The Reception of Christine De Pizan in Fifteenth-Century England
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University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2018 Women, Reading, And Literary Culture: The Reception Of Christine De Pizan In Fifteenth-Century England Sarah Wilma Watson University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Women's Studies Commons Recommended Citation Watson, Sarah Wilma, "Women, Reading, And Literary Culture: The Reception Of Christine De Pizan In Fifteenth-Century England" (2018). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 2956. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2956 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2956 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Women, Reading, And Literary Culture: The Reception Of Christine De Pizan In Fifteenth-Century England Abstract This dissertation challenges the concept of literary communities defined yb national boundaries, arguing that men and women in late-medieval England imagined themselves as members of a transcontinental, multilingual reading group. To this end, I investigate the cross-channel circulation of works by Christine de Pizan (1364-c.1430), a Parisian author who is often described as the first professional woman writer in the West. Through extensive archival research in London, Oxford, Cambridge, and New York, I uncover Christine de Pizan’s influence on English literary history, demonstrating how Christine’s love lyrics, political manuals, and proto-feminist texts were read and shared among readers in England. I consider the insular reception of Christine’s texts as part of a larger translatio of French literature to England, a cultural exchange facilitated by the Hundred Years War (1337-1453) and mediated by the physical transfer of books and people across the English Channel. Through a study of this mobile literature, my dissertation examines a transcontinental community of women readers, arguing that these readers were joined not only by their common experiences as women but also by a shared identity as members of an international aristocratic society. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group English First Advisor David Wallace Keywords Anglo-French, Christine de Pizan, Literary Culture, Medieval, Reading, Women Subject Categories Women's Studies This dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2956 WOMEN, READING, AND LITERARY CULTURE: THE RECEPTION OF CHRISTINE DE PIZAN IN FIFTEENTH-CENTURY ENGLAND Sarah Wilma Watson A DISSERTATION in English Presented to the Faculties of the University of Pennsylvania in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2018 Supervisor of Dissertation _____________________________ David Wallace , Judith Rodin Professor of English Graduate Group Chairperson _____________________________ David L. Eng, Richard L. Fisher Professor of English Dissertation Committee Emily Steiner, Professor of English Kevin Brownlee, Professor of Romance Languages WOMEN, READING, AND LITERARY CULTURE: THE RECEPTION OF CHRISTINE DE PIZAN IN FIFTEENTH-CENTURY ENGLAND COPYRIGHT 2018 Sarah Wilma Watson iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I could not have completed this project without the generous support of friends, family, advisors mentors, colleagues, and institutions. Generous institutional support for this project has been provided by a King’s College Fellowship from the University of Pennsylvania, a Schallek Award from the Medieval Academy of America, and a Mellon Council for European Studies Dissertation Completion Fellowship. My archival research was also supported by innumerable kind and helpful staff members and librarians at various libraries and universities. I am enormously grateful to the supportive academic community at and beyond Penn, a group of scholars and colleagues that have provided indispensable encouragement and feedback throughout the project. I have received support from the Medieval- Renaissance Seminar at Penn, the Penn Paleography Group, and the Penn Gender, Sexuality, and Women’s Studies Research Colloquium. I have also benefited from scholars who generously responded to my work at conferences including the ICMS in Kalamazoo, the conference of the International Christine de Pizan Society, the International Congress of the John Gower Society and the Early Book Society, and the International Women in French Conference. The successful completion of this project was also made possible by the support of graduate students and early-career scholars. I am grateful for the friendship and comradery of my cohort-mates, Erika Harman and Najnin Islam, and for the fellowship and mentorship provided by Mariah Min, Samantha Pious, Daniel Davies, Anna