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Bibliography Many books were read and researched in the compilation of Binford, L. R, 1983, Working at Archaeology. Academic Press, The Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology: New York. Binford, L. R, and Binford, S. R (eds.), 1968, New Perspectives in American Museum of Natural History, 1993, The First Humans. Archaeology. Aldine, Chicago. HarperSanFrancisco, San Francisco. Braidwood, R 1.,1960, Archaeologists and What They Do. Franklin American Museum of Natural History, 1993, People of the Stone Watts, New York. Age. HarperSanFrancisco, San Francisco. Branigan, Keith (ed.), 1982, The Atlas ofArchaeology. St. Martin's, American Museum of Natural History, 1994, New World and Pacific New York. Civilizations. HarperSanFrancisco, San Francisco. Bray, w., and Tump, D., 1972, Penguin Dictionary ofArchaeology. American Museum of Natural History, 1994, Old World Civiliza Penguin, New York. tions. HarperSanFrancisco, San Francisco. Brennan, L., 1973, Beginner's Guide to Archaeology. Stackpole Ashmore, w., and Sharer, R. J., 1988, Discovering Our Past: A Brief Books, Harrisburg, PA. Introduction to Archaeology. Mayfield, Mountain View, CA. Broderick, M., and Morton, A. A., 1924, A Concise Dictionary of Atkinson, R J. C., 1985, Field Archaeology, 2d ed. Hyperion, New Egyptian Archaeology. Ares Publishers, Chicago. York. Brothwell, D., 1963, Digging Up Bones: The Excavation, Treatment Bacon, E. (ed.), 1976, The Great Archaeologists. Bobbs-Merrill, and Study ofHuman Skeletal Remains. British Museum, London. New York. Brothwell, D., and Higgs, E. (eds.), 1969, Science in Archaeology, Bahn, P., 1993, Collins Dictionary of Archaeology. ABC-CLIO, 2d ed. Thames and Hudson, London. Santa Barbara, CA. Budge, E. A. Wallis, 1929, The Rosetta Stone. Dover, New York. Bahn, P. -
Human Discovery and Settlement of the Remote Easter Island (SE Pacific)
quaternary Review Human Discovery and Settlement of the Remote Easter Island (SE Pacific) Valentí Rull Laboratory of Paleoecology, Institute of Earth Sciences Jaume Almera (ICTJA-CSIC), C. Solé i Sabarís s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; [email protected] Received: 19 March 2019; Accepted: 27 March 2019; Published: 2 April 2019 Abstract: The discovery and settlement of the tiny and remote Easter Island (Rapa Nui) has been a classical controversy for decades. Present-day aboriginal people and their culture are undoubtedly of Polynesian origin, but it has been debated whether Native Americans discovered the island before the Polynesian settlement. Until recently, the paradigm was that Easter Island was discovered and settled just once by Polynesians in their millennial-scale eastward migration across the Pacific. However, the evidence for cultivation and consumption of an American plant—the sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas)—on the island before the European contact (1722 CE), even prior to the Europe-America contact (1492 CE), revived controversy. This paper reviews the classical archaeological, ethnological and paleoecological literature on the subject and summarizes the information into four main hypotheses to explain the sweet potato enigma: the long-distance dispersal hypothesis, the back-and-forth hypothesis, the Heyerdahl hypothesis, and the newcomers hypothesis. These hypotheses are evaluated in light of the more recent evidence (last decade), including molecular DNA phylogeny and phylogeography of humans and associated plants and animals, physical anthropology (craniometry and dietary analysis), and new paleoecological findings. It is concluded that, with the available evidence, none of the former hypotheses may be rejected and, therefore, all possibilities remain open. -
Chilean Polynesia Day 1 Santiago – Easter Island Flight to The
