild Solanum tubers, one specimen of Solarium acaule. All indigenous they themselves do not. For example, Cuper res- cultigens are acknowledged by Chinchero people idents suggested that people living in the former to have wild counterparts, but most cultigens of hacienda Araqay at the eastern edge of Chinchero Old World origin such as fava beans and barley ate araq potatoes, giving k'ita as a synonym for are not. Wild potato varieties are classed variously araq; however, people commonly eat the greens as k'ita. atuq, and intiq or killaq. These names of a number of plants primarily cultivated for tu- characterize plants in a sequence of social domains bers or grains, including potatoes, lisas, quinua, along a continuum from civilized to uncivilized. and rhakhacha. The first, k'ita, are feral, or tame-gone-wild. Po- Two cultigens not ordinarily grown at high al- tatoes which are said to be atuq, or to belong to titude, Canna x indica and Arracacia xanthor-

22 FIELDIANA: BOTANY FIG. 16. A woman adds to a pile of potatoes being harvested by a group of people working in minkha. Portions of the day's harvest will be distributed among the workers of the day (photo cere).

rhiza, were cultivated experimentally in Chinch- ing of the plant before the recent publicity, al- ero. L.P. planted achira and rakhacha in his though in the early 1970s (Plowman, pers. comm.; relatively low and warm maize field at 3 100 m as Gade, 1975), it was reported to have grown in an experiment to determine whether he could grow Ollantaytambo about 40 km from Chinchero. them in Chinchero. His interest in planting a wide In spite of the highly specialized and successful range of cultigens was challenged by these lowland nature of Chinchero agriculture, we found that crops. Ultimately, he decided that, while not im- people also consumed a wide variety of wild plants. possible, it was not worth the effort, particularly Such plants have frequently been characterized in since neither food is considered particularly de- .botanical reports as "famine food," but we learned sirable. Achira (Gade, 1966) is not normally eaten in Chinchero that preferences led people to include in Chinchero, although people are familiar with wild plants as a significant element of their daily the vegetable, which is served throughout the streets diet, even when they had abundant food resources ofCusco during the fiesta ofCorpus Christi in May from cultivation (table 1). People know exactly on plates of ch'iri uchu (Qu., 'cold' 'hot pepper'). where these plants can be found; they are occa- Many agriculturalists like L.P. engage in constant sionally protected or even transplanted nearer to experimentation, bringing wild plants home to their households. The use of these plants should be re- courtyards and planting odd seeds given to them. garded as ongoing experimentation and potential In 1986 several farmers experimented by planting domestication activity, and so we include these seeds of Amaranthus caudatus (Qu., kiwichd), a wild plants in our discussion of "cultivated plants." plant actively promoted by the Garcia govern- Use of wild plants for diet is summarized in ment. The farmers found that kiwicha did not grow Table 1 : raw vegetables (5 species), masticants (3 well in altitudes as high as those of Chinchero, and species), cooked greens or roots ( 1 1 species), con- they had limited interest in the grain since no one diments (10 species), fruits (3 species), and snack knew how to prepare it. The farmers denied hear- foods (25 species). In addition, more than 40 species

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO 23 TABLE 1 . Wild plants used in Chinchero diet.

Local name latin name Use

UNCOOKED VEGETABLES k'ita achuqcha Cyclanthera brachybotrys Fresh fruits in salads llakhi or k'ita aselgas crispus Young tender leaves in salads maransiras Compositae indet. Fresh leaves in sauce murmuntu or llullucha Nostoc commune Fresh algae, has tonic qualities uqururu Mimulus glabratus Fresh leaves in salads YOUNG LEAVES AS COOKED GREENS phuytu or k'ita quinua Chenopodium quinoa ssp. milleanum llullu Brassica campeslris mayu mosta/illa Nasturtium officinale lakhi or k'ita aselgas Rumex crispus k'ita or puna rakhacha Arracacia peruviana (Young leaves and stems) COOKED VEGETABLES phuya phuya Nothoscordum andicola Roots boiled and chopped like onions frutilla Hydrocotyle urbaniana Root boiled and its 'fruit' eaten oka qupisun Calandrinia acaulis Root peeled, sunned, cooked khallampa Morchella spp. Fungi replaces meat in main dishes quncha Pleurocollybia spp. Fungi in hot sauces of main dishes llullucha Nostoc commune Algae cooked in stews CONDIMENTS khunuqa Satureja boliviano Foliage in sopa de ch'unu chiqchipa Tagetes multiflora payqu Gomphrena elegans, Iresine celosia, Chenopodium ambrosioides molle Schinus molle maransiras Compositae indet. mostaza Brassica sp. Seeds muna Minthostachys glabrescens Leaves puna colander Daucus montanus Leaves in hot sauce puna colander Oreomyrrhis andicola Leaves can substitute for cilantro in hot sauce, other foods qhitu qhitu Gamochaeta spicata Ground with flour of Viciafava SNACK FOODS* ramos ramos Bomarea spp. Stem and fruits achanqharas Begonia clarkei Juice and epidermis of leaves tintin Passiflora mixta Fruit capuli Prunus serotina ssp. capuli Fruits chiqchi Berberis diffortioides Fruits wayq'untuy Tillandsia oroyensis Accumulated water k'aqlla Cactaceae sp. Fruit ana panqu Cactaceae sp. Fruit pampa anis Vilobia praetermissa Foliage leche leche Ipomoea minuta Tuber luraypu Echeveria cf. peruviana Leaves chewed to alleviate thirst ch'ullkus Oxalis peduncularis var. pilosa Stem and leaves chewed chhilin campanilla Fuchsia apetala Fruits frutilla frutilla k'ita frutilla Fragaria vesca Fruits granadillas Passiflora pinnatistipula Fruits kiyawcha Epidendrum cf. densifolium Juice of stem Oncidium cf. aureum Pseudobulbs for thirst trago trago Oxalis peduncularis Juice from stem and leaves Oxalis steinbachii Stem and leaves, juice from flower Oxalis sp. Root Castilleja pumila Nectar from flowers tintincha Passiflora gracilens Fruit, called k'ita trombos macha macha Kakeneckia lanceolata Berries; also intoxicating anis Ribes brachybotrys Chew plant

24 FIELDIANA: BOTANY TABLE 1. Continued.

Local name Latin name Use

SNACK FOODS (CONTINUED) macha macha Ribes brachybotrys Eat berries awilmantu Saracha herrerae Fruit, called puka ruru pins pins Salpichroa gayi Fruit aquy kaqka serpyllacea Raw fruit LEAVES CHEWED "LIKE COCA" pampa anis Vilobia praetermissa Leaves pawituscha andicola Leaves and stem inca coca Polypodium spp. Leaves * Eaten raw by shepherds (especially children) and others who frequent the areas where these plants grow.

of wild plants are gathered and systematically used graveolens), and chiwanway (Stenomesson vari- raw in tonic drinks or prepared into teas, ingested egatuiri), Don A. had transplanted from Antaki- both to maintain daily health and to treat special llqa hillside several wild plants negro uman problems. Neither Quechua people nor nutrition- (Eryngium weberbaueri), qalaywala (Polypodium ists accept a clear-cut division between the two angustifolia), and urqu phalcha ( weddel- supposed functional categories, medicinal and nu- liana)and was nurturing them as potential court- tritious. Of course, some cases are clear: nunu- yard plants. On the wall of his courtyard, L.P. was punqa (Euphorbia peplus) is a violent purge and still tending vines of Boussingaultia diffusa that would never be consumed under normal circum- he said had been transplanted there by his grand- stances. Many teas and drinks, however, are cho- father. The thick, juicy leaves of this plant are sen for their general healthful attributes; for ex- useful to L.P., who grinds them to make a poultice ample, as tonics; as particularly appropriate to which is applied to the cheek for tooth problems. morning or evening consumption; or as agents of L.P.'s son, G.P., is now growing maransiras (un- hot or cold needed to balance an individual's con- identified species), a wild herb used as a condi- stitution. ment, next to his house in response to our interest A useful tree which is encouraged to grow near in the plant and repeated questioning of his as- households is qiswar(Qu.), Buddleja spp. This for- sertion that it never flowers. (It did not flower merly common native tree is appreciated for its between 6 Sept. 1986 and 26 July 1987; when we wood, its colorful orange flowers, and the protec- visited G.P. in July 1988, he told us that one of tion it offers from sun and wind. The chroniclers his plants had indeed produced a white, "pilli- of the Colonial period say that the Cusco area was like" flower several months earlier.) These anec- continuously forested at the time of the Spanish dotes are examples of the activity of all Chinchero Conquest with native species such as Buddleja and people who travel on a daily and yearly basis Polylepis (Qu., qiund). Today, these native trees throughout their varied ecology. exist only in a few sheltered remnants of cloud Gade (1972a) has suggested that Andean peo- forest and as individual trees where protected by ple's use of the common European field weed Bras- people. Cutting for use of the wood as fuel as well ska campestris as an edible green is an example as climatic change have hastened the demise of of incipient agricultural practice, active encour- these plants; and conversely, large-scale defores- agement of the growth of a camp-following weed tation has contributed to the increasing dryness of that could eventually become a cultigen. sierra lands. Over the past 450 years, a number of Old World Informal experimentation is carried out con- crops have been integrated into Andean agricul- stantly by people who pick up plants in the wild ture to varying degrees (table 2). None of them is and bring them home to grow next to their houses. a tuber; the major European changes in tuber This activity is best represented in the Chinchero farming in the Andes have been plowing with oxen collections by the plants from the late A.H.'s house and a feudal land tenure system, changes that have garden (K100-K113) (fig. 17). Along with condi- been felt more in Chinchero in the flat ayllu Yan- ments and ornamentals cultivated for use and sale, acona than on the slopes of Cuper. European grains such as wakatay (Tagetes terniflora), ruda (Ruta are grown as much for cash crops as for con-

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO 25 FIG. 17. A.H. and his wife pose in front of his household garden of herbs and ornamentals raised for use, sale, and curiosity (K101-K111) (photo S.K.). sumption, and they are broadcast, cut, stocked, probably native to Southwest Asia. The bean is a and threshed and winnowed in European style. It staple food widely planted and eaten in Chinchero is interesting that quinoa, an Andean pseudoce- and sometimes sold. The beans are boiled and real, is treated in much the same way (although eaten fresh, or dried, then toasted (Sp., tostado) or threshed by hand in small quantities rather than boiled to make phuspa (Qu.), favored portable with oxen). foods. Habas are planted after the first heavy rain Fava beans figure in the daily diet of all people in November, harvested in May. Five cultivars in Chinchero. The fava bean (Sp., habas, Vicia were collected in Chinchero under cultivation on fabaL.) is an introduced crop plant in the Andes, the plain surrounding Lake Piuray at 3800 m. Three

26 FIELDIANA: BOTANY TABLE 2. Chinchero cultigens.

Local name FIG. 18. A ch'asti, an adolescent role in dance groups and fiestas, cleans wheat. Wheat, an Old World grain less suited to high altitudes, is increasingly replacing Andean grains such as quinua as a prestige food (photo S.K.).

dean communities have evolved over 5,000 years added and lost. Recent dependence upon cash of experimentation, acquisition, and keen obser- economies and improved varieties developed by vation. Through this process, new cultivars (de- national sources have no doubt eroded the genetic fined genetically and perceptually) have been de- pool available to Chinchero farmers. Despite this veloped, acquired, and maintained by the people erosion, farmers will continue to bring their in- of Chinchero according to their perceived needs telligence and creativity to solve their immediate and interests. In the course of this process, many problems through manipulation of the plant world plants have changed: genetic material has been in which they live.

28 FIELDIANA: BOTANY TABLE 3. Minor cultivated plants.

Local name Latin name Use Origin

CONDIMENTS OR TEAS to localities of collection, not to communities or nographic statements about plants. All informa- habitat types. tion is reported, since childhood memories and HABITAT Habitats are quoted from botanists' aesthetic exclamations are equally as important as collection notes. Specimen numbers follow de- economic uses in Quechua people's understanding scriptions only if habitats differ. Habitat descrip- of the natural world. In order to express the vari- tions generally express both the nature of human able nature of Quechua plant knowledge, we ob- activity in a zone (i.e., "pastured," "garden") and served a number of conventions. its physical nature (i.e.. "cliff faces," "waterfall"). All observations have been translated into En- Specific toponyms included in habitat descriptions glish, but words allowing only approximate trans- will allow future researchers who talk to local peo- lation such as illness terms are followed by original ple to locate these habitats directly within the 1 35- Spanish or Quechua words. Because Quechua cat- sq km area of Chinchero. Chinchero residents have egories of illness and cure do not correspond to a minutely named community topography and an pharmacological vocabulary (i.e., febrifuge, ame- experience-based phytogeography linking plants norrheic), we avoided the use of pharmacological to specific places in their environment. terms. LOCAL NAME We did not edit information on Ethnographic information is reported in the voice local names of plants to determine the "correct" of informants (whose initials are included at the or "best" name for a plant, but instead listed all end of the sentence) rather than as statements by responses. Frequently, more than one local name the researchers about what informants said. For is listed for a species; sometimes more than one example, "Edible, and as good to eat as meat" name is given for a single specimen number. If the (L.P.) is in place of "Said to be edible and as good informant was uncertain, we noted that the name to eat as meat." Although the voice is maintained, was "suggested" as a possibility, or offered as an the translations are anything but direct; for in- "alternate" to a preferred name. Even a single in- stance, the exchange with L.P. probably went dividual may accept more than one legitimate name something like, "This stuffs good, you can eat it,

for a plant (as in the case of Astragalus garban- Teat it; in fact if I don't have meat I eat it, it's cillo). Spelling variation reflects varying pronun- like meat." "Meat?" "Meat." "Meat?" "Tastes just ciation as we heard and recorded it. All Quechua like meat." (Anonymous statements, unattributed words are spelled in a consistent orthography (see to individuals, are by the authors. We speak as Note on Quechua Orthography). one, although in a future study, we would choose LANGUAGE Local names are identified as either to present the diverse members of the research Quechua (Qu.) or Spanish (Sp.). Quechua names team as individuals as well.) derived from Spanish words are identified as Qu. In the same way, we do not judge whether plants from Sp., giving the Spanish word of origin. "treated" or successfully "cured" illnesses, but GLOSS OF NAME Translations for Quechua rather report what we were told. The ideas of plant names are provided only if informants spe- "treatment" and "cure" are not separate to Que- cifically told us that such a translation might be chua people; for example, the single word hampiy applied to that name; dictionary or hearsay trans- might be said to mean 'treat for the purpose of lations are not included. Reference for spelling and curing.' meaning of all Spanish words is the Diccionario The following conventions rule the expression de la Lengua Espanola (Real Academia Espanola, of negative knowledge: 1984). Name [Use] Unknown Informants said that SPECIMEN NUMBER The majority of specimens they did not know the name or use of a plant; such was collected between January and April, 1982 a name or use may exist, but they did not know [D1339-DI822, K100-K321]. "D" numbers were it or could not recall it. collected by W.D., C.F., E.F., S.R.K., and C.R.S.; Plant Has No Use Informants stated definitely arbitrarily, names were listed alphabetically. After that a plant had no use. A name was thought to W.D. left the project, S.R.K. was listed first, rep- exist for every plant, although one lichen had no resented by "K" numbers. Additional specimens name because it was considered to be soil, not a were collected by E.F. in 1983 [F201-F202] and plant. by C.F. and E.F. in 1985-1986 [F254-F258, F260- Name [Use] Not Recorded Ethnographic in- F282, F285-F366, F368-F37], and F376]. formation was not recorded. A number of these ETHNOGRAPHIC INFORMATION We did not plants grew in places which people fear and refuse make judgments of cultural value in reporting eth- to visit or talk about; for instance, Puqpuq water-

30 FIELDIANA: BOTANY fall, locally known to be inhabited by a sirena (Sp., 16. T.H., Tomas Huaman Quispe, married 'malignant female spirit'). male, Ayllupunqu, age 50, bl. archaeo- logical employee Informant Biographies 17. S.J., Simeona Jaimes Livita, married fe- male, Ayllupunqu, age 20, bl. Biographies are given ofindividuals interviewed 18. M.L., Maria Livita, widowed female, Ayl- in specific reference to plant specimens. Language lupunqu, age 50, ml. skills vary greatly, but informants are judged as 19. T.L., Teodora Livita, unmarried female, bilingual (bl.; Quechua and Spanish) or monolin- Ayllupunqu, age 50, ml. gual (ml.; Quechua only) on the basis of ability 20. G.P., Graciano Pumaaylli, unmarried/ and frequency of communication in those lan- married male, Cuper, age 20, bl. guages. Approximate ages (as of 1 982) are rounded 21. L.P., Lorenzo Pumaaylli, married male, off to the nearest decade up to 60; ages over 60 Cuper, age 50, bl. are impossible to estimate. Many changes took 22. P.P., Pedro Pablo Pumayalli, married male, place in the lives of these individuals since the Cuper, age 50, bl., community leader study began in 1 982: Several married, several died, 23. Au.Q., Aurelio Quillahuaman Livita, un- at least one migrated to Lima, and one became a married male, Ayllupunqu, age 20, bl. trilingual university graduate. 24. Al.Q., Alejandro Quispe, married male, Yanacona, age 40, bl., blacksmith 1. G.A., Guadelupe Alvarez, married female, 25. Am.Q., unmarried male, Cuper, age 20, bl. Yanacona, age 50, bl. 26. C.Q., Cipriana Quispe, married female, Cu- 2. A.Ca., Adela Callanaupa Alvarez, unmar- per, age 60, ml., weaver ried female, Yanacona, age 10, bl., stu- 27. B.Q., (the late) Benita Quispe, widowed fe- dent male, Yanacona, age 60, ml. 3. A. Co., (the late) Angelica Concha, unmar- 28. C.R., Cleofe Rodriguez, married female, ried female, Ayllupunqu, age 10, bl., stu- Ayllupunqu, age 30, bl. dent 29. G.S., Genovevo Sallo Gutierrez, married 4. N.C., Nilda Callanaupa Alvarez, unmar- male, Cuper, age 20, bl. ried female, Yanacona, age 20, bl., uni- 30. J.S., (the late) Julian Sallo, married male, versity student Cuper, age 60, ml. 5. V.C., Vicente Callanaupa, married male, 31. M.T., Martina ?, married female, Taucca, Yanacona, age 50, bl. age 20, ml. 6. E.C., Eugenia Cusihuaman, married fe- 32. U.I., (unidentified informant) refers to the male, Cuper, age 60, ml. group of casual informants spoken with 7. Je.C., Jeronimo Cusihuaman Quispe, un- incidentally throughout the study.

married/married male, Cuper, age 20, bl., university student At least 19 of these individuals are now related 8. Jo.C., Jose Cusihuaman, married male, Pu- to at least one of the authors through compadraz- kamarka, age 30, bl. go; six of these relationships already existed at the 9. M.C., Melchior Cusihuaman, married male, beginning of this study in 1 982. To our knowledge, Cuper, age 60, ml. five have died. 10. B.G., (the late) Benita Gutierrez Garcia, Although efforts made to work with a balanced married female, Cuper, age 60, ml., group of informants were purely informal, they do weaver represent a range of social roles and backgrounds. 1 1. A.H., (the late) Anisette Huaman, married Fourteen are female; 1 7 are male. Estimated ages male, Cuper, age 60, ml. range from nine to more than 60, including all 12. J.H., Jacinto Huaman, married male, groups between. Twenty are bilingual Spanish/ Ayllupunqu, age 40, bl. Quechua speakers; 1 1 are monolingual Quechua 13. L.H., Lorenzo Huaman, married male, speakers, meaning that they communicate exclu- Taucca, age 30, bl. sively in Quechua, although of course everyone 14. M.H., Maria Huaman, married female, understands at least some words of Spanish. The Taucca, age 30, ml. largest number of informants is from Cuper (12), 15. O.H., Octavio Huaman, unmarried male, followed by Ayllupunqu (8), Yanacona (6), Taucca

Taucca, age 10, bl. (4), and Pukamarka (1).

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO 31 Note on Quechua (Qichuwa) There are no diphthongs; two vowel sounds do Orthography not occur next to each other. All words are ac- cented on the penultimate syllable. Quechua (runa simi) words in this work are Chinchero is rapidly becoming bilingual. Vari- in for spelled according to the official alphabet decreed ation the name peas (Pisum salivum) ranges by the government of Peru on 18 November 1985 from alwirha (by older monolingual Quechua as published in El Peruano, Lima, Tuesday, 24 speakers) to the commonly heard alberga to stan- December 1985. dard Spanish arveja. Hispanicized spelling is re- tained for words borrowed from or based on Span-

a (as in English hall) ish; for example, culandro from cilantro. These ch - chh - ch' (as in English chum, with varia- words should be pronounced as if they were Span- tions) ish. h (as in English hall)

i (as ee in English tree; see note below) k - kh - k' (as k in English kiss, with variations)

I (as in English land) List of Chinchero Plants II (as li in English Dahlia) m (as in English, mum) FUNGI n (as in English, nun)

ft (as in Spanish, cafta) MORCHELLACEAE - - p ph p' (as in English, pot, plus variations) Morchella deliciosa Fries q - qh - q' (sound not present in English) Pantemperate and in mountainous regions r (variable) of the tropics up to tree line. s (as in English, soup) 3450-3500 m. grazed slopes - - Cuper, Lightly t th 1' (as in English top, plus variations) above Puqpuq waterfall. u (as in Spanish tu; see note below) Name and use not recorded [D1508] w (as in English, wash; aw, as ow in English, cow) Morchella elata Fries y (as in English, you; ay, as in Spanish hay) Pantemperate and in mountainous regions of the tropics up to tree line. A few notes may be helpful for anyone who Cuper, 3600-3900 m. Among tall grass on wishes to pronounce Quechua words. First, there Antakillqa hillside. arc only three vowels: a, i, and u. The a is not khallampa, pacha khallampa (Qu., pacha, variable, but to native English speakers, the i (pro- 'earth') [D1680A] nounced like ee in tee-shirt) varies to e (as in pen- Edible and as good to eat as meat (L.P.). ny); the u (as in tuna) varies to o (as in hole). This Sometimes cooked in main courses sound shift happens if the vowels are in the vicin- in place of animal stomach (L.P.). ity of a q (for example, muqu ('knot') sounds like Morchella esculenta (L.) Fries moqo; and chiqchi ('three-color mottled') sounds Pantemperate and in mountainous regions like cheqchi.) A few cases, such as lumu lumu of the tropics up to tree line. (sounds like Spanish, lomo) are harder to account Cuper, 3600-3900 m. Fungus among tall grass for and are noted as exceptions. Coca and oca are on Antakillqa hillside. widely written words, and to avoid confusion have khallampa, pacha khallampa (Qu., pacha, not been rendered kuka and uka. Published place 'earth') [D1680B] names such as Chinchero and Cusco have been Edible and as good to eat as meat (L.P.). left in the form in which they usually appear on Sometimes cooked in main courses maps, as has the community name Cuper. in place of animal stomach (L.P.). The consonants ch, k, p, q, and t have three forms: unaspirated (p can sound like b; q can sound TRICHOLOMATACEAE like g; t can sound like d); aspirated (chh); and followed by a glottal stop (ch'). In Chinchero glot- Lepista glabella (Speg.) Singer tal stops are not used consistently, even by a single Widely distributed in tropics and subtrop- individual, so we do not worry excessively about ics. them. Cuper, 3600-3900 m. Antakillqa hillside.

32 FIELDIANA: BOTANY Name and use unknown (L.P.) [D1679] Hypotrachyna sp. Not edible (L.P.). Taucca, 4000-4280 m. Lichen on hard-packed soil. Pleurocollybia cibaria Singer ayaq waqtan (Qu., ayaq, 'corpse's'; waqtan, Tropical South America. 'ribs') [K22JB] Cuper, 3500-3700 m. On steep rocky slopes Used as a remedy for coughs (O.H.). among ichu and awarunkhu on Gutier- rezchayuq section of Antakillqa hill. Xanthoparmelia peruviensis Hale quncha (Qu.) [F345] Peru. Edible. Can be eaten in hot sauce or main Taucca, 4000-4280 m. Lichen on hard-packed dishes. soil.

ayaq waqtan (Qu., ayaq, 'corpse's'; waqtan, Pleurocollybia sp. all', cibaria Singer 'ribs') [K221A] Tropical South America. Used as a remedy for coughs (O.H.). Cuper, 3600-3900 m. Antakillqa hillside. llanka quncha (Qu.) [D1678] PELTIGERACEAE An ingredient in hot sauce, as is another fungus, Inka quncha (not collected) Peltigera horizontalis (Hudson) Baumg. (L.P.). Pantemperate. Cuper, 3330 m. Lichen over mosses on steep wet rock slopes below Puqpuq waterfall. Name and use not recorded LICHENS [DJ822] Peltigera polydactyla (Necker) H. DIPLOSCHISTACEAE Pantemperate. Cuper, 3500-3700 m. Lichen growing with Diploschistes all', hypoleucus Zahlbr. Peltigera praetextata (K283B) among South America, on sandy soils at higher mosses on moist steep rock on Gutier- elevations. rezchayuq section of Antakillqa hillside. Taucca, 4000-4280 m. Lichen on packed soil maki maki (Qu., maki, 'fist') [K283A] on open hillside. Use unknown (G.P.). allpalla (Qu., 'just soil and nothing more') [K2J9] Peltigera praetextata (Floerke) Vainio Not a plant, only white soil (G.A., O.H.). Pantemperate in cooler climates. Cuper, 3500-3700 m. Lichen growing with GYROPHORACEAE Peltigera polydactyla (K283A) among mosses on moist steep rock on Gutier- Umbilicaria peruviana Llano rezchayuq section of Antakillqa hillside.

Peruvian Andes. maki maki (Qu., maki, 'fist') [K283B] Taucca, 3900 m. Lichen on rocks of stone wall Use unknown (G.P.). in community center. qaqa sunkha (Qu., qaqa, 'rock'; sunkha, STICTACEAE 'beard') [K230] Sticta aff. boliviana W. Nyl. Use unknown (G.S.). Northern South America. Cuper, 3500-3700 m. Lichen among mosses PARMELIACEAE on moist steep rock on Gutierrezchayuq section of Antakillqa hillside. Cetrariastrum all', nigrociliatum (Bouly de Les- maki maki (Qu., maki, 'fist') [K284] dain) W. Culb. & C. Culb. Use unknown (G.P.). Tropical Mexico to northern South Amer- ica. TELOSCHISTACEAE Taucca, 4000-4280 m. Lichen on hard-packed soil. Teloschistes exilis (Michaux) Vainio qaqa sunkha (Qu., qaqa, 'rock'; sunkha, Widely distributed in the tropics and sub- 'beard') [K223A] tropics. Use unknown (O.H.). Cuper, 3400-38 10 m. Lichen on steep, rocky,

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO 33 gra/ed slopes along trail on K'inti Cuesta ALGAE hillside, and on twigs of Barnadesia sp. near Inca terraces. CHROOCOCCACEAE ch' (Qu.) (G.S.) [D1780] ch'apu Anacystis aeruginosa (Zanardini) Drouet & Daily Name unknown [D1376] Cosmopolitan. Use unknown G.S.). (G.P., Yanacona, 3750 m. Submerged in water in fallow fields on moist, seasonally inun- THELEPHORACEAE dated pampa. hamp'atu llullucha (Qu., hamp'atu, 'frog'; Cora pavonia (Sw.) Fries llullucha, 'little vegetable greens') Widespread in the tropics. [D1631] Taucca, 4000-^*280 m. Lichen among green Plant has no use (G.P.). moss. winku siki (Qu., winku, 'large glass with straight flaring sides'; siki, 'posterior') NOSTOCACEAE [K222] Nostoc commune Vaucher maki maki(Qu., maki, 'fist') suggested name (M.T.) [K222] Cosmopolitan. 3800 m. in shallow Name was suggested, perhaps on the spur Pukamarka, Alga floating of the moment, in reference to the water of Lake Pataqucha. - lichen's growth form (O.H.). Use un- llullucha (Qu., llullu, 'vegetable greens'; known (O.H., M.T.). cha, 'little') [D1592] Eaten fresh as a tonic (Sp., refrescd) (G.S.). Cooked into main dishes such as pi- USNEACEAE cante(Sp., 'spicy dish'), or with tarwi (Lupinus mutabilis) and llinlli (freeze- Everniopsis trulla (Achar.) W. Nyl. dried Ullucus tuberosus) in stew Widely distributed in Central and South (G.S.). Sold fresh in Chinchero Sun- America. day market and in Cusco market. Cuper, 3500-3700 m. Lichen on rocks on Gu- Yanacona, 3750 m. Alga in moist depressions tierrezchayuq section of Antakillqa hill- and in flooded areas in cultivated fields. side. - llullucha (Qu., llullu, 'vegetable greens'; Name and use unknown (G.P.) [K292] cha, 'little') [D1632] This variety is not eaten and is distin- Usnea sp. guished from the edible variety, Cuper, 3450-3550 m. On rock in quebrada which is larger and grows in larger above waterfall. Puqpuq bodies of water (G.P.). ch'apu ch'apu (Qu.) (G.S.) [D1479] Ayllu Punqu, 3800 m. Alga on moist soil at kaka suphu (Qu.) (G.P.) [D1479] edge of potato field near shallow Lake drunk in teas Use un- Possibly (G.S.). Punqulay. known (G.P.). Name and use not recorded [D1636]

Family indet. Cuper, altitude unknown. Antakillqa hillside. from papel papelcha (Qu. Sp. papel, 'paper'; MOSSES (MUSCI) -cha, 'little') [F279] Used to make a tea to treat cough (U.I.). AMBLYSTEGIACEAE

Family indet. Sciaromium crassinervatum Mitt. Cuper, altitude unknown. Peru to . Name and use unknown [F346] Cuper, 3330 m. Moss on wet rocks on steep Lichens ("plants of this kind") are said cliff by Puqpuq waterfall. to prefer to live around people (U.I.). Name and use not recorded [DJ796]

34 FIELDIANA: BOTANY BARTRAMIACEAE china chapun (Qu., china, 'female'; chapun, 'hairy') [F296] Breutelia austro-arcuata (C. Miill. ) Par. Use unknown (T.L.). Peru, Bolivia, , Argentina, Gua- temala, Mexico. Cuper, 3300 m. Hatun Wayq'u quebrada, LIVERWORTS (HEPATICAE) place called Kiqtuyoq. Name and use unknown [F282A] AYTONIACEAE Breutelia nigrescens Herzog rupestre (F. Forster) Peru and Bolivia. Plagiochasma Stephani Widely distributed in Europe, Africa, Asia, Taucca, 4050-4250 m. On steep rocky slopes. Oceania and North and South Amer- kaka sunqi (Qu., kaka, 'rock'; sunqi, 'beard') ica. (L.H.) [D1523] Cuper, 4500 m. Summit of Antakillqa hill- Name unknown (G.S.) [D1523] side. Growing with Lunularia cruciata Used for Christmas decorations (G.S.). (D 1726A). Use unknown (L.H.). maki maki (Qu., maki, 'fist') [D1726B] Used to treat or waist-area ail- MNIACEAE kidney ments (L.P.). As a remedy for faint- Plagiomnium rhynchophorum (Hook.) T. Kop. ing by married women, the whole Mexico to Brazil and the West Indies. plant is boiled for use as a tea or an in chicha Cuper, 3360 m. Moss on wet rocks on steep boiled as ingredient (Qu.,

cliff. 'maize beer') (G.A.). Name and use not recorded [D1794] Plagiochasma sp. Cuper, 3100 m. On moist bank beneath a ORTHOTRICHACEAE large stone in shade.

maki maki (Qu., maki, 'fist') [K263] Zygodon pichinchensis (Taylor) Mitt. Use unknown (G.P.). Mexico and Costa Rica; Venezuela and Co- lombia to Peru. CLEVEACEAE Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Moss on moist rock face, on steep rocky slopes. Athalamia andina (Spruce) Hatt. kaka sunqi (Qu., kaka, 'rock'; sunqi, 'beard') Peru and Argentina. [D1522] Cuper, 3800 m. On clay soil on earthen walls Name unknown (G.S.) [D1522] in house courtyard.

Use unknown (L.H., G.S.). maki maki (Qu., maki, 'fist') [K209] Use unknown (G.P.). Family indet. Yanacona, 3800 m. Moss on rocks on dry LUNULARIACEAE pastured slopes. yunqu(Qu.) [K129] Lunularia cruciata L. Use unknown (T.H.). Europe, North Africa, North America and in South America from Peru to Chile Family indet. and Argentina. Cuper, approx. 3500 m. Moss on moist rocks Cuper, 4500 m. Summit of Antakillqa hill. on Antakillqa hillside, place called Tas- Growing with Plagiochasma rupestre akuranaladunpi. (D1726B). urqun chapun (Qu., urqun, 'male'; chapun, maki maki (Qu., maki, 'fist') [D1726A] 'hairy') [F295] Used to treat kidney or waist-area ail- Plant grows erect; use unknown (T.L.). ments (L.P.). As a remedy for faint- Family indet. ing by married women, the whole Cuper, approx. 3500 m. Moss on moist rocks plant is boiled for use as a tea or on Antakillqa hillside, place called Tas- boiled as an ingredient in chicha (Qu., akuranaladunpi. 'maize beer') (G.A.).

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO 35 MARCHANTIACEAE Asplenium monanthes L. Southwestern U.S. to Argentina; Hawaii, hirsuta Nees Dumortiera (Sw.) Africa. Widely distributed in Europe, Africa, Asia Cuper, 3300-3550 m. Fern hanging from and North and South America. moist rock above waterfall. Cuper, 3360 m. Over mosses and wet rocks raki raki (Qu., raki, 'divided') [D1482] trees on steep cliffs by Puqpuq among Name and use not recorded [D1805J waterfall. Plant has no use (G.P.). Name and use not recorded [D1795] Asplenium triphyllum C. Presl Marchantia sp. Colombia to Argentina. Umasbamba, 3800 m. On wall of irrigation Cuper, 3360 m. Pendulous fern on steep, wet, ditch on pampa north of Lake Piuray. rocky cliffs by waterfall. maki maki rnaki, 'fist') [K148, K209J (Qu., Name and use not recorded [D1791] Use unknown (E.G.). No use reported (G.P.). DENNSTAEDTIACEAE

TARGIONIACEAE Dennstaedtia bipinnata (Cav.) Maxon Mexico to Panama, Trinidad to Colombia, Targionia hypophylla L. south to Bolivia; West Indies. Widely distributed in temperate regions; in Cuper, 3330 m. Fern in moist soil of old rocky South America from Peru to Argen- field along stream. tina. Name and use not recorded [D1821] Cuper, 3810m. Growing with mosses in moist cracks of eroded rock called Mar- large DRYOPTERIDACEAE anqaqa. Name and use unknown (G.P.) [D1387] Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. Widely distributed, North and South America, Old World. FERNS AND FERN ALLIES Cuper, 3330-3840 m. Fern hanging from steep wet rock cliffs and moist bank at Puqpuq Ferns are Chinchero broadly grouped by people waterfall; forming clumps on large rock; into four those with groups: pinnately compound protected on rock wall of house court- leaves are called raki raki generically (Qu., raki, yard. and those with entire leaves as 'divided'); (such raki raki (Qu., raki, 'divided') (G.P.) [K203, Polypodium angustifolium) are called qalaywala, D1467] a word of Andean which is now probable origin pampa raki raki (Qu., pampa, 'flat place'; used to refer to such ferns in and Guatemala Spain raki, 'divided') (G.P.) [K147] as well. Less reference is made to the commonly, Name not recorded [D1790, D1801] resemblance of leaves to the and ribs the spine by Use unknown (G.P.). name ayaq waqtan (Qu., 'ribs of the corpse') or fragilis (L.) Bernh. s.l. yana waqtan (Qu., 'black ribs'). Several species of Cystopteris North and South Polypodium are called inca coca, a possible ref- Widely distributed, erence to former use when chewed as a local coca America, Old World. in substitute. Ayllu Punqu, 3800 m. Fern on steep bank ravine around potato fields along stream. ASPLENIACEAE Name and use unknown (G.S.) [K137] yana waqta (Qu., yana, 'black'; waqta, 'ribs') Asplenium sp. aff. A. divaricatum Kunze (or pos- probable name (G.S., S.J.). sibly sp. nov.) Yanacona, 3800 m. Along stream below Inca Elaphoglossum sp. aff. E. petiolatum (Sw.) Urban ruins. (or possibly sp. nov.) yana waqta (Qu., yana, 'black'; waqta, 'ribs') Community unknown, 3900 m. Fern on clif [K141] faces along trail from community 01 Name refers to the black rachis; plant has Ch'ussu to Cusco, approximately two no use (G.S.). hours walk from Chinchero center.

