BIOE127 - Winter 2018 – Midterm

BIOE127 - Winter 2018 – Midterm

1. What are Meristics? a: Counts of morphological characteristics such as fin rays and dorsal spines b: Linear measurements of morphological characteristics such as eye width c: A combination of counts and measurements of morphological characteristics d: A genetic method of phylogenetic reconstruction

2. What are Morphometrics? a: Counts of morphological characteristics such as fin rays and dorsal spines b: Linear measurements of morphological characteristics such as eye width c: A combination of counts and measurements of morphological characteristics d: A genetic method of phylogenetic reconstruction

3. There are roughly as many fish species as tetrapod species a. true b. false

4. While there are thousands of fish species, the 7 largest families of fishes comprise more than 60% of all fish species a. True b. False

5. Homoplasies are traits that arose due to a. convergence b. divergence c. chance d. none of the above

6. Molecular clocks used in combination with phylogenetic trees allow to: a. date timings of evolutionary events b. tease out alternative hypotheses c. identify the time of invasion in ancient lakes d. all of the above e. none of the above

7. Conodonts are a. regarded by some as the earliest fishes b. denticle-like structures used to date specific geological strata c. organisms that swam in ancient oceans, around 500 million years ago d. all of the above e. none of the above

8. Ancient extinct jawless fishes are called a. Agnatha b. Placoderms c. Ostracoderms d. Acanthodii.

9. Jawless vertebrates lack paired fins a. true b. false

10. Hagfish are the oldest jawless vertebrate representative a. true b. false

11. A synapomorphy for the Chondrichtyans is: a. Skull with no sutures b. presence of claspers c. cartilaginous skeleton d. all of the above e. none of the above

12. sawsharks and sawfishes look the same due to convergent evolution a. true b. false

13. Large filter feeding sharks form a monophyletic group a. true b. false

14. Skates are the largest group of rays a. true b. false

15. Sarcopterygian fishes include a. gars and bowfins b. bowfins and bichirs c. bowfins and lungfish d. coelacanths and lungfish

16. Sarcopterygian fishes are more closely related to tetrapods than to other fishes a. true b. false

17. Chondrostei are sharks with a bony skeleton a. true b. false

18. Actinopterygians include three subclasses a. Acanthodii, Sarcopterygii, Teleostomi b. Cladistia, Chondrostei, Neopterygii c. Osteoglossomorpha, Elopomorpha, Neopterygii d. Sacropterygii, Teleostomi, Neopterygii

19. Pterygiophores are a synapomorphy for the following group a. Chondrostei b. Elopomorphs c. Cladistia d. Neopterygii

20. The body of gars is covered in a. placoid scales b. ganoid scales c. cycloid scales d. ctenoid scales

21. the synapomorphy for the Osteoglossiformes is a. a spiral valve b. a bony tongue c. a leptocephalous larva d. all of the above

22. the synapomorphy for the ostariophysi is a. a spiral valve b. the schekstoff c. weberian ossicles d. all of the above

23. the synapomorphy for the otophysi is a. a spiral valve b. the schekstoff c. weberian ossicles d. all of the above

24. The retractor dorsalis is a. a muscle that is attached to the upper pharyngeal jaw b. the synapomorphy for the Euteleostei c. a major evolutionary innovation in fishes d. all of the above e. none of the above 25. Paracanthopterygii include a. cod and midshipman b. salmon and trout c. cod and salmon d midshipman and trout

26. Clupeomorphs show one major ecological innovation a. they include a large number of mouthbrooders b. they include a large number of substrate spawners c. they include a large number of unisexual species d. they include a large number of schooling fishes

27. Elopomorphs have a. leptocephalous larvae b. spiral valves c. use lures to attract prey d. very small bodies.

28. Acanthodii are a. small freshwater fishes b. large freshwater fishes c. extinct bony fishes d. extant cartilaginous fishes

29. The majority of freshwater and marine fishes are included in the a. Elopomorphs and Clupeomorphs, respectively b. Anotophysi and Otophysi, respectively c. Ostariophysi and Perciformes, respectively d. Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes, respectively

30. the majority of freshwater and marine fishes are found in a. the Amazon Basin and coral reefs, respectively b. the Great Lakes and the Mediterranean c. the Great Lakes and the Caribbean d. Lake Baikal and California

Fish tree 31) label1. a. Elopomorpha b. Gnathostomata c. Acanthodii d. Chondrichthyes

32) label 2 a. Elopomorpha b. Gnathostomata c. Acanthodii d. Chondrichthyes

33) label 3 a. Elopomorpha b. Gnathostomata c. Acanthodii d. Osteoglossomorpha

34) label 4 a. Osteoglossomorpha b. Gnathostomata c. Actinopterygii d. Chondrostei

35) label 5 a. Chondrostei b. Gnathostomata c. Chondrichthyes d. Acanthodii

36) label 6 a. Ostariophysi b. Osteoglossomorpha c. Chondrostei d. Ostarioclupeomorpha

37) label 7 a. Osteoglossomorpha b. Elopomorpha c. Ostarioclupeomorpha d. Chondrostei

38) label 8 a. Ostariophysi b. Ostarioclupeomorpha c. Acanthopterygii d. Elopomorpha

39) label 9 a. Ostariophysi b. Elopomorpha c. Acanthopterygii d. Ostarioclupeomorpha

40 label 10 a. Ostarioclupeomorpha b. Gnathostomata c. Ostariophysi d. Acanthopterygii