Chilean Polynesia (5 Days – 4 Nights (private & regular) Day 1 Santiago – Easter Island Flight to the Easter Island, arrival at the Mataveri Airport and transfer to the hotel. You will have the rest of the day off for your own disposal. Day 2 Mysterious World of the Rapa Nui After breakfast you start with a visit in Akahanga, afterwards the tour continues to Ahu Tongariki, one of the most beautiful ceremony sites of the Easter Island. Here you will see fifteen standing Moais of impressive height. The Rano Raraku volcano is located close to the Ahu Tongariki. The Moais that you have seen were made out of its tuff. From here the tour continues towards the north to Te Pito Kura. As your last stop of the excursion you will be driven to the beach of Anakena. In the evening it goes back to your hotel. Day 3 On the Tracks of Birdmen – Rano Kau and Orongo In the morning you will visit one of the most meaningful ceremony sites of the entire Easter Island: Orongo, at the edge of the crater of the Ranu Kau volcano. You begin the visit with a short stop in the cave at the foot of the volcano and have a look on the cultic rock paintings. Then it goes up to the sanctuary. From here you will have breathtaking views on the sea, the Easter Island and the surrounding Motus Islands. You get the afternoon off for your own disposal. Day 4 Ahu Akivi Today you begin with a visit of the Ahu Tahai. -
Chile and Argentina Easter Island Ext Feb2022 Updatedjun2020
E CHE SEM A N CHEESEMANS’ ECOLOGY SAFARIS E S C 2059 Camden Ave. #419 ’ O San Jose, CA 95124 USA L (800) 527-5330 (408) 741-5330 O G [email protected] Y S cheesemans.com A FA RIS Easter Island Extension Mysterious Moai February 23 to 28, 2022 Moai © Far South Expeditions EXTENSION OVERVIEW Join us on an exciting extension where you’ll stroll amongst the monolithic moai statues of Easter Island, carved from basalt lava by Polynesian settlers centuries ago. Visit abandoned settlements, explore ceremonial centers, and take a boat ride for a different perspective of the island, where you might see petroglyphs painted high on the cliffs above. Come along for an unforgettable journey of exploration into the history of Easter Island (Rapa Nui). HIGHLIGHTS • Learn about Easter Island’s moai statues and the tangata manu competition where rulership of Easter Island was defined through a ritual race for a bird egg. TRIP OPTION: This is a post-trip extension to our Chile and Argentina trip from February 11 to 24, 2022 (http://cheesemans.com/trips/chile-argentina-feb2022). Cheesemans’ Ecology Safaris Page 1 of 6 Updated: June 2020 LEADER: Josefina ‘Josie’ Nahoe Mulloy. DAYS: Adds 3 days to the main trip to total 17 days, including estimated travel time. GROUP SIZE: 8 (minimum of 4 required). COST: $2,230 per person, double occupancy, not including airfare, singles extra. See the Costs section on page 4. Date Description Accommodation Meals Feb 23 Fly from Punta Arenas to Santiago from our Chile Santiago Airport D and Argentina trip. -
Ahu Tongariki, Easter Island: Chronological and Sociopolitical Significance Claudio P
Rapa Nui Journal: Journal of the Easter Island Foundation Volume 13 Article 1 Issue 3 September 1999 Ahu Tongariki, Easter Island: Chronological and Sociopolitical Significance Claudio P. Cristino Institute for Easter Island Studies Patricia Vargas Casanova University of Chile Follow this and additional works at: https://kahualike.manoa.hawaii.edu/rnj Part of the History of the Pacific slI ands Commons, and the Pacific slI ands Languages and Societies Commons Recommended Citation Cristino, Claudio P. and Vargas Casanova, Patricia (1999) "Ahu Tongariki, Easter Island: Chronological and Sociopolitical Significance," Rapa Nui Journal: Journal of the Easter Island Foundation: Vol. 13 : Iss. 3 , Article 1. Available at: https://kahualike.manoa.hawaii.edu/rnj/vol13/iss3/1 This Research Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the University of Hawai`i Press at Kahualike. It has been accepted for inclusion in Rapa Nui Journal: Journal of the Easter Island Foundation by an authorized editor of Kahualike. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Cristino and Vargas Casanova: Ahu Tongariki, Easter Island: Chronological and Sociopolitical Si Ahu Tongariki, Easter Island: Chronological and Sociopolitical Significance Claudio P. Cristino 1 Patricia Vargas Casanovcl Institute for Easter Island Studies, University ofChile Hanga Nui Bay, on the eastern end of the southeast coast the post-contact period. After the toppling ofthe statues, most of of Easter Island, is currently the focal point of research in an these ruins continued to be used as burial sites, greatly altering intensively studied archaeological area that extends from the the original structure, until the conversion of the population to plains at the foot ofthe southwest slopes ofthe Poike Peninsula. -