36 FIELDIANA: BOTANY qalaywala (Qu., adopted into Sp.) [K215] This plant is a "male" (Sp., macho) va- Use unknown (T.H.). riety, of which Polystichum orbicu- latum (D1541) is the "female" form Elaphoglossum sp. (G.S.). Cuper, 3500-3800 m. Fern on hillside. qalaywala (Qu., adopted into Sp.) [K289] Polystichum orbiculatum (Desv.) Remy & Fee var. Use unknown (G.P., C.R.). orbiculatum , Peru, Bolivia. Elaphoglossum sp. Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Among rocks on steep Cuper, approx. 3500 m. Fern on moist rocks slopes. on Antakillqa hillside, place called Tas- raki raki (Qu., raki, 'divided') [D1541] akuranaladunpi. This plant is said to be a "female" (Sp., china qalaywala (Qu., china, 'female') hembrd) variety, of which Polysti- [F292] chum montevidense (DJ540) is the Son said to be "worms" (Qu., quru). "male" form (G.S.). A tea made from Leaves notably thinner than other the root is drunk for the health of species. Use unknown (T.L.). the kidneys (G.P.). Elaphoglossum sp. Woodsia montevidensis Hieron. Cuper, approx. 3500 m. Fern on moist rocks (Sprengel) Haiti, Colombia to on Antakillqa hillside, place called Tas- Argentina, Uruguay, southern Brazil, also in South Africa. akuranaladunpi. Cuper, 3330-3500 m. Fern on steep wet rocks, pampa qalaywala (Qu.) [F293] in moist soil brook in Said never to bear sori, and so to be "nat- along quebrada below Puqpuq waterfall, and at place ural" (Sp., natural) at all times (T.L.). called Tasakuranaladunpi. Use unknown (T.L.). T.L. viewed urqun raki raki (Qu., urqun, 'male'; raki, sori as parasites, and so felt that bearing sori was an unnatural con- 'divided') (T.L.) [F291A] Name and use not recorded dition of the leaf. [D1807, D1815] Elaphoglossum sp. raki raki (Qu., raki, 'divided') probable 3500 m. Fern on moist rocks Cuper, approx. name (G.S., S.J.) called on Antakillqa hillside, place Tas- Use unknown (T.L.). akuranaladunpi. urqun qalaywala (Qu., urqun, 'male') [F294] POLYPODIACEAE Said never to have and so to be "nat- sori, Campyloneuron amphostenon (Kunze ex Klotzsch) ural" (Sp., natural) at all times. Use Fee unknown T.L. viewed sori as (T.L.). Southern Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, and so felt that sori parasites, bearing Costa Rica, Venezuela, Colombia to the was an unnatural condition of Bolivia. leaf. Cuper, 3450 m. In quebrada above Puqpuq Polystichum cochleatum (Klotzsch) Hieron. waterfall. Colombia to Bolivia. qalaywala (Qu., adopted into Sp.) [D1477] Used as a tonic Taucca, 40504250 m. Fern on steep rocky (Sp., refrescd) (G.S.). Boiled to wash the head for headache slopes. raki raki (Qu., raki, 'divided') [D1572] (G.S.). Used for decoration at Christmas time Campyloneuron irregulare Lellinger (M.H., G.S.). Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Polystichum montevidense (Spreng.) Rosenst. var. Peru, Bolivia. nudicaule (Rosenst.) Tryon Cuper, 3800 m. Fern transplanted to house Venezuela, Colombia to Bolivia. garden. Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Among rocks on steep qalaywala (Qu., adopted into Sp.) [K112] slopes. The fact that A.H. transplanted this fern raki raki (Qu., raki, 'divided') [D1540] to his house garden suggests that he

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO 37 considered it useful, although no use inca coca (Qu.) [K136] was reported by him, G.S., or T.H. Use unknown (G.S.).

Pol) podium angustifolium Sw. var. angustifolium Polypodium pycnocarpon C. Chr. Florida, West Indies, Mexico to South Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. America. Cuper, altitude unknown. Antakillqa hillside. Cuper, 3450-3810 m. Terrestrial fern from Name and use unknown [F274B] cracks in rocks on steep hillsides (D1454, Polypodium sp. (subg. Polypodium) D1649) and transplanted to home gar- Cuper, 3500-3600 m. Fern on moist, shady den. undersides of rocks on steep hillside. Yanacona, 3800 m. Dry pastured slopes and inca coca (Qu.) [D1658] rocks (Kl 28). Leaves may be chewed like coca, but qalaywala (Qu.. adopted into Sp.) (N.C., without llipta (Qu., 'alkaline admix- B.C., T.H., G.P., G.S.) [D1384, ture for chewing with coca'); tastes D1454. D1649, K128] sweet (G.A., N.C., B.C.). inca coca (Qu.) [DJ384] Used for tea (G.P.) for desmantu (N.C., PTERIDACEAE E.G.). The leaves of Inca coca (D1384) are chewed, and a tea made Adiantum digitatum Presl from the leaves is used as a purgative Ecuador to Argentina and Brazil. (G.P.). Cuper, 3330 m. Fern on wet rocks by brook in quebrada. Polypodium buchtienii Christ & Rosenst. Name and use not recorded [D1802] Colombia to Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil. yanali, yana tullu (Qu., yana, 'black'; tullu, Cuper, 3450-3600 m. Fern on steep slope. 'stem') probable name (G.S.) inca coca (Qu.) (G.S.) [D1432, DJ486] Use unknown (G.S.). raki raki (Qu., raki, 'divided') (G.P.) [D1486] Adiantum raddianum Presl Used as tea (G.S.). Use unknown (G.P.). Throughout tropical America. Some informants said that the leaves Cuper, 3360 m. Fern on steep wet cliffs by of this plant are chewed as a substi- Puqpuq waterfall. tute for coca, but others regarded that Name and use not recorded [D1789]

as a fable. G.S. and S.J. had both yana waqta (Qu., yana, 'black'; waqta, 'ribs') chewed the plant and said that chew- probable name. ing it makes your mouth go to sleep Use unknown (S.J., G.S.). (as does coca). Cheilanthes incarum Maxon Polypodium crassifolium L. Peru and northwest Argentina. 3800 m. Terrestrial fern. Mexico to Bolivia and Brazil, West Indies. Cuper, Cuper, 3300-3500 m. In cracks of rock cliffs aya huqta (Qu., aya, 'corpse') (G.P.) on steep slope. [D1455] raki raki qhishwa qalaywala (Qu., qhishwa 'warm (Qu., raki, 'divided') (G.S.) place') (S.J.) [D1751J [D1455] qalaywala (Qu.) (G.P.) [D1771] Use unknown (G.P., G.S.). Sometimes made into a tea for coughs Cheilanthes marginata H.B.K. (S.J.). Use unknown (G.P.). Venezuela and Colombia, south to Argen- tina. Polypodium lasiopus Kl. vel aff. 3500-3600 m. Fern Colombia, Venezuela, Peru. Cuper, forming clumps from rock cracks on and on Cuper, altitude unknown. Antakillqa hillside. steep slopes, moist rocks on hillside at Name and use unknown [F274A] Antakillqa place called Tasakuranaladunpi. Polypodium sp. aff. P. poiypodioides (L.) Watt raki raki (Qu., raki, 'divided') (G.P.) Mexico to northern South America. [D1645] Ayllu Punqu, 3800 m. Fern in ravine on steep urqun raki raki (Qu., urqun, 'male'; raki, around bank, potato fields above stream. 'divided') (T.L.) [F291B]

38 FIELDIANA: BOTANY culantro pusu (Qu., from Sp. culantrillo de Cuper, 3500-3600 m. Fern forming dense pozo, 'coriander of the well') (N.C., clumps in thin soil among rocks on steep E.G.) [D1645] hillside. Use unknown (N.C., B.C., T.L., G.P.). inca coca de la puna (Qu., Sp.) (G.P.) Used to make nativity scenes at [D1650] Christmas (G.S., S.J.)- culantro pusu (Qu., from Sp. culantrillo de pozo, 'coriander of the well') (N.C., Cheilanthes pruinata Kaulf. E.G.) [D1650] Peru to Argentina. Name and use unknown (G.A.) [D1650] m. Fern Cuper, 3450-3600 forming clumps Used for tea (G.P.). Use unknown (N.C., in rocks on above from cracks steep slopes E.G.). Puqpuq waterfall and of Antakillqa hill- side; on moist rocks on Antakillqa hill- Pteris muricata Hook. side, at place called Tasakuranaladunpi. Mexico to Colombia and Peru. ayaq waqtan (Qu., ayaq, 'corpse's', waqtan, Cuper, 3360 m. Large fern on steep wet rock 'ribs') (G.P.) [D1654] cliffs at Puqpuq waterfall. culantro pusu (Qu., from Sp. culantrillo de Name and use not recorded [D1786, pozo, 'coriander of the well') (N.C., D1787] E.G.) [D1654] raki raki (Qu., raki, 'divided') probable inca coca (Qu.) (G.A.) [D1654] name of both specimens (S.J., G.S.) raki raki (Qu., raki, 'divided') (G.P.) [D1661] china raki raki (Qu., raki, 'divided'; china, SALVINIACEAE

'female') (T.L.) [F290] Azolla all', filiculoides Lam. raki rakicha puna (Qu., raki, 'divided'; puna, Western United States, Mexico, Guate- 'high open area'; -cha, 'little') (N.C., mala, Colombia to Chile. E.G.) [D1661] K'aparay (Ayllu Punqu), 3800 m. Forming Name and use unknown (G.S.) [D1514] dense mats floating on shallow pools by For a drink and not useful to (D1654) Lake Piuray. drink To chew (D1661) (N.C., E.G.). Name and use unknown [K267] like coca, but without llipta (Qu., 'al- G.S. noted that he had never seen this kaline admixture for with chewing plant before. coca') (G.A.). Use unknown (T.L., G.P.). SELAGINELLACEAE

Notholaena nivea (Poiret) Desv. var. flava Hook. Selaginella peruviana (Milde) Hieron. Colombia to and Brazil. Argentina Southwestern United States south to Ar- Cuper, 3330-3550 m. Fern on steep wet rock gentina. face. Cuper, 3330 m. Steep wet rock slopes along and use unknown Name (G.S.) [D1464] brook. Name and use not recorded [D1809] Name and use not recorded [DJ810]

Pellaea ovata (Desv.) Weath. Selaginella sp. (inarticulate group) Southern Texas to Costa Rica; Colombia Pirqa Kachun, 3600 m. Under a large rock and Venezuela south to Argentina; on side of a small watercourse. West Indies. kiru kiru pasto kiru, 'tooth'; Cuper, 3350-3500 m. Hillside. (Qu., Sp., pasto, 'forage') [K293] Name and use not recorded [D1768] Plant has no use except as sheep fodder raki raki (Qu., raki, 'divided') probable (C.R.). name (G.S., S.J.)

Pellaea ternifolia (Cav.) Link var. ternifolia Selaginella sp. (inarticulate group) Southwestern United States to Nicaragua; Cuper, 3450-3550 m. On moist rocks along Colombia and Venezuela to Argentina; stream in quebrada. West Indies; Hawaiian Islands. Name and use unknown (G.P.) [D1485]

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO 39 THELYPTERIDACEAE hemisphere tropics of Old and New World. Thelypteris glandulosolanosa (C. Chr.) Tryon Cuper, 3300 m. In Hatun Wayq'u quebrada, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia. place called Kiqtuyuq. Cupcr, 3450-3600 m. Terrestrial fern in wet winay wayna-china (Qu., china, 'female') creek draw, and along stream in quebrada [F280] above Puqpuq waterfall. Plant said to be female ofF281. Use un- raki raki (Qu., raki, 'divided') [D1462, known. D1483] Leaves are used in the process of fer- Lycopodium clavatum L. ssp. contiguum (Klotzsch) mentation of sprouted corn (Sp., 011gard

"jora') for maize beer (Sp., 'chicha'), Andean South America. to line fermentation pit and to cover Cuper, 3300 m. Creeping herb among ichus sprouting corn (N.C., G.P.). Used for (Qu., 'high-altitude grasses') on steep dry decoration at Christmas time (G.S.). slopes of Antakillqa hill, in quebrada called Hatun Wayq'u. Thelypteris nitens (Desv.) Tryon winay wayna-china (Qu., china, 'female') Ecuador and Peru. [F285] Cuper, 3360-3450 m. On moist wall of Plant is said never to flower. Only use is Puqpuq waterfall. in making Christmas scenes. mayupi raki raki (Qu., mayupi, 'in the run- ning water'; raki, 'divided') (S.J.) Lycopodium crassum Willd. vel afF. [D1740] Southern Mexico to Panama, Andean South raki raki (Qu., raki, 'divided') (B.G.) America south to Peru. [D1797] Cuper, 3300 m. In Hatun Wayq'u quebrada, Name and use not recorded [D1788] place called Kiqtuyuq. Use unknown (B.C., S.J.). winay wayna-urqu (Qu., urqu, 'male') [F281] Thelypteris rufa (Poiret) A. R. Smith Plant said to be "male" of F280. Use Ecuador to Bolivia. unknown. Ayllu Punqu, 3800 m. Fern in moist soil at edge of stream around potato fields. Lycopodium sp. aff. L. hartwegianum Spring raki raki (Qu., raki, 'divided') [K135] Southern Mexico to Costa Rica; Andes from Leaves are used in the process of fer- Venezuela to Peru. mentation of sprouted corn (Sp., Cuper, 3330 m. Herb hanging from steep wet 'jora') for maize beer (Sp., 'c/z/c/za'), rocks by brook. to line fermentation pit and to cover Name and use not recorded [D1803] sprouting corn (G.S.).

EQUISETACEAE GYMNOSPERMS Equisetum bogotense H.B.K. Venezuela to Peru. EPHEDRACEAE Cuper. 3450-3550 m. In wet soil along creek Ephedra americana Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. in quebrada above waterfall. Ecuador to cola de Argentina. cabalto (Sp., 'horsetail') [D1478, Cuper, 3700 m. Shrub on cliff. D1814] pinku pinku (Qu.) (N.C., G.S.) [D141T\ The entire plant is made into a tea for naranja naranja (Qu. from Sp., naranja, waist-area ache (G.P.). The fresh 'orange') (N.C., G.S.) [D1417] plant is sold in the Chinchero Sun- Latter name refers to the small day market. plant's orange fruits (G.S.). Drunk as a tonic (Sp., refresco) and as a tea, possibly LYCOPODIACEAE to help the kidneys (N.C.).

Lycopodium clavatum L. Ephedra rupestris Benth. Temperate and boreal regions of northern Cuper, 4000 m. Among moss on rock on An-

40 FIELDIANA: BOT> takillqa hillside at place called Unu Ur- Name and use not recorded [D1717] phuyuq. phalcha (Qu.) possible name pampa pinku pinku (Qu., pampa, 'low- (G.A.) [D1717] growing') [F305] Resembles puya puya (Qu.) (S.J., G.S.). Used to make a tea to treat lung problems (T.L.). Bomarea andimarcana (Herbert) Baker Peru. Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Herb on rocky slopes (D1534A). Cuper, 3750 m. Erect herb on lands belonging to San Juan below ruins (F264).

ANGIOSPERMS ramos ramos (Qu., from Sp. ramo , 'bou- quet') (L.H.) [D1534A, F264] AMARANTHACEAE varilla varilla (Qu., from Sp. varilla, 'little rod') (G.S.) [D1534A] Alternanthera caracasana H.B.K. Use unknown (L.H.). Sweet stems of erect Mexico, West Indies, Colombia, and Ven- variety are chewed like cafia (Sp., ezuela south to Bolivia. sugar cane) or corn stalks by shep- Plaza of Chinchero, 3810 m. Low spreading herds, after stripping off the leaves herb among packed grasses. (G.S., S.J.). Young children compete kipalvu (Qu.?) [F261] to find them (G.S.). Taken in tea at childbirth; tea made from unwashed herb with dirt adhering to Bomarea dulcis (Hook.) Beauv. roots (S.J., G.S.). Plant can also be Peru and Bolivia. used to treat 'fright' (Sp., susto) or Taucca, 4000-4200 m. Herb on cliffs. falls if they cause problems (S.J., ramos ramos (Qu., from Sp. ramo , 'bou- G.S.). quet') (G.S.) [K191, D1534B] Gomphrena elegans C. Martius ramos de la quebrada (Sp., "ramos from the Peru and Bolivia. canyon') (T.H.) [K191] Cuper, 3370 m. Herb on steep brushy hillside. Sweet stem is eaten (T.H.). Use unknown payqu(Qu.) [D1734] (G.S.). Common herb used as condiment in

cooking (S.J.). Bomarea dulcis (Hook.) Beauv. vel sp. aff. In of rich earth Iresine celosia L. Cuper, 3750 m. large pockets in rock outcrop above Chinkana. Widespread tropical American weed. Name unknown Cuper, 3450 m. Herb below waterfall. [F349B] Tubers not edible payqu (Qu.) (G.A., G.S.) [D1737] (G.S.). Name and use unknown (S.J.) [D1737] Used as condiment in cooking (G.S.). Bomarea ovata (Cav.) Mirbel Leaves taken in tea for upset stom- Peru and adjacent parts of Bolivia. ach (Sp., calicos) (G.S.). Cuper, approx. 3500 m. Antakillqa hillside, place called Tasakurana. ramos ramos (Qu., from Sp. ramo, 'bou- quet') [F268A, F268B] Agave americana L. Edible fruits; kids eat and play with them. Native to Mexico; widely cultivated. Along trails throughout Chinchero except at Bomarea sp. higher altitudes. Ayllu Punqu, 3700 m. Herb on rock outcrop. paqpa (Qu.) not collected Cuper, 3810 m. Herb on grazed hillside. Plant is encouraged for its function as a ramos ramos (Qu. from Sp., ramo , 'bou- fence. quet') [D1374, D1448] Alstroemeria pygmaea Herbert Plant has no use (G.P.). Shepherd chil- Southern Peru, Bolivia, Patagonia. dren eat the sweet stem of this plant Cuper, 4500 m. Herb on hilltop in puna. (as they also eat cornstalks) (G.S.).

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO 41 Hypoxis decumbens L. ambar ambar (Qu., from Sp. ambar, 'am- Widely distributed in tropical America. ber') (N.C., G.S.) [D1458, F270] Ayllu Punqu, 3800 m. cabra cobra (Qu. from Sp., cobra, 'goat') Yanacona, 3750 m. Place called Q'allas. alternate name (N.C.) [D1458]

khuchi khuchi (Qu., khuchi . 'pig') [Kl 30, Leaves and stems are boiled; the decoc- F256] tion is used to bathe the head as a Children play games with black tuberous remedy for headache and fever roots, pretending the roots to be little caused by 'wind in the head' (N.C.). pigs (T.H.). Use unknown (G.S.). A "cool" (Sp., fresco) plant, which is Cuper, 3500-3600 m. Herb on dry, rocky pas- boiled in the evening, then used to tured slopes. wash the head the following morning Name unknown (N.C., B.C.) [D1652] to treat ailments such as sirenasqa nchit kaspa qhuracha (Qu., qhura, 'herb') (Qu. from Sp., 'contamination by a (B.G.) possible name [D1652] siren spirit') (G.S.). Used to bathe Use unknown (N.C., B.G.). children against damage caused by fright (Sp., 'sustcf), and to reduce Stenomesson incarnatum (H.B.K..) Bak. tonsil inflammation (G.S.). B.G. Peru, Ecuador. boiled the plant, squeezed the juice Cuper, 38 10 m. Herb cultivated in house gar- and used it to wash her hair as an den. anti-dandruff agent (S.J., G.S.). chiwanway (Qu.) [K104] Flowers used in bouquets and table dec- Metastelma sp. orations (G.S.). Sold in Chinchero Cuper, 3450-3550 m. Herb on lightly grazed Sunday market. slopes. pimpinilla (Qu.. from Sp., pimpinela, 'bur- Stenomesson recurvatum (Ruiz & Pavon) Baker net') suggested name (G.S.) [D1512] Peruvian Andes. p'isqu sisaq (Qu., p'isqu , 'five') suggested Yanacona, 38 10 m. Herb transplanted to gar- name (B.G.) [D1512] den. Use unknown (E.G., G.S.). Steeped as tea chiwanway (Qu.) [K113] drunk to treat stomachache (Qu., Grown as decorative plant. Flowers are sunqu nanay) (S.J., G.S.). collected and worn on hats. Also

called qhilla t'ika (Qu., qhilla, 'lazy'; Sarcostemma lysimachioides (Wedd.) R. Holm t'ika, 'flower') because it doesn't Central and Southern Peru. flower in the rainy season as most Yanacona, 3750 m. Creeping herb on ground plants do, but rather only in the dry on hillside near Pirqa Kachun at place season (S.J., G.S.). called Q'allas. waka waka (Qu., from Sp. vaca, ANACARDIACEAE 'cow') [F254]

Schinus molle L. Sarcostemma solanoides (H.B.K.) Decne. Ecuador to Chile, also widely cultivated. Peru, Bolivia, and Chile. Urquillos, 3100 m. Tree along trail. Cuper, 3450-3500 m. Herb on lightly grazed molle (Sp.) [K'320] slopes. Fruits used as peppery condiment in ambar ambar (Qu., from Sp. ambar, 'am- cooking (uncommonly in Chinch- ber') [D1495] ero) (U.I.). Wood used as firewood. Use unknown (G.S.).

ASCLEPIADACEAE BASELLACEAE

Cynanchum tarmense Schltr. Boussingaultia diffusa (Moq.) Hauman Peru. [Anredera diffusa (Moq.) Sperling, comb. nov. Cuper, 3600 m. Vine on steep slopes and along ined.] trail above quebrada at place called Colombia to Peru.

Chaqchakillay. Cuper, 3 1 50 m. Vining herb on steep slope.

42 FIELDIANA: BOTANY Name and use unknown (B.G., Am.Q., This variety was said to have been grown P.P., G.S.) [K243] in the Chinchero area for only three Pirqa Kachun, 3000-3330 m. Vining herb on to four years and was originally pur- dry hillside. chased in the Cusco market (U.I.). Name and use unknown [K305] phantasma lisas (local Sp., fantasma, Similar to lisas (Qu., Ullucus tuberosus) 'ghost') (U.I.) [K235] and also to willq'u (Qu., 'vine'; refers Tubers roundish and yellow-orange with in Chinchero to at least seven vining red dots. species), a name heard in Urquillos tiqtiharo lisas (Qu.) (U.I.) [K236] (Am.Q., G.S.). Not willq'u (P.P., Tubers long and white with pink-red E.G., Am.Q., G.S.). blotches and dots. yuraq lisas (Qu., yuraq, 'white') (U.I.) Boussingaultia sp. all", diffusa (Moq.) Volkens [K234] [Anredera diffusa (Moq.) Sperling, comb. nov. Tubers long, curved, and white with a few ined.] small pink blotches. Peruvian Andes. zanahoria lisas (Sp., zanahoria, 'carrot') Cuper, 3810 m. Vine transplanted from wild (U.I.) [K233] habitat and cultivated on stone wall in Tubers rounded, oblong, orange-yellow house courtyard. when mature. verguylawas (Qu. from Sp., verdolaga, puka papan lisas (Qu., puka, 'red'; papan, 'purslane,' Portulaca oleracea 'potato') not collected L.) [K202] Said to be very large tubers cultivated on Plant is ground and made into a poultice, Antakillqa hill. which is applied to the cheek with a piece of white paper to treat tooth- ache Owner's (L.P.). grandfather G.S. and S.J. pointed out the distinction that the to this transplanted plant yard the stems of tiqtiharo lisas (K157 and K236) are because it was con- many years ago long and thin, while those ofpapas lisas are shorter sidered such a useful plant (L.P.). and fatter. They added that tubers can grow round like a cabbage, or can grow to be six inches long,

Ullucus tuberosus Caldas (fig. 1 9) but the leaves are not resistant to frost and other Southern Venezuela to northern Argentina. attacks. K234 is a kind of tiqtiharo, although M.L. Native to the Andes, domesticated calls them yuraq (Qu., 'white'). from wild species. The name lisa, or papa lisa, is from the Spanish,

Pukamarka, 3800 m. Herbs cultivated for edi- liso, 'smooth', a reference to the slippery texture ble tuber by Jo.C. in his fields at edge of of the cooked vegetable. People in Chinchero rec- Lake Piuray. ognize the Quechua word ulluqu in reference to zanahoria lisas (Sp., zanahoria, 'carrot') this crop, but do not use it except in occasional (Jo.C.) [K156] reference to wild varieties. They judge that lisa is qhillu chuqcha n^us (Qu., qhillu, 'yellow'; a Quechua word and ulluqu is Spanish, whereas chuqcha, 'hair') [K156] linguists judge the reverse to be true. Tubers yellow (Jo.C.). Stems reddish. All lisas are planted in September, harvested in papas lisas (Sp.) [K157] May-June (Jo.C.). With one exception, all varieties Tubers round and white with red spots are traditional local cultivars; that is, although seed (Jo.C.). Papas lisas include arequipa tubers may be bought in other parts of Peru, no- lisas and puka papan lisas, tably Paucartambo. Chinchero people never get arequipa lisas (Sp., Arequipa is a Peruvian seed of 'improved varieties' from the Ministry of city) [AT7 58] Agriculture (Jo.C.). Llinlli (freeze-dried tubers) can Tubers round and yellow, like oranges, be made from any variety (Jo.C.). The only fertilizer though smaller (Jo.C.). used is domestic animal manure (Sp., guano de Taucca, 3900 m. Herb cultivated for edible corral) (Jo.C.). Lisas are subject to no diseases ex- tuber. cept wet rot (Qu., 'kiyuqk'a') (Jo.C.). Arequipa lisas, arequipa lisas (Sp., Arequipa is a Peruvian the only recently introduced cultivar, are said to city) [K237] be particularly affected by kiyuqk'a (alternately

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO 43 FIG. 19. Woman displays lisas (Ullucus tuberosus) for sale or barter in Chinchero Sunday market. She has graded them according to size and variety in order to meet buyers' functional and aesthetic preferences (photo C.S.).

kipqi) which causes the plants to turn black and Cuper, 3000-3900 m. Feral vines on rocky die after growing for only four months. scree slopes of Antakillqa hillside. Although we heard rumors in Chinchero that atuq lisa (Qu., atuq, 'fox'; lisa, Ullucus) people were breeding lisas, these were unsubstan- (G.P.) [D1775] tiated. The existence of seeds following the flowers atuq ulluqu (Qu., atuq, 'fox') of Arequipa lisas, first pointed out to us by L.H., (L.P.) [DJ681] confirmed the potential for more complex selec- Name unknown (G.P.) [K211] tion activity. The collection includes all Ullucus These varieties are not cultivated and cultivars known to residents in 1982, and all va- have no use (G.P., L.P.). These ex- rieties but one (Arequipa lisas) are traditional (Sp., amples are similar in appearance to antiguo) landraces. q'illu lisas (Qu., q'illu, 'yellow') which

44 FIELDIANA: BOTANY are no longer planted because they Consumed as a tea to treat measles, es- do not produce tubers (S.J., G.S.). carlatina (Sp., 'scarlet fever') (G.P.). Ayllu Punqu, 38 10 m. Viningon wall of house Used to treat illnesses of children courtyard. (L.H.). Root provides a yellow dye atuq lisas (Qu., atuq, 'fox'; lisa, Ullu- (T.H.). This variety, chiqchi, which cus) [F321] is from Chinchero center, is distin- atuq ulluqus (Qu., atuq, 'fox'; ulluqus, Ul- guished by its long spines from lucus) [F321] qhishwa chiqchi (S.J., G.S.). Fruits Forms tubers up to 2 cm long that are are eaten, as are those of mullaka; not edible (S.J., G.S.). A cool (Sp., they dye the tongue purple (S.J., fresco) plant (S.J., G.S.). Ground to G.S.). Dye experiments with this make a poultice for aches of teeth, plant got no results (S.J., G.S.). tonsils (S.J., G.S.). Berberis saxicola Lechler BEGONIACEAE Southern Peru. Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Shrub on steep rocky Begonia clarkei Hook. f. slope. Andes of southern Peru and Bolivia. upa ch'iqchi (Qu., upa, 'deaf mute,' or in Cuper, 3600 m. Herb on steep slope. this instance, 'thornless'; ch'iqchi, achanqharas (Qu.) (AC, N.C., S.J., 'colors combined with spots') [D1560] G.S.) [D1443] qhishwa ch'iqchi (Qu., qhishwa, 'warm While pasturing, children peel and eat place'; ch 'iqchi, 'colors combined with epidermis of leaves (as they do spots') alternate name [D1560] strawberries) (N.C.). Flowers used for Used to make living fences (G.S.). Qhish- decoration; roots possibly used for wa ch'iqchi (D1560 and D1730) is remedy (G.S.). As children, we distinguished by its larger leaves and squeezed the juice of this plant and shorter spines from chiqchi (S.J., mixed it with that of trago trago, to G.S.).

make ourselves drunk (S.J., G.S.). The whole plant is squeezed with chili BIGNONIACEAE chili (Qu., Geranium and other spp.) Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex H.B.K. and given to babies with fever, when Florida to Mexico, south to Argentina. their tongues turn white (S.J.). Flow- Cuper, 3300-3450 m. Woody shrub along ers can be pink, red, or white (S.J., brook (D1754) and along trail (D1758). G.S.). waranway (Qu.) [Dl 754, D1758] Name and use unknown (S.J.) [D1754] BERBERIDACEAE Wood used to make potato hooks (En- glish, 'tools for harvesting potatoes') Berberis boliviana Lechler and foot plows (Qu., chakitaqllas) Southern Peru and Bolivia. (G.P., G.S.). Cuper, 3600 m. Woody shrub on steep grazed hillside. BORAGINACEAE qhishwa ch'iqchi (Qu., qhishwa, 'warm Allocarya humilis (Ruiz & Pavon) E. Greene place'; ch 'iqchi, 'colors combined with Peru and Bolivia. spots') [D1730] Taucca, 4000-4250 m. Spreading herb on Spiny shrub encouraged to grow in living steep, rocky, grazed slopes. fences (G.S.). Stems are made into Name and use unknown spindles and are used for firewood (G.S.) [D1525, K182] (S.J.).

Berberis cliffortioides Diels Amsinckia hispida (Ruiz & Pavon) I. M. Johnston Central and southern Peru. Ecuador to Chile and Argentina. Cuper, 3810 m. Shrub along trail. Cuper, 3810 m. Along trail. chiqchi (Qu., 'colors combined with Name unknown (G.P.) [D1369] spots') [D1356] ambrosacha qhura (Qu., from Sp. ambro-

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO 45 sia; Qu., qhura, 'herb') possible name (Qu., tainu), which are burned to (G.P.) [D1369] ashes with isphinhuy (Qu.) on hill- Plant has no use (G.P.). sides by shepherds (G.S.).

Hackelia revoluta (Ruiz & Pavon) I.M. Johnston Tillandsia capillaris Ruiz & Pavon Peru to Argentina through the Andes. Peru to Argentina. Cuper, 3100-3600 m. Herb on steep rocky Yanacona, 3810 m. On face of rock. slopes and on banks of brook. qaqa sunkha (Qu., qaqa, 'rock'; sunkha, Name and use unknown (N.C., E.G., 'beard') (G.S.) [D1399] Am.Q., P.P., G.S.) [D1671, D1816, fosforo fosforo (Qu., from Sp., fosforo, K258] 'match') (N.C.) childhood name Similar to supay kayqu (Qu., locally Ni- [D1399] cotiana glauca); not drunk (B.G.). Name unknown (Al.Q.) [DJ399] Use unknown (N.C., G.S.). Similar to sal- Heliotropium incanum Ruiz & Pavon vahina (Qu.), used to treat cough Peruvian Andes. (Al.Q.). Cuper, 3 1 00-3 1 50 m. Herb on somewhat dry slope with large rocks. Tillandsia nana Baker Name and use unknown (B.G., Am.Q., P.P., Peru and Bolivia, 2900-3500 m. G.S.) [#256] Cuper, 3300-3500 m. Hanging on rock faces Leaves similar to those of nuqchu (Qu., on Antakillqa hillside. 'hill'? Salvia spp.) (E.G., Am.Q., G.S.). urqu winay wayna (Qu., orqo , 'male'?; winay, 'to live'; wayna, 'youth') (G.P.) Lithospermum peruvianum A. DC. [D1772] Ecuador to southern Peru. Name unknown (G.P.) [K2IO] Yanacona, 3800 m. Herb in dry, hard-packed Use unknown (G.P.). soil on pastured rocky slopes. purun perejil (Qu., purun, 'fallow'; Sp., pe- Tillandsia oroyensis Mez

rejil, 'parsley') (B.G.) [K131] Southern Ecuador to Peru, 800-3400 m. Name unknown (T.H., Am.Q., P.P., G.S.) Cuper, 3300-3450 m. On rock face along [K131] brook in quebrada. Use unknown (E.G., T.H., Am.Q., P.P., wayq'untuy (Qu.) [D1752] G.S.). Similar to awarankhu (Qu., Puya weber- baueri); water that accumulates in

BROMELIACEAE plant is drunk for thirst (S.J.).

Puya ferruginea (Ruiz & Pavon) L. B. Smith Tillandsia recurvata (L.) L. Ecuador to Bolivia, 1800-3800 m. Southernmost United States to Argentina. Cuper, 3350-3550 m. Terrestrial bromeliad Cuper, 3100-3150 m. On tree. among rocks on steep slope in quebrada qaqa sunkha (Qu., qaqa, 'rock'; sunkha, and on Antakillqa hillside. 'beard') (Am.Q., P.P., G.S.) [K238]

achupaylla (Qu.) (G.P., G.S.) [D1488, salvia del cerro (Sp., 'sage of the hill') (T.H.) D1774] alternate name [K238] Leaves gathered for guinea pig fodder Name and use unknown (B.G., G.P.) (G.S.). [K238] Useful as decoration Use un- Puya weberbaueri Mez only (P.P.). known (T.H.). Southern Peru and northwestern Bolivia, 2800-4000 m. Tillandsia usneoides (L.) L. Cuper, 3500-3600 m. Bromeliad on steep Southern United States to Central Argen- rocky slopes of Antakillqa hillside. tina and Chile. awarunkhu (Qu.) (G.A., N.C., E.G., Cuper, 3350-3500 m. On rock face, on An- G.S.) [D1647] takillqa hillside (D1769) and above Collected for cattle feed and guinea pig Puqpuq waterfall (D1742). fodder (G.A.). Llipta (Qu.. 'alkaline salvahina (Qu., from Sp. salvia, Qu. -hina, admixture for coca chewing') is made '-like') (G.S.) [D1742] from the dried flowers of this plant salwahi (Qu.) (B.G.) [D1769]

46 FIELDIANA: BOTANY wihuhu (Qu. from Sp., bejuco, 'vine') and on Antakillqa hillside at place called (G.P.) [D1769] Tanqar Qhasa. Gathered at Christmas for use in Nativity k'aqlla (Qu.) [D1459, F317] scenes to make a bed for the Christ Use unknown (G.S.). Plants had been figure (G.S.). Sold in streets in Cusco moved to form a fence around a field. at Christmas. Placed in nests in The fruits of this cool (Sp., fresco) chicken houses as nesting material plant are edible; interior of fruits and (B.G.). Use unknown (G.P.). leaves are ground to make a poultice for toothaches or tonsils (S.J.). Spines CACTACEAE used as tooth- and earpicks (S.J., G.S.).

Erdisia aff. erecta Backeb. Genus indet. Southern Peru. Cuper, altitude unknown. Scattered on steep Cuper, 3450-3700 m. Cactus along trail and slope of Antakillqa hillside, place called on lightly grazed slopes. Ch'ampatakana. ana panqu (Qu.) (G.P.) [D1425] ana panqu (Qu.) [F318] khishqa (Qu., 'plant with spines') Fruits edible and said to be very sweet (G.P.) [D1493] (U.I.). huwisk'i (Qu.) alternate name (G.S.) [D1493, D1425] Genus indet.; probably Opuntia Use unknown (G.P., G.S.). One inform- Ayllu Punqu, 38 1 m. On wall of house court- ant reported, perhaps jokingly, that yard; said to have been transplanted 40 the juice of the fruit of this plant was or 50 years ago. an intoxicant (G.S.). ana panqu (Qu.) [F319] Fruits edible (U.I.)- Lobivia aff. backebergii (Werderm.) Backeb. spp. hertrichiana (Backeb.) Rausch ex G. Rowley Southeastern Peru. CALYCERACEAE Taucca, 4050 m. On adobe wall by house. Acicarpha procumbens Less. ana panqu (Qu.) [D1590] Southern Peru, Brazil, Argentina. Use unknown (G.S.). Ch'usu, 3800 m. Herb along trail. Opuntia aff. floccosa Salm-Dyck or O. lagopus estrella khishqa (Sp., estrella, 'star'; Qu., Schumann khishqa, 'spiny plant') [K274] Both species in the high Andes from central Plant is made into a tea for altitude sick- Peru to central Bolivia. ness (G.P.). Cuper, 4500 m. Cactus forming low mats on Moschopsis sp. hilltop. Cuper Alto, 4650 m. Above place called Mar- ruq'a (Qu.) (G.A., L.P.) [D1699, D1700] garitayuq. Herb in red sand on rock. q'ara ruq'a (Qu., q'ara, 'skin') lluthu lluthu (Qu.) possible name [F316] (B.C.) [D1699] Name and use unknown [F316] inka ruq'a (Qu.) (B.C.) [D1700] Used as poultice for toothache (G.A.). Inka ruq'a is useful with egg and tra- CAMPANULACEAE 'cane to go (Sp., alcohol') externally Lobelia tenera H.B.K.. bathe stomachs (B.G.). upset Q'ara In the Andes from Venezuela to southern was said B.G. to have no ruq'a by Peru. use, as were both varieties by L.P. Cuper, 3500-3800 m. Small herb on grassy B.G. distinguished the varieties by slope of Antakillqa hillside (K286); among the smooth, hairless form of q'ara ichus in moist soil (F354) at Simp'il; herb ruq'a. between stones in Inca wall in Inca ruins Opuntia aff. subulata (Muehlenpf.) Engelm. below Chinchero plaza (F356). Origin uncertain, perhaps Argentina. Widely violetas (Sp.) (C.R.) [K286] cultivated. puna violetas (Qu., puna, 'high area'; Sp.) Cuper, 3600-3800 m. Grown in hedgerows (P.P.) [K286]

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO 47 maransiras (Qu.) possible name CANNACEAE

(C.R.) [K286] Canna indica L. [K286] pavitos (Qu.) (B.C.) Native to South America. Widely cultivat- Name unknown (Am.Q.) [K286] ed in the tropics. Name and use unknown [F354, F356] Cuper, 3200 m. Cultivated in small open field Used to make a tea for coughs (Am.Q., in warm quebrada. C.R., P.P.). Use unknown (B.G.). achira(Qu.) [K212] Cultivated experimentally for edible un- laciniata A. DC. var. laciniata Lysipomia derground portions (G.P.). L.P. Southern Peru and Bolivia. planted achira in his low, warm corn Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Herb among mossy field as an experiment to determine rocks on steep slopes above community. whether or not he could make it grow haminqay (Qu., pampa, 'flat open pampa in Chinchero. His interest in plant- place') [D1548] ing a wide range of cultigens was Name unknown (G.S.) [D1548] challenged by this crop which is con- Use unknown (L.H., G.S.). sidered impossible to grow at such a high altitude. Ultimately, he decided laciniata A. DC. var. vulgaris (Wedd.) Lysipomia that while not impossible, it was not E. Wimm. worth the effort. Peru and Bolivia. Cuper, 4500 m. Herb on summit of Anta- killqa hill. CAPRIFOLIACEAE sutuma (Qu.) [D1710] This variety of sutuma is said to be fe- Sambucus peruviana H.B.K. male (Sp., hembra) (L.P.). A tea is Peru to Argentina, Central America. made from the whole plant for the Cuper, 3810 m. Tree along trail. kidneys (G.A., L.P.). sauk'u (Qu.) (G.P., G.S.) [D1342] Leaves are mixed with leaves of markhu A. Zahlbr. Siphocampylus tupaeformis (Ambrosia artemisioides) in a pot and Southern Peru and Bolivia. toasted (heated without water); the 3620 m. Herb in fallow field. Pirqa Kachun, juice that gathers on the bottom of lakre (Qu. from Sp., lacre, 'red') (P.P.) the pot is rubbed on the belly to treat [K317] stomachache (G.P.). colondrina (Sp.?) (P.P.) alternate name [K317J velapi nuqchu (Qu. velapi, 'orange') CARYOPHYLLACEAE (C.R.) [K317] Arenaria aff. digyna Schldl. saqraq nuqchu (Qu., saqraq, 'devil's') Southern Peru, Chile to Bolivia, Mexico. (Am.Q., G.S.) [K317] Yanacona, 3800 m. Low herb in hard packed china china (Qu.) (Am.Q., G.S.) possible soil on rocky slope. name [K317J p'isqu sisan (Qu., p'isqu, 'five') [K132] Used for decoration (C.R.), and as a tea Use unknown (G.S.). Fodder (T.H.). for intestinal blockage (Sp., colicd) (P.P.). Use unknown (Am.Q., G.S.). Arenaria lanuginosa (Michaux) Rohrb. Southeastern United States south to Boliv- Wahlenbergia peruviana A. Gray ia. Peru and Bolivia. Cuper, 3450-3550 m. Herb above waterfall Taucca, 4000-4280 m. In gravelly soil on ex- on rocky slopes. posed slopes. p'isqu sisaq (Qu., p'isqu, 'five') [DJ475, Name and use unknown (O.H.) [K225] F272A] taruqa nunu (Qu., taruqa, 'deer'; nunu, Plant is given as a tea to women who 'breast') (B.C.) [K225] menstruate at the wrong time in or- sweet Has milk , but no known use (B.G.). der to make them regular (G.S.).

