BIOE127 - Winter 2018 – Midterm 1. What are Meristics? a: Counts of morphological characteristics such as fin rays and dorsal spines b: Linear measurements of morphological characteristics such as eye width c: A combination of counts and measurements of morphological characteristics d: A genetic method of phylogenetic reconstruction 2. What are Morphometrics? a: Counts of morphological characteristics such as fin rays and dorsal spines b: Linear measurements of morphological characteristics such as eye width c: A combination of counts and measurements of morphological characteristics d: A genetic method of phylogenetic reconstruction 3. There are roughly as many fish species as tetrapod species a. true b. false 4. While there are thousands of fish species, the 7 largest families of fishes comprise more than 60% of all fish species a. True b. False 5. Homoplasies are traits that arose due to a. convergence b. divergence c. chance d. none of the above 6. Molecular clocks used in combination with phylogenetic trees allow to: a. date timings of evolutionary events b. tease out alternative hypotheses c. identify the time of invasion in ancient lakes d. all of the above e. none of the above 7. Conodonts are a. regarded by some as the earliest fishes b. denticle-like structures used to date specific geological strata c. organisms that swam in ancient oceans, around 500 million years ago d. all of the above e. none of the above 8. Ancient extinct jawless fishes are called a. Agnatha b. Placoderms c. Ostracoderms d. Acanthodii. 9. Jawless vertebrates lack paired fins a. true b. false 10. Hagfish are the oldest jawless vertebrate representative a. true b. false 11. A synapomorphy for the Chondrichtyans is: a. Skull with no sutures b. presence of claspers c. cartilaginous skeleton d. all of the above e. none of the above 12. sawsharks and sawfishes look the same due to convergent evolution a. true b. false 13. Large filter feeding sharks form a monophyletic group a. true b. false 14. Skates are the largest group of rays a. true b. false 15. Sarcopterygian fishes include a. gars and bowfins b. bowfins and bichirs c. bowfins and lungfish d. coelacanths and lungfish 16. Sarcopterygian fishes are more closely related to tetrapods than to other fishes a. true b. false 17. Chondrostei are sharks with a bony skeleton a. true b. false 18. Actinopterygians include three subclasses a. Acanthodii, Sarcopterygii, Teleostomi b. Cladistia, Chondrostei, Neopterygii c. Osteoglossomorpha, Elopomorpha, Neopterygii d. Sacropterygii, Teleostomi, Neopterygii 19. Pterygiophores are a synapomorphy for the following group a. Chondrostei b. Elopomorphs c. Cladistia d. Neopterygii 20. The body of gars is covered in a. placoid scales b. ganoid scales c. cycloid scales d. ctenoid scales 21. the synapomorphy for the Osteoglossiformes is a. a spiral valve b. a bony tongue c. a leptocephalous larva d. all of the above 22. the synapomorphy for the ostariophysi is a. a spiral valve b. the schekstoff c. weberian ossicles d. all of the above 23. the synapomorphy for the otophysi is a. a spiral valve b. the schekstoff c. weberian ossicles d. all of the above 24. The retractor dorsalis is a. a muscle that is attached to the upper pharyngeal jaw b. the synapomorphy for the Euteleostei c. a major evolutionary innovation in fishes d. all of the above e. none of the above 25. Paracanthopterygii include a. cod and midshipman b. salmon and trout c. cod and salmon d midshipman and trout 26. Clupeomorphs show one major ecological innovation a. they include a large number of mouthbrooders b. they include a large number of substrate spawners c. they include a large number of unisexual species d. they include a large number of schooling fishes 27. Elopomorphs have a. leptocephalous larvae b. spiral valves c. use lures to attract prey d. very small bodies. 28. Acanthodii are a. small freshwater fishes b. large freshwater fishes c. extinct bony fishes d. extant cartilaginous fishes 29. The majority of freshwater and marine fishes are included in the a. Elopomorphs and Clupeomorphs, respectively b. Anotophysi and Otophysi, respectively c. Ostariophysi and Perciformes, respectively d. Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes, respectively 30. the majority of freshwater and marine fishes are found in a. the Amazon Basin and coral reefs, respectively b. the Great Lakes and the Mediterranean c. the Great Lakes and the Caribbean d. Lake Baikal and California Fish tree 31) label1. a. Elopomorpha b. Gnathostomata c. Acanthodii d. Chondrichthyes 32) label 2 a. Elopomorpha b. Gnathostomata c. Acanthodii d. Chondrichthyes 33) label 3 a. Elopomorpha b. Gnathostomata c. Acanthodii d. Osteoglossomorpha 34) label 4 a. Osteoglossomorpha b. Gnathostomata c. Actinopterygii d. Chondrostei 35) label 5 a. Chondrostei b. Gnathostomata c. Chondrichthyes d. Acanthodii 36) label 6 a. Ostariophysi b. Osteoglossomorpha c. Chondrostei d. Ostarioclupeomorpha 37) label 7 a. Osteoglossomorpha b. Elopomorpha c. Ostarioclupeomorpha d. Chondrostei 38) label 8 a. Ostariophysi b. Ostarioclupeomorpha c. Acanthopterygii d. Elopomorpha 39) label 9 a. Ostariophysi b. Elopomorpha c. Acanthopterygii d. Ostarioclupeomorpha 40 label 10 a. Ostarioclupeomorpha b. Gnathostomata c. Ostariophysi d. Acanthopterygii .