November 5 to 24, 2017 a Program of the Stanford Alumni Association
STANFORD TRAVEL/STUDY STANFORD TRAVEL/STUDY ABOARD THE CALEDONIAN SKY November 5 to 24, 2017 a program of the stanford alumni association STANFORD TRAVEL/STUDY There are places on earth that might be described as iconic, remote or even mysterious. On our voyage from Tahiti to Easter Island we will explore several places that aptly fit all of those descriptions…and then some. Both legends and true stories are woven into the places on our itinerary, from artist Paul Gauguin’s tumultuous years in Tahiti and the Marquesas to the HMS Bounty mutineers who took refuge on Pitcairn Island to Easter Island’s haunting moai. Easter Island, in particular, is steeped in mystery and folklore that goes beyond its enormous carved megaliths. Speculation is rife about the rise and fall of its population, but the real story is still largely unknown. I’ve always loved a compelling travel story, especially one with a cliffhanger. I hope you’ll join us for a journey to a remote part of the world marked by spectacular beauty and embellished with a bit of enigma. BRett S. Thompson, ’83, DIRectoR, StanfoRD TRAVEL/StudY Highlights CAPTION PHOTOGRAPH the VIEW Easter Island’s giant MEET the residents of tiny ENJOY snorkeling or exquisite Marquesas with volcanic stone statues, or Pitcairn Island; most are diving nearly every day their sky-piercing volcanoes, moai, their original purpose direct descendants of the amid healthy reefs teeming lushly carpeted canyons and lost through time and HMS Bounty crew. with tropical fish. chiseled bays. one of the world’s great archaeological mysteries. -
EASTER ISLAND Botswana Safaris Amazing Wonders from Desert to Wetlands
EASTER ISLAND BOTSWANA SAFARIS Amazing Wonders From Desert To Wetlands Easter Island is a magical mysterious place located in a remote area in the southeastern Pacific Ocean some 2,300 miles west of South America. A Chilean territory, Easter Island is a volcanic island known for its intriguing archaeological sites. There are approximately 900 monumental statues, called moai, created by the early Rapa Nui inhabitants during the 10th-16th centuries. In 1995 UNESCO named Easter Island a World Heritage Site, with much of the island protected within Rapa Nui National Park. The moai are carved figures with oversized heads, often resting on massive rock altars. Polynesian people most likely settled on Easter Island sometime between 700 to 1100 AD, and created a thriving and industrious culture as evidenced by the island’s numerous enormous stone moai and other artifacts. By the time of European arrival in 1722, the island’s population had dropped to 2,000–3,000 from an estimated high of approximately 15,000 just a century earlier. European diseases and Peruvian slave raiding in the 1860s further reduced the Rapa Nui population, to a very low number of inhabitants in 1877. Begin your exploration with a stop at Rano Kao, one of three extinct volcanoes on the island whose crater is pocked with over 100 small lakes. Rano Kao was the second of the three volcanoes to erupt about 2.5 million years ago. Growing inside the crater are grapes, bananas, and totora, a reed used extensively for houses, boats and other uses. Visit Rano Raraku, one of the most interesting archaeological sites not only on Easter Island but also in the entire world. -
1. ABBOT, Gorham D. Mexico, and the United States; Their Mutual