FIELDIANA: BOTANY Yanacona, 3810 m. Herb on rock outcrop. Name and use unknown (G.S.) [D1542] Name and use unknown (G.S., yawarch 'unqa (Qu., yawar, 'blood'; ch 'unqa, N.C.) [D1401] 'suck') [D1542] N.C. recalled that her mother had rec- Leaves are used as a poultice on blows ommended this plant to her as some- and wounds, especially on the hands thing to give to your children so that (E.G.). they are less hungry. CHENOPODIACEAE Cerastium tucumanense Pax Southern Peru to Chile and Argentina. Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Herb on steep rocky Widely distributed tropical American weed. slopes. Naturalized in Europe and North p'isqu sisan (Qu., p'isqu, 'five') (L.H.) America. [D1556] Yanacona, 3800 m. Herb near building in Use unknown (L.H.). Probably noipisq'u town. sisaq (G.S.). payqu (Qu.) [D1674] Ubiquitous weed is used as a condiment Dianthus barbatus L. (Qu., asnapa) in cooking (G.A., Native from the Pyrenees to the Balkan G.S.). peninsula, naturalized in China and Cuper, 3370 m. Erect herb growing along trail North America. Widely cultivated on steep hillside grazed by sheep. elsewhere. qhishwa pimpinil/a (Qu., qhishwa, 'warm Cuper, 3810 m. Cultivated in house garden. place'; from Sp., pimpinela , 'burnet,' clavel (Sp., 'carnation') [Kill] Sanguisorba minor) [D 17 34A] Flower used as table decoration (T.H., Abundant weed from the canyon; the G.S.). whole plant is used to make a tea to

Paronychia chilensis DC. treat stomachaches (S.J., L.P., G.S.). Mexico to Chile. Chenopodium incisum Poiret Cuper, 3810m. In cracks of large rock outcrop Southwestern United States, Mexico, Peru called Maranqaqa in Inca ruins. to Argentina. Name and use unknown (G.S.) [D1391] Chinchero. Fresh specimen purchased in Paronychia mandoniana Rohrb. Chinchero Sunday market. High Andes of Peru and Bolivia. anka payqu (Qu.) [K31 1] Cuper, 4500 m. On summit of Antakillqa hill. Vendor recommended the use of this p'isqu sillum (Qu., p'isqu, 'five'; sillum, 'fin- plant as tea for stomachache. gernail') [D1718] Chenopodium quinoa Willd. Use unknown; in August, this plant has Colombia to Chile and Argentina. sharp bristles (G.A.). Pukamarka, 3800 m. Cultivated in fields bor- Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Steep rocky slopes. dering Lake Piuray. Name and use unknown (G.S.) [D1544] quinua (Qu.) [K161, K163] Silene chilensis (Naudin) Bocq. ruyaq quinua (Qu., ruyaq, 'white') [K163] Peru and Chile. Both plants were being cultivated by Jose Yanacona, 3800 m. Plant on rocks and dry Cusihuaman. K161 was reddish in pastured slopes. color. Name and use unknown (B.G., Am.Q., P.P., The achenes of Chenopodium quinoa (Qu., qinu- G.S.) [KJ25] wa) contain saponins; these are washed out of the Similar to phalcha (Qu.) (Am.Q., G.S.). "grain" by repeated rinsing before cooking. Al- Similar to verbena (Sp.) (B.G.). though both "white" (Qu., ruyaq) and "red" (Qu., Silene mandonii (Rohrb.) Bocq. puka) varieties are grown in Chinchero, they are High Andes of Peru and Bolivia. not seen as having marked differences other than Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Herb on steep rocky color of flowers and leaves. The leaves of both slopes. Chenopodium quinoa and Chenopodium quinoa

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO 49 FIG. 20. Woman washing quinua (Chenopodium quinod) grains (photo W.D.).

ssp. milleanum were said to be eaten as greens, Cooked like llullu (Brassica sp. and other for example in the dish called llullu hawch'a, con- greens) in hawcha (Qu., a meal of sisting of potatoes, onions, and more commonly, potatoes, greens and onions) (G.P.). mustard greens (Brassica campestris) (fig. 20). The word qinuwa can vary to kiyu- na. Chenopodium quinoa Willd. ssp. milleanum (Ael- len) Aellen Ecuador to Chile. COLUMELLIACEAE Cuper. 3840 m. Herb on open rock outcrop called Antasakha. Columellia obovata Ruiz & Pavon khuytu (Qu., possibly phuytu) [K146] Peruvian Andes. k'ita quinua (Qu., k'ita. 'feral') [K146] Cuper, 3600-3900 m. Shrub on hillside.

50 FIELDIANA: BOTANY FIG. 21. G.P. assembles stalks of huamanpito (Columellia obovata) for use in basket-making (photo cere).

wamanpito (Qu., warnan, 'eagle') rubbed on stomach for stomach pain (L.P.) [D1685] (G.P.). p'ispita (Qu.) (B.C.) [D1685] Aphanactis villosa Blake Stems used as material for making bas- Central and southern Peru. kets (E.G., L.P.) (figs. 21-22). Taucca, 4000-4280 m. On steep rocky slopes. COMMELINACEAE Name and use unknown (G.S.) [D1533] coca coca (Qu.) [K224] Commelina tuberosa L. Use unknown (O.H.). Mexico; Peru and Bolivia. discolor R. Cuper, 3350-3500 m. On open hillside. Aristeguietia (Eupatorium) (DC.) King H. Robinson sara sara (Qu., sara, 'maize') [D1773] & Ecuador and Peru. Plant has no use except as sheep fodder 3450-3700 m. In and (B.G.). Leaves have superficial re- Cuper, quebrada along trail on hillside. semblance to maize seedlings. isphinhuy (Qu.) [D1452, D1473] Used as tea to treat cough and other ail- COMPOSITAE ments (G.S.).

Ambrosia artemisioides Miller Artemisia absinthium L. Colombia to Bolivia. Native to Eurasia. Introduced and widely Cuper, 3300-3810 m. Herb on floor of que- cultivated. brada and in field along trail. Q'erapata, 3800 m. Shrubby herb at edge of markhu (Qu.) [D1764, D1343] field. Leaves are heated in a pot and then Santa Lucia (Sp.) [D1604]

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO 51 FIG. 22. G.P. uses hands and toe to begin weaving a basket (photo cere).

hanq'as (Qu.) (N.C., E.G.) possible pampa tayanqa (Qu.) (L.H., M.H., name [D1604] G.S.) [D1563] Unspecified use, possibly to alleviate in- puma t'anqa (Qu.) (G.P.) possible name testinal blockages (Sp., calicos) (G.S.). [D1563] Used to treat twisted ankle and like phalcha (Qu.) (G.P.) possible name problems (N.C., B.C.). [D1563] Yanacona, 3750 m. Herb from house door- Possibly used for foot aches (L.H.). Use way. forgotten (G.S.). Plant has no use ahinhus (Qu., from Sp. ajenjo, 'Artemisia (M.H., G.P.). sp.') [F344] Cuper, alt. approx. 3900 m. Spreading, creep- Used for tea. ing herb on steep hillside at place called Unu Urphuyuq. Baccharis boliviensis (Wedd.) Cabrera pampa tayanqa (Qu.) [F303B] Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. Plant has no use (T.L.). Cuper. 3 1 00-3 1 50 m. Shrub among large rocks on slope in quebrada. Baccharis genistelloides (Lam.) Pers. piki piki (Qu., piki, 'flea') [K260] Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. Use unknown (G.P.). Cuper, 3500-3700 m. On steep slope. qimsa kuchu (Qu., qimsa, 'three'; kuchu, Baccharis caespitosa (Ruiz & Pavon) Pers. var. 'corner') (C.R.) [K291] alpina (H.B.K.) Cuatrec. nudo nudo (Sp., nudo, 'knot' or 'joint') sug- Colombia to Bolivia. gested name (P.P.) [K291] Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Low shrub on steep muqu muqu (Qu., muqu, 'knot' or 'joint') rocky slopes. suggested name (Am.Q., G.S.) [K291]

52 FIELDIANA: BOTANY Name and use unknown (E.G.) [K291] in describing dyed yarn and other Used to make drink to give to drugged artifacts. people (Sp., drogada, by alcohol) to Cuper. Woody shrub on lower slope of An- cure stomachache (C.R.). Plant is takillqa hillside at place called Tasaku- ground to make a medicine for (bone) ranaladunpi. dislocations (Am.Q., G.S.). Use un- ruyaq llawlli (Qu., ruyaq, 'white') [F289] known (P.P.). Plant has no use (T.L.). Plant has white flowers. Saccharis latifolia (Ruiz & Pavon) Pers. Colombia to Argentina. Bidens andicola H.B.K. Cuper, 3800 m. Shrub along trail. Colombia to Argentina. chilka(Qu.) [D1431] Cuper, 3600 m. Steep shrubby hillside grazed Use unknown (G.P., G.S.). by sheep. qhishwa kiku (Qu., qhishwa, 'warm place') Saccharis serrulata Pers. (G.S.) [D1732] Peru, Bolivia and Argentina. kiku (Qu.) (S.J.) [D1732] Cuper, 3800 m. Shrub in houseyard, not cul- Possible use as dye (G.S.). Eaten by cattle tivated. (S.J.). Small leaves indicate that plant suytu suytu qhura (Qu., suytu, "long and came from area lower than Chinch- pointed'; qhura, 'herb') [K204] ero center (S.J.). No use reported (G.P.). Qorikancha, 3700 m. Fallow field in open area iaccharis tricuneata (L.f.) Pers. var. robusta Cua- along paved road. trec. kiku(Qu.) [F342B] Peruvian Andes. Use unknown (G.S.). Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Shrub on steep rocky Bidens andicola H.B.K. var. andicola slopes. Colombia to Argentina. layanqa (Qu.) [D1521] Cuper, 3450-3810 m. Along trail, and on Plant is ground for salve to treat (bone) lightly grazed steep slope at edge of po- dislocations, and used for firewood tato garden. (G.S.). hembra kiku (Qu. from Sp., hembra, 'fe- laccharis afF. tricuneata (L.f.) Pers. (sterile spec- male') (G.P.) [D1347] imen) kiku (Qu.) (G.P.) [D1502] Peruvian Andes. p'irqa (Qu.) (G.S.) [D1347, D1502] Cuper, alt. approx. 3900 m. Shrub on steep Made into tea to treat pneumonia (D1502) hillside at place called Unu Urphuyuq. (G.S.). Flowers provide a yellow dye; tayanqa (Qu.) [F303A] plant is the female (Sp., hembra) Leaves compared to those ofpampa tay- counterpart of D 1346 (G.P.). At dif- anqa (F303B) (T.L.). ferent times, G.P. identified D1502 as p'irqa and as a kiku of unknown iarnadesia berberoides Schultz-Bip. (vel afT.) use. Cuper, 3700-3810 m. Shrub on large eroded Qorikancha, 3700 m. Fallow field in open area rock and on terrace edges in Inca ruins, along paved road. and on steep hillside. kiku (Qu.) [F34JA] llawlli (Qu.) (D1375, DJ422, F358] Use unknown (G.S.). hallu hallu (Qu.) alternate pronunciation (G.P.) [D1422] Bidens andicola H.B.K. var. descomposita Kuntze The leaves are chewed like coca or made Colombia to Argentina. into tea (N.C.). The plant is used to Cuper, 3810 m. Herb along trail. treat escarlatina (Sp., 'scarlet fever') macho kiku (Qu. from Sp., macho, 'male') (U.I.). Use unknown (M.C., S.J., (G.P., G.S.) [D1346] T.L., G.S.). G.P. corroborated the Flowers provide a yellow dye; plant is the name but said that the plant had no male (Sp., macho) counterpart of use. The bright magenta color of the D1347, and provides a more potent

flowers of this plant is called llawlli dye (G.P.) (fig. 23).

iTIANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO 53 FIG. 23. N.C. gathers the flowers of kiku (Bidens andicola ssp.) to use for a yellow dye (photo cere).

Qorikancha, 3700 m. Fallow field in open Qorikancha, 3700 m. Fallow field in open area area along paved road. along paved road. kiku (Qu.) [F341B, F343] kiku (Qu.) [F342A] Use unknown (G.S.). Use unknown (G.S.).

Bidens pilosa L. Calendula officinalis L. Neotropical. Native to Mediterranean region. Widely Cuper Alto, 3800 m. Common herb on stone cultivated. wall along trail. Cuper, 3810 m. Cultivated in house garden. silk'iwa (Qu.) [F339] uchu k'aspa (Qu.) (T.H., G.S.) [K107] Use unknown (G.S.). Flower used as decoration. Made into tea

54 FIELDIANA: BOTANY which is drunk to treat excessive Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Steep rocky slopes. menstrual bleeding or bleeding out- Name and use unknown (G.A., side of period (G.S.). G.S.) [D1539] Cuper, 4500 m. Summit of hill. rhuquiraga spinosa Less. pampa sutuma (Qu.) [D1719] Southern Peru, Chile, Argentina. Use unknown (L.P.). Cuper, approx. 4200 m. Low shrub on steep hillside of Antakillqa at place called Atuq Conyza obtusa H.B.K. Pita. Mexico to northern Argentina. uchu k'aspa llawllicha (Qu., uchu k'aspa, Q'erapata, 3800 m. Herb in old field near 'Calendula officinalis") (S.J.) [F276] Ashnapuquio spring. qhillu t'ikaq llawlli (Qu., qhillu, 'yellow'; Name and use unknown [D16J5]

t'ikaq, 'flowered') (G.S.) [F276] Similar to maych'a (Qu.); sheep eat it, The plant has no use (S.J., G.S.). Flowers along with everything else (N.C., of plant are light orange. B.G.).

irsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. Conyza primulaefolia (Lam.) Cuatr. & Lourteig Native to Europe. Naturalized weed. Mexico to Chile and Argentina Cuper, 3600 m. Herb on hillside (D1427). Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Steep rocky slopes. Qorimarka, Sipas Warquna ruins, 3750 m. Name and use unknown [D1529] Herb in disturbed soil (K281). Cosmos peucedanifolius Wedd. estrella khishqa (Sp., estrella, 'star'; Qu., Peru, Bolivia and Argentina. khishqa, 'spiny plant') (Am.Q., G.P.) Cuper, 3500-3600 m. Herb among rocks, (D1427, K281] grass, and shrubs on steep slopes. alka khishqa (Qu., alka, 'mark' or 'stain') phanti (Qu.) (N.C., B.C., G.P.) [D1669] suggested name (Am.Q.) [K281] Entire plant used for tea; root used for escobilla (Sp., 'little broom') (E.G., S.J., fever of costado (Sp., 'side') (G.P.). C.R.) [K281] Sold for tea in Cuzco and Chinchero Name unknown (P.P.) [K281] markets. Plant has no name (G.S.) [D1427] Plant appeared like a plague in Chinchero Dahlia pinnata Cav. about eight years ago [1974], and Native to Mexico. Widely cultivated and people are pretty tired of it already, escaped. since it has a lot of spines and is of Cuper, 3300 m. At edge of cornfield in que- no use whatsoever (Am.Q., G.S.). To brada bottom. help cure nose ailments, such as puka t'ika (Qu., puka, 'red'; t'ika, 'flower') bleeding or small sores inside nose, (G.P.) [D1763] four to six flowers are soaked in clean Used for decorative purposes during rit- water, then smelled in the morning uals such as the first hoeing of potato (P.P.). Other suggested uses as a tea- fields in January or February (G.P.). sel (S.J., C.R.), and, taken as a tea, Women wear the flowers in their hats, to sterilize women (Am.Q.). Use un- and then plant them in the form of known (G.P.). a cross between the rows of potatoes. Bouquets of flowers are then given Donyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. to everyone present, and flowers are Cosmopolitan weed. exchanged between partners who Cuper, 3330 m. Herb in old rocky field by dance at the field. Bouquets are se- brook. lected to mix the greatest possible duraznillo (Sp., 'small peach') suggested contrast of flower colors; the puka name [D1820] t'ika is especially valued for its deep Used as tea to treat hangovers after hav- red color and large size. Roasted ing drunk trago (Sp., 'cane alcohol') guinea pigs (Qu., cui) must be eaten (B.G.). and maize beer (Sp., chichd) drunk Conyza deserticola Philippi to ensure a harvest of many large Peru to Chile and Argentina. potatoes.

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO 55 Eupatorium cuzcoense Micron. Galinsoga mandonii Schultz-Bip. Southern Peru. Peru, Bolivia and Argentina. Taucca, 4050 m. Shrub in thickets along road. Rajchi, 3700 m. Herb in barley field below havaq maych'a (Qu., hayaq, 'bitter' or Inca ruins. 'stinging') (G.S.) [D1587] uq'i qhura (Qu., uq'i, 'gray'; qhura, 'herb') maych'a (Qu.) (M.H.) [D1587] (Am.Q.) [K217] Plant has no use, although llamas and qhuracha (Qu., 'little herb') (E.G.) [K217] cows eat it (M.H.). Use unknown Name unknown (P.P.) [K217] (G.S.). Maych 'a are common, weedy Use unknown (B.G., Am.Q., P.P.). plants, and so, for instance, a very Ruiz & Pavon ordinary curer is called a maych'a Galinsoga quadriradiata Native to Mexico. in temperate and paqu (Qu., paqu, 'healer'), which Weedy of both hemi- could imply that he could be found subtropical regions anywhere, or that he only uses or- spheres. 3300-3450 m. Herb at of small dinary weeds in curing. Cuper, edge maize field along brook. DC. Eupatorium pentlandianum p'irqa(Qu.) [D1744] Peru and Bolivia. Entire plant used as a tea to cure coughs 3450-3550 m. Steep rocky slopes and Cuper, (S.J.). rocks along stream above waterfall. hayaq maych'a (Qu., hayaq, 'bitter' or Gamochaeta spicata (Lam.) Cabrera 'stinging') [D1472] Native to South America, now a cosmo- hayaq qiyuna (Qu.) alternate name politan weed. (G.P.) [D1472] Cuper, 3600-4500 m. Herb in moist fen Used to rub on breasts to wean children (D1408) and on summit ofAntakillqa hill after age two years (G.P.). Use un- (D1711, D1712). known (G.S.). Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Herb on steep rocky slopes (D1562). Eupatorium sternbergianum DC. qhitu qhitu (Qu.) (G.A., N.C., L.H., G.P., Ecuador and Peru. L.P., G.S.) [D1408, D1562, D1711, Cuper, 3700 m. Shrub along trail. D1712] manka paki (Qu., manka, 'pot'; paki, 'to macho qhitu qhitu (Sp., macho, 'male') break') [D1413] (G.A., L.P.) [D1711] Used as a tea for digestive ailments (G.S.). hembra qhitu qhitu (Sp., hembra, 'female') All informants agreed that although (G.A.) [D1712] the name of this plant, 'pot-breaker,' The root is drunk in a tonic (local Sp., might have referred to its use in the fresco) with yawar ch 'unqa (Qu., ya- past, they knew of no such use. war, 'blood'; ch 'unqa, 'suck') (N.C.). Eupatorium volkensii Hieron. The entire plant is ground in alcohol Southern Peru. and applied to the leg to relieve leg Cuper, 3700 m. Shrub along trail. cramps (G.P.). Used together with suytu qhura (Qu., suytu, 'long and narrow'; lupine and isphinhuy(Qu.) in a poul- qhura. 'herb') [D1414] tice which is rubbed on the surface Name and use unknown (G.S.) [D1414] of the legs (G.P.). A tea for the cos- Use unknown (G.P.). tado (Sp., 'side') is made from the whole male plant (G.A.). The male Elourensia polycephala Dillon form is said to into the female Southern Peru. grow form (L.P.), which is made into Urquillos. 3300 m. Woody shrub along road sankhu (Qu., a meal) with flour of at place called Erapata. Vicia faba, or can be taken as a tea fawka (Qu.?) [F329] for lung problems (G.A.). Use un- Useful as firewood, as it can be used for known (L.H.). cooking fires even when green. Leaves used to make a poultice for Gnaphalium cheiranthifolium Lam. sprains. Southern South America.

56 FIELDIANA: BOTANY Cuper, 3750 m. Herb in old field along brook. Hypochoeris chilensis (H.B.K.) Hieron. wild wila pasto (Qu.; Sp., pasto, 'for- Colombia to Argentina. age') [K120] Cuper, 3100-3600 m. Steep rocky slopes. Use unknown (G.S.). qhishwa piHi (Qu., qhishwa, 'warm place'; pilli refers to the form in which the ray Gnaphalium mandonii Schultz-Bip. florets radiate from a central ring, as Southern Peru and Bolivia. feathers do from a headdress) (G.P.) Cuper, 3450-3550 m. Herb along creek in [K264] quebrada above waterfall. Name and use unknown (N.C., E.G.) qhitu qhitu (Qu.) (E.G., G.P.) [D1474] [D1656] A lukewarm tea made from this plant is Use unknown (G.P.). good for the lungs (E.G.). Eaten by sheep (E.G.). Hypochoeris taraxacoides (Walp.) Benth. & Hook. in moist soil Taucca, 4050 m. Herb along Peru to Argentina. brook. Cuper, 3600-4500 m. Along trail and on sum- wila wila (Qu., wila, 'tell') (G.S.) [D1575] mit of Antakillqa hill. "Bud- qiswar qiswar quracha (Qu., qiswar, Taucca, 4050 m. Moist soil along brook. dleja spp.'; qura, 'herb') (M.H.) Yanacona, 3750 m. Fallow field on moist [D1575] pampa. Plant has no Use unknown (G.S.). use, ch'aran pilli (Qu., ch'aran, 'seepage area'; as fodder except sheep (M.H.). pilli refers to the form in which ray florets radiate from a central ring, as Grindelia boliviana Rusby feathers do from a headdress) Peru, Bolivia and Argentina. [DJ407, D1574, D1589, D1629, Qorikancha, 3750 m. Herb in disturbed soil. D1708] chin chiri (Qu., chiri, 'cold') [K280] pilli pilli (Qu.) alternate name Use unknown (T.H., G.P.). (G.A.) [D1708] A tea (E.G.) for stomach problems is Dunal Heliopsis buphthalmoides (Jacq.) made from the root of this plant Neotropical weed. (G.A., M.H.). A tonic (Sp., refresco) 3300-3450 m. At edge ofgarden along Cuper, (M.H.) is made from the fresh leaves brook. (G.S.) or the entire plant with the p'irqa (Qu.) [D1745] root (G.A.). Used for pains of the Used as a tea to cure (S.J.). coughs waist area (L.P.). Use unknown (G.P.). All six informants agreed on Hieracium chilense Less, (vel sp. aff.) the name. Ecuador, Chile, Peru. alt. unknown. Antakillqa hillside. Cuper, Hypochoeris sp. Name and use unknown [F271] Steep rocky slopes. ch'aki pilli (Qu., ch'aki, 'dry'; pilli refers to Hieracium mandonii (Schultz-Bip.) Arv.-Touv. the form in which the ray florets radiate Peru, Bolivia and Argentina. from a central ring, as feathers do from Taucca, 4050-4250 m. slopes . Steep rocky a headdress) not collected de billarga (Sp., yerba, 'herb') yerba No reported use (L.H.). (M.T.) [D1550] Plant has no name (G.S.) [D1550] Jungia amphistipula Cerrate Cuper, 3600-3900 m. Hillside. Peruvian Andes. wila wila (Qu.) (L.P.) [D1690] Cuper, 3500-3600 m. Steep rocky slopes. suphu suphucha (Qu., suphu, 'coarse stiff Name and use not recorded [D1672] hair') (E.G.) [D1690] This plant was declared to be of no use Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. by all informants (E.G., L.P., G.S., Native to Eastern Europe. Widely cultivat- M.T.). G.S. noted emphatically that ed and escaped. the plant had no name or use and Cuper, 3330 m. Wild herb on steep wet rock was not even eaten by animals. slopes.

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO 57 margaritas (Sp.) [D1808] q'uya is burned along with alpaca fat Ornamental (B.G.). in despacho (Sp.) ceremonies to dis- miss fright or trauma (L.P.). Use un- Mat riraria recutita L. known (C.R.). Native of Eurasia. Widely cultivated. Cuper, 38 10 m. Herb cultivated in house gar- Oritrophium hieracioides (Wedd.) Cuatrec. den. Peru and Bolivia.

manzanilla (Sp., 'chamomile') (N.C., A.Co., Taucca, 4000-4250 m. Herb on cliff faces, G.S.) [D1397] steep rocky slopes, and lightly grazed Used for tea as remedy for stomachache draws. or other ailments (N.C.). Used with Name and use unknown (G.S.) [DJ529, toronjil (Sp., 'Melissa officinalis') in K184]

makingJrut 1 1'lada ('strawberry beer') Paranephelius uniflorus Poeppig & Endl. (N.C.). Plant has no Quechua name. Peru. Sold in Chinchero Sunday market. Yanacona, 3750 m. Herb in fallow field on Munnozia lyrata (Gray) H. Robinson & Brettell seasonally inundated pampa (D1620). Peru. Cuper, 4500 m. Herb on summit of hill Cuper, 3370-3700 m. In open areas along (D1724). steep trail. pachakuti (Qu., pacha, 'earth'; kuti, 'turn khana (Qu.) [D1418] around') (G.A., G.P., G.S.) [D1620, Name and use not recorded [D1735] D1724] Name unknown (G.P.). Taucca, 4050-4250 m. On steep rocky slopes, and in moist soil along brook in com- Mutisia acuminata Ruiz & Pavon munity center. Peru, Bolivia and Argentina. q'ara maransiras (Qu., q'ara, 'skin') Cuper, 3700 m. Along trail. (G.S.) [D1537J chinchirkuma (Qu.) [D1419] q'ara pilli (Qu., q'ara, 'skin'; pilli refers to Use unknown (G.P.). the form in which the ray florets radiate Mutisia cochabambensis Hieron. from a central ring, as feathers do from Peru and Bolivia. a headdress) (G.S.) [D1577] Cuper, 3500-3900 m. Climbing vine at edge Use unknown (G.A., L.H., G.S.). of field on steep hillside. Perezia coerulescens Wedd. wayrakuma (Qu., wayra, 'wind') (L.P.) Peru, Bolivia and Argentina. [D1688] Taucca, 4000-4200 m. Herb on cliff faces and Name and use unknown (G.P.) [K288] lightly grazed draws. One informant (L.P.) told us that he Name and use unknown (G.S.) [K187] makes a tea from the leaves of this

plant and drinks it every day for his Perezia multiflora (H.B.K.) Less. general health. Colombia to Argentina. Taucca, 3900 m. Herb on side of trail. Onoseris albicans (D. Don) Ferreyra Name and use unknown (G.S.) [K180] Peru. Pirqa Kachun, 3000-3300 m. On dry hillside. Perezia pinnatifida (Humb. & Bonpl.) Wedd. wira q'uya (Qu.) (P.P.) [K301] Ecuador to Bolivia. puna san borgue (Qu.-Sp., 'St. Borja of the Cuper, 4500 m. Summit of Antakillqa hill. puna') (C.R.) alternate name [K301] Taucca, 4200-4500 m. Among ichus (Qu., phanti phanti or k'ita phanti (Qu., k'ita, 'high-altitude grasses') in puna above 'wild') (U.I.) possible name [K301] community. Name and use unknown (B.G.) [K301] sutuma (Qu.) [D1703, F369] Wira q'uya is burned inside the sheep Informants disagreed about the gender of corral with ch'ira de a//'(Qu., ch'ira, this plant. L.P. identified it as female 'seeds'; Sp., de aji, 'of hot peppers'); (Sp., hembrd), noting that the roots, the smoke is said to prevent sheep leaves, and flowers are boiled to make from running too much (P.P.). Wira a tea for stomach ailments. G.A.

58 FIELDIANA: BOTANY called it male (Qu., urqund) and said Senecio erosus Wedd. that a tea is made from the whole Peru and Bolivia. plant for coughs. B.G. gave it no gen- Taucca, 4000-4200 m. On side of cliff. der and said that only the root is used tiqllay warmi (Qu., warm/, 'woman') to trealfiebre del costado (Sp., 'fever [K195] of the side'). Use unknown (F369) Drunk in tea to treat pain in the kidneys (G.S.). The plant is sold by local ven- (G.S.). Sold by local vendors in the dors in the Chinchero Sunday mar- Chinchero Sunday market. ket. Senecio herrerae Cabrera Peru and Bolivia. Perezia pungens (Humb. & Bonpl.) Less. Ch'usu, 3800 m. Herb in disturbed soil along Colombia to Bolivia. trail (K273). Cuper, 3500-3900 m. Herb on steep rocky Cuper village center, 3810 m. On stone wall slopes of Antakillqa hillside. near spring (Kl 10). sutuma (Qu.) [D1648, DJ693, K285] q'armatu (Qu.) (U.I.) [K273] This plant (D1648, D1693) is male (Sp., paya paya (Qu., paya, 'little old lady') sug- macho; Qu., urqund) (G.P., L.P.). gested name (G.S.) [Kl 10] The leaves and flowers are used for china china (Qu., china, 'female') suggested tea (G.P.); the large root is used to name(C.R.) [Kl 10] make a tea for fever (L.P.). The leaves Use unknown (U.I., G.S., C.R.). are used in the same way as man- zanilla (Sp., "Matricaria recutita") in Senecio modestus Wedd. or as a tonic It is tea, (Sp., refresco). Peru and Bolivia. taken as a for breakfast tea, (N.C., Taucca, 4000-4200 m. Herb on cliff face. and for ailments of the stom- B.G.) qhitu qhitu (Qu.) (B.G.) [K186] ach and the side (G.P., L.P., C.R.). Name and use unknown (G.S.) [K186] Similar to de billarga (Sp.?) yerba Use unknown (B.G.). (B.C.). Senecio parvocapitatus Cabrera Schkuhria pinnata (Lam.) Kuntze Southern Peru. Peru, Chile, Argentina, Colombia, Ecua- Cuper, 3810 m. Along trailside. dor, Bolivia. llamaq mikhuna maych'a (Qu., llamaq, Uychu, approx. 3600 m. Erect herb at place 'llama's'; mikhuna, 'food') [D1354] called Suntur Muqu, next to road and Eaten by llamas, burros, and sheep; boiled river. and rubbed on the body for aches kanchalawa (Qu.) [F322] (G.P.). For use to treat excessive sleeping, boil the plant in the evening, then give it Senecio rudbeckiifolius Meyen & Walp. to children in the morning (G.S.). Peru and Bolivia. When boiled, the water becomes very Cuper, 3700 m. Antakillqa hillside. bitter, so that one has to add a lot of llamaq mikhuna maych'a (Qu., llamaq, sugar to get children to drink it (G.S.). 'llama's'; mikhuna, 'food') [D1428] hayaq maych'a (Qu., hayaq, 'bitter' or Senecio calcensis Cabrera & Zardini 'stinging') (G.S.) [D1428] Peru. Used for llama food (G.P.). Cuper, 3350-3550 m. Herb on hillside Q'erapata, 3800 m. Shrub on top of adobe (D/770) and steep bank in quebrada wall. above Puqpuq waterfall (D1481) hayaq maych'a (Qu., hayaq, 'bitter' or ambrosacha (Qu., from Sp. ambrosia) 'stinging') [D1606] (G.P.) [D1770] puka tulluq maych'a (Qu., puka, 'red'; tul- suka rura (Qu.) (G.P.) [D1481] luq, 'stemmed') (N.C., B.G.) [D1606] Name and use unknown (G.S.) [D1481] For use to cure dislocations, plant is Use unknown for either specimen (G.P.). ground to extract juice that is rubbed

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO 59 on affected part or tied on with a rag Stevia macbridei B. L. Robinson var. anomala B. (N.C., B.C., G.S.). L. Robinson Peru. So Mi-do spinosus DC. Yanacona, 3800 m. Herb among rocks on dry Peru, Bolivia and Argentina. pastured slopes. Taucca, 3900-4500 m. Shrub in open on pata kaqra (Qu.) [K126] gra/ed slopes below cliff faces and in flat Name and use unknown (Am.Q., P.P., area of cold puna. G.S.) [K126] k'anlli(Qu.) [K18J] Used only as kindling and fuel for kitchen Name and use unknown [F307] fires (B.G.). Animals will not eat it Use unknown (B.G., T.H.). Possible use because of its foul odor (P.P.) (fig. of whole plant in warm water for 24). headache (B.G.). Similar to k'anlli (F307) (Je.C, G.S.). Stevia rhombifolia H.B.K. var. stephanacoma Schultz-Bip. Colombia to Bolivia. Sigesbeckia jorullensis H.B.K. 3100 m. Herb in moist maize Pantropical weed. Cuper, garden. manka Cupen 3300-3750 m. At edge ofold field along p'aki (Qu., manka, 'pot'; p'aki, brook. 'break') (E.G., Am.Q., G.S.) [K251] p'irqa (P.P.) asnaq qhura (Qu., asnaq, 'smelly'; qhura, (Qu.) [K251] Roots used for leaves 'herb') (Am.Q., G.S.) [K116] stomachache; in a tea as a for vom- khanan khanan qhura (Qu., qhura, 'herb') steeped remedy Used as a tea (B.G.) [K116] iting (Am.Q., G.S.). (P.P.). uq'i qhura (Qu., uq'i, 'gray'; qhura, 'herb') name possible (P.P.) [#776] Tagetes multiflora H.B.K. manka name p'aki (Qu.) possible Colombia to Argentina. (P.P.) [K116] Q'erapata, 3800 m. Weedy herb at edge of Name unknown (S.J.) [D1748] field along road. The plant is collected and fed to guinea chiqchipa (Qu.) [D1608] pigs (Qu., cui) (E.G., S.J., Am.Q., A condiment for cooking (asnapa, Qu., P.P., G.S.). 'having smell') (G.S.). Used to treat stomachache (B.G.). Sold in Chinch- Sonchus asper (L.) Hill ero Sunday market, but less desir- Cosmopolitan weed, native of Europe. able than wakatay (Tagetes terni- Yanacona, 3750 m. On edge of potato garden flora) or other condiments. on pampa. Qorikancha, 3700 m. Fallow field along paved Cuper, 3 1 00-3 1 50 m. On somewhat dry slope road. with large rocks. Name and use unknown [F342C] khishqa khana (Qu., khishqa, 'plant with Tagetes terniflora H.B.K. spines') (B.C., G.P.) [D1641, K265] Colombia to Argentina. Whole plant is used in a tea (N.C., B.G.) Cuper, 3810 m. Cultivated in house garden. with tonic (Sp., fresco) effects (S.J.). wakatay (Qu.) (T.H., G.S.) [K100] Use unknown (G.P.). Condiment used in cooking, especially to stuff guinea pigs before roasting and Sonchus oleraceus L. in maize soup (G.S.). Sold in Cosmopolitan weed, native of Europe. Chinchero and Cuzco markets. Cuper, 3450-3550 m. Along stream in que- hrada above Puqpuq waterfall. Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz-Bip. llampu khana (Qu.) (G.S., G.P.) [D1492] Native to the Balkan Peninsula. Widely cul- upa khisa (Qu., upa, 'mute'; khisa, 'thorn') tivated. suggested alternate name (G.S.) Cuper, 38 10 m. Herb cultivated in house gar- [D1492] den. Entire plant used to make juice to drink santa mayra (local Sp., Santa Maria) (T.H., (G.P.). Use unknown (G.S.). G.S.) [K103]

60 FIELDIANA: BOTANY FIG. 24. Children carry kindling after a day with flocks or in fields, never going home empty-handed. Guinea pig droppings are the primary fuel in homes that have not yet converted to kerosene stoves, but all homes maintain supplies of dried brush to start and enliven cooking fires (photo C.S.).