Lyman, Jacqueline Burek, Dianne Mitchell, Carissa Harris, and Marissa Nicossia. I would especially like to thank two of my closest friends and colleagues, Scott Miller and Liza Strakhov. Scott has infused my work with rich information and methods from his discipline of art history and Liza has been an inexhaustible mentor, fueling my interest in Anglo- French studies and helping me to develop the stakes of my project. Over the years, Scott and Liza have been the source of passionate scholarly conversations and exciting moments of insight. I could not have completed this project without the energizing support and unfailing guidance of my committee. I am enormously grateful to Emily Steiner for her sharp, organizing eye that helped me to see the shape of my project and to Kevin Brownlee for his expertise and never-ending enthusiasm. The influence of David Wallace on this project is difficult to describe yet central and ubiquitous. Very often I found myself following a thread pointed out to me by David and would find a tapestry of exciting insights and questions. I owe much to David’s intellectual intuition, careful guidance, and thoughtful comments. I feel extremely lucky to have had the opportunity to work with these three incredible scholars. Finally, I am grateful to family, friends, and pets, outside of academia. Throughout the project I have benefited from the inquisitive interest of my mother, the enthusiasm of my father, and the warm, grounding, purring presence of my calico cat Madeline (who sits in my lap at this very moment). I am especially grateful to my husband, Ryan, for his emotional and intellectual support throughout the long process of researching and writing – he has patiently read countless drafts of the material which follows and has acted as an indispensable sounding board. iv ABSTRACT WOMEN, READING, AND LITERARY CULTURE: THE RECEPTION OF CHRISTINE DE PIZAN IN FIFTEENTH-CENTURY ENGLAND Sarah Wilma Watson David Wallace This dissertation challenges the concept of literary communities defined by national boundaries, arguing that men and women in late-medieval England imagined themselves as members of a transcontinental, multilingual reading group. To this end, I investigate the cross-channel circulation of works by Christine de Pizan (1364-c.1430), a Parisian author who is often described as the first professional woman writer in the West. Through extensive archival research in London, Oxford, Cambridge, and New York, I uncover Christine de Pizan’s influence on English literary history, demonstrating how Christine’s love lyrics, political manuals, and proto-feminist texts were read and shared among readers in England. I consider the insular reception of Christine’s texts as part of a larger translatio of French literature to England, a cultural exchange facilitated by the Hundred Years War (1337-1453) and mediated by the physical transfer of books and people across the English Channel. Through a study of this mobile literature, my dissertation examines a transcontinental community of women readers, arguing that these readers were joined not only by their common experiences as women but also by a shared identity as members of an international aristocratic society. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements iii Abstract iv List of Appendices vi List of Illustrations vii Introduction 1 Chapter One 22 The Social Lives of Books: The Reception of Christine de Pizan in Fifteenth-Century England Chapter Two 77 Reading the Epistre Othea in Fifteenth-Century France and England Chapter Three 133 Constructing a Cross-Channel Identity: Jacquetta of Luxembourg and Her Books Chapter Four 186 Inscription and Identity: Names, Mottos, and Notes in Christine de Pizan Manuscripts and Early Printed Books Conclusion 231 Reading Across the Channel Appendices 238 Bibliography 281 vi List of Appendices 1 Works by Christine de Pizan (1364-c.1430) 2A Christine de Pizan Manuscripts in England before 1500 2B Christine Manuscripts in England possibly before 1500 2C Christine Manuscripts in England after 1500 2D Manuscripts containing English Translations of Christine made before 1500 2E References to non-extant Christine texts in England before 1500 2F Early Print English Translations of Christine de Pizan 2G Reception of Christine in England by Text 2H Female Readers of Christine in England 3 A Basic Timeline of the Hundred Years War 4A Owners of Christine de Pizan’s Othea on the continent 4B Owners of Christine de Pizan’s Othea in England 4C Owners of Stephen Scrope’s Middle English Othea 5 Structure and Summary of Christine’s Othea 6 Images 7 Flyleaf Annotations - Cambridge St John’s College MS H. 5 vii List of Illustrations (See Appendix 6) 1 Christine de Pizan’s Epistre Othea - © British Library