1. ABBOT, Gorham D . Mexico, and the United States; Their Mutual Relations and Common Interests . Illustrated with two steel- engraved portraits and one folding, colored map by Colton of Mexico and much of Texas and the Southwest. 8vo, New York: G. P. Putnam & Son, 1869. First edition. Original green cloth gilt. An impeccable, fresh copy, inscribed by the author on the title page. Bookplate adhering to flyleaf. $1,500 A key early work on the history of U.S.-Mexican relations, with portraits of Juarez and Romero, and a detailed and beautifully colored map of Mexico (17 ½ x 25 ¾ inches). Inscribed on the title page, “J W Hamersley Esq | with the respects of | Gorham D. Abbot.” ’ 2. ANDREWS, Roy Chapman . The New Conquest of Central Asia. A Narrative of the Explorations of the Central Asiatic Expeditions in Mongolia and China, 1921-1930 . The Natural History of Central Asia vol. I, Chester A. Reed, editor. With chapters by Walter Granger … Clifford H. Pope … Nels C. Nelson … with 128 plates and 12 illustrations in the text and 3 maps at end. lx, 678pp. 4to, New York: The American Museum of Natural History, 1932. First edition. Publisher’s orange cloth stamped in black. Minor wear at extremities. Archival repair to pp. 335-6. An attractive and extremely desirable copy. In custom black morocco-backed slipcase with inner wrapper. Yakushi A 223. $4,500 The New Conquest of Central Asia is a lavishly produced volume that stands as one of the landmarks of twentieth-century exploration. This copy is from the library of the author, Roy Chapman Andrews. -
Report to the U. S. Congress for the Year Ending December 31, 2003
Report to the U.S.Congress for the Year Ending December 31,2003 Created by the U.S. Congress to Preserve America’s Film Heritage Created by the U.S. Congress to Preserve America’s Film Heritage April 30, 2004 Dr. James H. Billington The Librarian of Congress Washington, D.C. 20540-1000 Dear Dr. Billington: In accordance with Public Law 104-285 (Title II), The National Film Preservation Foundation Act of 1996, I submit to the U.S. Congress the 2003 Report of the National Film Preservation Foundation. It gives me great pleasure to review our accomplishments in carrying out this Congressional mandate. Since commencing service to the archival community in 1997, we have helped save 630 historically and culturally significant films from 98 institutions across 34 states and the District of Columbia. We have produced The Film Preservation Guide: The Basics for Archives, Libraries, and Museums, the first such publication designed specifically for regional preservationists, and have pioneered in pre- senting archival films on widely distributed DVDs and on American television. Unseen for decades, motion pictures preserved through our programs are now extensively used in study and exhibition. There is still much to do. This year Congress will consider the reauthorization of our federal grant programs. Increased funding will enable us to expand service to the nation’s archives, libraries, and museums and do more toward saving America’s film heritage for future generations. The film preser- vation community appreciates your efforts to make the case for increased federal investment. We are deeply grateful for your leadership. Space does not permit my acknowledging all those supporting our efforts in 2003, but I would like to single out several organizations that have played an especially significant role: the National Endowment for the Humanities, The Andrew W. -
Easter Island| Rapa Nui Tips Programs Services Excursions Rent a Car Hotels Restaurants Tapati
INTRO EASTER ISLAND | CHILE EASTER ISLAND| RAPA NUI TIPS PROGRAMS SERVICES EXCURSIONS RENT A CAR HOTELS RESTAURANTS TAPATI IORANA RAPA NUI in native language means "Welcome to Easter Island". Easter Island (Rapa Nui in native language) is located in the Chilean Polynesia, in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. It has an area of approximately 163.6 km2 (1.016 miles), which makes it the largest island in insular Chile. The island has an estimated population of 5.000 inhabitants, concentrated in Hanga Roa, its main village and capital. There is no other inhabited place in the world such as Easter Island. Its unique location gives it authenticity and an aura of fascinating mystery. The island is one of the main attractions of Chile, its natural beauty, beaches, landscapes and volcanoes, ideal to know through excursions, horseback riding, hiking, bird watching, diving and photography. Finally, you