Used for intestinal obstruction (Sp., cal- rets radiate from a central ring, as icos) and desmantu (Qu. from Sp., feathers do from a headdress) desmandado), described as waist- [DJ371] level backache from exhaustion Roots used for a tea to treat ailments of

(G.S.). injlamacion (Sp., 'inflammation'), corazon (Sp., 'heart'), and mal de hi- Taraxacum officinale G. Weber ex Wiggers gado (Sp., 'liver problems') (G.P.). Cosmopolitan weed. Cuper, 3810 m. Weedy herb along trail.

charanpilli (Qu., charan, 'wet place'; pilli Verbesina pflanzii Perkins refers to the form in which the ray flo- Peru and Bolivia.

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO 61 Pirqa Kachun, 3000-3300 m. Abundant herb Werneria pygmaea Gillies along trail on dry hillside. Taucca, 5000 m. Community border with Name and use unknown (E.G., Am.Q., P.P., Calca. Among ichus on open puna. G.S.) [K298] margaritas (Sp., 'daisies') [of some kind] winku winku (Qu.) possible name (C.R.) suggested name [F363] [K298] Plant has no use (E.G., Au.Q., G.S., J.S.). Use unknown (B.G., Am.Q., P.P., C.R., G.S.). Similar to sunchu (Am.Q., Werneria staticaefolia Schultz-Bip. G.S.). Peru. Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Steep rocky slopes. Viguiera pazensis Rusby cebolla cebolla (Qu., from Sp. cebolla, 'on- Peru and Bolivia. ion') [D1547] m. At of field Cuper, 3450-3500 edge potato Name and use unknown (G.S.) [D1547J above waterfall. on lightly grazed slopes Use unknown (L.H.). sunch'u (Sp., sunchu, 'Composite sp.')

[D1498] Werneria strigosissima A. Gray Used as fodder for cows and guinea pigs Cuper Alto, 4600 m. Among ichus (Qu., 'high- (G.S.). (Qu., cut) altitude grasses') in flat open area called

Viguiera procumbens (Pers.) S.F. Blake Margaritayuq. Name and use unknown Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, Chile. [F315] Cuper, 3100 m. On side of trail. sunch'u (Sp., sunchu, 'Composite sp.') Werneria villosa A. Gray [K248] Peru and probably adjacent Bolivia. Use unknown (G.P.). Taucca, 5000 m. Community border with Yanacona, 3800 m. Herb near buildings. Calca. Among ichus (Qu., 'high-altitude sunchus (from Sp., sunchu, 'Composite sp.'; grasses') on open puna, pronunciation varies to sunchu) (G.A., margaritas [of some kind] (Sp., 'dais-

G.S.) [D1675] ies') [F364] manka paki (Qu., manka, 'pot'; paki, Name and use unknown [F365] 'break') (N.C., E.G.) [D1675] Use unknown [F364] (E.C., Au.Q., G.S.,

Leaves are fed to guinea pigs (G.A., G.S.). J.S.). All said that F365 was a plant Use unknown (N.C., B.G.). they had never seen before (E.C., Au.Q., G.S., J.S.). Vilobia praetermissa Strother Peru and Bolivia. Zinnia peruviana (L.) L. Cuper (Huancapata), 3850 m. Herb in grazed Native of Mexico. Neotropical weed. and disturbed soil along trail. Pirqa Kachun, 3000-3300 m. Herb along trail pampa anis (Qu., pampa, 'flat open place'; on dry hillside. Sp., anis, 'anise') [K176] vuyay hapichinkiy t 'ika (Qu., 'thought flow- Leaves can be used to make a tea (G.P.). er') [K306] After eating something cold in the mayu yawar ch 'unqa (Qu.) suggested name countryside, people sometimes chew "(C.R.) [K306] this sweet plant as they do coca puka t'ika qhurachata (Qu.) possible name (T.H.). Sold in the Chinchero Sun- (B.G.) [K306] day market. qhishwa aya t'ika (Qu.) possible name Werneria nubigenia H.B.K. (B.G.) [K306] Mexico, Guatemala, Andean South Amer- Name and use unknown (P.P.) [K306] ica. Use unknown (E.G., Am.Q., C.R., G.S.). Cuper, 3600-3900 m. Low herbs in clumps The Quechua name is a literal trans- on open hillside of arable land in place lation ofpensamiento(Sp., 'thought'), called K'inqupata. as zinnias are locally called in Span- cebolla cebolla [F353] ish. The informant may have im- Plant has no use (M.C., S.J., T.L., G.S.). provised the Quechua name when Plant may be biennial (G.S.). asked.

62 FIELDIANA: BOTANY Genus and species indet. Q'erapata, 3800 m. Creeping herb forming Cuper, 3600-3900 m. Herb on Antakillqa mats in moist seepage area. hillside. winku winku (Qu.) [D1613] maransiras (Qu.) [D1697] A tea prepared by steeping the leaves is Greens are used as herb in salads and drunk to cure kidney problems (N.C., soups or can be ground into hot sauce. B.C., G.S.). This is a favorite food of the inform- Ipomoea minuta R. E. Fries ant Sold local vendors in (L.P.). by Peru and Bolivia. the Chinchero Sunday market. Pirqa Kachun, 3750 m. On open grazed hill- Genus and species indet. side. Cuper, 4500 m. Herb at summit of Antakillqa leche leche (Qu. from Sp., leche, hillside, place called Kuntur Tiana. 'milk') [K295] maransiras (Qu.) [F275] nunupunqa (Qu., nunu, 'breast') possible Said never to flower. Whole plant is name (C.R.) [K295] ground up to be eaten in hot sauce Sweet tuber is eaten, especially by chil- (Qu., uchukuta), or in freeze-dried dren (U.I.). potato soup (Qu., chunu lawd) made Ipomoea piurensis O'Don. with saqtacha (Qu., chunu which is Guyana, Venezuela, Brazil, Ecuador and and boiled in chopped up process- Peru. Smells like cilantro. ing.) Cuper, 3300 m. Vine on stone wall at edge of small maize field. wilk'u(Qu.) [D1759] CONVOLVULACEAE Use unknown (G.P.).

Cuscuta corymbosa Ruiz & Pavon Central and southern Peru. Cuper, 3600-3900 m. Parasitic vine on shrubs CRASSULACEAE on hillside.

willq'u (Qu.) [D1682] Echeveria aft , chiclensis (Ball) Berger (or sp. nov.) Name and use unknown (G.A., Pirqa Kachun, 3000-3300 m. Erect succulent B.G.) [D1682] on Inca stone wall. Informant (L.P.) insisted that this offen- luraypu (Qu., 'diamond shape') [K296] sive-tasting plant had no use what- Use unknown (S.J., C.R., G.S.). soever. Echeveria aft", peruviana Meyen Cuscuta globiflora Engelm. Southern Peru to Chile and Argentina. Southern Peru to Argentina. Cuper, 3700 m. Succulent herb along trail. Cuper, 3100 m. Parasitic vine climbing on luraypu (Qu., 'diamond shape') [D1415] herbs in small moist maize field. Leaves chewed to alleviate thirst (S.J., willk'u rojo (Qu.; Sp., rojo, 'red') G.S.). (P.P.) [K247] Villadia virgata (Diels) Baehni & J.F. Macbr. willk'u (Qu.) (B.G.) [K247J Central and southern Peru. Useful to treat kidney ailments (P.P.). The Cuper, 3330-3600 m. Herb on steep wet rocks whole plant is 'toasted' (heated with- and on rocks in place called Wayraq Pun- out water) and used as a poultice for ku. pains in the waist area (P.P.). Con- Name and use unknown [F263] sidered a very hot plant (P.P.). Like Name and use not recorded [D1811] allka khishqa and ruda, which cause Pirqa Kachun, 3000-3330 m. Erect on Inca abortion, this plant can be used to wall. make a tea to make women sterile kunquha (Qu.) (Am.Q., P.P., G.S.) [K297] (Am.Q., G.S.). kuychi kuychi (Qu.) (C.R.) [#297] Dichondra sericea Sw. To treat a headache, this plant is boiled Mexico to Costa Rica, Ecuador, Peru, Bra- in an olla (Sp., 'globular cooking pot')

zil, Argentina and Chile. and used to wash the head (P.P.).

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO 63 Head problems may be caused by Descurainia titicacensis (Walp.) Lillo the wind; for instance if your ears Southern Peru to Argentina. ring, washing with this plant will Cuper, 3810 m. Herb along trail near com- make it stop (P.P.)- The juice munity center. squeezed out after rubbing this plant sangra sangra (Qu.) [D1362] can be used to treat toothaches Used for kidney problems (G.P.). Boiled (Am.Q., G.S.). Plant has no use with capuli (Prunus serotina ssp. ca- (C.R.). puli) andjora de chicha (Sp., 'maize sprouted for making beer'), this plant is used to bathe children when they CRUCIFERAE have diarrhea (N.C.).

Draba aff. D. cuzcoensis O. E. Schulz vel sp. nov. Brassica aff. B. nigra (L.) W.D. Koch or B. juncea Known only from Cusco, Peru. (L.) Czern. 3800 m. rosettes Both native of Old World. Yanacona, Herb forming among rocks on dry pastured slopes of Cuper, 3450-3500 m. Herb on lightly grazed Titiqaqachimpa. slopes above waterfall. michi michi (Qu., michi, 'cat') (B.G.) mosta-a (Sp., 'mustard') [D1500] Seeds are ground for use as a condiment [K127] bolsa bolsa (Qu., from Sp. bolsa, 'bag') (G.S.). G.S. later denied that use, but suggested that the fruit are used to (P.P.) [#727] use unknown cure fever. Name and (Am.Q., G.S.) [#7277 Brassica campestris L. Plant has no use (B.C., P.P.). G.S. made Native of Old World. the unusual statement that he had Cuper, 3810 m. Common herb by trailside. never seen this plant before. nabo (Sp., 'turnip') [D1341] Draba sp. nov.? llullu 'greens') [D1341] (Qu., Known only from Chinchero. urqun sangra sangra (Qu., urqun, 'male') Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Herb forming rosettes (T.L.) [F298] on steep rocky slopes. Cooked as a green in llullu hawch 'a (Qu.), Name and use unknown (G.S.) [DI558] a dish of greens, onions, and mashed

I e (I him Desv. potatoes. Use unknown (T.L.). pi bipinnatifidum Colombia to Bolivia.

Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medikus Q'erapata, 3800 m. Herb in disturbed soil at Native of Old World, now a widespread edge of field. American weed. Yanacona, 3750 m. Herb in inundated rows Cuper, 3810 m. Herb along trail. of fallow potato field on moist pampa. uq'i uq'i (Qu., uq'i, 'gray') (G.P.) [D1367] chichira (Qu.) [7)7679, D1607] arequipa pasto (Sp., pasto, 'fodder'; Are- Said to be poisonous to guinea pigs, but quipa refers to the Peruvian city) not to cattle, who may eat it (G.S.). (G.S.) [D1367] To treat phiru (Qu., an illness caused Use unknown (G.P., G.S.). by contact with 'the Ancients,' with symptoms of joint aches), the plant Descurainia myriophyllum (Willd.) R. E. Fries is pounded with a stone and rubbed to Peru. Colombia on legs or other affected area (E.G.). Yanacona, 3810 m. Herb on rock outcrop. Cuper, 3350-3500 m. Herb on hillside. Nasturtium officinale R. Br. sangra sangra (Qu.) (G.P., G.S.) [D1404, Cosmopolitan weed, native of Old World. D1776] Cuper, 3100-3600 m. Herb in moist fen ashna qhura (Qu.) possible name (D1410), on moist rocks near stream in (Al.Q.). [D1404] quebrada (K253), in dry watercourse on Capsules are used medicinally, possibly hillside (7)7775). to treat pneumonia (G.S.). Use un- Q'erapata, 3800 m. Herb in wet seepage area known (G.P., Al.Q.). of Ashnapuquio (7)7670).

64 FIELDIANA: BOTANY Pukamarka, 3800 m. Herb at edge of small salads. Fruit is made into a tea to be stream in fields by Lake Piuray (K174). drunk for belly ailments (S.J.). mayu mostazilla (Qu., mayu, 'running Sicyos baderoa Hook. & Arn. water'; Sp., mostazilla, 'little mustard') Ecuador to Chile. (G.P., G.S.) [D1410, D1610, D1778, Q'erapata, 3800 m. Dense vine on adobe wall. K174, K253] putaqllanku (Qu.) [D1601] michi michi (Qu., michi, 'cat') (G.S.) Long lengths of this vine are wound [D1410] around the necks of dancers during Name and use unknown (N.C., B.G.) Carnaval, although increasingly be- [D1610] ing replaced by store-bought paper ch'apu ch'apu (Qu.) possible name (N.C., ribbons. The entire plant is boiled B.G.) [DJ610] and used for bathing, or the leaves Cooked and eaten as a main course dish may be rubbed together and then (G.S., G.P.). Not eaten raw. rubbed on the body (G.S.). Used as Raphanus sativus L. a tonic (Sp., refrescd) (B.C.). Native to Europe and Eastern Asia; widely cultivated. CUNONIACEAE Cuper, 3750 m. Cultivated in sector of fields Weinmannia producta Moric. ex DC. called Waqkata. Central and southern Peru. rabanos (Sp., 'radishes') [F330] Cuper, 3360 m. Tree above Puqpuq waterfall. Unsuccessfully cultivated with carrots in Name and use not recorded [D1792] corner of habas field; broadcast and The tree showed evidence of trimming never thinned. for firewood.

Sisymbrium aff. oleraceum O. Schulz Peruvian Andes. CYPERACEAE

Cuper, 3450-3500 m. Herb on lightly grazed Cyperus hermaphroditus (Jacq.) Standley slopes above Puqpuq waterfall. Widely distributed in tropical America. mayu mostazilla (Qu., mayu, 'running Cuper, 3100 m. Somewhat dry slope among water'; Qu., diminutive from Sp. mos- large rocks. taza, 'mustard') [DI513] muqu muqu (Qu., muqu, 'knot' or 'joint') Use unknown (G.P.). [K252] Sisymbrium peruvianum DC. Use unknown (G.P.). Peru, Bolivia. Cyperus sesleroides H.B.K. Cuper, 4500 m. Low herb in narrow quebrada Venezuela to Argentina. in place called Qoriwayrachina. Cuper, 3500-3600 m. Sedge on grassy, some- Name and use unknown [F314] what scrubby, steep rocky slopes. urqupasto(Qu., urqu, 'hill'; Sp.,pasto, 'fod- der') suggested name [D1651] CUCURBITACEAE pastucha (Sp., pasto, 'fodder'; Qu., -cha,

'little') description (N.C., B.G.) [D1651J Cyclanthera brachybotrys (Poeppig & Endl.) Cogn. Animal browse (G.A., N.C., B.G.). Colombia to Bolivia. Cuper, 3300-3450 m. Wild vine along edge Scirpus californicus (Mez) Steudel of garden by brook (D1750) and on steep Southwestern United States south to Ar- hillside (K214). gentina. achuqcha (Qu.) (G.P.) [K214] Ayllu Punqu, 3800 m. Floating in clumps in k'ita achuqcha (Qu., k'ita, 'feral') lake. (G.S.) [D1750] khuyu (Qu.) (S.J., G.P., G.S.) [D1639] q'utu q'utu (Qu., q'utu, 'round lump,' totora (Qu.) (B.G.) suggested name such as goiter) alternate name (S.J.) [D1639] [D1750] Use unknown (B.C., S.J., G.P., G.S.). Green fruits of this wild plant are sold in Similar to sima (Qu., Festuca sp., Poa the Cusco market to be eaten in sp.) but grows in lakes (G.S.).

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO 65 DIOSCOREACEAE Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Cuper, 3600-3900 m. Shrub on steep rocky Dioscorea ancashensis Knuth slopes, woody shrub on Antakillqa hill- Central and southern Peru. side (D1543, D1688). Spreading, creep- Cuper, 3840 m. Herb in thin soil by large rock ing herb among short grasses and mosses outcrop. on rocky soil ofAntakillqa hillside, above intiq papan (Qu., intiq, 'sun's'; papan, 'po- placed called Unu Urphuyuq (F304). tato') (G.P.) [K145] macha macha (Qu., macha, 'drunken') Name and use unknown (E.G., P.P.) (B.G., L.H., L.P.) [D1543, D1686, [K145] F304] Use unknown (G.P.). macha macha (Qu., macha, 'drunken') sug- Dioscorea incayensis Knuth gested name [F357] Andes of Peru. Name and use unknown (G.S.) [D1543, Cuper, 3 1 50 m. Vine on shrubs among large F357] rocks on steep, somewhat dry hillside. The berries are used to make you 'drunk,' ambar ambar (Qu. from Sp., ambar, 'am- for fun (B.G., L.H., L.P.). F304 and ber') [K261] F357 were said by M.C., T.L., and Use unknown (G.P.). G.S. not to be intoxicating, although they noted that children eat the ber- Dioscorea piperifolia Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. ries. Colombia to Peru and Brazil.

Cuper, 3600 m. Climbing vine along trail; scandent vine on steep slopes. ERYTHROXYLACEAE ambar ambar (Qu. from Sp., ambar, 'am- ber') (G.P.) [D1457, D1489] Erythroxylum coca Lam. name wilq'u (Qu.) possible (G.S.) [D1457] Ecuador to Bolivia, Andean foothills. Name and use unknown (G.S.) [D1457] Imported from Quillabamba area, Dept. of Use unknown (G.P.). Cusco. Sold in markets. coca (Qu.) not collected ELAEOCARPACEAE Coca leaf is chewed on a daily basis by both male and female adult residents Vallea L.f. stipularis of Chinchero; its use is decreasing Colombia to Bolivia. among younger adults. Leaves are 3800 m. shrub on Cuper, Woody dry grazed kept in the mouth for up to an hour hillsides (D1447). with the occasional addition of small 3800 Ayllu Punqu, m (K140). pieces ofllipta (Qu.), an alkaline ad- sullullumay (Qu.) (B.G., Am.Q., G.S.) mixture. Llipta is made locally from [D1447, K140] the ashes of combinations of plants 'to chiqllumay (Qu., chiqlluy, choose') generally including taynu (Qu., the (Au.Q.) [D1447] terminal flower clusters of Puya we- alternate name chiqllurway (Qu.) berbaueri) (figs. 25-28). Every year (P.P.) [K140] between March and June, shepherds canela (Sp., 'cinnamon') (A.Ca.) [D1447] on the hillsides collect and prepare The wood is useful for and housebuilding taynu along with fragrant plants such as firewood Fo- (A.Co., T.H., G.S.). as asul nuqchu (Plumbago coerulea), is boiled and used to wash the liage tayanqa (Baccharis tricuneata), suy- body if it becomes stiff, or to treat tu suytu (Eupatorium sp.), and is- rheumatism P.P., (Am.Q., Au.Q., phinhuy (e.g. Aristeguietia (Eupato- G.S.). Use unknown (A.Ca., B.G.). rium) discolor). For example, the large Puya inflorescences may be ERICACEAE formed into a pyramid and burned

Pernettya prostrata (Cav.) EXT. Costa Rica, Venezuela to Chile.

66 FIELDIANA: BOTANY lopes

'497] :ially ERRATUM ?!; j.S.). Some type was inadvertently dropped from the bottom of the right-hand column on from jage 66 ofFieldiana: Botany, New Series, No. 24. The last three lines of the following j.S.). jaragraph were erroneously omitted from the page.

cos-

ERYTHROXYLACEAE qpuq Erythroxylum coca Lam. fOFO] Ecuador to Bolivia, Andean foothills. Imported from Quillabamba area, Dept. of Cusco. Sold in markets. coca (Qu.) not collected Coca leaf is chewed on a daily basis by both male and female adult residents of Chinchero; its use is decreasing among younger adults. Leaves are

kept in the mouth for up to an hour /. . . with the occasional addition of small pieces ofllipta (Qu.), an alkaline ad- mixture. Llipta is made locally from the ashes of combinations of plants generally including taynu (Qu., the terminal flower clusters of Puya we-

berbaueri) (figs. 25-28). Every year between March and June, shepherds on the hillsides collect and prepare t area taynu along with fragrant plants such fields, as asul nuqchu (Plumbago coerulea), com- tayanqa (Baccharis tricuneata), suy- tu suytu (Eupatorium sp.), and is- '618] phinhuy (e.g. Aristeguietia (Eupato- rium) discolor). For example, the large Puya inflorescences may be formed into a and burned pyramid erod- then allowed to burn- first, smolder, hard ing the other plant ingredients. Peo- and sift the ashes after ple pulverize ^jj_

com- '709] name

ilow')

ponse make round

67 DIOJ

Diosi

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ERIC

Perne

66 letting them sit for a day, then add In the Andes from Peru to Argentina. enough liquid to create a gelatinous Cuper, 3450-3500 m. Lightly grazed slopes mass that they form into small pat- above Puqpuq waterfall. ties. Lemon, boiled water, chicha nunupunqa (Qu., nunu, 'breast') [DI497] (Sp., 'maize beer') with a little cane The plant is a strong purgative, especially alcohol and sugar, and tea with sugar the root (G.S.). One taste makes peo- were each suggested for moistening ple vomit and have diarrhea (G.S.). the ashes. After drying in the air for It is given to people suffering from a day or so, these cakes are conve- intestinal blockage (Sp., calico) (G.S.). niently stored, carried, and traded. Euphorbia peplus L. Coca is offered for sale in the Native of temperate Eurasia, now a cos- Chinchero Sunday market and the mopolitan weed. Cusco market. Coca functions as a Cuper, 3330 m. Old rocky field by Puqpuq nutritious element of daily diet; so- brook. cially, as a medium for hospitality, nunupunqa (Qu., nunu, 'breast') [D18I8] exchange, and conversation; as a This plant when ingested gives you diar- marker of ethnic identity; and ritu- rhea (B.G.). ally, as an offering to and expression of respect for the entire range of local and universal forces. Coca spiritual leaves are "thrown" (repeatedly cast) and "viewed" (interpreted, Qu. qha- Gentiana dolichopoda Gilg way) in divinatory activity. Com- Central to southern Peru. members consult coca munity spe- Yanacona, 3750 m. Low herb in fallow field in a cialists for help understanding on moist pampa. wide of range problems, particularly phalcha phalcha (Qu.) [D1626] thieves. The con- identifying shapes, pampa phalcha (Qu., pampa, 'flat open ditions, textures, and size of the place') [D1626] leaves clues, as well as their provide Use unknown (G.S.). orientation in space and to other Gentiana Griseb. leaves. When coca is not available, microphylla kernels of corn are sometimes used Peru. 3750 m. On of wet area in a similar way. Yanacona, edge boggy of pampa of fallow and cultivated fields. 'Have shame!' a com- The role of coca in Andean life is rap- pinqayllikista (Qu., mand idly changing due to the pressures of (G.P.) [D16J8] the international market for coca de- Name and use unknown (B.G.) [D1618] rivatives. For a recent discussion of No use reported (G.P.). this see Pacini and Fran- problem, Gentiana persquarrosa Reim. quemont (1986). Peruvian Andes. Ayllu Punqu, 38 10 m. In cracks of large erod- EUPHORBIACEAE ed rock called Maranqaqa, and in hard pasture. Acalypha aronioides Pax & K. Hoffm. Cuper, 4500 m. On summit of Antakillqa hill- Andes of southern Peru above 2000 m. side. Cuper, 3450-3800 m. Shrub or small tree on pinqayllikista (Qu., 'Have shame!' a com- steep hillside and on lightly grazed slopes mand) (N.C., L.P.) [D1378, D1709] above Puqpuq waterfall. puna phalcha (Qu.) alternate name p'ispita (Qu.) (G.S.) [D1446, D1496] (G.S.) [DJ378] t'asta (Qu.) (G.P.) [D1496] qhillu phalcha (Qu., qhillu, 'yellow') Stems used to make baskets (G.S.). Plant (G.A.) [D1378] has no use (G.P.). The flower is said to close up in response Euphorbia huanchahana (Klotzsch & Garcke) to hearing its name. It is used to make Boiss. a tea (N.C., L.P., G.S.), and ground

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO 67 -r-

FIG. 25. These plants are gathered and burned; their ashes are made into llipta, an alkaline admixture chewed with coca: inflorescences of awarunkhu (Puya weberbaueri, D1647), woody stems and leaves of tayanqa (Baccharis tricuneata, D1521), and suytu (probably Eupatorium volkensii, D1414) (photo S.K.).

raw to make a poultice for toothache Q'erapata, 3800 m. Herb in disturbed soil at (G.A.). edge of field. Yanacona, 3750 m. On moist pampa offal- Gentianella rima (D. Don ex G. Don) Fabris low and cultivated fields. Peru. quwimira (Qu.) (N.C., B.G., G.S.) [DJ609, Taucca, 4000-4280 m. Steep rocky slopes. K1630] phalcha (Qu.) (M.H., T.H., G.S.) [D1564, Whole plant is a favorite food for guinea K227] pigs (G.S.). The raw seed capsules Forage for llamas (M.H.); other use un- are ground in a rocker mill, then known (M.H., G.S.). Used to deco- mixed with boiled water; this drink rate altars carried in Holy Week is given to women who are suffering procession (T.H.). in childbirth to prevent them from Halenia weddelliana Gilg fainting (G.S.). Colombia to Peru. 4050-4250 m. Taucca, Steep rocky slopes. Geranium patagonicum Hook.f. phallcha (Qu.) (M.H.) [D1565] Southern Peru to Bolivia and Patagonia. urqu phalcha (Qu., urqu, 'hill') [D1565] Cuper, 3 1 00 m. Near stream in quebrada. Name and use unknown (G.S.) [DI565] chili chili (Qu.) [K262] G.P. identified as male its plant by flower. Name and use unknown (T.H.) [K262] Use unknown (M.H., G.P.). Use unknown (G.P.)- GERANIACEAE Geranium sessiliflorum Cav. 1 rod him cicutarium (L.) L'Her. Peruvian Andes. Also in Tasmania and New Cosmopolitan weed. Zealand.

68 FIELDIANA: BOTANY FIG. 26. M.H. and daughter pulverize ashes of plants to make llipta (photo cere).

Taucca, 4000-4250 m. Steep rocky slopes, cliff GRAMINEAE faces and lightly grazed draws. Aciachne acicularis Laegaard, sp. nov. ined. chili chili (Qu.) [DJ 552, Kl 92] Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Bolivia (2700- Possible use as tea to lower fever (M.T.). 4500 m). Use unknown (G.S.). Taucca, 4000-4280 m. paku yunqi (Qu.) [K226] Geranium weddellii Briq. taruqa nino (Qu., taruqa, 'deer'; Sp., nino, Southern Peru and Bolivia. 'child') (U.I.) [K226] Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Steep rocky slopes. pasto (Sp., 'pasturage') description (T.H.) chili chili (Qu.) [D1569] [#226] Used for tea (L.H., M.H.). Use unknown (O.H., T.H., U.I.).

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO 69 FIG. 27. Liquid is added to the pulverized ashes so that they may be shaped into patties of llipta. Some people choose to sweeten the mass at this point by adding sugar or honey (photo cere).

Agropyron breviaristatum A. Hitchc. yuraqavena (Qu., yuraq, 'white'; Sp., avena, Andes of southern Peru (Cusco) and adja- 'oats') [F373] cent Bolivia. Said to be an older variety (G.S.). Ayllu Punqu, 3810m. Pockets of large eroded negro avena (Sp., negro, 'black'; avena, rock. 'oats') [F374] pasto (Sp., pasto, 'pasturage') [1 380] Variety is said to have been introduced piki piki (Qu.) possible name (Au.Q.) from the Huaypo cooperative five or [D1380] six years ago. Matures quickly (four No other name or use known (N.C., Au.Q., to five months). Not preferred for G.S.). cultivation, though, since it is said to be very hot (Sp., calido). If ani- Alopecurus aequalis Sobol. mals eat too much of it, they can die: In wet places in cooler parts of northern a day later, they stagger, act drunk hemisphere; south in the Andes to Ar- or crazy, and have blood in their ur- gentina. ine (M.C.). Yanacona, 3750 m. In water on moist pampa Cuper, 3300 m. Grass at edge of garden on of fallow and cultivated fields. quebrada bottom. sonsa pasto (Sp.. zonza, 'stupid'; pasto, Name and use not recorded [D1766] 'pasturage') [D1628] No use reported (G.P.). Bothriochloa saccharoides (Sw.) Rydb. Avena sterilis L. Neotropics. Introduced from Europe. Pirqa Kachun, 3620 m. Dry, open, grazed Cuper. 3810m. Cultivated for fodder in house rocky ridge. courtyard. q'usi niwa (Qu.) [K315]

70 FIELDIANA: BOTANY FIG. 28. Formed masses of llipta are allowed to dry, then are portable and long-lasting (photo cere).

Fodder (C.R.). Said by C.R. to be the Cortaderia sp. (sect. Cortaderia) same as Muhlenbergia rigida. Ayllu Punqu, 3800 m. On earthen mound bordering fallow field by Lake Punqulay. Brachypodium mexicanum (Roemer & Schultes) niwa Link (Qu.) (B.G.) [D1638] qhiswa rama (Qu., qhishwa, 'warm area') Mexico to Bolivia. (S.J.) [D1638] Cuper, 3840 m. On Antasakha, a large rock Entire plant used to make a tea for coughs outcrop. (S.J.). Use unknown (B.G.). ichu (Qu.) [K144] pasto (Sp., 'pasturage') (T.H.) [K144] Distichlis sp. Use unknown (T.H., G.P.). Taucca, 4200-4500 m. Common in high cold puna above Taucca. Calamagrostis glacialis (Wedd.) A. Hitchc. Name and use unknown [F308] High Andes of northern Bolivia and south- ern Peru. Festuca doiichophylla Presl Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Grass forming dense High paramos; Ecuador to Bolivia. tufts on steep, rocky slopes. Ayllu Punqu, 38 10 m. Grass in cracks of large ichu (Qu.) (L.H., M.H., G.S.) [D1566] eroded rock called Maranqaqa. Llama food (L.H., M.H.). ichu (Qu.) [D1392] Used for thatching roofs (G.P., G.S.). Cortaderia jubata (Lemaire) Stapf Peru. Festuca quadridentata H.B.K. Cuper, 3300 m. By stream at edge of garden Previously known only from Ecuador. on quebrada floor. Cuper, 3800 m. Along hedgerows. niwa (Qu.) [D1765] sima (Qu.) [D1423] Use unknown (G.P.). Use unknown (G.S.).

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO 71 Festuca sublimis Pilger be the closest thing to a wild grain High Andes, Ecuador to Bolivia. that could be said to exist (G.S.). Punqu, 38 10 m. Grass in cracks of large Ayllu Melica scabra H.B.K. eroded rock called Maranqaqa. Ecuador to Bolivia. ichu(Qu.) [D1392A] Ayllu Punqu, 3810 m. In cracks of large erod- Culms used for thatching roofs (G.P., ed rock called Maranqaqa. G.S.). pasto (Sp., 'pasturage') [D1383] Yanacona, 3750 m. In clumps on moist pam- No other name or use known (G.S.). pa of fallow and cultivated fields. q'uya (Qu.) [D1633] Muhlenbergia rigida (H.B.K.) Kunth Attached growing culms are braided in Mexico to Argentina. the field (Qu., q'uya sempasqa), then Pirqa Kachun, 3620 m. Grass on dry, open used as stakes to tether cows (G.P.). grazed rock ridge. Dried culms are used to make rope q'usi niwa (Qu.) [K316] (G.P.). Useful as sheep fodder, and for rope- making (C.R.). Hordeum vulgare L. Cultivated worldwide. Nasella pubiflora (Trin. & Rupr.) Desv. Cuper, 3750 m. Cultivated in field for sale to Ecuador to Chile. the Cerveza Cuzquena (beer) factory. Ayllu Punqu, 3810m. In cracks of large erod- yana cebada (Qu., yana, 'black'; Sp., ce- ed rock called Maranqaqa. bada, 'barley') [F334] pata pata pasto (Qu., pata, 'flat place'; Sp., konder cebada (Qu.?; Sp., cebada, 'bar- pasto, 'pasturage') (G.S.) [D1394] ley') [F335] ichu (Qu.) (N.C., Au.Q.) [D1382]

crillon cebada (Sp., cebada, 'bar- Used for thatch (Au.Q.) (figs. 29-30). ley') [F336] Nasella aff. linearifolia (Fourn.) R. Pohl cebada comun (Sp., cebada, 'barley'; co- Cuper, 3450 m. At base of Puqpuq waterfall. mun, 'common') [F337] ichu (Qu.) [D1738] irigo ch'anka (Sp., trigo, 'wheat') [F338A, Use unknown (S.J.). F338B] Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst. ex Chiov. Lamprothyrsus hieronymi (Kuntze) Pilger Introduced for forage from Africa. Previously known from Bolivia and Argen- Yanacona, 3800 m. Along old road on pampa tina. of fallow and cultivated fields. Cuper, 3400-3550 m. Grass in dense clumps rama, grama (from Sp.) [D1627] on steep, rocky, grazed slopes. kikuyu (?, 'kikuyu grass') [D1627] niwa (Qu.) [D1487] Eaten by all herbivorous animals (G.S.). q'usi niwa (Qu.) [D1784] This grass is now common through- Used as lower layer of thatch in roofing, out the Cusco area below 4000 m., because the leaves have saw-tooth replacing many indigenous species. edges that, it is said, cut the ears off Camelids cannot eat it, a factor in mice as they try to scamper along the the reduction and marginalization of ceiling (G.S.). It is also used for mak- camelid herding in the community ing twisted ropes (Qu., k'iswd), but of Chinchero. is being used less now since tiles are replacing thatch on roofs, and nails Poa horridula Pilger hold armatures together rather than Ecuador to Bolivia. rope (G.S.). Cuper, 3500-3600 m. Grass forming small clumps on steep rocky slopes of Antak- Lolium temulentum L. illqa hillside. Native to Eurasia, naturalized in America. sima pasto (Qu.; Sp., pasto, 'pasturage') Cuper, 3700 m. In wheat field on hillside in (G.P.) [DJ660] Waqkata sector of Cuper. sima sima qhura (Qu., qhura, 'herb') (N.C., cerizuela (Sp.?) [F333] B.C.) [D1660] Always grows in wheat fields, and may Use unknown (G.P.).

72 FIELDIANA: BOTANY FIG. 29. M.C. and neighbor lay bundles of thatch onto a new roof (photo cere).

Poa sp. aff. P. horridula Pilger Cuper, 3450-3500 m. On edge of potato field Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Grass forming clumps on lightly grazed slopes above Puqpuq on steep rock face. waterfall. sima (Qu.) [D1555] niwaq qhura (Qu., qhura, 'herb') (A.Co., Use unknown (G.S.). A.Ca.) [D1503] iri ichu (Qu., iri, 'fierce' or 'wild') [D1503] Polypogon interruptus H.B.K. Used for gates and fences (A.Co., A.Ca.). Introduced; native of Mediterranean re- The designation iri refers to its fine gion. prickling points; animals will not eat Ayllu Punqu, 3750 m. Grass at edge of small it (G.S.). pool near lake. Cuper, 3800 m. Grass in cultivated potato Trisetum sp. aff. preslii Desv. field along brook. Peru and Chile. sonsa pasto (Sp., zonza, 'stupid'; pasto, Ayllu Punqu, 3810m. In cracks of large erod- 'pasturage') (G.P., G.S.) [D1635, ed rock called Maranqaqa. K119] Name and use not recorded [DI381] pastucha (Sp., pasto, 'pasturage'; Qu., -cha, pasto (Sp., 'pasturage') (G.S.) [D1381] 'little') (E.G.) [D1635] Triticum aestivum L. pasto de la quebrada (Sp., 'pasturage of the 3700 m. Cereal cultivated in the canyon') (T.H.) [K119] Cuper, sector of Eaten by cows (B.G.). Use unknown Waqkata Cuper. 3850 m. Cereal culti- (T.H., G.P., G.S.). Huancapata (Cuper), vated in field.

Stipa ichu (Ruiz & Pavon) Kunth trigo cahuide (Sp., trigo, 'wheat') [F331] Mexico to Argentina at higher elevations. Cultivated in field for use as animal food

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO 73 FIG. 30. A.H. thatching a roof. Eucalyptus is laid on the lowermost layer to make the house smell nice. Bundles of ichu grass are sewn onto the purlins with rope made from twisted, pounded grasses (photo cere).

and human food, such as wheat soup Zea mays L. (Qu., trigo lawd). Native to Mexico, now cultivated world- asul qitmpa trigo (Sp., azul, 'blue'; trigo, wide. 'wheat'; Qu., qumpa, 'awnless') Cuper, 3300 m. Cultivated in garden. [F332] sara (Qu., 'maize') [D1767] trigo (Sp., 'wheat') [F340] Cultivated for household consumption

Cereal cultivated in field for use as ani- (G.P.) (figs. 31-32). mal food and human food, as in wheat soup (Qu., trigo lawd). Seed GUTTIFERAE was brought from Paucartambo (G.S., M.H.). Small field was planted Hypericum caespitosum Cham. & Schldl. almost entirely to this variety. Peru and Chile.