will be able to learn about its mysterious ancestral culture, with its huge volcanic stone statues called MOAIS, silent witnesses of Rapa Nui heritage. MAP & TIPS EASTER ISLAND | CHILE :: Best time to travel: All year round To Te Ra'ai restaurant :: Island time zone: There are 2 hours less in Easter Island unlike mainland Chile and it To complies with the summer time change rule. Explora Mike Rapu :: Area: 163,6 km² :: Distance from Santiago: 3.769,03 km / 2.341,97 millas Hanga Roa Altiplánico :: Entrance fee to Rapa Nui National Park: (Km) USD 80 per person locally on the island / USD 88 per person pre-ordering with 0 5 (ml) ADSMundo®. The entrance has a duration of 7 days (new rate from January 2017). -
When the Earth Trembled, the Statues Fell Edmundo Edwards
Rapa Nui Journal: Journal of the Easter Island Foundation Volume 10 Article 1 Issue 1 March 1996 1996 When the Earth Trembled, the Statues Fell Edmundo Edwards Raul Marchetti Follow this and additional works at: https://kahualike.manoa.hawaii.edu/rnj Part of the History of the Pacific slI ands Commons, and the Pacific slI ands Languages and Societies Commons Recommended Citation Edwards, Edmundo and Marchetti, Raul (1996) "When the Earth Trembled, the Statues Fell," Rapa Nui Journal: Journal of the Easter Island Foundation: Vol. 10 : Iss. 1 , Article 1. Available at: https://kahualike.manoa.hawaii.edu/rnj/vol10/iss1/1 This Research Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the University of Hawai`i Press at Kahualike. It has been accepted for inclusion in Rapa Nui Journal: Journal of the Easter Island Foundation by an authorized editor of Kahualike. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Edwards and Marchetti: When the Earth Trembled, the Statues Fell When the Earth Trembled, the Statues Fell Edmundo Edwards, Raul Marchetti, Leopoldo Dominichelti and Oscar Gonzales-Ferran On July 8, 1987 at II: 50: 14.9, Easter Island experienced topknot. He thought this event could have occurred "perhaps a major earthquake with a magnitude of Ms=6.3, succeeded by an earthquake" (Forster 1982: 465). Assumptions that by several tremors \ hich measured up to Ms=5.9. The some kind of volcanic catastrophe could ha e been the cause epicenter was located at 26.999 south latitude and 108.285 for the toppling ofthe statues was later adopted by A. -
Early Settlement Ofrapa Nui (Easter Island)
Early Settlement ofRapa Nui (Easter Island) HELENE MARTINSSON-WALLIN AND SUSAN J. CROCKFORD RAPA NUl, THE SMALL REMOTE ISLAND that constitutes the easternmost corner of the Polynesian triangle, was found and populated long before the Europeans "discovered" this part ofthe world in 1722. The long-standing questions concern ing this remarkable island are: who were the first to populate the island, at what time was it populated, and did the Rapa Nui population and development on the island result from a single voyage? Over the years there has been much discussion, speculation, and new scientific results concerning these questions. This has resulted in several conferences and numerous scientific and popular papers and monographs. The aim ofthis paper is to present the contemporary views on these issues, drawn from the results of the last 45 years of archaeological research on the island (Fig. 1), and to describe recent fieldwork that Martinsson-Wallin completed on Rapa Nui. Results from the Norwegian Archaeological Expedition to Rapa Nui in 1955 1956 suggest that the island was populated as early as c. A.D. 400 (Heyerdahl and Ferdon 1961: 395). This conclusion was drawn from a single radiocarbon date. This dated carbon sample (K-502) was found in association with the so-called Poike ditch on the east side of the island. The sample derived from a carbon con centration on the natural surface, which had been covered by soil when the ditch was dug. The investigator writes the following: There is no evidence to indicate that the fire from which the carbon was derived actually burned at the spot where the charcoal occurred, but it is clear that it was on the surface of the ground at the time the first loads of earth were carried out of the ditch and deposited over it.