74 FIELDIANA: BOTANY n

FIG. 3 1 . S.J. uses a gourd as ladle to test chicha (photo cere).

Yanacona, 1800 m. Fallow fields above new HYDROCHARITACEAE road. Elodea potamogeton (Bertero) Espinosa hayaq pilli (Qu., hayaq, 'bitter' or 'stinging'; Peru. pilli refers to the form in which the ray Cuper, 3750 m. Submerged in slow-moving florets radiate from a central ring, as creek. feathers do from a headdress) (G.P., Ayllu Punqu, 3800 m. In shallow pools by G.S.) [D1594] Lake Punqulay. Name unknown (M.H.) [D1594] Ch'ussu, 3800 m. In shallow pools by Lake Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Steep rocky slopes. Piuray. Name unknown (G.S.) [D1517] ch'ankil (Qu.) [D1634, K118, K272] The plant has no use except as sheep fod- Used as a tonic (Sp., refrescd) and to bathe der (M.H., G.P., G.S.). the body (B.C.). Use unknown (G.S.).

HYDROPHYLLACEAE HALORRHAGIDACEAE Phacelia pinnatifida Griseb. Southern Peru to Argentina. Myriophyllum quitense H.B.K. Cuper, 3400-3700 m. Steep, rocky slopes and Ecuador to Patagonia, Uruguay. grazed hillside above Puqpuq waterfall; Yanacona, 3750 m. Submerged aquatic in below rock cliffs along trail at place called moist pampa of fallow and cultivated Wayraqpunku. fields. suq'a khisa (Qu., suq'a, 'dangerous spirit'; hataqllu (Qu.) [DJ625] khisa, 'nettle') [F376] Eaten by cattle (G.P.). Name and use unknown (G.S.) [D1471]

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO 75 FIG. 32. M.L. strains boiled jora into a raki (chicha jar) through a layer of ichu (high-altitude grass spp.) on a basket (photo cere).

Name and use not recorded [DJ783] Cuper, 3100-3150 m. Somewhat dry slope Sometimes causes rash, immediately or with large rocks in quebrada. several days after handling; not even Name and use unknown (G.P.) [K241] animals eat it (S.J., G.S.). Plant was Mastigostyla herrerae (Vargas) Ravenna identified when collected in July, Peru (Department of Cusco) when it had a very strong unpleasant Cuper, 3500-3700 m. Antakillqa hillside. odor. Specimens collected in Janu- cebolla cebolla (Qu., from Sp. cebolla, 'on- ary were not recognized, even by the ion') (G.P.) [K282] same individuals. sima sima pasto (Qu.; Sp., pasto, 'pastur- Phacelia secunda J. Gmelin age') alternate name (C.R.) [K282] Peru to Chile and Argentina. No use for this plant except as cattle fod- Cuper, 3840 m. Rock outcrop called Anta- der (G.P., C.R.). sakha. Sisyrinchium caespitificum Knin/lm pampa sutuma (Qu.) suggested name Andes of Peru. (G.P.) [K142] Cuper, 3330-3600 m. Forming clumps on suphu suphucha (Qu., suphu, 'hairy') sug- steep wet rock face by brook below gested name (Am.Q., G.S.) [K142] Puqpuq waterfall, and on steep slopes of Name and use unknown (P.P.) [K142] Antakillqa hillside below place called As- Use unknown (G.P.). nuq Chakin. IRIDACEAE pampa sunqu lirio (Qu., pampa sunqu, 'sol- itary'; Sp., lirio. 'lily') [F267] Hesperoxiphion peruvianum Baker Name and use not recorded [D1806] Peruvian Andes. Plant has no use (G.S.).

76 FIELDIANA: BOTANY Sisyrinchium junceum Meyer the pot are striped with lighter shades Peru to Chile and Argentina. from the top of the pot in warping Cuper, 3500-38 10 m. Along trail, and on steep the poncho. rocky slopes of Antakillqa hillside. Name and use unknown (G.A., N.C., B.G., G.S.) [D135J, D1668] JUNCACEAE Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Steep rocky slopes. Juncus C. ex ichu ichu (Qu.) name known only in Taucca dombeyanus Gay Laharpe Ecuador to and (L.H.) [D1535] Chile, Argentina Uruguay. in moist soil in old Name and use unknown (G.S.) [D1535] Yanacona, 3750 m. Herb field brook below Chinchero ruins. Use unknown (L.H.). along pampa khuyu (Qu.) [K123] laxum Sims Sisyrinchium Name and use unknown (T.H.) [K123] Peru to Chile, Brazil, Uruguay. Use unknown (G.S.). Yanacona, 3750 m. Moist pampa of fallow and cultivated fields. Juncus imbricatus Laharpe In the Andes from Colombia to Chile and q'umu q'umu qhura (Qu., q'umu, 'bent over'; South Australia. qhura, 'herb') suggested name Argentina; Africa; 3750 m. In moist fallow fields and (G.P.) [D1624] Cuper, shallow water in meadow brook. Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Steep rocky slopes. along khuchi much'u ichu ichu (Qu.) [Dl 549] (Qu., khuchi, 'pig'; much'u, of Name unknown (G.S.) [D1549] 'nape neck') [K121] rama rama alternate name Use unknown (G.P., G.S.). (Qu.) (T.H.) [K121] Kranzlin Sisyrinchium praealtum Name draws comparison between the Southern Peru. plant and the way the hairs stick up 4500 m. dense clumps in thick Cuper, Forming on the back of a pig's neck (G.S.). rocks on summit grass covering exposed Use unknown (T.H., G.S.). of Antakillqa hill. tenuis Willd. var. sima sima (Qu.) (L.P.) [Dl 702] Juncus platycaulos (H.B.K.) Name and use unknown (E.G.) [D1702] Buchenau is North to South Use unknown (L.P.). Species American, spread America, Europe, Australia, N. Zea- H.B.K. Sisyrinchium pusillum land. Ecuador and Peru. Yanacona, 3750 m. In fallow and cultivated 3500-3700 m. of Anta- Cuper, Grassy slope fields along old road across moist pampa. hillside. killqa caballuq muchun (Qu. from Sp., caballuq, Name and use unknown (B.C., P.P., Am.Q., 'horse's'; muchun, 'nape of neck') C.R., G.S.) [K287] [D1617] Similar to sara sara (Am.Q., G.S.). totora (Qu.) (B.G.) Use unknown (B.G., G.P.).

racemosa Desv. JUGLANDACEAE Luzula Colombia to Chile. Juglans neotropica Diels Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Steep rocky slopes. Peru, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela. Cuper, 3500-3600 m. Steep rocky slopes of hillside. nogal (Sp., 'walnut tree') not collected Antakillqa Brought from Urquillos at the lowest bor- q'umu q'umu (Qu., q'umu, 'bent over') der of Chinchero to be sold in the (U.I.) [D1561, D1646] Sunday market for a dye giving a ichu ichu (Qu.) (N.C., B.G.) [D1646] brown which is currently the most Name unknown (G.A.) [D1646] common color of Chinchero men's Sold by local vendors in Chinchero Sun- ponchos. Skeins of yarn are steamed day market. The flower is used to for hours over large quantities of make a tea for cough (G.A., G.S.), bruised nogal leaves. Darker brown for sideache (Sp., costado) (B.G.), and shades from yarn on the bottom of for backache (U.I.).

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO 77 KRAMERIACEAE Lepechinia meyenii (Walp.) Epling Peru to Argentina. Burdet & Simpson Krameria lappacea (Dombey) Yanacona, 3750 m. Fallow field on moist and Bolivia. Peru pampa. 3 1 00-3 1 50 m. Herb on somewhat dry Cuper, Taucca, 4050 m. Disturbed soil near brook with rocks. slope large in community center. chinchamali (Qu.) (G.P., B.Q.) [K242] salvia (Sp.) [D1581, D1622] (Qu.) alternate name pinku pinku Consumed as a tea, for breakfast (M.H.), [K242] (T.H.) or to treat intestinal blockage (Sp., stems of this plant are sold in the Woody calicos) (G.S.) or stomachache (B.G.). Chinchero Sunday market for wom- use to induce menstrual bleed- en's Minthostachys glabrescens (Benth.) Epling ing (B.Q.). The roots provide a dye Ecuador and Peru. neotro- (G.P.); if nogal(Sp., Juglans Cuper, 3450-3550 m. Steep rocky slopes along with picd) is overdyed chinchamali, stream in quebrada above Puqpuq wa- a hue the brown takes on rosy (T.H.). terfall. with this plant Our dye experiments muna (Qu.) [D1476] a series ofrose to tan colors. produced Used as a fragrant herb in soups or lunch plates (G.S.).

LABIATAE Salvia dombeyi Epling Andes of Peru and Bolivia. mandonianum Wedd. Hedeoma Ch'usu, 3800 m. Tall herb near edge of stream. Andes of Peru and Bolivia. nuqchu (Qu.) [K278] 3600-3900 m. Low herb on rock at Cuper, This species of Salvia is cultivated, al- and other areas place called Masuk'ayuq though this individual plant was no on hillside. steep Antakillqa longer cared for. The plant with its L.P., pampa khuhuqa (Qu.) (E.G., showy, red flowers is wound around G.S.) [D1538, D1689] the arms of the figure of Christ for unknown Name (T.L.) [F300] the Holy Week processions (T.H.). Name and use unknown (G.A.) [D1689] The whole plant is boiled to make a tea Salvia oppositiflora Ruiz & Pavon (L.P.) for stomachache (E.G., T.L.). Peruvian Andes. Grazed by animals on pampas (G.S.). Cuper, 3600-3700 m. Shrub along trail. Taucca, 4000-4280 m. Steep rocky slopes, salvia nuqchu (Qu., from Sp., salvia, 'sage') moist cliff among mosses. (G.P.) [D1436] Name and use not recorded [K229] puka nuqchu (Qu., puka, 'red') (G.S.) [D1436, D1442] I .amium amplexicaule L. saqraq nuqchu (Qu., saqraq, 'devil's') Widespread temperate weed, naturalized (G.P.) [D1442] from Europe. Use unknown (G.S., G.P.). Taucca, 4000-4280 m. Pirqa Kachun, 3000-3300 m. Erect herb on corbojo (Qu., from Sp.) [K218] dry hillside. Use unknown (O.H.). nuqchu (Qu.) (C.R.) [K310] Lepechinia floribunda (Benth.) Epling During Holy Week, the red flowers are Peru to Argentina. gathered by children and thrown on Cuper, 3100-3150 m. Somewhat dry slopes the figure of Christ in processions to with large rocks. represent his blood. The streets of dsul nuqchu (Qu. from Sp., azul, 'blue') Cusco are red with corollae of Salvia [K259] oppositiflora thrown to the figure Urquillos, approx. 3 1 00 m. Along road at place from balconies during processions of called Erapata. the fiesta of Corpus.

sach 'a salvia (Qu., sach 'a, 'tree'; Sp., salvia) suggested name (S.J., G.S.) [F327] Salvia rhombifolia Ruiz & Pavon Use unknown (S.J., G.P., G.S.). Central and southern Peru.

78 FIELDIANA: BOTANY Pirqa Kachun, 3750 m. Herb in packed soil (Qu., Minthostachys glabrescens). in old field. Muna is used in soups, but khunuqa nuqchu (Qu.) (G.S.) [K294] is not. yerba de cancer (Sp., 'herb for sores') alter- Stachys aperta Epling nate name (C.R.) [K294] Central and southern Peru. Use unknown (C.R., G.S.). Yanacona, 3800 m. Herb near albergue in Salvia sarmentosa Epling community center. Peru and Chile. Cuper, 3800 m. Herb along trail. de cancer 'herb for Cuper, 3700 m. Shrub along trail. yerba (Sp., sores'; pro- nunciation varies to kan- asul nuqchu (Qu. from Sp., azul, yawar 'blue') [D1435] sir) [D1444, D1676] As a this is a useful treatment for Use unknown (G.S.). tea, those who have drunk too much tra-

Salvia verbenacea L. go (Sp., 'cane alcohol') and for infla- Native of Europe and North Africa. Nat- macion (Sp.) (B.G.). Leaves are uralized in Peru, Argentina, and Uru- steeped with milk and applied to sur- guay. face ulcers (G.S.), and used to wash Q'erapata, 3800 m. Herb at edge of field. out wounds (Qu., khiri) and sores alosima (from Sp., alhucema, 'lavender,' (G.A.). Also used for mate (G.P.). Lavandula sp.) possible name No Quechua name was reported. (G.S.) [D1605] LEGUMINOSAE yerba de cancer (Sp., 'herb for sores') pos- sible name (N.C., E.G.) [D1605] Adesmia miraflorensis E. A. Remy Plant is a 'mint' but not used (G.S.). Peru and Bolivia to Patagonia. Cuper, 3450-3500 m. Subshrub on lightly Satureja boliviana (Benth.) Brig. grazed slopes above Puqpuq waterfall. Peru to Argentina. Name and use unknown (B.G., G.S.) Yanacona, 3810 m. Shrub on rock outcrop [D1506] called Sakarara below Albergue. khunuqa (Qu.) [D1400] Adesmia muricata (Jacq.) DC. var. muricata Tea made from the leaves is drunk for Peru south to Chile and Patagonia; eastern stomachaches (G.P.) or colds (G.S.). Brazil. Crushing the leaves and sniffing them Pirqa Kachun, approx. 3800 m. Spreading vine reportedly is also helpful for colds on hillside. (G.S.). Fresh herb is used in cooking Name unknown [F323] sopa de ch'uhu (soup made from Used to treat illnesses of livestock (G.S.). freeze-dried potatoes) (N.C.). Along Astragalus garbancillo Cav. with ichu (Festuca spp.), this plant is Peru to Argentina. placed in large quantities with po- Cuper, 3810m. Common weedy shrub in open tatoes during storage in order to pro- fields and on hedgerows along trail im- tect them from insects which are re- mediately above community. pelled by the odor (N.C.). Similar to q'ira (Qu.) (G.P., G.S.) [D1358] muna (Qu.) (Au.Q., G.S.). Boiled with cane alcohol and rubbed on Cuper, approx. 3750 m. Fragrant shrub along the legs to relieve pain (G.P.). trail in place called Wayraq Punku. khunuqa (Qu.) [F260] Astragalus uniflorus DC. To store oca or potatoes, spread khunuqa Peru and Bolivia. on the ground, then put the tubers Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Spreading herb form- on top of it before covering with ichu. ing low dense mats on steep rocky slopes Khunuqa is said to repel worms (Sp., above community. gusanos). Used especially with oca, tarwi tarwi (Qu.) possible name which are particularly subject to (G.S.) [D1518] worm attack. Also used to make tea Name and use unknown (G.S.) [D1518, for resfriados (Sp., 'colds'), as is muna D1568]

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO 79 hanq'as (Qu.) (M.H.) [D1568] Dalea pazensis Rusby Eaten by sheep (M.H.). Peru and Bolivia. Perga Kachun, 3000-3300 m. Erect herb along Astragalus weddellianus (Kuntze) I. M. Johnston trail. Cusco, Puno to Tucuman and Catamarca husqa [K309b] of Argentina. pampa husqa (Qu., pampa, 'flat open space'; Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Herb forming tufts on also 'low-growing') [K309b] steep rocky slopes above community. Used for a warm (not hot) bath (C.R.). wana husqa (Qu., wana, 'small in stature') (L.H.) [D1551] Dalea smithii (J.F. Macbr.) J.F. Macbr. Useful to treat sprained or twisted ankles Southern Peru. (chaki q'imukaq, Qu.) (L.H.). This Urquillos, approx. 3100 m. Erect herb along plant is called q'ira in the central road at place called Erapata. communities of Chinchero, but is binbinilla (Qu., from Sp. pimpinela, 'bur- called husqa in Taucca (L.H., G.S.). net') [F326] Drunk in tea. Cologania pulchella H.B.K. Peru and Bolivia. Lathyrus longipes Philippi Cuper, 3100 m. Plant vining on shrubs in Peru to Chile and Argentina. moist maize garden. Cuper, 3500-3900 m. Climbing, twining vine wilk'u (Qu.) [K257] along trail and at place called Chaqch- Use unknown (G.P.). akillaychimpa and other areas of steep Crotalaria incana Ruiz & Pavon rocky slopes of Antakillqa hillside. Probably native to Neotropics; now albergascha (Qu., from Sp. arvejas, 'peas'; throughout tropical and subtropical re- Qu., -cha, 'little') [F288A] gions. pavitos (Qu.) (G.A., B.G., G.P.) [D1439, Cuper, 3 100-3 1 50 m. Herb spreading to erect D1643] hatun among large rocks on somewhat dry slope pawitus (Qu., hatun, 'big') (N.C., in quebrada. E.G.) [D1643] alfalfa (Sp.) possible name (G.P.) [K255] pampa pavitos (Qu., pampa, 'flat open ch'ullkus (Qu.) possible name space'; also 'low-growing') (L.P.) (T.H.) [K255] [D1695] Use unknown (T.H., G.P.). puna pawituscha (Qu., puna, 'high area'; Urquillos, 3100 m. Spreading woody herb on -cha, 'little') alternate name [F288A] steep hillside above town. puna pimpinilla (Qu., puna, 'high area'; from Name and use not recorded [F325] Sp. pimpinela, 'burnet') [F288A] The plant is steeped to make a tea to treat Dalea exilis DC. ailments such as 'black cough' (Qu., Peru. yana ukhuri), a child's ailment which Cuper, 3100-3150 m. Herb on lower slopes causes them to hunch over (G.A., of Antakillqa hillside. B.G.). The flowers are ornamental husqa (Qu.) [K246] (L.P.). Use unknown (T.L.). Plant qhishwa pimpinilla (Qu., qhishwa, 'warm (D1439) has no use and is the 'same' area'; Sp., pimpinela, 'burnet') alter- as D1438 (Vicia andicold) (G.P.). nate name (Am.Q., G.S.) [K246] pavitos (Qu.) (B.C.) [K246] Lupinus aff. hornemanii Agardh Twists and sprains are treated with a Ecuador and Peru. poultice made of the young plant to- Cuper, 3500-3800 m. Woody-based shrub on gether with wheat flour and other steep, rocky, grassy, somewhat scrubby plants: ch'iri ch'iri (Grindelia boli- slopes of Antakillqa hillside. viano), leaves of ch 'ilka (Baccharis hanq 'as (Qu.) (N.C., B.C., G.S.) [DJ433] latifolia), yawar ch'unqa (various macho tarwi (Sp., macho, 'male'; Qu., tar- spp.), puma tanqa (Azorella multi- wi, 'lupine') (G.P.) [D1670] fida) (P.P.). Use unknown (Am.Q., This plant is recognized in Chinchero as B.C., G.S.). a feral form of tarwi (Qu., Lupinus

80 FIELDIANA: BOTANY mutabilis). Leaves are useful to treat tarwi seemed logical to him, he had sprained ankles (N.C., B.C.). Use never heard it before and felt that unknown (G.P., L.P., G.S.). hanq'as would also be a logical name.

mutabilis Sweet Lupinus Lupinus ail. prostratus Agardh Cultivated from Colombia to Bolivia. Peru (Junin). 3800 m. Herb cultivated for edi- Pukamarka, Cuper, 4500 m. Herb on summit of Antaki- ble seeds in fields next to Lake Piuray. llqa hill. tarwi 'white'; ruyaq (Qu., ruyaq, pronun- hanq'as (Qu.) [D1723] ciation varies to tawri) [K151] Use unknown (L.P.). Flowers white. Has a better taste (more Taucca, 5000 m. Low spreading herb along than dsul tarwi 'sweet,' Qu., k'aynd) trail in puna. (K152) (Jo.C). To be edible, seed must pampa hanq'as (Qu., pampa, 'low-grow- be detoxified by soaking in water for ing') [F360] one day, then boiling for one hour, Plant has no use (E.G., Au.Q., G.S., J.S.). then soaking for six more days (Jo.C.). This variety is planted in September, Medicago hispida Gaertner harvested in June (Jo.C.). Seed for this Introduced weed, native of Europe. crop was purchased in Cusco and Yanacona, 3750 m. Low herb in old field along came from Paucartambo (Jo.C.). The brook below Chinchero ruins. trebol 1 seed harvested from this variety (Sp. , 'clover') [Kl 5] brings a higher price in Cusco than The plant has no use or Quechua name that of dsul tarwi (K152) (Jo.C.). (T.H., G.S.). tarwi (Qu.) [K152] L. dsul tarwi (Qu. from Sp., azul, Medicago lupulina Introduced weed, native of Europe. 'blue') [K152] 3750 m. Herb from stout roots in Flowers blue. To be edible, seed must be Yanacona, old field brook below Chinchero detoxified by soaking in water for one along ruins. day, then boiling for one hour, then falso alfalfa (local Sp., 'false alfalfa') soaking for ten more days (Jo.C.). This (G.S.) variety, like ruyaq tarwi, is planted [K122] in September, harvested in June alfalfa (Sp.) (T.H.) [K122] Use unknown (T.H., G.S.). (Jo.C).

Seeds of Lupinus mutabilis (Qu., tarwi) contain Medicago sativa L. high levels of quinolizidine alkaloids which are Introduced weed, native of Europe. removed in the process of soaking, boiling, and Cuper, 3300 m. Herb on side of small maize further soaking described above. The seeds are field on quebrada floor. then peeled and eaten raw, or cooked as an ingre- alfa alfa (Qu., from Sp. 'alfalfa') [D1760] dient in soups or stews. Yuraq tarwi (K15J), a Use unknown (G.P.). cultivar with white flowers, was recognized as being Melilotus indica (L.) All. sweeter (Qu., k'aynd) than the blue-flowered cul- Cosmopolitan weed, native of Europe. tivar (K152), requiring less processing, and selling Cuper, 3450-3500 m. Herb at edge of small for a higher price in Cusco. Both crops are planted field on above in September and harvested in June. potato lightly grazed slopes Puqpuq waterfall. Lupinus prostratus Agardh alfa (Qu., from Sp. 'alfalfa') [D1505] Peru (Junin). alfa alfa (Qu., from Sp. 'alfalfa') [D1505] Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Herb on steep rocky alfalfa falsa (Sp., 'false alfalfa') [D1505] above slopes community. Eaten by animals (G.S.). tarwi tarwi (Qu., tarwi, Lupinus mutabilis) (M.T.) [D1567] Phaseolus augustii Harms hanq'as (Qu.) possible name Peru and Bolivia. (G.S.) [DJ567] Cuper, 3 1 00 m. Wild vine in small moist maize Use unknown (G.S., M.T.). G.S. noted field in quebrada. that although the Taucca name tarwi willk'u (Qu., 'vine') (P.P.) [K254]

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO 81 ambar ambar (Qu., from Sp. ambar, 'am- Children are bathed in water con- ber') (P.P.) [K254] taining fresh leaves of muthuy to fight wihuhu (Qu., from Sp. bejuco, 'vine') fever. (Am.Q.) [K254] Spartium junceum L. Name and use unknown (B.G.) [K254] Introduced. Native to Mediterranean re- A troublesome weed that, as P.P. de- gion. scribed it, "mata maiz y pats' (Sp., Cuper, 3810 m. Shrub along trailside, often 'kills maize and country'). The plant in hedgerows, above Chinchero center. is said to be able to kill a tree by retama (Sp.) [D1339] strangling it (P.P., Am.Q.). Flowers are rubbed together and added Pisum sativum L. to maize beer (Sp., chichd) to make Introduced crop plant, native to Europe or it more intoxicating (G.P.). Plant has Near East. no Quechua name. Pukamarka, 3800 m. Cultivated in fields next Trifolium amabile H.B.K. var. amabile to Lake Piuray. Mexico to Patagonia. albergas blancas (local Sp., arvejas, 'peas'; Cuper, 3450-3500 m. Herb at edge of potato blancas, 'white') [K164] field on lightly grazed steep rocky slopes albergas rojas (local Sp., arvejas, 'peas'; ro- above Puqpuq waterfall. jas, 'red' [K165] Yanacona, 3800 m. Herb from deep taproot Varieties distinguished by flower color: on dry steep rocky pastured slope facing white (blancas) and red (rojas). Al- Chinchero ruins. though J.C. obtained the seed for layu (Qu.) (G.P., G.S.) [D1499, K124] both crops from his family, rather layu layu (Qu.) (G.S.) [D1499] than purchasing it, he noted that al- Used as fodder (T.H., G.S.) and as tea bergas rojas were an 'old' (Sp., an- (G.S.). Use unknown (G.P.). tigud) traditional variety. The seeds of the newer blan- variety, albergas Trifolium amabile H.B.K. var. pentlandii Ball cas, are larger and more prolific than Peru. those of albergas rojas. Taucca, 4000-4280 m. Above community. Psoralea pubescens Pers. layu (Qu.) [K228] Central and southern Peru. Use unknown (T.H.). Cuper, 3450-3500 m. Woody shrub at edge Vicia andicola H.B.K. of small potato field on lightly grazed Andes, Venezuela to Peru. slopes above Puqpuq waterfall. Q'erapata, 3800 m. Herb in moist soil near wallwa (Qu.) (G.S.) [D1501] Ashnapuquio spring (DJ612). nunumiya (Qu., hunu, 'breast,' 'milk') Cuper, 3500-3900 m. Climbing herb on steep (A.Ca., A.Co.) [D1501] rocky slopes of Antakillqa hillside Useful only as fuel (A.Ca., A.Co., G.S.). (D1684,D1666) and in quebrada above Senna versicolor (Vog.) Irwin & Barneby Puqpuq waterfall (D1469). Ecuador to Bolivia. pavitos (Qu.) (N.C., B.G.) [D1612, D1666] Cuper, 3810 m. Shrub along trailside, often pawituscha (Qu.) (B.G.) [D1666] in hedgerows, above Chinchero center. puna pavitos (Qu.) (G.S.) [D1469] muthuy (Qu.) [D1365] pampa pavitos (Qu.) (G.S., L.P.) [D1612, This common plant has a wide variety of D1684] uses. Juice squeezed from the plant una pawituscha (Qu., una, 'little') into washwater is used to wash hair (B.G.) [D1684] in the morning (N.C.). A poultice of pavititos (Qu.) (G.P.) [D1438, D1666] muthuy together with the spines of Taken as a tea for cough (B.G., L.P., G.S.). k'aqlla uchu uchu (Qu., a cactus, cf. Leaves and stem can be chewed like Opuntia) is used to treat a a tooth- coca (B.G.). G.P. commented that ache (N.C.). If you have been passed the plant is ofno use, and that D1438 over by the wind, burn a little mu- was the same as D1439 (Lathyrus thuy and rub it on your face (G.P.). longipes).

82 FIELDIANA: BOTANY Vicia faba L. pastured slopes of Antakillqa hillside, at Introduced crop plant, probably native to place called Chaqchakillaychimpa. Southwest Asia. puna pimpinilla (Qu., puna, 'high area'; from Pukamarka, 3800 m. Herb cultivated in fields Sp. pimpinela, 'burnet') [F288B] next to Lake Piuray. albergascha (Qu., from Sp. arvejas, habas blancas (Sp., habas, 'favas'; blanca, 'peas') [F288B] 'white') [K159] puna pawituscha (Qu.) alternate Flowers white. Stems and fruits white name [F288B] (Jo.C). pavitos [of some kind] suggested puka habas (Qu., puka, 'red'; local Sp., ha- name [F272B] bas, 'favas') [K160] Use unknown (T.L.). Flowers white. Stem and fruits red (Jo.C.). q'umir habas (Qu., q'umir, 'green'; local Sp., LEMNACEAE habas, 'favas') (Jo.C.) [K162] Lemna gibba L. Flowers white. Widely distributed in both hemispheres. puquchun habas (Qu., puquchun, 'ripen!'; Ayllu Punqu (K'aparay), 3800 m. Aquatic herb local Sp., habas, 'favas') [K166] floating on shallow pools on terraced, ir- Flowers white. This variety produces rigated area next to Lake Piuray. greater quantity of large seeds (Jo.C.). Name and use unknown (T.H., paluqu habas (Qu.; local Sp., habas, 'favas') G.S.) [K270A] (G.P.) [K167] Flowers white. Plants shorter in stature Lemna minuscula Herter than most other varieties. Widely distributed in New World. Cuper, 3810 m. Herb cultivated in field on Ayllu Punqu (K'aparay), 3800 m. Aquatic herb trailside. floating on shallow pools on terraced, ir- habas (Sp., 'favas') [D1366] rigated area next to Lake Piuray. This variety is planted after first heavy Name and use unknown (T.H., rain in November, harvested in May G.S.) [K270B] (G.P.). Ayllu Punqu (K'aparay), 3800 m. Cultivated LILIACEAE herb in fields in terraced, irrigated fields next to Lake Piuray. Anthericum eccremorrhizum Ruiz & Pavon q'umir habas (Qu., q'umir, 'green'; Sp., ha- Ecuador and Peru. bas, 'favas') [K266] Cuper, 3450-3840 m. Herb on rock ledge Flowers cream. (K143), on steep rocky slopes of Antak- illqa hillside (D1667), and on bank above Although an introduced cultigen, some quantity Puqpuq waterfall (D1743). of Vicia faba is planted by all residents of Chinch- khuchi khuchi (Qu., khuchi, 'pig') (S.J., ero. Fresh habas are eaten in a variety of ways, G.P.) [D1667, D1743] including soups, stews, and mixed vegetable dish- sara sara (Qu., sara, 'maize') (N.C., E.G., es. Habas are also dried for long-term storage, then G.S.) [D1667, D1743] eaten either after roasting over the fire in a ceramic Name and use not recorded [KJ43] "toasting pot" (Sp., tostaderd) or after soaking and People play with the little roots of this boiling, a form called phuspha (Qu.). Both forms plant and call them 'pigs' (S.J.). Use are conveniently portable, wrapped in a small cloth unknown (N.C., B.G., G.P., G.S.). are (Qu., unkhund) made for that purpose , and often taken to eat while in the fields, walking, or Anthericum herrerae Killip traveling. As are tubers and maize kernels, habas Department of Cusco, Peru. are always peeled before eating. Habas are har- Yanacona, 3750-3800 m. In fallow fields and vested (and dried if desired) as whole plants. Once at place called Q'allas. dry, only the seeds are stored. khuchi khuchi (Qu., khuchi, 'pig') (G.S.) [D1595] Vicia graminea Sm. Name unknown (M.H.) [D1595] Mexico to Patagonia. Name and use unknown [F257B] Cuper, approx. 3700 m. Vining herb on steep The roots are said to resemble little pigs

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO 83 being nursed by their mother (G.S.). puka t'ikaq khisa (Qu., puka, 'red'; t'ikaq, Plant is eaten by sheep (M.H.). 'flowered'; khisa, 'nettle') (G.A., L.P.) [D1706] Nothoscordum andicola Kunth chunchu khisa (Qu., chunchu, 'jungle na- Peru to Chile and Argentina. tive') alternate name (B.G.) [D1706] Cuper, 38 10 m. Herb in cracks of large eroded The plant is drunk as a tea (L.P.) for head- rock outcrop called Maranqaqa in Inca ache (G.A.). Tea made from the ruins. flower of this plant is drunk for ail- phuya phuya (Qu.) (G.P.) [DJ389] ments of the side (Sp., costadd) ch'ullkus (Qu.) alternate name (U.I., (B.G.). Al.Q.) [D1389] pampa ch'ullku (Qu.) (G.S.) [D1389] Caiophora stenocarpa Urban & Gilg Roots are chopped and used like onions Southern Peru. in cooking; people in Chacan (Calca) Cuper, 3370-3400 m., 3750 m. Herb on steep eat them frequently (G.P., Al.Q., G.S., grazed rocky slopes, and vining among U.I.)- Bulb has strong odor of onion. shrubby weeds on large sculptured rock outcrop called Chinkana. Nothoscordum fictile J. F. Macbr. puka t'ikayuq khisa (Qu., puka, 'red'; Southern Peru. t'ikayuq, 'flowered'; khisa, 'net- Yanacona, Wachuna (above Rajchi), 3750- tle') [D1736] 3800 m. Low herb on moist pampa of puka t'ikaq khisan china (Qu., china, 'fe- fallow and cultivated fields. male') [F265] puya puya (Qu.) [D1593, D1621] Name and use not recorded [D1779] A small variety (G.S.). Plant has no use Flower used to make a purely cool (Sp., (B.G., G.S.). fresco) tea (S.J.). Use unknown (G.S.). D1736 said by G.S. to be a yellow- LINACEAE flowered class of 'red-flowered net- tle' (Qu., puka t'ikayuq khisa). F265 Linum oligophyllum Willd. said by G.S. to have no use, and to Ecuador and Peru. be female (Qu., china) because of its Cuper, 3360-3800 m. Short shrub along trail small flowers, hairs which are only (D1430)\ low herb among grasses on steep mildly urticating, and vining rather slope at Puqpuq waterfall (D1800). than erect habit. lluq'i lluq'i (Qu.) (G.P.) [D1430] Loasa cuzcoensis Killip Name and use unknown (G.S.) [D1430] Southern Peru (Department of Cusco). Name and use not recorded [D1800] Yanacona, 3800 m. Herb on rock wall near The entire plant is ground up and applied Albergue. topically for back pain (G.P.). angel tawna (Sp.; Qu., tawna, 'cane') LOASACEAE [D1673] angel tawnin (Sp.; Qu., tawnin, 'cane') Caiophora cirsiifolia Presl [D1673] Southern Peru. The entire plant is boiled as a tea to cure Cuper, 38 1 m. In cracks of large eroded rock. kidney ailments (G.S.) or made into puka t'ika khisa (Qu., puka, 'red'; t'ika, a tea given to children (G.A.). It is 'flower'; khisa, 'nettle') (N.C., also a cure for ailments of the side A.Co.) [D1390] (Sp., costadd) (N.C., B.C.). The flower is made into a tea with other Mentzelia fendleriana Urban & Gilg ortigas (Sp., 'nettles') as a treatment Venezuela south to Bolivia. for measles (N.C.). The plant is Cuper, 3100-3150 m. Among large rocks on rubbed on the head for headache. somewhat dry quebrada slope. Caiophora rosulata (Wedd.) Urban & Gilg Urquillos, 3 100 m. Along road at place called Southern Peru. Erapata. Cuper, 4500 m. Herb on summit of Antaki- ayaq t'ikan (Qu., ayaq, 'corpse's'; t'ikan, llqa hill. 'flower') (S.J., G.S.) [F328]

84 FIELDIANA: BOTANY Name and use unknown (E.G., Am.Q., P.P., heat (Sp., calor). The pith, which is G.S.) [K239] said to be hot, is thrown away. Tea Vi- Similar plant in lowlands is called plan- is also made with ground habas ( cha plancha (Sp., plancha, 'press') ciafaba). because its leaves stick to your pants Malva parviflora L. (Am.Q., G.S.). Similar to kiku (Qu.) Cosmopolitan weed. (E.G.). Use unknown (S.J., G.S.). Cuper, 3800 m. Weedy herb in rich disturbed LOGANIACEAE soil of old pigyard in courtyard of in- formant. Buddleja coriacea Remy malvas (local Sp., malva, 'mallow') Central Peru to Bolivia. [K206] Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Tree around houses To treat liver problems and yellow fever, in community. a rag is soaked in malvas extract and puna kiswar (Qu.) [D1576] tied around the stomach (G.P.). This tree is encouraged and protected for aff. Hill its decorative value and use as wood Nototriche aristata A. W. for fires and construction (L.H., Peru. 42004500 m. common in M.H., G.S.). Taucca, Locally small canyons and very wet areas. incana Ruiz & Pavon Buddleja Name and use unknown [F309] Central and southern Peru. Cuper, 3810 m. Tree in house courtyard. Nototriche aff. epileuca A.W. Hill kiswar (Qu.) [F372] Known from Departments of Cusco and This tree is planted from cuttings; it grows Ancash, Peru. very fast, and can be cut every two Taucca, 5000 m. Low herb along trail in puna, years for construction uses (M.C.). near pass between Taucca and Calca. * altea (Sp., Malva sp.') [F362] MALVACEAE Use unknown (E.C., Au.Q., G.S., J.S.).

Acaulimalva engleriana (Ulbrich) Krapov. Nototriche longirostris (Wedd.) A. W. Hill Andes. Peruvian Central Peru to Bolivia. 3700-3800 m. At of fields Cuper, edges potato Taucca, 4050 m. Herb in wet soil along brook and in fallow fields on hillsides called around community. Llaqtak'ata. Name and use unknown (M.H., G.S.) altea 'Malva sp.') [F368] (from Spanish, [D1583] the 'skin' Only (Qu., qhara, 'epidermis') Use limited to forage for sheep and lla- of the roots is boiled to make a cool mas (M.H.). Similar to akakapisu tea to treat illnesses of (Sp., fresco) (Qu.) but lacks the characteristic heat The which is (Sp., calor). pith, smell of excrement (G.S.). said to be hot, is thrown away. Tea

is also made with ground habas ( Vi- Nototriche aff. pearcei (E. G. Baker) A.W. Hill cia faba). Central and southern Peru. Cuper, 4500 m. Low herb on slopes and on Acaulimalva nubigena (Walp.) Krapov. flat area on summit ofAntakillqa hillside. Peru to Argentina. turphuy (Qu.) (G.P., L.P.) [D1725, F201] Taucca, 4000 m. Low herb in plowed field in turpay (Qu.) (G.S.) [F277, F286] puna. Name and use unknown (G.A.) [D1725] Name and use unknown [F371] Used to treat pain of kidneys and of the Acaulimalva all", rauhii (Hochr.) Krapov. area around the waist (L.P.). Whole Peru (Junin, La Libertad and Cusco). plant used to make a tea to treat Cuper, 4500 m. Summit of Antakillqa hill. cough (G.S.). altea (from Spanish, 'Malva sp'.) [F287] Only the skin (Qu., qhara, 'epidermis') Urocarpidium shepardae (Johnston) Krapov. of the roots is boiled to make a cool Peru to Argentina. m. herb in rich disturbed (Sp., fresco) tea to treat illnesses of Cuper, 3800 Weedy

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO 85 soil of old pigyard in courtyard of in- The entire plant is lightly boiled and used formant. to wash hair, especially by women ruphu(Qu.) [K205] (L.P.). Use limited to forage for pigs and other Mirabilis prostrata (Ruiz & Pavon) Heimerl animals (G.P.). Ecuador to Chile. Urocarpidium aff. shepardae (Johnston) Krapov. Cuper, 3100-3450 m. Herb at edge of maize Cusco, Peru. plot (D1741), and in shade of shrubs in Cuper, 3800 m. Weedy herb in rich disturbed quebrada (K245). soil of old pigyard in courtyard of in- Name and use unknown (Am.Q., S.J., P.P., formant. G.S.) [D1741, K245] ruphu(Qu.) [K207] manka p'aki (Qu., manka, 'pot'; p'aki, frutilla (Sp., 'strawberry) possible name 'break') possible name (B.C.) [K245] (T.H.) [K207] Yanacona, 3800 m. Herb at edge of potato Use limited to forage for pigs and other plot along stream. animals (G.P.). Name and use unknown (B.G., P.P., MELASTOMATACEAE G.S.) [K134] Similar to muqu muqu (Qu., muqu, Brachyotum grisebachii Cogn. 'knot'), which grows at lower alti- Peru. tudes, in its knotted stem; the entire Cuper, altitude unknown. Steep slopes of An- muqu muqu plant is boiled to make takillqa hillside. a bath to treat fever (Am.Q., G.S.). sangra sangra (Qu.) [F299] No use recorded. ONAGRACEAE naudinii Triana Brachyotum Epilobium denticulatum Ruiz & Pavon Peru. Ecuador to Chile and Argentina. 4000-4400 m. shrub on slopes Cuper, Woody Cuper, 3600 m. Herb in moist fen (D1406). of hillside, called K'inqu. Antakillqa place Taucca, 4050^4250 m. Herb on steep rocky Plant almost to summit of hill. grows slopes (D1520) and in moist soil along masuk'a (Qu.) [F355] brook (D1586). No use except as firewood (S.L., T.L., Yanacona, 3800 m. Herb on floating island G.S.) of Scirpus californicus (D1640). MYRTACEAE yawar ch 'unqa (Qu., yawar, 'blood'; ch 'unqa, 'suck') (M.H., G.P.) [D1406, D1586, Labill. Eucalyptus globulus D1640] Native of Australia. Introduced and widely mayu yawar ch'unqa (Qu., mayu, 'running planted in Latin America. water'; yawar, 'blood'; ch'unqa, 'suck') Cuper, 3810 m. Tree along trail. (L.H., M.H., G.S.) [D1520, D1586] eucalipto (Sp.), eucalistu (Qu.) 345] [Dl duraznillo (Sp., 'little peach') Leaves are made into a tea for chest (B.G.) [DJ640] The wood is used congestions (G.P.). Although the name yawar ch 'unqa is usu- for construction, and the leaves and ally given to plants used to treat wood for fuel. used as a Possibly dye wounds, no use was known for this plant (G.A.). Seed capsules are sold plant (G.P., L.H., M.H.). The plant in the Chinchero Sunday market to is drunk as a tea (B.G.), made from make tea to treat colds. the cortex (Sp., cascara) of the root NYCTAGINACEAE (G.S.).

Colignonia weberbaueri Heimerl Fuchsia apetala Ruiz & Pavon Peruvian Andes. Southern Peru and Bolivia. Cuper, 3810 m. Small tree by trailside. Cuper, 3450-4500 m. Lightly grazed slopes sach 'a paraqay (Qu., sach 'a, 'tree'; paraqay, above Puqpuq waterfall and on summit a kind of maize having a white of Antakillqa hill. root) [D1363] chhilin campanilla (Qu., chhilin is an on-

86 FIELDIANA: BOTANY omotopoeia for the sound of a bell; Sp., yawar ch 'unqa (Qu., yawar, 'blood'; ch 'unqa, campanilla, 'little bell') (G.A., E.G., 'suck') (G.S.) [D1504] L.P., G.S.) [D1509, D1704] Name and use unknown (A.Co.) [D1504] frutilla frutilla (Qu. from Sp., frut ilia, verbena (Sp.) (B.G.) [D1817] 'strawberry') name given by children The name yawar ch 'unqa is given to plants (A.Co., G.S.) [DJ509] used to treat wounds; this plant The sweet red fruit is eaten by shepherd (D1504) was said by G.S. to be a feral children (G.A., A.Co., E.G., L.P., male form. Used as an external wash G.S.); some of them liken it to a for headache (B.C.). strawberry (A.Co., G.S.). Oenothera versicolor Lehm. Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Steep rocky slopes. Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia. waysillu (Qu.) [D1516] Taucca, 3900-4050. Around community and chhilin campanilla (Qu.. chhilin is an on- on edge of Ullucus field. omotopoeia for the sound of a bell; Sp., saya saya (Qu., saya, 'upright') campanilla, 'little bell') (G.S.) [D1509, (L.H.) [D1582, K179] D1704] uqi qhura (Qu., uqi, 'gray'; qhura, 'herb') Use unknown (L.H.). Fruit is eaten (G.S.). (M.H.) [D1582] Fuchsia boliviana Carr. Name and use unknown (E.G., Native from southern Peru to northern Ar- G.S.) [D1582, K179] gentina; introduced and naturalized in Use unknown (L.H.). In the family of Colombia and Venezuela and else- lakre lakre (Qu.); a smaller version where. grows at higher elevations (G.S.). Cuper, 3 1 00 m. Moist maize plot in quebrada. Sheep and burros eat it (M.H.). campanilla (Sp., 'little bell') [K249] Use unknown (G.P.). ORCHIDACEAE Oenothera multicaulis Ruiz & Pavon

Ecuador to Bolivia. Aa matthewsii Reichb. f.

Cuper, 38 1 m. In cracks of large eroded rock. Ecuador to Bolivia. yawar ch 'unqa (Qu., yawar, 'blood'; ch 'unqa, Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Steep rocky slopes. 'suck') (G.P., G.S.) [D1377] sara sara (Qu., sara, 'maize') [D1532] qhillu t 'ika yawar ch 'unqa (Qu., qhillu, 'yel- Use unknown (L.H., G.S.). low'; t'ika, 'flower'; yawar, 'blood'; Altensteinia elliptica C. Schweinf. ch'unqa, 'suck') (N.C.) [D1377] Southern Peru. The leaf is used to cure cuts and wounds Cuper, 3450-3600 m. Lightly grazed slopes (G.P.); it is ground and used as a above Puqpuq waterfall and in thin soil poultice (G.S.). The root is used to on steep rock face. make a tea for inflamacion (Sp.) and sara sara (Qu., sara, 'maize) [D1653] drunkenness (N.C.), using only the Name and use unknown (G.S.) [D1511] outside layer (G.S.). No use known for this plant, the male Taucca, 40504250 m. Steep rocky slopes. (Sp., macho) form of D1714 (Val- yawar ch'unqa de las punas (Qu., yawar, eriana coarctata) (G.P.). 'blood'; ch'unqa, 'suck'; Sp., 'of the puna') (G.S.) [D1519] Altensteinia fimbriata H.B.K. Although the name yawar ch 'unqa is usu- Colombia to Bolivia. ally given to plants used to treat Yanacona, 3750 m. Common in pockets of wounds, no use was known for this soil on large sculptured rock outcrop plant. called Chinkana. Name and use unknown [F347] Oenothera rosea L'Her. ex Aiton Southwestern United States to Peru and Chloraea reticulata Schltr. Bolivia. Southern Peru to Argentina. Cuper, 3300-3500 m. Lightly grazed slopes Cuper, 3450-3500 m. Terrestrial orchid on on edge of potato plot (D1504) and in old lightly grazed slopes above Puqpuq wa- rocky field by brook (D1817). terfall.

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO 87 sara sara (Qu.. sara, 'maize') possible kawchi kawchi (Qu.) (A.Co.) [D1449] name [D1507] This plant is a female (Sp., hembrd) form; khuchi khuchi (Qu., khuchi, 'pig') possible the pseudobulbs are good to eat for name [D1507] thirst when climbing the hillside Use unknown (G.S.). where the plant grows; they are quite sweet, especially if put in the sun for Chloraea undulata Raimondi ex Colunga a time before eating (A.Co., N.C., Central, western and southern Peru. G.P., Au.Q.). Cupcr, 3100-3150 m. Terrestrial orchid on somewhat dry rocky slope along trail. OXALIDACEAE Name and use unknown (G.P.) [K240] Hypseocharis bilobata Killip vel aff. Cf. Chloraea sp. Southern Peru (Department of Cusco). Yanacona, 3750 m. Place called Q'allas. Cuper, 3810 m. Along trail. Name and use unknown [F257A] lomo lomo (Qu.) [D1361J Plant was not known by anyone. There are multiple uses for the root boiled Epidendrum aff. densifolium Kranzlin into tea: for stomachache (G.P.); for Peruvian Andes. cough (E.C.); for constipation (G.A.); Cuper, 3330-3600 m. Terrestrial orchid on and as a tonic, after removing the steep side hill and on wet rocks by brook. epidermis of the root. kiyawcha, urqu kiyawcha (Qu., urqu, Oxalis peduncularis H.B.K. var. pilosa Hieron. 'male') [D1450] Cusco, Peru. Name and use not recorded [D1804] Cuper, 3700 m. Herb on steep bank. This variety was said to be male (Sp., ch'ullkus (Qu.) [D1412] macho; Qu., urqu) (S.J., G.S.). The inca ch'ullkus (Qu.) [D1412] female (Sp., hembrd) form is drunk Yanacona, 3750 m. Large sculptured rock for thirst (S.J.). The juice of the stem outcrop called Chinkana. can be sucked like that of maize stalks inca chullqu (Qu.) [F262] (locally called cana, Sp.), but is a lit- Like all ch 'ullkus, this plant tastes some- tle bitter (Au.Q.). what bitter (Qu., kaqki) (G.S.). The Malaxis excavata (Lindley) Kuntze stem and leaves are eaten by shep- Mexico to Argentina. herds and young children (G.P., Cuper, 3500-3700 m. Herb under grass on G.S.). The plant is cool (Sp., fresco) steep slope of Antakillqa hillside. and its juice is used as a gargle to verba de billarga (Sp., yerba, 'herb') treat tonsillitis (Sp., amigdalitis) (P.P.) [K290] (G.S.). sara sara (Qu., sara, 'maize') (Am.Q., Oxalis Knuth G.S.) [K290] petrophila Peruvian Andes. llanten llanten (Qu. from Sp., llanten, Plan- Cuper, 3810 m. In rock wall. tago spp.) (E.G.) [K290] oca Oxalis Used to wash the backs of horses to cure oca (Qu., oca, tuberosa) saddlesores (P.P.). Use unknown (S.J.) [D1373] pampa oca oca (Qu., pampa, 'flat open (E.G., Am.Q., G.S.) or forgotten (S.J., Oxalis C.R.). space'; oca, tuberosa) (S.J., G.S.) [D1373] Masdevallia sp. Taucca, 40504250 m. Forming dense colo- Cuper, altitude unknown. Low herb tangled nies among rocks on steep slopes. with fern and lycopodium. c/Tw//A:w (Qu.) (L.H.) [D1545] Name and use unknown [F273] pampa ch'ullku (Qu., pampa, 'flat open space') possible name (G.S.) [D1545] Oncidium aff. aureum Lindley Children eat the leaves (S.J.). Use un- Ecuador to Bolivia. known (G.S., L.H.). Cuper. 3600 m. Sterile terrestrial orchid on steep side hill. Oxalis steinbachii Knuth kiyawcha (Qu.) (N.C., G.P., Au.Q.) D1449] Peru and Bolivia.

88 FIELDIANA: BOTA1 Cuper, 3450-3700 m. Herb on steep moist ch'ullku (B.C.) [D1623] bank of quebrada above Puqpuq water- Use unknown (E.G., G.P.). fall and along trail. Oxalis sp. trago trago (Qu. from Sp., trago, 'cane al- Taucca, 4000-4200 m. cohol') (A.Co.,G.S.) [D1411,D1484\ Name and use unknown (G.S.) [K194] Children suck juice out of flower, to drink (G.S.). Stem and leaves are also eat- PAPAVERACEAE en by young children (G.P.). Gath- ered in quantity, it is boiled in the Argemone mexicana L. same way as chicha (Sp., 'maize beer') Cosmopolitan weed, native of tropical or added to it (G.S.). America.

Cuper, 3 1 00-3 150m. Herb among large rocks Oxalis tuberosa Molina (fig. 33) on somewhat dry slope in quebrada. Southern Venezuela to northern Argentina; karwinchu (Qu.) (P.P.) Mexico. Herb cultivated for edible tu- [K250] amapolas del campo (Sp., 'field poppies') ber. Oca is the Quechua name for this (Am.Q., G.S.) [K250] Andean cultigen. This very "hot" plant is dried whole, Pukamarka, 3800 m. Herb cultivated for edi- toasted, ground, and given to a cow ble tuber in fields by Lake Piuray. that is too thin (P.P.). Flowers are pawkar oca (Qu.) [K153] said to be smoked by gringos (Sp., Tubers and stem red (Jo.C.). Planted in 'foreigners') in the Urubamba valley September, harvested in June (Jo.C.). as a substitute for marijuana (Am.Q., yellow. G.S.). B.C. characterized the plant higos oca (Qu. from Sp., higo, 'fig') [K154] as a khishqa (Qu., 'spiny plant') eat- The name refers to the fig-shaped tuber en by cows. (Jo.C.). This variety is more produc- tive than pawkar oca (K153) (Jo.C.). PASSIFLORACEAE Taucca, 3900 m. Cultivated in field for edible tubers. Passiflora gracilens (Gray) Harms oca (Qu.) [K231] Central Peru to central Bolivia. This variety is not good for making khaya Cuper, 3400-3600 m. Vining over shrubs on (Qu., 'freeze-dried oca") (Jo.C.). steep hillside. Ayllu Pungu (K'aparay), 3800 m. Cultivated k'ita tintincha (Qu., k'ita, 'feral'; -cha, 'lit- in irrigated fields for edible tubers. tle') (G.S.) [D1731] pawkar oca (Qu.) [K277] tintincha (Qu.) (G.S.) [D1782] Shepherd children eat the good-tasting Oxalis sp. fruit, called k'ita trombos (Qu.) (S.J., Taucca, 4050 m. Herb in moist soil along G.S.). bank. trago trago (Sp., trago, 'cane alco- Passiflora mixta L.f. hol') [D1580] Venezuela to Bolivia. Plant is one of three classes ofCh'ullkus, Cuper, 3810 m. Cultivated vine in house gar- which are all somewhat bitter and den. include: a yellow flower which grows tintin (Qu.) [D1398] on rocks; a trago trago; and an oca Flowers are worn in hats for the annual ocacha which grows on pampas ritual of the first hoeing of the potato (G.S.). The root is eaten for its juice, fields (S.J.). The fruits, called trom- which is sweet and good; my daugh- bos, are eaten in March (S.J.). ter often eats it (G.S.). Passiflora pinnatistipula Cav. Oxalis sp. Native to Peru or Chile, frequently culti- Yanacona, 3750 m. Herb in fallow field along vated or naturalized in the Andes from

old dirt road across moist, flat, seasonally Colombia to Chile, 2500-3800 m. partially inundated pampa. Cuper, 3300-3450 m. Vining over shrub next oca oca (Qu., oca, Oxalis tubero- to brook in quebrada. sa) [D1623] granadillas (Sp., 'passion fruits') [D1753]

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO 89 FIG. 33. Oca, Oxalis tuberosa, cultivated for edible tubers (photo S.K.).

The name refers to the fruits, which are Cuper, 3360 m. Herb on steep rock cliffs by sold in markets; they are useful as a Puqpuq waterfall. remedy for coughs and lung prob- Name and use not recorded [D1793] lems (G.S.) and are also sold in the Peperomia galioides H.B.K. Cusco market (S.J.) and eaten fresh. Widespread in tropical America. PIPERACEAE Cuper, 3600 m. kunquna (Qu.) [D1453] Peperomia bicolor Sodiro The plant is boiled and gargled, or the Ecuador and Peru. leaves are chewed, to cure a tooth-

90 FIELDIANA: BOTANY ache (G.S.). It is also boiled and used A tea is made from the whole plant, with to wash the head (G.S.). care to include the root, to treat in- flamacion (Sp.) (G.A.). It is used for Peperomia peruviana (Miq.) Dahlst. pain of the kidneys and waist area Colombia to Argentina. (L.P.) and is eaten by animals (G.P.). Cuper, 3400-3600 m. Steep, rocky, shrubby The plant is sold in the Chinchero hillside, grazed by sheep. Sunday market. killaq papan (Qu., killaq, 'moon's'; papa, 'potato') (G.S.) [D1729, D1781] Plantago lamprophylla Pilger intiq papan (Qu., intiq, 'sun's'; papa, 'po- Central and southern Peru. tato') (G.S.) [D1729, DJ781] Cuper, 4500 m. Summit of Antakillqa hill. inti-killa papa (Qu., inti, 'sun'; killa, 'moon'; ichu ichu (Qu., ichu, 'various high-altitude papa, 'potato') (S.J.) [D1729] grass spp.') [D1715] The Quechua name of the plant is vari- A tea for coughs is made from the entire able; its round tubers are not edible plant (G.A.). and no other use is known (S.J., G.S.). Plantago major L. Peperomia verruculosa Dahlst. ex Hill Native to Europe and North and Central Andes of central and southern Peru. Asia; widely distributed. Cuper, 38 10 m. In cracks of large eroded rock. llanten (Sp.) not collected intiq papan (Qu., intiq, 'sun's'; papa, 'po- Sold in the Chinchero Sunday market for tato') [D1385] tea. killaq papan (Qu., killaq, 'moon's'; papa, 'potato') [D1385] PLUMBAGINACEAE intiq-killaq papan (Qu., intiq, 'sun's'; killaq, Plumbago coerulea H.B.K. 'moon's'; papa, 'potato') [Dl 385] Colombia to Chile and Argentina. Pigs eat the small round tubers (G.S., Pirqa Kachun, 3000-3300 m. G.P.). The Quechua names are in- dsul nuqchu (Sp., azul, 'blue'; Qu.) terchangeable; they refer to the [K309A] plant's round (sun- and moon- The plant is burned; the ash is then pow- shaped) leaves (G.S.). dered and made into llipta (Qu., 'ad- Peperomia sp. mixture for coca chewing') (P.P., Cuper, 3400 m. Herb among shrubs on steep C.R.). rocky slope above waterfall. kunquna (Qu.) [D1785] POLEMONIACEAE Use unknown (G.S.). Cantua buxifolia Juss. ex Lam. PLANTAGINACEAE Central Peru to Bolivia. Yanacona, 3810 m. Planted to decorate areas Bougueria nubicola Decne. around building. Central Peru to Bolivia. qantu (Qu.) (G.P.) [D7575] Taucca, 4000-5000 m. Cuper, 3810 m. On terraces of Inca ruins. Name and use unknown (E.C., E.G., O.H., Name and use not recorded [K216] Au.Q., G.S., J.S.) [K220, F366] Taucca, 4050 m. In community center. Similar to qhitu qhitu (Qu.), pilli (Qu.) qhillu qantu (Qu., qhillu, 'yellow') (M.H., (B.G.). F366 was not recognized by G.S.) [D1584] anyone as a plant they had ever seen qantu (Qu.) (L.G., M.H.) [D1585] before. puka qantu (Qu., puka, 'red') (G.S.) [D1585] Plantago austral is Lam. ssp. pseudomollior Rahn This decorative the national flower Peruvian Andes. plant, of Peru, is often grown in household Cuper, 38 1 0-4500 m. Along trail and on sum- yards. The flowers are used to make mit of Antakillqa hill. New Year's decorations over doors wakaq khallun (Qu. from Sp., wakaq, of houses, burial wreaths, and other 'cow's'; Qu., khallun, 'tongue') (G.A., ornaments. At a child's funeral, qan- G.P., L.P., G.S.) [D1355, D1720]

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO 91 tu flowers are filled with holy water PORTULACACEAE and on a cross, which is car- placed Calandrinia acaulis H.B.K. ried in the funeral procession and Central Peru to Bolivia. then placed on the grave, so that the Taucca, 4050-4500 m. Steep rocky slopes and water sustains the child during the high puna grazed by llamas. journey after death. Children play aqha qupisun (Qu., aqha, 'maize beer') "funeral" or other games with them (L.H.) [D1579] (L.G., M.H., G.S.). oca qupisun (Qu., oca, Oxalis tuberosa) POLYGALACEAE (G.S.) [D1579, F311] kapisun (Qu.) (M.H.) [DJ579] Monnina amarella Chodat The plant has no uses, but pigs love to

Central and southern Peru. eat it, especially the root (L.H., Cuper, 3500 m. On steep slope leading to M.H.). Between April and June, the creek. root, which grows in the pampas sambho quluta (Qu., sambho, 'black'; qul- (Qu., 'flat areas') and alturas (Sp., uta, 'egg') (G.S.) [D1429] 'heights') of Taucca, is collected and Use unknown (G.S.). eaten (G.S.). The skin of the root Pirqa Kachun, 3000-3300 m. On dry open must be peeled, but if left in the sun hillside. a short while, the root is very sweet Name and use unknown (Am.Q., E.G., U.I., like oca (Qu., Oxalis tuberosa) (G.S.). P.P., C.R., G.S.) [K300] Calandrinia alba (Ruiz & Pavon) DC. Southern Peru. Pukamarka, 3800 m. Weed in cultivated fields

Muehlenbeckia vulcanica (Month. ) Endl. by Lake Piuray. Ecuador to Bolivia. pampa davel(Qu.,pampa, 'flat open space'; Cuper, 3810 m. Along trail. Sp., clavel, 'carnation') (G.S.) [DJ598] mullaka (Qu.) (N.C., G.P., G.S.) [D1349] yawarch 'unqa (Qu., yawar, 'blood'; ch 'unqa, The plant is used as a wash with ch 'ullkus 'to suck') (M.H.) [D1598] (Nothoscordum andicold) to cure Use unknown (G.S.). Used to make a white sores on a nursing baby's 'cool' (Sp., fresco) tea for diseases of mouth, a condition due to 'heat' (Sp., 'heat' (Sp., color) (M.H.). calor) of the breast milk, caused by the mother's intoxication or spend- Calandrinia ciliata (Ruiz & Pavon) DC. ing too much time in the sun (N.C.). Peruvian Andes. The root is made into tea for the Pukamarka, 3800 m. Weed in cultivated fields kidneys and liver (G.P.). by Lake Piuray. pampa clavel (Qu., pampa, 'flat open space'; Rumex crispus L. Sp., clavel, 'carnation') (G.S.) [D1596, Cosmopolitan weed of European origin. D1597] Cuper, 3600 m. Weedy herb in wet field along qhurachata (Qu., 'some kind ofa little herb') trail. (M.H.) [D1597] llaqhi (Qu.) (N.C.) [D1456] Name and use unknown (M.H.) [D1596] aselgas or k'ita aselgas (local Sp., from acel- Use unknown (M.H., G.S.). ga, 'celery'; Qu., k'ita, 'feral') (N.C., G.S.) [D1456] Eaten by cows and sheep (N.C.). Young, RANUNCULACEAE tender leaves of this weed are eaten Anemone decapetala Ard. var. foliolosa Eichler in salad, or cooked as greens (G.S.). Peru to Chile and Argentina, southern Bra-

Rumex cuneifolius Campdera zil, Uruguay. Peru to Chile, Argentina and Uruguay. Cuper, 3500-3600 m. Herb among rocks on Cuper, 3810 m. Weedy herb along trail. steep, grassy, somewhat scrubby slopes llaqhi (Qu.) [D1372] of Antakillqa hillside. Root drunk in tea to treat kidney prob- Name and use unknown (G.A., N.C., lems (G.P.). B.G.) [D1644, F269]

92 FIELDIANA: BOTANY Anemone helleborifolia DC. Ranunculus repens L. Peru to Chile. Widely distributed. Cuper, 3800 m. Common herb on steep slope Taucca, 3900 m. In springs around commu- above creek on Antakillqa hillside. nity center. chili chili (Qu.) [D1460] Name and use unknown (Je.C., G.S.) Name and use unknown (G.S.) [D1460] [F313] Drunk as tea for inflamacion (Sp., 'heart- I luilii irum decipiens Boivin burn') caused by drinking too much Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. cane alcohol (Sp., trago) (E.G.). Cuper, 3450-3550 m. Herb along stream in Clematis seemannii Kuntze quebrada above Puqpuq waterfall. Peru and Bolivia. chiri chiri (Qu., chiri, 'cold') (A. Co.) Cuper, 3600-3900 m. At edge of field on An- [D1490] takillqa hillside. Name and use unknown (G.S.) [D1490] piris piris (Qu.) [D1687] Ayllu Punqu, 3800 m. Herb at edge of ravine Name and use unknown (G.A.) [D1687] along stream. use of its foul smell Plant has no because urqu nunupunqa (Qu., urqu, 'hill'; nunu, (L.P.). 'breast') (Am.Q.) [K138] culantro pusan (Qu., Sp. from cilantro, 'cor- Ranunculus breviscapus DC. Peruvian Andes. iander') (B.G.) [K138] Name and use unknown Taucca, 4050 m. Creeping in moist soil along (P.P., G.S.) brook in community center. [K138] A of names and uses were re- Cuper (Huancapata), 3850 m. Herb in moist variety ported for this plant. Urqu nunu- soil along seepage area beside trail. punqa is considered to be a danger- matiqllu(Q\i.) (G.S., G.P.) [D1573, KJ75] ous purgative and so is never used boton baton (Qu. from Sp., baton, 'button' (Am.Q.). The entire plant is boiled or 'bud') possible name (G.P.) [K175] to make a bath for fever; at lower pampa tayanqa (Qu., pampa, 'flat open altitudes it is known as muqu area') possible name (G.S.) [D1573] muqu (Qu., muqu, 'knot' or 'joint') (G.S.). Used as a poultice for toothache (G.S.). The other names are associated with Use unknown (G.P.). no use, except being eaten by sheep Ranunculus H.B.K. ex DC. geranioides (A.Co., B.G.). Colombia and Venezuela south to Peru. Thalictrum H.B.K. ex DC. Yanacona, 3750 m. At place called Q'allas. podocarpum Venezuela to Bolivia. Name and use unknown [F255] Cuper, 3450 m. In moist soil by Puqpuq wa- Ranunculus H.B.K. ex DC. var. praemorsus prae- terfall. morsus trebol de la quebrada (Sp., 'canyon clo- Colombia to Bolivia. ver') [D1739] 3800 m. Herb Q'erapata (Ashnapuqyu), A tea made from the entire plant is given around area. seepage to people when they turn yellow with ashhaq qhura (Qu., ashnaq, 'smelly'; qhura, jaundice 'to make their blood in- 'herb') (Au.Q.) [D1614] crease' (B.G., S.J.). kiku (Qu.) (N.C., B.G.) [D1614] Use unknown (N.C., E.G., Au.Q.). RHAMNACEAE Cuper, 4500 m. Summit of Antakillqa hill. kiku (Qu.) (L.P., G.S.) [D1728] Colletia spinosissima Gmelin Said to be female (Qu., china) (L.P.) and Peru to Chile, Argentina, Uruguay. possibly to provide a yellow dye Ch'ussu, 3800 m. On top of stone wall. (G.S.). ruk'i (Qu.) (T.H., U.I.) [K279] Taucca, 3900 m. Herb along trail in com- A bath is made from this plant to bathe munity. children who suffer from fright (Sp., Name and use unknown (G.S.) [K178] susto) (U.I.). For example, a boy had it in Similar iofrutilla (pronounced phutulla); broken his arm; had been set a use unknown (B.G.)- cast, but his mother said that he had

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO 93 not yet been cured of the fright of (N.C., G.P.). Red berries are very the accident. She had collected a pile good to eat and are 'intoxicating' of Colletia to use to bathe him. In (Qu., machakunapaq) (G.A.). all our plant collecting in Chinchero, Lachemilla diplophylla (Diets) Rothm. this wild plant occasioned our only Southern Peru, Bolivia. dispute with residents. A woman Taucca, 4500 m. Aquatic herb at edges of nearby claimed ownership of the shallow temporary pools in very high plant and was enraged by our cutting puna. it, pointing out that the plant was Name and use unknown (Je.C., G.S.) important to them and could be of [F310] no possible use to us, so that we were

not only stealing it, but also wasting Malus sylvestris Miller

it. The conflict was not resolved. The Native of Eurasia. Cultivated in all tem- plant can also be used for firewood perate regions. (T.H.). Cuper, 3300 m. Tree at edge of maize garden in quebrada. manzana (Sp., 'apple') [D1762] Fruit are eaten (G.P.). Acaena elongata L. Mexico to Peru. Margyricarpus strictus (Poeppig) J. F. Macbr. Cuper, 3330 m. Steep wet rocks by brook in Peru, Bolivia, and Chile. quebrada. Cuper, altitude unknown. Low spreading herb Name and use not recorded [D1813] on Antakillqa hillside, place called Ch'akipuqyu. Fragaria vesca L. kanlli(Qu.) [F320] Native of Eurasia, cultivated in many re- Useful as firewood, as it hardly needs gions. drying; plant has no other use (S.J., Cuper, 3600 m. Wild herb along trail. G.S.). Specimen was compared to frutilla, k'ita frutilla (Sp., frutilla, 'straw- F307, Senecio spinosus. berry'; Qu., k'ita, 'feral') [D1437] Fruit can be eaten (G.P.). Polylepis besseri Hieron. Southern Peru to southern Bolivia. Hesperomeles lanuginosa Ruiz & Pavon ex Hook. Taucca, 4050 m. Small tree along fencerows Colombia to Bolivia. around community. Cuper, 3500-3600 m. Shrub on steep, rocky qiyuha (Qu.) (L.H., G.S.) [D1578] slopes of Antakillqa hill. Wood used for housebuilding and for lluttu lluttu (Qu.) (B.C.) [D1663] firewood (G.S., M.H.). This plant, as unka unka (Qu.) (G.P.) [D1663] well as kiswar (Buddleja spp.) and sullullumay (Qu.) (G.A.) [D1663] sauk'u (Sambucus peruviana), were Useful as firewood (B.C.). Not edible, has characterized as 'Inca plants' (plants no use (G.A.). said to have been known and useful to the Kakeneckia lanceolata Ruiz & Pavon Incas). Peru and Bolivia. Polylepis incana H.B.K. 3450-3600 m. Shrub on Cuper, steep slope. Central Ecuador to southern Peru. lluki (Qu., 'bitter' or 'strong') (G.P., Cuper, 3450-38 10 m. Tree along trail and on G.S.) [D1494, D1662] steep rocky slopes in quebrada. tayankha (Qu.) (A.Ca., E.G.) [DJ494, qiyuha (Qu.) [D1359, D1466] DI662] Name and use unknown (A. Co.) [D1466] pata pata pasto (Qu.; Sp., pasto, 'pasturage') Wood used for firewood and house con- (G.S.) [DI494] struction. Said to have been used by chilka (Qu.) (N.C.) [D1662] the Incas for building houses (G.P., macha macha (Qu.) (G.A.) [D1662] G.S.). The strong stem of the plant is used for firewood (B.G., G.P., G.S.). Useful Primus persica (L.) Batsch to dye yellow (A.Ca.). Use unknown Native of China. Cultivated in most tem-

94 FIELDIANA: BOTANY perate regions. Sometimes escaped in Cuper, 3500-3600 m. Herb forming tangled Peru. mass among shrubs on steep rocky slopes. Cuper, 3300 m. Tree at edge of garden in rata rata (Qu.) [D145J, DJ642] quebrada. pisq'u sisaq (Qu.) [D1642] durazno (Sp., 'peach') [D1761] Leaves used to make tea, and to make a Fruit are eaten (G.P.). tonic (Sp., refresco) for children (G.S.). When a child's tongue turns Prunus serotina ssp. capuli (Cav.) McVaugh white, rata rata is helpful if crushed Native of Mexico. Cultivated and escaped and rubbed on the tongue (G.S.). in the Andes. Called rata rata because it grabs and Ayllu Punqu, 3800 m. Tree encouraged to sticks to clothes (G.S.). Called pisq'u grow in houseyards and along roads and sisaq because of the flower's five fields at shallow Lake Punqulay. white petals (E.G.). It is ground and capuli (Qu.) [D1637] rubbed on the eyes for eye problems Edible fruit, a kind ofcherry, are gathered (N.C., E.G.). in quantity to be eaten and sold in markets. In order to treat problems Relbunium croceum (Ruiz & Pavon) Schumann caused by contact with 'wind' (Qu., ssp. involucratum (H.B.K.) Ehrend. wayrd), the leaves are passed through Colombia to Chile and Argentina.

fire, then brushed on face (E.G.). Cuper, 3810m. Herb in cracks of large eroded rock called Maranqaqa. RUBIACEAE rata rata (Qu.) (G.P., G.S.) [D1386] 3800 m. rocks and in hard- Arcytophyllum thymifolium (Ruiz & Pavon) Stan- Yanacona, Among soil on Also dley packed dry pastured slopes. Colombia to Peru. among mosses in and around potato plots stream below Inca ruins. Cuper, 3450-3550 m. Shrub on steep bank in along from quebrada. durazno durazno (Qu. Sp., durazno, suka rura (Qu., suka, 'dust devil'; rura, 'peach') (G.S.) [Kl 33, K139] 'little old 'fruit'? or from Sp. rudal) (G.P.) paya paya qhura (Qu., paya, lady'; [D1465] qhura, 'herb') possible name [K133] The little fruit looks like a pinku pinku (Qu.) (E.G.) [D1465] tiny peach Use unknown Pirqa Kachun, 3000-3300 m. Erect in dense (G.S.). (G.P., G.S.). mat on side of trail. maych 'a maych 'a qhura (Qu., qhura, 'herb') RUTACEAE (B.G.) [K299] Ruta graveolens L. Name and use unknown (S.J., Am.Q., P.P., Native of southern Europe. Widely culti- C.R., G.S.) [K299] vated throughout Latin America. Although five informants (S.J., Am.Q., Cuper, 3810 m. Cultivated in house gardens. P.P., C.R., G.S.) reported no use for ruda (Sp., 'rue') [D1395, K101, K102] this plant, others suggested that the Male and female forms of ruda are rec- plant is warmed in wine which is ognized in Chinchero; female ruda drunk to treat blows to the body plants have flowers while male plants (E.G.), and used to treat sore feet do not. K101 was said by G.S., A.H. (G.P.). and others to be a female (Qu., china) Galium L. aparine plant, K102 a male (Qu., urqu). This distributed in of Widely temperate regions widely used herb is sold in the North and South and America Europe. Chinchero and Cusco markets. It is 3810m. scandent on other Cuper, Herb, plants employed against ills brought on by in cracks of eroded rock called Mar- large the 'wind' (Sp., mat viento; Qu., anqaqa. wayrd) (N.C., G.S.). For instance, a rata rata (Qu.) [D1388] little ruda is roasted in a candle, then Use unknown (G.P., G.S.). rubbed on a person whom the wind Galium weberbaueri Krause has passed over, especially one- Peruvian Andes. month-old infants (N.C.). If a bad

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO 95 wind has caused bumps on the skin, Cuper, 3500-3900 m. Shrub on steep rocky ruda boiled in alcohol is rubbed over slopes of Antakillqa hillside.

the skin (S.J.)- Market-vendors brush t'asta (Qu.) (N.C., B.G., G.P., L.P.) branches of ruda over their wares to [D1665, D1692] insure good luck in sales (G.S.). A Use unknown (N.C., B.C., G.P.). Flexi- pot of ruda is grown in many house- ble stems used for making baskets yards to protect them from an un- (L.P.). defined evil, or from witchcraft (Qu., Escallonia resinosa (Ruiz & Pavon) Pers. laykd) (G.S.). It is said to be drunk Peru to Bolivia. with milk to cause abortion (N.C.). Cuper, 3800 m. Shrub in very moist creek It is also used as a herb in fragrant draw. cooking soup (G.S.). The plant has chachaquma (Qu.) [D1461] no Quechua name. The wood of this tree is used for con- SANTALACEAE struction and firewood, and to make shed swords for weaving (G.S.). The Quinchamalium procumbens Ruiz & Pavon young shoots are utilized to make Peru and Bolivia. baskets (Qu., taqi) that are used for Cuper, 3450-3500 m. Forming a tangled mass storing dried potatoes (Qu., ch'unu) on rocks on lightly grazed slopes. (G.S.). This tree never flowers (G.P.)

Pirqa Kachun, 3000-3300 m. In shade of (fig. 34). shrubs along trail. Ribes brachybotrys (Wedd.) Jancz. Name and use unknown (B.G., M.H., Southern Peru and Bolivia. Am.Q., P.P., G.S.) [D1599, K302] Taucca, 3900 m. Bush on trail in community. piki piki qhura (Qu.,piki, 'flea'; qhura, 'herb') Name and use unknown (G.S.) [K177] possible name (C.R.) [K302] anis (Sp., 'anise') (T.H.) [7C777] Chinchamali in Chinchero refers to macha macha (Qu.) (B.G.) [7C777] another well-known plant, Krameria After eating something cold in the coun- lappacea. At least six informants ex- tryside, people chew this plant, as amined these specimens without they would coca (T.H.). Children eat being able to suggest a name or use. the sweet edible berries (B.G.). G.S. said that he had not seen it be-

fore; B.G. suggested that it might be Saxifraga magellanica Poiret similar to romero (Sp., 'rosemary'). Colombia through the Andes to Patagonia. Cuper, 4500 m. Herb in lush moist site on SAPINDACEAE protected underside of rock and at edge of lake on summit of Antakillqa hill. Cardiospermum halicacabrum L. salli pupuha (Qu.) [7)7727] Widely distributed in the tropics. Name unknown [F278] Pirqa Kachun, 3000-3300 m. Vining plant on Used for stomach pain (G.A.). Tea used shrub along trail. for lung problems (G. A.). Forage for suq'a rura (Qu., suq'a, 'devil'; rura, 'fruit'? llamas. or from Sp. rudal) [K307] Taucca, 4000-4200 m. In dense clumps pen- Name and use unknown (E.G., Am.Q., P.P., dent on overhanging rock ledges and on G.S.) [K307] vertical rock faces along steep trail. The stem, leaves, and flowers (parts of Name and use unknown (B.G., the plant which grow above ground) U.I.) [K188, F370] are boiled and cooled, then used for A useless herb (Qu., qhura), like phutilla baths for coldness, fever, and other phutilla (Qu., from Sp. frutilla, problems (C.R.). Fruit edible 'strawberry') (B.G.). (Am.Q.). Fruit not edible (G.S.). SAXIFRAGACEAE

Escallonia myrtilloides L.f. var. myrtilloides Alonsoa meridionalis (L.f.) Kuntze Venezuela to Bolivia. Mexico to Chile following the Cordillera.

96 FIELDIANA: BOTANY FIG. 34. The tools used to cultivate tubers are locally made, especially of chachaquma (Escallonia resinosa): plow (usually Eucalyptus), kutiq (hoe and potato hook), qhasuna (clod-breaker), and chakitaqlla (footplow) (photo C.S.).

Cuper, 3600 m. Scandent herb on rock walls. Name and use unknown (G.S.) [K183] ayaq t 'ika (Qu., ayaq, 'corpse's'; / 'ika, 'flow- qhitu qhitu [of some kind], possibly hatun er') (G.P.) [D1405] qhitu (Qu., hatun, 'big') (B.C.) [K183] saqraq nuqchu (Qu., saqraq, 'devil's') alter- Drunk in warm water (B.G.). nate name (G.S.) [D1405] ashnaq nuqchu (Qu., ashnaq, 'smelly') al- Bartsia .ill. bartsioides (Hook.) Edwin ternate name (G.S.) [D1405] Central and southern Andes, Peru to Chile. No use reported (G.P., G.S.). Cuper, 3500-3900 m. Herb on steep dry slope Bartsia bartsioides (Hook.) Edwin among grasses. Central and southern Andes, Peru to Chile. lagre, lakre lakre (Qu., from Sp. lacre, Taucca. 4000-4200 m. Abundant on clifffaces. 'red') [D1657, D1683]

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO 97 misa huqchu (Qu.) (N.C., B.C.) [D1657, Taucca and Calca. Erect herb on vertical D1683] rock faces. D1657 was said by G.P. to be male (Sp., zapatillas [of some kind] (Sp., 'slip- macho) and to have no uses, though pers') [F36J] the female plant did. The red part of Use unknown. the flower is used to make a tea to Calceolaria sparsiflora Kuntze treat menstrual complaints (L.P.). Peru (Department of Cusco). Flowers only steeped to make a tea Cuper, 3810 m. Along trail. for fever and ailments of the 'side' zapatillas (Sp., 'slippers') (N.C., (Sp., costadd) (E.G.). G.S.) [D1340] Bartsia diffusa Benth. Q'erapata, 3810m. Shrub from cracks in rock. Southern Peru. ch'ini phuytu (Qu., ch'ini, 'very small'; Cuper, 4500 m. Summit of Antakillqa hill. phuytu, 'rhomboid') (B.G., G.S.) lakre, lakre lakre(Qu. from Sp., lacre, 'red') [D1603] (G.A., G.S.) [D1713] Plant has no use (G.S.). Phuytu varies to Taken as tea for excessive bleeding dur- phurutu (E.G.). ing period (G.A.). Calceolaria Ruiz & Pavon Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Steep rocky slopes. tripartite the cordillera from Mexico to pampa lakre lakre (Qu., pampa, 'flat open Along Chile; Jamaica. place') (L.H.) [D1531] 3800 m. Shrub in moist site. Name and use unknown (G.S.) [D1531] Cuper, Use unspecified (L.H.). This species is zapatillas (Sp., 'slippers') (G.P.) [D1441] Name and use unknown one of many useful plants with the (G.S.) [D1441] 3800 m. In small creek. name lakre lakre (L.H., G.S.). Ch'usso, mayu zapatillas (Qu., mayu, 'running water'; Bartsia inaequalis Benth. Sp., zapatillas, 'slippers') (U.I.) [K275] Ecuador to Bolivia. Use unknown (G.P., G.S., U.I.) Taucca, 40504250 m. Steep rocky slopes. lakre lakre (Qu., from Sp. lacre, Cast ilk- ja fissifolia L.f. 'red') [D1553] Venezuela to Peru. Use unknown (L.H., G.S.). Cuper, 3450-3550 m. Herb on steep grassy slope. Bartsia thiantha Diets nuqchu [of some kind] (Qu.) suggested pos- Peru (Department of Cusco). sible name (G.S.) [D1470] Yanacona, 3800 m. Hillside called Titiqa- Name and use unknown (A. Co.) [D1470] qachimpa. Use unknown (G.S.). urqu lakre (Qu., from Sp. lacre, 'red') pos- sible name [F258] Castilleja pseudopallescens Edwin Use unknown. Southern Peru.

3100 m. Erect herb trail. Bartsia sp., prob. nov. Cuper, along duraznillo name Cuper, 3450-38 1 m. On lightly grazed slopes (Sp.) suggested above Puqpuq waterfall (D1510) and (B.G.) [K319] along trail (D1370). Name and use unknown (Am.Q., P.P., suytu qhura (Qu., suytu, 'long and pointed'; G.S.) [K319] qhura, 'herb') suggested name Use unknown (B.G.). (G.P.) [D1370] Castilleja pumila (Benth.) Wedd. ex Herrera hanq'as (Qu.) suggested name Ecuador to northern Chile and Argentina. (Al.Q.) [D1370] Cuper, 3810-4500 m. Herb in cracks of large saqraq huqchu (Qu., saqraq, 'devil's') eroded rock called Maranqaqa (D1393) (G.S.) [D1510] and on summit of Antakillqa hill (D1716). Use unknown (G.P., Al.Q., G.S.). Taucca, 4050 m. Herb in moist soil near brook Calceolaria scapiflora (Ruiz & Pavon) Benth. (D1588). Southern Peru. puma mikhurana (Qu. from Sp., mejorana, Taucca, 5000 m. Area of border between 'marjoram') (L.P.) [D1716]

98 FIELDIANA: BOTANY lakre lakre (Qu. from Sp., lacre, 'red') (G.P., North America; south through the cor- G.S.) [D1393,D1588] dilleras and temperate parts of South trago trago (Qu. from Sp., trago, 'cane al- America. cohol') (G. A.) [D1716] Cuper, 3810 m. Herb in pasture along trail. Name and use unknown (G.S.) [D1393] puma mikhurana (Qu. mikhurana from Sp., Tea made from entire plant is drunk to mejorana, 'marjoram') (G.P.) [D1344] counteract soroche (Sp., 'altitude pampa mikhurana (Qu., pampa, 'flat, low- sickness') when going to high alti- growing'; mikhurana from Sp., mejor- tudes (G.P.). Flowers sucked for nec- ana, 'marjoram') (C.Q.) [D1344] tar (G.A., L.P.). Use unknown (G.S.). Entire plant and root is boiled, and the tea is drunk to relieve pain during Castilleja virgata Dombey ex Wedd. childbirth (G.P.). Use unknown Central Ecuador to Bolivia. (C.Q.). Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Steep rocky slopes. lakre lakre (Qu. from Sp., lacre, 'red') (G.S.) [D1559] SOLANACEAE puka t 'ika lakre lakre (Qu., puka, 'red'; / 'ika, Brugmansia Candida Pers. 'flower'; Sp., lacre, 'red') (M.H.) Of hybrid origin in Ecuador; now widely [D1559] planted and naturalized in the tropics Used to treat desmantu (Qu. from Sp., of both hemispheres. desmandadd), a form of lower back Cuper, 3100 m. Naturalized shrub at edge of pain (M.H.). Use unknown (G.S.). maize plot. Mimulus glabratus H.B.K. kampachu (Qu.) [K244] Central United States south through the Use unknown (G.P.). mountains to Argentina. Cestrum conglomeratum Ruiz & Pavon 3800 m. Herb in wet Q'erapata (Ashnapuqyu), Colombia to Peru. area (D1611). seepage Cuper, 3300-3450 m. Shrub along brook. 3600 m. Herb in fen Cuper, (D1409). nukhaw(Qu.) [D1749] (Qu.) (D1409, D16JJ] uqururu Name and use unknown (S.J.) [D1749] The leaves, like berros (Sp., 'watercress'), Use unknown (G.S.). are eaten raw in salads (N.C., B.G., ferox comb, G.S.) with lots of salt and a little oil. Datura stramonium L. ssp. (L.) Barclay They can also be ground in fruit juice nov. ined. naturalized in arid and drunk as a tonic (Sp., refresco), Native to South America; of America and Africa. to treat a hangover, among other ail- regions North 3100 m. ments (N.C.). They are sold in the Urquillos, Cusco market. rurutillu (Qu., ruru, 'fruit') (P.P.) [K321] khishqa khishqa (Qu., khishqa, 'thorn') Penstemon gentianoides (H.B.K.) Poiret (B.G.) [K321] Native of Mexico and Guatemala. Intro- ana panku (Qu.) possible name (U.I.) duced as ornamental. [K321] Cuper, 38 10 m. Cultivated plant in houseyard Name and use unknown (Am.Q., G.S.) garden. [K321] cartucho (Sp., 'cartridge') [K106] Consumed as tea for stomach pains (U.I.). Flower of this cultivated plant is used for Use unknown (B.G., P.P.). decoration (G.S.). Dunalia spinosa (Meyen) Dammer Veronica L. peregrina Southern Peru. Widespread in Northern Hemisphere and Cuper, 3810 m. In hedgerows along trail. mountains of South America. t'anqar (Qu.) [D1364] 3800 m. Herb in wet Ayllu Punqu (K'aparay), The name refers to the resemblance of soil in old field Lake Piuray. by the spines to the way infants sleep Name and use unknown (G.S.) [K268] with their arms thrown up over their flower is used as a Veronica persica Poiret heads (G.S.). The Native of southwest Asia. Naturalized in purple dye (G.A.). This spiny shrub

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO 99 is planted in hedgerows to fence in Urquillos, 3000-3300 m. Shrub next to house animals. and in courtyard. supay (supa) kayqu (Qu., supay, 'dev- Hebecladus sp. il') [K304] (Saracha herrerae C. Morton appropriate Boiled and rubbed on body for rheu- combination not yet made in Hebecladus) matism and as a disinfectant (U.I.). Central to southern Peru. Drunk in Chinchero and Puno for Cuper, 3750-38 10 m. In moist soil along stone relief from the cold (U.I.). A friend fence by brook and along trail. we met on the trail was excited to yawar ch 'unqa (Qu., yawar, 'blood'; ch 'unqa, see our collection of this plant and 'suck') [D1360] took some, explaining that his wife awilmantu (Qu.) (G.S.) [K114] had been hit in the eye with a stick The edible fruit of awilmantu is called and was not getting better, and that puka ruru (Qu., puka, 'red'; ruru, her continuing illness must be due 'fruit') (G.S.). The leaves are used to to a suq'a (Qu., 'bad spirit'). He was stop bleeding. The leaf epidermis is going to boil this plant and rub it on pulled back and the leaf is applied her body to take care of the problem. to the wound (G.P.). Alternatively, C.R. corroborated the plant's use as the fresh leaves may be ground and a bath, and added that p'aqus (Qu., applied as a poultice for the same 'curers') take the plant in secret. They purpose (G.S.). Shepherds eat the intoxicate themselves by drinking fruit of this plant, and paint their lips maize beer (Sp., chichd) into which with the red nectar from the corolla the leaves have been rubbed (C.R.). to color them red. Nicotiana tomentosa Ruiz & Pavon Lycianthes lycioides (L.) Hassler Central Peru to Bolivia. Colombia south to Chile and Argentina. Cuper, 3300-3450 m. At edge of brook. Yanacona, 3810m. On rock outcrop (D1402). q'armatu (Qu.) (G.S.) [D1746] Cuper, 3700 m. Along trail (D1426). paya paya qhura (Qu., paya, 'old lady'; qhishwat'anqar(Qu., qhishwa, 'warm place') qhura, 'herb') alternate name (S.J.) (G.S.) [D1402, D1426] [DJ746] t'anqar khishqacha (Qu., khishqa, 'spiny Fruit of capulf (Prunus serotina ssp. ca- plant') (B.G.) [D1426] puli) is taken to market wrapped in yuraq t 'ika t 'anqar (Qu., yuraq, 'white'; / 'ika, the leaves of this plant (S.J.). 'flower') alternate name (N.C.) [D1402] Nicotiana undulata Ruiz & Pavon Stems used as a broom (N.C.). Northern Peru to northwestern Argentina. Q'erapata, 3800 m. In waste ground about Nicandra Gaertner physalodes (L.) houses. Native of Peru, now widely cultivated as kamasayri (Qu., sayri, 'tobacco') [D1600] ornamental. The plant is toasted or passed through Urquillos, 3000-3300 m. Along trail and in the fire, then rubbed on aching stom- old fields. achs, particularly children's (G.S., p'irqa (Qu.) (P.P.) [K303] B.G.). phalcha (Qu.) alternate name (B.G.) [K303] Salpichroa gayi Benoist paya paya (Qu., paya, 'little old lady') al- Southern Peru. ternate name (C.R.) [K303] Cuper, 3600 m. willq'u (Qu.) alternate name (Am.Q., piris piris (Qu.) [D1420] G.S.) [K303] Children eat the rather bitter fruit (G.S.). Tea made from this plant is drunk for Miers fever (P.P.). Salpichroa glandulosa (Hook.) ssp. glan- dulosa Nicotiana glauca Graham Peruvian Andes. Peru to Argentina; elsewhere widely culti- Taucca, 4050-4500 m. From rocks on steep vated and naturalized. slopes.

100 FIELDIANA: BOTANY Cuper, 4500 m. Summit of Antakillqa hill. soil in deep cleft in rock outcrop called aqha aqha qhura (Qu., aqha, 'maize beer'; Machu Tuq'uyuq Qaqa. qhura, 'herb') (L.H., L.P.) [D1554, Name and use unknown (B.G.) [D1798] D1707] atuq papa (Qu., atuq, 'fox') [F350] Name and use unknown (G.A., G.S.) k'ita papa, kipa papa (Qu., k'ita, 'fer- [D1554, DJ707] al') [F350] Fruit is not edible; plant has no use (L.H.). Use unknown (M.C., G.S.). Children eat the fruit (L.P.). Solanum nitidum Ruiz & Pavon Saracha herrerae Morton: see Hebecladus Peru and Bolivia. Q'erapata, 3800 m. Shrub on adobe walls. Solanum acaule Bitter nunumiya (Qu., nunu, 'breast') [D1602] Central Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. Name and use unknown (B.G.) [D1602] Cuper, 3810-3840 m. Herb along trail and The fruit of this plant is eaten by chiwaku uncultivated in habas field below rock (Qu., a bird) (G.S.). outcrop called Antasakha. atuq papa (Qu., atuq, 'fox') (G.P., Solanum ochrophyllum Van Huerck & Muell. Arg. G.S.) [D1353, F351] Central Peru to Bolivia. Plant has no use (G.P.). Said by G.P. to Cuper, 3350-3500 m. On hillside. be the same as D1352 (Solanum qusmayllu wayq'u (Qu.) [D1777] tuberosum). Used to relieve the pain of drunkenness; the leaves are heated in a pot, and Solanum Dunal aloysiifolium the affected person washes in the Peru and Bolivia. steam (G.P.). Cuper, 3360 m. Shrub on steep slope at Puqpuq waterfall. Solanum tuberosum L. qusmayllu (Qu.) possible name [D1799] Central Andes. Cultivated in temperate re- Use unknown (B.C.). gions worldwide. muyu khaya (Qu.) (T.L.) [F297] Umasbamba, 3800 m. Cultivated on open Useful as cattle forage (T.L.). pampa. ch'iri papa: wanu (Qu., ch'iri, Solanum arequipense Bitter 'cold') [K149] Peru and Bolivia. ch 'iri papa: q'usi (Qu., ch '/>/', 'cold') [Kl 50] 3810 m. Shrub along trail. Cuper, Ch 'iri papas are specialized for quite cold (Qu.) [DJ348] qusmayllu places, grow short in stature (G.S.). Name and use unknown (G.S.) [D1348] Pukamarka, 3800 m. Cultivated in fields (Jo.C.) Fruits of this are together plant squeezed at edge of Lake Piuray. and added to water to wash hair in yana papa (Qu., yana, 'black') [K168] the morning (G.P.). papa Olones (Clones is the name of a sector ofChinchero) [K168] Solanum glandulosipilosum Bitter of Olones 'invented' Peruvian Andes. Eugenio Aucapuma this potato, through breeding it from Cuper, 3600-3750 m. Shrub in moist soil on seeds in the potato fruits (Qu., am- Antakillqa hillside, at place on hillside barqutu). Everyone in Chinchero is called Suytu Rumiyuq Pampa, and in proud of this and of the fact that the moist shady soil immediately below rock potato is widely used and known as outcrop called Chinkana. "Olones" (Jo.C.). qusmayllu (Qu.) [D1440, F348] (papa) qumpis [K169] Name and use unknown (G.S.) [D1440] Cultivated in field (Jo.C.). Used to wash the head, especially by (papa) mariba [K170] drunken or hung over women (G.P.). This cultivar was brought to Chinchero Solanum marinasense Vargas recently by the Ministry of Agricul- Peru (Department of Cusco). ture (Jo.C.). Cuper, 3360-3750 m. Herb on steep talus papa cusquena (Sp.) [KJ71] slope next to Puqpuq waterfall, and in Good potatoes to eat: to fry or eat boiled

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO 101 in main dishes (Jo.C.)- This cultivar atuq papa (Qu., atuq, 'fox') [F352] was brought to Chinchero recently No use known (G.S.). by the Ministry ofAgriculture (Jo.C.). TROPAEOLACEAE vana bole (papa) (Qu., yana, 'black') [K172] Tropaeolum tuberosum Ruiz & Pavon This cultivar was brought to Chinchero In the Andes from southern Venezuela to recently by the Ministry of Agricul- northern Argentina; both cultivated ture (Jo.C.). and feral. papa blanca (Sp., blanca, 'white') [KJ73] Cuper, 3450-3550 m. Vining over shrubs on This is an old (Sp., antiguo) potato cul- steep slope above Puqpuq waterfall.

tivar (Jo.C.). k'ita anu (Qu., k'ita, 'feral') (G.S.) [D1463] Yanacona, 3850 m. Cultivated in fields of area Pukamarka, 3800 m. Herb cultivated for edi- called Patakata. ble tuber in fields by Lake Piuray. yana suytu (papa) (Qu., yana, 'black'; suytu, yana anu (Qu., yana, 'black') [K155] 'long and pointed') [Kl 96] yana nawi (Qu., yana, 'black'; nawi, yana (papa) (Qu., yana, 'black'; 'eye') [K155] wiraqucha, 'white man') [K196] sambo anu (Sp., zambo, 'black') [K155] virundis (Qu.?) [K196] Stems and tubers are both black (Jo.C.). ruyaq wana (papa) (Qu., ruyaq, Harvested in September (Jo.C.). 'white') [K197] Ch'ussu, 3800 m. Herb cultivated for edible Used for ch 'unu (Au.Q.). tuber in irrigated fields. puka qumpis (papa) (Qu., puka, platdno anu (Qu. from Sp., pldtano, 'ba- 'red') [K198] nana') [K276] yana mariba (papa) (Qu., yana, Name refers to shape of tuber. 'black') [K199] Taucca, 3800 m. Herb cultivated for edible yungay (papa) (Sp., Yungay is a town tuber. name) [K200] Name not recorded [K232] alka qumpis (papa) [K201] Only a few families in Chinchero still cultivate Best potato for eating (Au.Q.). Tropaeolum tuberosum (Qu., anu), although it is Ayllu Punqu (K'aparay), 3800 m. Cultivated valued as a tuber complementary in taste and tex- in terraced irrigated area on SE shore of ture to potatoes, lisas, and oca. Anu is planted in Lake Piuray. September in small quantities in fields at or above imilla papa (Qu., imilla, 'twin') [K269] 3800 m., and harvested in June. The tubers are Cuper, 3800 m. Cultivated in fields at edge eaten in the fields during harvest after baking in of ruins below community center. an earth oven (Qu., wathiya), or stored to be boiled papa mantaro (Sp., Mantaro is the name of and eaten later. Anu is not freeze-dried. To taste a river in Central Peru) [K312] good, tubers must be left in the sun for two days Cultivar name unknown [K313] if dug up at harvest time, or for two weeks if dug Cuper, 3810 m. Feral along trail. up earlier in the year, say, in March. atuq papa (Qu., atuq, 'fox') [D1352, K312] Like oca, anu varietal names refer to a variety No use (G.P.). D1352 was said by G.P. of elements, including color 'yellow' (Qu., qhil- to be the same as D1353 (Solanum lu), 'red' (Qu., puka), and black (Qu., yana); tuber acaule), but growing in the shade. shape 'banana-shaped' (Sp., pldtano) and 'squash- All of the above were cultivated for food except shaped' (Qu., sapallu); eye character, such as 'black- D1352. eyed' (Qu., yana nawi). We were unable to confirm the identity ofqanchis wata anu (Qu., 'seven-year- Solanum zahlbruckneri Bitter which was to from seeds ac- Peruvian Andes. anu'), reported grow cidentally remaining in the soil and to produce Ayllu Punqu, 3750 m. On steep bank above edible tubers after seven the period of one brook. years, cycle of sectoral fallowing. A single feral specimen Name and use unknown (B.C.) [D1756] of Tropaeolum tuberosum (D1463), k'ita anu, was Solanum sp. said never to form tubers and so never to be eaten. Cuper, 3840 m. Shallow soil around Anta- No other Tropaeolum species were found in sakha rock. Chinchero.

102 FIELDIANA: BOTANY UMBELLIFERAE uphuy suru (Qu.) [K105] Used to make a tea to treat a or Arracacia aequatorialis Constance cough for breakfast or tea for Southern Ecuador to southern Peru. (G.S.), infla- macion intestinal (Sp.) (T.H.). Cuper, 3810 m. Herb along trail. rakhacha (Qu.) [D1368] Bowlesia tropaeolifolia Gillies & Hook. Species is neither edible nor cultivated as High Andes ofPeru south to Tierra del Fue- is A. xanthorrhiza (G.P.). go. Taucca, 4000-4200 m. In small depression Arracacia peruviana (H. Wolff) Constance on cliff face. Peru, 2800-3750 m. Name and use unknown (T.H., Cuper, 3700 m. Wild herb along trail. G.S.) [K185] rakha rakha (Qu.) (G.S.) [D1424] puna rakhacha (Qu.) (G.S.) [D1424] Coriandrum sativum L. Ayllu Punqu, 3750 m. In old field along brook. Native to Mediterranean region. Widely k'ita rakhacha (Qu., k'ita, 'feral'; rakhacha, cultivated as condiment and adventive 'Arracacia xanthorrhiza') (T.H., in warmer parts of Western Hemi- G.S.) [K117] sphere. The cooked stem is edible and eaten, al- Cuper, 3810 m. Cultivated in houseyard gar- though G.S. commented negatively den. that it tastes the way a newborn pup- culandro(Qu., from Sp. cilantro, 'coriander py smells. The plant is recognizable leaves') [K109] by this smell (G.S.). To treat crazi- Leaves only are a condiment frequently ness, this herb is cooked in soup made used in cooking and hot sauces. Sold with the head of a black dog (G.S.). in Chinchero and Cusco markets. Daucus montanus Humb. ex Arracacia xanthorrhiza Bancroft & Bonpl. Sprengel Mexico to Patagonia. Cultivated, West Indies to Peru and Boliv- 3600-3900 m. In cracks of rock ia. Cuper, large outcrop called Maranqaqa (D1379) and Cuper, 3200 m. Cultivated in field. under rock outcropping on Antakillqa rhakhacha (Qu.) [K213] hillside (D169J). Cultivated for the edible underground hamp'atuperejil(Qu., hamp'atu, 'frog'; Sp., portions (G.P.). L.P. planted rak- perejil, 'parsley') (G.S.) [D1379] hacha in his low, warm corn field as suk'a perejil (Qu.; Sp., an experiment to determine whether perejil, 'parsley') (G.S.) [D1379] or not he could make it grow in Of no use(G.S.). Chinchero. His interest in planting a puna colander (Qu., from Sp., cilantro, 'cor- wide range of cultigens was chal- iander leaves') (L.P.) [D1691] lenged by this crop which is consid- Used for tea for stomachache (L.P.). Root ered impossible to grow at such a is helpful when rubbed on a sore wrist high altitude. Ultimately, he decided (B.G.). Leaves, which are said to that it was not impossible, but also smell like cilantro, can be ground in was not worth the effort. hot sauce (L.P.). Azorella multifida (Ruiz & Pavon) Pers. Eremocharis triradiata (H. Wolff) I.M. Johnston Colombia and Venezuela to Bolivia. Known only from Department of Cusco, Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Forming dense cush- Peru, 2000-3400 m. ions on steep rock slopes. Cuper, 3100 m. Along trail. puma tanqa (Qu.) (L.H., M.H.) [D1570] qhishwa ruda (Qu., qhishwa, 'warm place'; supu supu (Qu.) alternate name (G.S.) Sp., ruda, 'rue') (B.C.) [K318] [D1570] culandro (Qu, from Sp. cilantro, 'coriander Plant has no uses (L.H., M.H., G.S.). leaves') (Am.Q., G.S.) alternate name Bowlesia Ha bills J. F. Macbr. [K318] Peru, Bolivia, and northern Argentina. Useful to rub on skin (Qu., kakunapaq) Cuper, 3810 m. Wild herb in houseyard gar- in the same way as rue (Sp., ruda) den. (B.G.).

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO 103 Eryngium weberbaueri H. Wolff. No use reported (U.I.)- Plant may have Southern Peru to Bolivia. medicinal use (G.S.). Cuper, 3800-3900 m. Herb cultivated in Oreomyrrhis andicola (Kunth) Hook. f. houseyard garden and among grasses on Colombia to northern Argentina. steep slope of Antakillqa hillside at place Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Steep rocky slopes. called Unu Urphuyuq. Cuper, 3600-3900 m. Under rock outcrop- negro uman (Sp., negro, 'black'; Qu., uman, ping. 'head') [K108, F302] hamp'atu perejil (Qu., hamp'atu, 'frog'; Sp., escobilla del cerro (Sp., 'little broom of the perejil, 'parsley') (B.G., L.H.) [D1530] hiU'MT.H.) [K108] puna perejil (Qu., puna, 'high area'; Sp., pe- Used to treat bronchitis and desmantu rejil, 'parsley') possible name (Qu., from Sp., desmandado, waist- (B.G.) [DJ530] level backache from exhaustion) puna colander (Qu., puna, 'high area'; from (G.S.). Used to make a tea to treat Sp. colander = cilantro, 'coriander coughs (T.L.). Use unknown (T.H.). leaves') (L.P.) [D1691] Sold in Chinchero and Cusco mar- Name and use unknown (G.S.) [D1530] kets. Use unknown (L.H.). Used for tea for Foeniculum vulgare Miller stomachache (L.P.). Helpful to rub Native to Mediterranean region; adventive the root on a sore wrist (E.G.). throughout Western Hemisphere. Leaves, which smell like cilantro (Sp., Cuper, 3810 m. Herb cultivated in houseyard 'coriander leaves'), can be substitut- garden. ed for them in hot sauce and other hinojo (Sp.) (N.C., A.Co., G.S.) [Dl 396] foods. Fennel, a cultivated herb. Main ingredi- ent in sankhu, a food of ground toasted habas, wheat, maize, and Pilea serpyllacea (H.B.K.) Wedd. dried peas (N.C.). Also used as tea In the Andes from Venezuela to Bolivia. (N.C.), for breakfast and for stoma- Cuper, 3600-3700 m. Steep hillside. chache (G.S.). This plant has no aquy k'aqka (Qu., aqu, 'flour'; k'aqka are Quechua name. small natural holes in stone where dirt Hydrocotyle urbaniana H. Wolff collects, which are the habitat of this Known only from Peruvian Andes. plant) [D1416, D1733] Cuper, 3450-3900 m. Herb on hillside and qaqa uvas uvas (Qu., qaqa, 'rock'; Sp., uvas, on moist rock. 'grapes') (S.J.) [D1733] buton buton (Qu. from Sp., baton, 'button' Raw fruit is eaten by shepherds, and fed or 'bud') (L.P.) [D1698] to children who are slow in learning chili chili (Qu.) (A.Ca., G.P.) [DJ480] to talk (G.S.). frutilla (Sp., 'strawberry') possible name Urtica dioica L. (B.C.) [D1698] Introduced weed from Eurasia. uphuy suru (Qu.) (G.A.) [D1698] Cuper, 3450-38 10m. Herb in rock walls along Name and use unknown (G.S.) [D1480] trail (D1357) and in quebrada above The peeled root is used to make a tea for Puqpuq waterfall (D1491). fevers (G.P.); the root is boiled and puka t'ulluyuq khisa (Qu., puka, 'red'; its 'fruit' is eaten (E.G.). Drunk in t'uiluyuq, 'stemmed'; khisa, 'net- tea for ailments of the 'side' (Sp., cos- tle') [D1357] ladd) (G.A.). Use unknown (L.P.). chunchu khisa (Qu., chunchu, 'jungle na- Niphogeton stricta (H. Wolff) Mathias & Con- tive'; khisa, 'nettle') [D1357] stance ortiga (Sp., 'nettle') [Dl 357] Known only from Andes of Peru. mula khisa (Qu., khisa, 'nettle') Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Herb on steep rocky (G.S.) [D1491] slopes. The plant is rubbed on the head for head-

hamp'atu perejil (Qu., hamp'atu, 'frog'; Sp., ache (N.C.). The flower is made into perejil, 'parsley') [D1557] a tea with other spiny plants for

104 FIELDIANA: BOTANY medicine against measles (N.C.). Sheep eat this plant but no other use Juice is expressed by rubbing plant was reported (L.H., G.S., M.H., U.I.). between hands (in a cloth) with chi- The Cuper specimen (D17I4) was cha (Sp., 'maize beer'). This juice is identified as sara sara, and said to drunk with trago (Sp., 'cane alcohol') be the female (Sp., hembrd) ofD 1653, to counteract its effects (C.Q.). Used Altensteinia elliptica (L.P.). to treat allergies by rubbing the fresh Vaieriana decussata Ruiz & Pavon plant on the body (G.S.). Central and southern Peru.

Urtica urens L. Yanacona, 3750 m. Erect herb on large sculp- Introduced weed from Eurasia, widely dis- tured rock outcrop called Chinkana. tributed in the New World. wantu (wanti) khaya (Qu.) [F266A] Cuper, 38 10 m. Herb in rich disturbed soil of A cool (fresco, Sp.) plant, used to make old pigpen in house courtyard. juice to treat fiebre intestinal (Sp., puka t'ulluyuq khisa (Qu., puka, 'red'; 'internal fever'), called sunqu calor t'ulluyuq, 'stemmed'; khisa, 'net- in Quechua, afflicting children and

tle') [K208] adults. Herb is pressed, and juice Use unknown (G.P.). expressed is used as rub. VALERIANACEAE Valeriana aff. herrerae Killip Central and southern Peru. Valeriana agrimoniifolia Killip Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Steep rocky slopes. Central and southern Peru. Name and use unknown [D1528] Yanacona, 3810 m. Herb on rock outcrop. Valeriana micropterina Wedd. Cuper, 3700 m. On hillside. Southern Peru and Bolivia. Name and use unknown (N.C., G.S.) Taucca, 4000-4250 m. Herb on steep rocky [D1403, D1434] slopes and cliff faces. Valeriana aff. andina Britton aqha qupisun (Qu., aqha, 'maize beer') (G.S., Southern Peru and Bolivia. U.I.) [D1546, K190] Cuper, 4500 m. Summit of Antakillqa hill. sara sara (Qu., sara, 'maize') suggested name Name and use unknown (G.S.) [D1722] (L.H.) [D1546] Cuper, 3600-4500 m. By trailside, and on Valeriana asplenifolia Killip Antakillqa hillside among mosses on rock, Peru (Cusco, Junin). in crack of rock on slopes, at place called Cuper, 4000 m. In crack of rock and at place Masuk'ayuq, and at summit of hill. called Masuk'ayuq on slopes of Antaki- aqha qupisun (Qu., aqha, 'maize beer') llqa hillside. (U.I.) [D1694,D1705] aquy k'aqka (Qu.) [F301] culantropusu (Qu., from Sp. cilantro, 'cor- Used to make a tea to treat a swollen iander') (B.C.) [D1705] stomach (T.L.). Name and use unknown (G.A.) [D1694, Valeriana coarctata Ruiz & Pavon D1705] Central and southern Peru. The root with epidermis is boiled for tea Taucca, 4000-4250 m. Herb on steep rocky given to babies and children with slopes, side of cliff. distended stomachs, and as a cure cham chawi (Qu.) (L.H., G.S.) [D1524, for babies with diarrhea or excessive D1571, K189] urination (L.H., L.P., G.S., U.I.). ch'iqu ch'iqu (Qu.) alternate name Valeriana radicata Graebner (M.H.) [D1571] Southern Peru. Name and use unknown (B.G., G.S., Taucca, 4000-4200 m. Herb on rock face. U.I.) [D1524, K189] Name and use unknown (B.G., Cuper, 4500 m. Summit of Antakillqa hill. G.S.) [K193] sara sara (Qu., sara, 'maize') [D17 14] Name and use unknown (G.A.) [D1714] Valeriana renifolia Killip Chawi chawi, the name from Taucca, Central and southern Peru. means very thin, like a dying person. Cuper, 3700 m. Herb in steep banks.

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO 105 Name and use unknown (G.P., uq'i sach'a (Qu.) (N.C., B.G.) possible G.S.) [D1421] name [D1664] wayruru (Qu.) (N.C., B.G.) possible Valeriana warburgii Graebn. name [D1664] Yanacona, 3750 m. Erect herb on large sculp- Use unknown (G.P., G.S.). Useful as a tured rock outcrop called Chinkana. dye; not to be drunk (G.A.). wantu (wanti) khaya (Qu.) [F266B] A cool (fresco, Sp.) plant, used to make Verbena hayekii Mold. juice to treat fiebre intestinal (Sp., Peru and Bolivia. 'internal fever'), called sunqu color Yanacona, 3750 m. Herb in fallow field on in Quechua, afflicting children and moist pampa. adults. Herb is pressed and juice is mirminada (Qu.?) suggested name expressed and used as rub. (G.P.) [D1616] pampa verbena (Qu., pampa, 'flat, low- VERBENACEAE growing'; Sp., verbena) suggested name (G.P.) [D1616] Aloysia fiebrigii Hayek pampa lakre lakre (Qu., pampa, 'flat, low- Southern Peru, Bolivia. growing'; Sp., lacre, 'red') suggested Cuper, 3400 m. Woody shrub on hillside. name (G.P.) [D16J6] cedron cedron (Qu., from Sp. cedro, 'ce- Name and use unknown (B.G.) [D1616] dar') [D1757] Use unknown (G.P.). Not khuhuqa (Qu.) Prepared in a tea to treat headaches (G.P.). by smell (B.G.). Verbena Ruiz & Pavon Aloysia scorodonioides (H.B.K.) Cham. var. lopez- hispida Ecuador to Chile and palacii Mold. Argentina. 3330-3810 m. trail and in old Cusco, Peru. Cuper, Along field. Pirqa Kachun, 3000-3300 m. Woody shrub rocky verbena on dry hillside. (Sp.) (B.C., G.P., G.S.) [DJ350, Name and use unknown (E.G., Am.Q., P.P., D1819] The is boiled in water; the water is C.R., G.S., U.I.) [K308] plant allowed to then used to wash Informants pointed out that this plant cool, the head for headache the was not pimpinilla (P.P.), lakre (usually result of too much (C.R.), kiyuna (C.R.), cedroncillo drinking trago 'cane The en- (E.G., Am.Q., G.S.), or nuqchu (Sp., alcohol') (B.G.). tire is rubbed on the to (E.G.). plant body cleanse and give strength for running Citharexylum pachyphyllum Mold. (G.P.). No Quechua name for this Southern Peru. plant was reported. Cuper, 3500-3600 m. Steep rocky slopes of Antakillqa hillside. VIOLACEAE murmunkis (Qu.?) (N.C., E.G., G.P.) [D1655] Viola pygmaea Juss. ex Poiret Wood used to make hoe handles; berries Southern Peru and Bolivia. provide a dye (G.P.). Our dye ex- Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Herb on steep rocky periments with this plant gave a blue slopes. green on wool with alum mordant in Cuper, 4200-4500 m. In shallow soil on slopes a neutral bath; pea green with alum of Antakillqa hillside at place called basic; and dull purple with alum acid. K'iqtuyuqpata and at summit of hill. q'ara maransiras (Qu., q'ara, Duranta afT. mandonii Mold. 'skin') [D1536] Colombia to Bolivia. wallpa wallpa (Qu., wallpa, 'chicken') (G.A., Cuper, 3500-3600 m. Spiny shrub on steep B.G., T.L., L.P., G.S.) [DJ536, rocky slopes of Antakillqa hill. D1701, F306] t'anqar (Qu.) (G.P.) [D1664] Only known use as browse for sheep (T.L., murmunkis (Qu.) (G.A., G.S.) [DI664] L.P., G.S.).

106 FIELDIANA: BOTANY Conclusion A different generalization did emerge. Many of these plants were considered to be useful, and in those cases, the female was more useful, stronger We do not treat here the complex system of in the desired character, more fertile in the sense classification of plants used by the people of of providing an essence of utility, be it a dye (Bi- Chinchero (see Franquemont, 1987). We briefly dens spp.), a defense (Ruta graveolens), or a tea describe, however, a single example to suggest the (Bartsia cf. bartsioides). The male plant then was nature of that logic, and to describe the chasm in weaker, sterile, infertile. These roles parallel other understanding that we, as investigators, had to aspects of this agricultural society in which the cross. Chinchero people identify a number of plants earth is considered to be female, in which (as in as having male or female gender (cf. Girault, 1 984, any other) female animals are worth more than p. 30). The data suggest that people think of most male animals because of their reproductive po- plants as bisexual. Plants present an array of sex tential. and gender configurations very different from those The life cycle of a plant that grows in our own which describe human beings. In the Quechua ex- woods provides a familiar illustration for the amples, 'male' or 'female' is the secondary term Chinchero concept of equivalence of fat and juice, in a two-part name, so that a plant can be referred fat and fertility, fat and female gender, and ulti- to simply by its name, one word, or if the occasion mately fat and beauty. The jack-in-the-pulpit (Ar- warrants, be further identified as 'male' or 'fe- isaema triphyllum) is sequentially hermaphrodit- male.' The Quechua words urqu ('male') and china ic: an individual plant regrows from its roots each ('female') are used to describe animals and some spring, taking either a male or a female form de- plants, but not people. The age-related Quechua pending on the nourishment it has received and terms used to describe people also specify their the moisture it has been able to store. During a sex, so that the addition of 'male' or 'female' would wet spring, the plant be well fed to be redundant. Chinchero people translate urqu and may enough take a female form, having stored the extra energy china directly to the Spanish macho 'male' and needed to support the fertility of female growth. hembra 'female,' which are used by primary Span- In another, dryer year, it may re-emerge as a male. ish-speakers to refer respectively to males of any Of course, we judge 'male' and 'female' in Arisae- age and to female children, as well as to animals. ma on the presence of male These terms are familiar to all Chinchero residents organs (producing pollen) or female organs (carrying seeds), a dis- and can be used interchangeably. tinction not generally recognized by Chinchero We were anxious to learn what Quechua gender people. But the plant's ontology also has parallels identifications of plants might reflect. Since we had with Quechua gender concepts. Quechua people not ever heard a Chinchero person explain plant associate female, and reproduction in sexual terms, we doubted that the logically fertility, swelling, fat, and describe a life-style of sequential her- designations were based on ideas of reproductive maphroditism for kiyawcha (several orchid species) roles. We first speculated that gender might just based on the size of a plant's water-bearing pseu- be a convenient designation for plants which had dobulb. two growth forms, an application of the handiest It is our hope that this work may serve as a basis dualism. We were not surprised to learn that most for further investigations by a wide range of re- male plants were tall and erect, while most female searchers into the many diverse topics of ethno- plants were (relatively) short and squat; for ex- botany. ample, Perezia pungens ('male') and Perezia pin- natifida ('female'). As a generalization, however, the "convenience" hypothesis did not prove true. Gender was not the only medium used to designate Acknowledgments varieties; some plants had four or five growth forms which were distinguished by environmental pref- A large number of people have worked to sup- erences, and sometimes only two forms were dis- port our study since its inception in 1982. Support tinguished in this way. Although gender was ap- for fieldwork was provided almost entirely by grants plied to a few plants which had more than one from EARTHWATCH, Inc., and the project was growth form but grew in the same general area, ably assisted by the following EARTHWATCH such an application was not universal, and many volunteers: Patricia Adakonis, Peter Alcorn, plants varied in ways which were not considered Deanna Alderman, Ellen Blosser, Margaret Buck, noteworthy. Helen Daly, Christine Heman, Gladys Howard,

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO 107 Susan Howard, Molly Hunter, Ernest Igou, Rob We are grateful to the institutions and individ- Lcmelson, Al Lovejoy, Eunice Lovejoy, Ruth uals who contributed to the publication fund for Mead, Karl Richards, Winifred Ross, Irene Sale- this volume: The World Wildlife Fund, Field Mu-

tan, and Anne Stockdale. Additional funding came seum of Natural History, Clark S. Robinson, Jr., from private sources, and grants to C. Franque- Clark S. Robinson III, and Robert Leathers and mont from the National Science Foundation, the Cheryl Nickel. U.S. E>epartment of Education (Fulbright), and the Social Science Research Council are gratefully ac- knowledged. We owe a great deal to the people of Chinchero who generously shared their lives and knowledge with us, among them, Guadelupe Alvarez, An- WWF gelica Concha, Adela Callanaupa, Nilda Callan- aupa, Vicente Callanaupa, Jeronimo Cusihuaman, Melchior Cusihuaman, Jose Cusihuaman, Lucia Literature Cited Gomez, the late Benita Gutierrez, the late Anisette Huaman, Maria Huaman, Lorenzo Huaman, Oc- ALCINA FRANCH, JOSE. 1976. Arqueologia de Chinch- tavio Huaman, Tomas Huaman, Simeona Jaimes, ero. Vol. 1, La Arquitectura. Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores, Madrid. Teodora Livita, Graciano Pumaaylli, Lorenzo Pu- ALCORN, JANIS. 1984. Huastec Mayan Ethnobotany. maaylli, Pedro Pablo Pumayalli, A. Quillahua- University of Texas Press, Austin, 982 pp. man, Amerigo Q., Cipriana Quispe, Genovevo BASTIEN, JOSEPH. 1982. Herbal curing by Qollahuaya Sallo, and the late Julian Sallo, and in Cusco, Lucio Andeans. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 6: 13-28. Cusihuaman. For and support in the sponsorship BERLIN, BRENT, D. E. BREEDLOVE, AND P. H. RAVEN. like to field, we would thank Emma Cerrate and 1974. Principles of Tzeltal Plant Classification. Ac- Magda Chanco of the Museo de Historia Natural ademic Press, New York, 660 pp. 'Javier Prado' in Lima; Manuel Chavez Ballon of BRISTOL, MELVIN L. 1 968. Sibundoy Agricultural Vege- 575-602. Actas Memorias del 37 Con- the University of Cusco. tation, pp. y greso Internacional de Americanistas, vol. 2. Buenos The staff of Field Museum worked very hard to Aires. complete this study. We would especially like to BRUNEL, GILES R. 1975. Variation in Quechua folk thank Matekaitis and Michael Dillon of Penny biology. Ph.D. diss., University of California, Berke- Field Museum, as well as the many other spe- ley, 268 pp. cialists who identified plants: I. Al-Shebazz, D. F. BRUSH, STEPHEN B. 1977. Mountain, Field and Family: Austin, F. Ayala, R. Barneby, F. Barrie, K. Bar- The Economy and Human Ecology of an Andean Val- ley. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, ringer, R. Callejas, E. Christenson, L. Constance, 199pp. J. Cuatrecasas, G. Davidse, L. T. Dempster, C. H. BRUSH, STEPHEN B., H. J. CARNEY, AND Z. HUAMAN. Dodson, T. Duncan, J. Engel, R. B. Faden, P. 1981. Dynamics of Andean potato agriculture. Eco- V. Fryxell, Funk, R. E. Gereau, D. Griffin, R. M. nomic Botany, 35: 70-88. Harley, J. Henrich, M. J. Huft, A. T. Hunziker, CARDENAS, MARTIN. 1969. Manual de plantas econ- C. Jeffrey, S. Keel, R. M. King, S. Knapp, T. Koy- omicas de Bolivia. Imp. Icthus, Cochabamba, Bolivia, 421 ama, S. Laegaard, E. Landolt, J. Luteyn, H. E. pp. Luther, A. Meerow, U. Molau, H. Moldenke, M. CARTER, WILLIAM E. 1978. Traditional Use of Coca Leaf in Bolivia: Multidisciplinary Study, Final Report. Nee, E. Norman, P. Ponce de Leon, M. Poston, J. Museo Nacional de Etnografia y Folklore, La Paz, 269 S. Pringle, P. Raven, R. Rollins, B. R. Simpson, pp. Singer, D. N. Smith, L. Smith, D. D. W. Soejarto, . 1980. Coca in Bolivia. UFLA/NIDA: TU- D. Stevens, R. G. Stolze, B. L. Turner, W. L. Wag- TAPI. ner, J. Wurdack, and A. D. Zimmerman. COBO, BERNABE. 1891 (1654). Historia del Nuevo The authors would like to acknowledge the help Mundo. Sociedad de Bibliofilos Andaluces, Madrid, 4 vols. of Richard Evans Schultes; Lawrence Carpenter CONTRERAS HERNANDEZ, JESUS. 1985. Subsistencia, (for Quechua); Robin Foster; the Bailey Horto- ritual y poder en los Andes. Editorial Mitre, Barcelona, rium, in particular, the late Michael Whalen, San- Spain, 224 pp. dra Knapp, and Bob Dirig; and of Tom Holloway, CORRELL, DONOVAN S. 1962. The Potato and Its Wild Lourdes Brache and Billie Jean Isbell of the Cor- Relatives. Texas Research Foundation, Renner, Tex- nell Latin American Studies Program, especially as, 606 pp. for computer support. DAVIS, E. WADE, AND J. YOST. 1983. The ethnobotany

108 FIELDIANA: BOTANY ofthe Waorani of eastern Ecuador. Botanical Museum Maize in Peru. National Academy of Sciences, Na- Leaflets, 29: 159-217. tional Research Council Publication 915, Washington, FISHER, WENDY. 1976. An ethnobotanical study: Me- D.C. dicinal plants of highland Peru. B.A. thesis, Pomona HERRERA GARMENDIA, FORTUNATO L. 1933a. La du- College, Claremont, Calif., 84 pp. [copy in Field Mu- plicacion de las voces en la nomenclature indigena. seum of Natural History]. Revista del Museo Nacional (Lima), 2: 3-8.

FORD, RICHARD I., ED. 1978. The Nature and Status . 1933b. Nomenclature binaria indigena. Re- of Ethnobotany. Anthropological Papers No. 67. Mu- vista del Museo Nacional (Lima), 2: 131-136. seum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann 1937. Botanistas de fines del siglo XVIII. Re- Arbor, 428 pp. vista del Museo Nacional (Lima), 6: 95-124.

FRANQUEMONT, CHRISTINE R. 1979. Watching, watch- . 1938. Plantas que curan y plantas que matan ing, counting, counting. Human Nature, March. de la flora del Departamento del Cuzco. Revista del Museo Nacional 9: 73-128. . 1 982. The Chinchero center for traditional cul- (Lima), ture. Cultural Survival Quarterly, 6: 26. -. 1939. Catalogo alfabetico de los nombres vul- cientificos de las existen en el Peru. -. 1986. Chinchero Pallays: An Ethnic Code, pp. gares y plantas que Universidad San 363 331-338. In Rowe, Ann P., ed., The Junius B. Bird Marcos, Lima, pp. Conference on Andean Textiles. The Textile Museum, -. 1 940a. Investigaciones de la flora del Cuzco y Washington, D.C. estado actual de nuestros conocimientos acerca de ella. Revista del Museo Nacional 10: 78-90. -. 1987. Chinchero plant categories: An Andean (Lima), logic of observation. Ph.D. diss., Cornell University, -. 1 940b. Enumeration de algunos nombres que- Ithaca, N.Y., 223 pp. chuas atendiendo a su silaba terminal. Revista del Museo Nacional 10: 189-200. -. In press. Learning to weave in Chinchero. In (Lima),

Lechtman, Heather, and A. M. Soldi, eds. La tecno- . 1941. Sinopsis de la Flora del Cusco. en el mundo andino: logia Runakunap Kawsaynink- . 1942. Glosario. Nomenclature fisica de las vol. 2. Institute de upag Rurasqankunaqa, Investiga- plantas del Cuzco atendiendo a la indole de las lenguas ciones Universidad Nacional Antropologicas, de su origen. Revista del Museo Nacional (Lima), 12: Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City. 41-60.

. 1982. FRANQUEMONT, EDWARD M Reserved shed peb- JOHNS, TIMOTHY A., AND G. H. N. TOWERS. 1981. Is- ble weave in 43-53. In Peru, pp. Rogers, Nora, and othiocyanates and thioureas in enzyme hydrolysis of M. Stanley, eds., In Celebration of the Curious Mind: Tropaeolum tuberosum. Phytochemistry, 20: 2687- A Festschrift To Honor Anne Blinks on Her 80th 2689. Birthday. Interweave Press, Loveland, Colo. JOHNS, TIMOTHY, AND S. L. KEEN. 1 986. Ongoing evo-

. 1983. call it Why do you think they Moray? lution of the potato on the altiplano ofwestern Bolivia. Paper presented at the 23rd Annual Meeting of the Economic Botany, 40: 409-424. Institute of Andean Studies, Calif. Berkeley, KING, STEVEN R. 1982. Estudio Preliminar de la et- -. 1987. The threads of time, pp. 81-92. InSche- nofarmacologia tredicional y la salud general de los vill, Margot, ed., Costume as Communication. Haf- Angotero-Secoya del Norte del Peru. Amazonia Per- fenreffer Museum of Brown University, Providence, uana, 3: 39^9. R.I. . 1988. Economic botany of the Andean tuber FRANQUEMONT, EDWARD M., AND C. R. FRANQUEMONT. crop complex: Lepidium meyenii, Oxalis tuberosa, 1986. Hem ia Gutierrez: Perfection was her only sig- Tropaeolum tuberosum and Ullucus tuberosus. Ph.D. of ofFolk and nature. A Report. [Journal the] Museum diss., City University of New York, New York. Craft Art, Los Angeles. KING, STEVEN R., AND S. N. GERSHOFF. 1987. Nutri-

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110 FIELDIANA: BOTANY Index of Local Names

Local name Local name Local name Latin name Family eucalipto, eucalistu Eucalyptus globulus Myrtaceae fawka Flourensia polycephala Compositae f r in i 1 la frill i I la Fuchsia apetala Onagraceae frutilla. k'ita trut ilia Fragaria vesca Rosaceae granadillas Passiflora pinnatistipula Passifloraceae habas Viciafaba Leguminosae paluqu habas puquchun habas puka habas q'umir habas habas blancas haminqay pampa haminqay Lysipomia laciniata var. laciniata Campanulaceae hanq'as Lupinus cf. hornemanii Leguminosae Lupinus prostratus Lupinus aff. prostratus Bartsia sp., prob. nov. Scrophulariaceae hataqllu Myriophyllum quitense Halorrhagidaceae hinojo Foeniculum vulgare Umbelliferae husqa Dalea exilis Leguminosae wana husqa Astragalus weddellianus pampa husqa Dalea pazensis huwisk'i Erdisia aff. erecta Cactaceae ichu Brachypodium mexicanum Gramineae Calamagrostis glacialis Festuca dolichophylla Festuca sublimis Nasella aff. linearifolia Nasella pubiflora iri ichu Stipa ichu ichu ichu Sisyrinchium junceum Iridaceae Sisyrinchium laxum Local name Local name Latin name Family

luraypu Echeveria aff. chiclensis Crassulaceae Echeveria aff. peruviana

macha macha Pernettya prostrata Ericaceae maki maki Plagiochasma rupestre Hepaticae: Aytoniaceae Athalamia andina Hepaticae: Cleveaceae Peltigera polydactyla Lichen: Peltigeraceae Peltigera praetextata Sticta aff. boliviano Lichen: Stictaceae Lunularia cruciata Hepaticae: Lunulariaceae malvas Malva parviflora Malvaceae manka p'aki Stevia rhombifolia var. stephanacoma Compositae Mirabilis prostrata Nyctaginaceae man ka paki Viguiera procumbens Compositae Eupatoriwn sternbergianum

man/an. i Malus sylvestris Rosaceae manzanilla Matricaria recutita Compositae maransiras Sp. indet. Compositae Lobelia tenera Campanulaceae q'ara maransiras Viola pygmaea Violaceae margaritas Leucanthemum vulgare Compositae Werneria pygmaea Werneria villosa markhu Ambrosia artemisioides Compositae matiqllu Ranunculus breviscapus Ranunculaceae maych'a hayaq maych'a Eupatorium pentlandianum Compositae Senecio rudbeckiifolius Eupatorium cuzcoense llamaq mikhuna maych'a Senecio parvocapitatus Senecio rudbeckiifolius maych'a maych'a qhura Arcytophyllum thymifolium Rubiaceae mejorana

puma m i khurana Castilleja pumila Scrophulariaceae Veronica persica pampa mikhurana michi michi Draba aff. D. cuzcoensis Cruciferae Nasturtium officinale mirminada Verbena hayekii Verbenaceae molle Schinus molle Anacardiaceae mostaza Brassica aff. B. nigra or B. juncea Cruciferae mostazilla

mayu mostazilla Nasturtium officinale Cruciferae Sisymbrium cf. oleraceum much'u khuchi much'u Juncus imbricatus Juncaceae caballuq muchun Juncus tenuis var. platycaulos mullaka Muehlenbeckia vulcanica Polygonaceae muna Minthostachys glabrescens Labiatae muqu muqu Cyperus hermaphroditus Cyperaceae Baccharis genistelloides Compositae Mirabilis prostrata Nyctaginaceae murmunkis Citharexylum pachyphyllum Verbenaceae muthuy Senna versicolor Leguminosae

nabo Brassica campestris Cruciferae naranja naranja Ephedra americana Gymno: Ephedraceae negro uman Eryngium weberbaueri Umbelliferae niwa Cortaderia jubata Gramineae Cortaderia sp. (sect. Cortaderid) Lamprothyrsus hieronymi q usi niwa Lamprothyrsus hieronymi Muhlenbergia rigida Bothriochloa saccharoides

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO 115 Local name Local name Latin name Family papa yana mariba (papa) yana papa: papa Clones yana suytu (papa) yana wiraqucha (papa) yungay (papa) virundis atuq papa Solatium acaule Solatium tuberosum paqpa Local name Latin name Family

pimpinilla Metastelma sp. Asclepiadaceae puna pimpinilla Lalhyrus longipes qhishwa pimpinilla Chenopodium ambrosioides Chenopodiaceae pinku pinku Arcytophyllum thymifolium Rubiaceae Krameria lappacea Krameriaceae Ephedra americana Ephedraceae pinqayllikista Gentiana persquarrosa Gentianaceae Gentiana microphylla piris piris Salpichroa gayi Solanaceae Clematis seemannii Ranunculaccae puka t'ika Dahlia pinnata Compositae putaqllanku Sicyos baderoa Cucurbitaceae puya puya Nothoscordum fictile Liliaceae q'armatu Nicotiana tomentosa Solanaceae Senecio herrerae Compositae q'ira Astragalus garbancillo Leguminosae q'umu q u mu Luzula racemosa Juncaceae q'utu q'utu Cyclanthera brachybotrys Cucurbitaceae q'uya Festuca sublimis Gramineae qalaywala Elaphoglossum aff. petiolatwn Fern: Dryopteridaceae Polypodium angustifolium var. angustifolium Polypodiaceae pampa qalaywala Elaphoglossum sp. Fern: Dryopteridaceae qhishwa qalaywala Polypodium crassifolium Polypodiaceae china qalaywala Elaphoglossum sp. Fern: Dryopteridaceae urqun qalaywala Elaphoglossum sp. Fern: Dryopteridaceae qantu Cantua buxifolia Polemoniaceae puka qantu qhillu qantu qhitu qhitu Gamochaeta spicata Compositae Gnaphalium mandonii hembra qhitu qhitu Gamochaeta spicata macho quitu qhitu qhura aqha aqha qhura Salpichroa glandulosa ssp. glandulosa Solanaceae ashnaq qhura Ranunculus praemorsus var. praemorsus Ranunculaceae asnaq qhura Sigesbeckia jorullensis Compositae khanan khanan qhura Sigesbeckia jorullensis uq'i qhura Sigesbeckia jorullensis Galinsoga mandonii Compositae paya paya qhura Relbunium croceum ssp. involucratum Rubiaceae Nicotiana tomentosa Solanaceae piki piki qhura Quinchamalium procumbens Santalaceae q'umu q'umu qhura Sisyrinchium laxum Iridaceae suytu qhura Eupatorium volkensii Compositae Bartsia sp. Scrophulariaceae suytu suytu qhura Baccharis serrulata Compositae qhuracha Galinsoga mandonii qimsa kuchu Baccharis genistelloides Compositae qiyuna Polylepis besseri Rosaceae Polylepis incana quinua Chenopodium quinoa Chenopodiaceae k'ita quinua Chenopodium quinoa ssp. milleanum ruyaq quinua Chenopodium quinoa quncha Pleurocollybia cibaria Fungi: Tricholomataceae mka quncha Genus unknown Fungi llanka quncha Pleurocollybia aff. cibaria qusmayllo Solanum arequipense Solanaceae Solanum glandulosipilosum qusmayllu wayq'u Solanum ochrophyllum quwimira Erodium cicutarium Geraniaceae

rakha rakha Arracacia peruviana Umbelliferae

118 FIELDIANA: BOTANY Local name I .11 in name Family rakhacha Arracacia aequatorialis Umbelliferae Arracacia xanthorrhiza k'ita rakhacha Arracacia peruviana puna rakhacha raki raki Asplenium monanthes Fem: Aspleniaceae Cystopteris fragilis Fern: Dryopteridaceae Polystichum cochleatum Polystichum montevidense Polystichum orbiculatum Cheilanthes marginata Fern: Pteridaceae Cheilanthes pruinata Thelypteris glandulosolanosa Fern: Thelypteridaceae Thelypteris nitens Thelypteris rufa mayupi raki raki Thelypteris nitens Fern: Thelypteridaceae pampa raki raki Cystopteris fragilis Fern: Dryopteridaceae urqun raki raki Cheilanthes marginata Fern: Pteridaceae rama. grama Pennisetum clandestinum Gramineae ramos ramos Bomarea dulcis Amaryllidaceae Bomarea andimarcana Bomarea ovata ramos de la quebrada Bomarea dulcis rata rata Galium aparine Rubiaceae Galium weberbaueri Relbunium croceum ssp. involucratum retama Spartium junceum Leguminosae ruda Ruta graveolens Rutaceae qhishwa ruda Eremocharis triradiata Umbelliferae ruphu Urocarpidium shepardae Malvaceae ruq'a Opuntia sp. Cactaceae q'ara ruq'a inka ruq'a ruk'i Colletia spinosissima Rhamnaceae riiriilillu Datura stramonium ssp. ferox Solanaceae sail! pupuha Saxifraga magellanica Saxifragaceae salvahina Tillandsia usneoides Bromeliaceae salvia Lepechinia meyenii Labiatae salvia del cerro Tillandsia recurvata Bromeliaceae salvia nuqchu Salvia oppositiflora Labiatae salwahi Tillandsia usneoides Bromeliaceae sambho quluta Monnina amarella Polygalaceae san borja puna san borgue Onoseris albicans Compositae sangra sangra Descurainia myriophyllum Cruci ferae Descurainia titicacensis urqun sangra sangra Brassica campestris santa lucia Artemisia absinthium Compositae santa mayra Tanacetum parthenium Compositae sara Zea mays Gramineae sara sara Anthericum eccremorrhizum Liliaceae Aa matthewsii Orchidaceae Altensteinia elliptica Chloraea reticulata Malaxis excavata Valeriana coarctata Valerianaceae Valeriana micropterina Commelina tuberosa Commelinaceae sauk'u Sambucus peruviana Caprifoliaceae saya saya Oenothera versicolor Onagraceae silk'iwa Bidens pilosa Compositae sima Festuca quadridentata Gramineae Poa aff. horridula

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO 119 Local name Local name General Index

List of generic, family (capitalized), and local (italicized) names.

Aa87 Astragalus 14, 79 Cantua91 Acaena 94 Athalamia 35 CAPRIFOLIACEAE 48 Acalypha 67 Avena 27, 70 Capsella 64 Acaulimalva 85 avena 70 capuli 12, 27, 95 achanqharas 45 awarunkhu 46 Cardiospermum 96 achira 19, 48 awilmantu 100 cartucho 99 achupaylla 46 ayaq t'ika 97 CARYOPHYLLACEAE 48 achuqcha 65 ayaq waqtan 33, 39 Castilleja 98 Aciachne 10, 69 ayllu(s)5,7-9, 11, 15, 18, 29 cebada 27, 72 Acicarpha 47 ayni 9 cebolla cebolla 62, 76 Adesmia 79 AYTONIACEAE 35 cedron cedron 106 Adiantum 38 Azolla 39 Cerastium 49 Agave 41 Azorella 103 Cestrum 99 Agropyron 70 Cetrariastrum 33 ahinhus (ajenjd) 52 ch'ankil 75 albergas (arvejas) 27, 82 ch'apuch'apu 34 alfaSl Baccharis 52 ch'ini phuytu 98 alfalfa 80-81 Barnadesia 16, 53 ch'iqu ch'iqu 105 Allocarya 45 BARTRAMIACEAE 35 ch'ullku(s) 80, 84, 88 allpalla 33 Bartsia 98, 107 ch'ullqu(s) 88 Alonsoa 96 BASELLACEAE 42 ch'unu 19-22, 102 Alopecurus 70 Begonia 45 chachaquma 96 alosima 79 BEGONIACEAE 45 chawi chawi 105 Aloysia 106 BERBERIDACEAE 45 Cheilanthes 38 Alstroemeria 41 Berberis 45 CHENOPODIACEAE 49 Altensteinia 87 Bidens 16, 53, 107 Chenopodium 19, 49 Alternanthera 41 BIGNONIACEAE 45 chichira 64 amapolas del campo 89 bolsa bolsa 64 chili chili vii, 68-69, 93, 104 AMARANTHACEAE 41 Bomarea 4 1 chilka 53 Amaranthus 23 BORAGINACEAE 45 china china 59 AMARYLLIDACEAE 41 Bothriochloa 70 chinchamali 78 ambar ambar 42, 66, 82 baton baton 93 chinchirkuma 58 AMBLYSTEGIACEAE 34 Bougueria 9 1 chiqchi 45 ambrosacha 59 Boussingaultia 25, 42 chiqchipa 60 Ambrosia 16, 51 Bowlesia 103 chiqllumdy 66 Amsmckia 45 Brachyotum 86 chiqllurway 66 ana panku 99 Brachypodium 10, 71 Chloraea 88 ana panqu 47 Brassica 11,20,25,64 CHROOCOCCACEAE 34 ANACARDIACEAE 42 Breutelia 35 Chuquiraga 55 Anacystis 34 BROMELIACEAE 46 cilantro 93, 105 Anemone vii, 93 Brugmansia 99 Cirsium 55 angel tawna 84 Buddleja 5, 25, 85 Citharexylum 106 anw (anis) 62 buton buton 104 clavel 92 Anthericum 17, 83 Clematis 93 afiu 19, 102 CLEVEACEAE 35 Aphanactis 5 1 coca 66 aqha qupisun 92, 105 cobra cobra 42 coca coca 5 1 aquy k'aqka 105 CACTACEAE 47 cola de caballo 40 Arcytophyllum 95 Caiophora 84 Colignonia 86 Arenaria 48 Calamagrostis 10, 71 Colletia 93 Argemone 89 Calandrinia 92 Cologania 80 Arisaema 107 Calceolaria 98 Columellia 50 Aristeguiet ia 5 1 Calendula 54 COLUMELLIACEAE 50 Arracacia 19, 22, 103 CALYCERACEAE 47 Commelina 51 Artemisia 5 1 campanilla 87 COMMELINACEAE 51 ASCLEPIADACEAE 42 CAMPANULACEAE 47 COMPOSITAE51 aselgas 92 Campyloneuron 37 CONVOLVULACEAE 63 ASPLENIACEAE 36 Canna 19, 22, 48 Conyza 55 Asplenium 36 CANNACEAE 48 Cora 34

122 FIELDIANA: BOTANY corbojo 78 EUPHORBIACEAE 67 inca coca 38-39 Coriandrum 103 Evemiopsis 34 Ipomoea 63 Cortaderia 12, 71 Iresine 4 1 Cosmos 55 IRIDACEAE 76 CRASSULACEAE 63 isphinhuy 5 1 Crotalaria 80 faena 9 CRUCIFERAE 64 fawka 56 CUCURBITACEAE 65 Festuca 10-11, 71 CUNONIACEAE 65 Flourensia 56 JUGLANDACEAE 77 Cuscuta 63 Foeniculum 104 Juglans 77 Cyclanthera 65 Fragaria 94 JUNCACEAE 77 CYPERACEAE 65 frutilla 94 Juncus 11, 77 Cynanchum 42 frutilla frutilla 17, 87 Jungia 57 Cyperus 65 Fuchsia 1 7, 87 Cystopteris 36

k'anlli 60 Galinsoga 56 k'aqlla 47 Dahlia 55 Galium 95 Kakeneckia 94 Dalea 80 Gamochaeta 56 kamasayri 100 Datura 99 Gentiana 67 kampachu 99 Daucus 103 GENTIANACEAE 67 kanchalawa 59 Dennstaedtia 36 Gentianella 11, 68 karwinchu 89 DENNSTAEDTIACEAE 36 GERANIACEAE 68 khallampa 32 Descuramia 64 Geranium vii, 68 khana 58, 60 Dianthus 49 Gnaphalium 56 khisa 60, 75, 84, 104 Dichondra 63 Gomphrena 4 1 khishqa 47, 55, 99 Dioscorea 66 GRAMINEAE 69 khishqa khishqa 99 DIOSCOREACEAE 66 granadillas 89 khuchi khuchi 42, 83, 88 DIPLOSCHISTACEAE 33 Grindelia 57 khunuqa 79 Diploschistes 18, 33 GUTTIFERAE 74 khuytu 50 Distichlis 7 1 GYROPHORACEAE 33 khuyu 65, 77 Draba 64 kiku 53, 93 DRYOPTERIDACEAE 36 kipalvu 4 1 Dumortiera 36 kiswar 85 Dunalia 99 habas 83 kiwicha 23 Duranta 106 Hackelia 46 kiyawcha 88 duraznillo 86 55, Halenia 25, 68 Krameria 78 durazno 95 HALORRHAGIDACEAE 75 KRAMERIACEAE 78 durazno durazno 95 48 hamingay kunquna 63, 90 17 hampi kuychi kuychi 63 hanq 'as 80-81, 98 hataqllu 75 Echeveria 63 Hebecladus 100 ELAEOCARPACEAE 66 Hedeoma 78 36 LABIATAE 78 Elaphoglossum Heliopsis 57 Elodea 75 Lachemilla 94 Heliotropium 46 40 lucre 48 Ephedra Hesperomeles 94 EPHEDRACEAE 40 lacre lacre 99, 106 Hesperoxiphion 76 1 annum 78 Epidendrum 88 Hieracium 57 Epilobium 86 Lamprothyrsus 72 hinojo 104 40 Lathyrus 80 EQUISETACEAE Hordeum 27, 72 40 62 Equisetum husqa 80 layu 47 82 Erdisia huwisk'i 47 layu layu leche leche 63 Eremocharis 103 HYDROCHARITACEAE 75 ERICACEAE 66 LEGUMINOSAE 79 Hydrocotyle vii, 104 Lemna 83 Erodium 68 HYDROPHYLLACEAE 75 104 LEMNACEAE 83 Eryngium 25, Hypericum 74 ERYTHROXYLACEAE 66 Lepechinia 78 Hypochoeris 57 66 Lepidium 64 Erythroxylum Hypotrachyna 33 Escallonia 96 Lepista 32 Hypoxis 1 7, 42 escobilla 55 Leucanthemum 57 Hypseocharis 16, 88 eucalipto 86 LILIACEAE 83 eucalistu 86 LINACEAE 84 Eucalyptus 86 Linum 84 Eupatorium 56 ichu 71-73 lirio 76 Euphorbia 25, 67 ichu ichu 11 lisa(s) 19,43

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO 123 Lithospermum 46 molle 42 p'isqu sillum 49 llanten llanten 88 Monnina 92 p'isqu sisaq 42 llaqhi 92 Morchella 32 pachakuti 58 Hawlli 53, 55 MORCHELLACEAE 32 paku yunqi 69 lluki 94 Moschopsis 47 pampa 11-13 llullu 64 mostaza 64 papa 19, 102 //W//MC/W 34 mostazilla 65 PAPAVERACEAE 89

//<7'; //w<7'/ 84 much'u 77 paqpa 4 1 //M//IM lluthu 47 Muehlenbeckia 92 Paranephelius 58 //MM //Mtfw 94 Muhlenbergia 72 paraqay 86 Loasa 84 mullaka 92 PARMELIACEAE 33 LOASACEAE 84 muna 78 Paronychia 49 Lobelia 47 Munnozia 58 Passiflora 12, 27, 89 Lobivia 47 muqu muqu 52, 65, 86 PASSIFLORACEAE 89 LOGANIACEAE 85 murmunkis 106 pasto 39, 57, 64-65, 70, 72-73, 76 Lolium 72 muthuy 82 pata kaqra 60 lomo lomo 88 Mutisia 58 pavitos 80, 82 Lunularia 35 muyuy 10 paya paya 59, 100 LUNULARIACEAE 35 Myriophyllum 75 payqu 41, 49 Lupinus 19, 81 MYRTACEAE 86 Pellaea 39 luraypu 63 Peltigera 33 Luzula 77 PELTIGERACEAE 33 Lycianthes 100 Pennisetum 72 LYCOPODIACEAE 40 nabo 64 Penstemon 99 40 Lycopodium 40 naranja naranja Peperomia22, 91 Nasella 10, 72 Lysipomia 48 perejil 46, 104 Nasturtium 64 Perezia 58, 107 uman 104 negro Pernettya 66 mocha mocha 66 Nicandra 100 Phacelia 76 Nicotiana 12, 17, 100 maize 1 1 phalcha 67-68 104 maki maki 33, 35 Niphogeton phalcha phalcha 67 niwa 70-72 Malaxis 88 phanti 55, 58 qhura 73 Malus 27, 94 niwaq Phaseolus 8 1 77 Malva 85 nogal phuya phuya 84 Nostoc 34 MALVACEAE 85 piki piki 52 malvas 85 NOSTOCACEAE 34 Pilea 104 Notholaena 39 manay 10 pilli 57-58, 61, 75 Nothoscordum 84 manka p'aki (paki) 56, 60, 62, 86 pimpinilla 42, 49, 80 Nototriche 85 manzana 94 10-11, pinku pinku 40, 78, 95 nudo nudo 52 manzanilla 58 pinqayllikista 67 99 maransiras 48, 63, 106 nukhaw PIPERACEAE 90 82, 101 Marchantia 36 nunumiya piris piris 93, 100 93 MARCHANTIACEAE 36 hunupunqa 63, 67, Pisum 27, 82 margaritas 58, 62 nuqchuW, 78,91,98 Plagiochasma 35 86 Margyricarpus 94 NYCTAGINACEAE Plagiomnium 35 markhu 5 1 PLANTAGINACEAE 91 Masdevallia 88 Plantago 9 1 Mastigostyla 76 Pleurocollybia 33 oca 19, 88 matiqllu 93 PLUMBAGINACEAE 91 oca oca 88 Matricana 58 9 1 Oenothera 87 Plumbago maway 20 Poa73 ONAGRACEAE 86 maych'a 56, 59 POLEMONIACEAE 91 Oncidium 88 Medicago 8 1 POLYGALACEAE 92 Onoseris 58 mejorana 98-99 POLYGONACEAE 92 Opuntia 47 MELASTOMATACEAE 86 94 ORCHIDACEAE 87 Polylepis 5, 25, Melica 72 POLYPODIACEAE 37 Oreomyrrhis 105 Melilotus 8 1 Polypodium 25, 38 Oritrophium 58 Mentzelia 84 73 ORTHOTRICHACEAE 35 Polypogon Metastelma 42 37 104 Polystichum michi michi 65 ortiga PORTULACACEAE 92 OXALIDACEAE 88 Mimulus 99 potato 12, 19 Oxalis 19, 88 minkha 9 Prunus 12, 27, 95 Minthostachys 19, 78 Psoralea 82 Mirabilis 86 PTERIDACEAE 38 mirminada 106 p'irqa 53, 56-57, 60, 100 Pteris 39 MNIACEAE 35 p'ispita 67 puka t'ika 55

124 FIELDIANA: BOTANY puna 10 lucia 5 1 tayanqa 53 putaqllanku 65 mayra 60 Tecoma 45 Puya 46 SANTALACEAE 96 TELOSCHISTACEAE 33 puya puya 84 SAPINDACEAE 96 Teloschistes 33 sara 74 Thalictrum 93 sara jara 51, 83, 87-88, 105 THELEPHORACEAE 34 Saracha 101 THELYPTERIDACEAE 40 q'armatu 59, 100 Sarcostemma 42 Thelypteris 40 q'ira 79 Satureja 79 Tillandsia 46 q'umu q'umu 77 sauk'u 48 tintin 89

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO 125 wallwa 82 winku siki 34 yerba de billarga 57, 88 wamanpito 51 winku winku 62-63 yerba de cancer 79 waranway 45 winay wayna 40, 46 yunqu 35 wayo'untuy 46 vwra q'uyd 58 ywyoy hapichinkiy t'ika 62 wayrakuma 58 Woodsia 37 waysillu 87 Weinmannia 65 Werneria 10, 62 zapatillas 98 wihuhu 47, 82 Xanthoparmelia 33 Zea 21, 74 w/7a w/7a 57 Zinnia 62 wilk'u 63, 80 Zygodon 35 willk'u63, 81

, 100 yana waqta 36 66 yawar ch'unqa 49, 56, 86-87, 100

126 FIELDIANA: BOTANY

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