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Hate, Genocide and Human Rights Fifty Years Later

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Hate, Genocide and Human Rights Fifty Years Later INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE CONFERENCE INTERNATIONALE Hate, Genocide and Human Rights Fifty Years Later: What Have We Learned? What Must We Do? Haine,g6nocide et droits de la personne, cinquanteans aprbs: Qu'avons-nousappris ? Que devons-nous faire ? Faculty of Law, McGill University 27-28 January 1999 Facult6 de droit, I'Universit McGill, 27-28 janvier 1999 The conference, organized by InterAmicus and the Faculty of Law, McGill University, brought together a distinguished international group of lawyers, law professors, stu- dents, judges, parliamentarians, government officials, NGO representatives, commu- nity leaders, human rights activists, journalists, and diplomats for discussions of key is- sues at a symbolic and significant time, for the conference commemorated the fiftieth anniversaries of both the Universal Declarationof Human Rights and the Convention for the Preventionand Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, the sesquicentennial of the Faculty of Law, and the tenth anniversary of InterAmicus. Cette conf6rence, organis~e par InterAmicus et la Facult6 de droit de l'Universit6 McGill, a rassembl6 avocats, professeurs de droit, 6tudiants, juges, parlementaires, responsables gouvemementaux, reprsentants d'ONG, leaders communautaires, acti- vistes en mati~re de droits de 'homme, jouralistes et diplomates distingu6s pour dis- cuter des enjeux les plus importants d'une 6poque chami~re, au point de vue pratique autant que symbolique. En effet, la confdrence comm~morait le cinquanti~me anni- versaire de la Diclarationuniverselle des droits de l'homme et de la Convention pour la privention et la repressiondu crime de genocide, ainsi que le cent cinquanti~me anniversaire de la Facult6 de droit et le dixi~me anniversaire de la fondation d'InterAmicus. Contents / Table des matibres Introduction Claire L'Heureux-Dubd The Instructive Power of Outrage: Remembering Nuremberg Rosalie Silberman Abella From Sisyphus's Dilemma to Sisyphus's Duty? A Meditation on the Regulation of Hate Propaganda in Relation to Hate Jean-Frangols Crimes and Genocide Gaudreault-DesBiens Hate Speech in Rwanda: The Road to Genocide Wiffiam A Schabas Are Good Intentions Enough? The Limits of the New World of International Justice David S. Rieff Rwanda: Chronique d'un g~nocide prdvisible Fran ols Bugingo Does International Law Impose a Duty upon the United Nations to Prevent Genocide? Stephen J. Toope The International Tribunals for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law in the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda Louise Arbour The Universal Declarationof Human Rights, Fifty Years Later David Matas Gender Crimes as War Crimes: Integrating Crimes against Women into Intemational Criminal Law Rhonda Copelon Augusto Pinochet and International Law Ruth Wedgivood The Intemational Criminal Court PhilippeKltsch The Intemational Criminal Court and the Human Rights Revolution Warren Alimand The U.S. Perspective on the Intemational Criminal Court David Scheffer Response on Receiving an Award Benjamin B. Ferencz Reflections on the Development of the Law of War RichardGo!dstone Introduction Claire L'Heureux-Dub6" It is indeed an honour to be present this evening at the opening session of this im- portant conference. The number of brilliant minds from all over the world assembled here for these two days is a promise of an exciting dialogue. The exchange of ideas that will take place in this room can only bring forth exciting insights for all partici- pants. The themes to be covered will provoke discussion and debate-both on our thinking about and our approach to human rights, and most importantly, on strategies for implementing their values in a troubled world. Ce soir, nous nous pencherons sur la Ddclaration universelle des droits de l'homme' et la Convention pour la prdvention et la r6pressiondu crime de gdnocide, cinquante ans apr s leur passage. Cet anniversaire invite A la fois ai la c6&bration et Ai une prise de conscience des ddfis auxquels nous devrons faire face. D'une part, nous cle'brons l'espoir que suscite le droit international dans la domaine des droits de la personne et les promesses qu'il contient. Depuis d6cembre 1948, les pays du monde ont proclam6 i maintes reprises leur engagement a assurer que, oti qu'ils soient dans le monde, tous les humains aient des droits inali6nables, ainsi que leur conviction que le respect de ces droits assurerait paix, justice, et libert6 pour tous les membres de la collectivit6 mondiale. One of this evening's distinguished guests, Justice Rosalie Silberman Abeila, has written that the Genocide Convention and the UniversalDeclaration "Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada. Madame Justice L'Heureux-DubS was moderator for the Sharansky-Sakharov Lectures in Human Rights and introduced Professor Harold Hongju Koh of Yale Law School, US. Assistant Secretary of State for Human Rights, Democracy, and Labour, and Madam Justice Rosalie Silberman Abella of the Ontario Court of Appeal at the opening of the inter- national conference Hate, Genocide and Human Rights Fifty Years Later: What Have We Learned? WhatMust lTe Do? (Faculty of Law, McGill University, 27 January 1999). © McGill Law Journal 2000 Revue de droit de McGill 2000 To be cited as: (2000) 46 McGill LJ.109 Mode de rf6rence: (2000) 46 R.D. McGill 109 'Rs. AG 217(11), Doec. off. AG NU, 3 sess., supp. n 13, Doec. NU A/810 (1948) 71 [ci-apras UniversalDeclaration, Dclaration universelle]. 29 d~cembre 1948,78 RtT.N.U. 277, R.T. Can. 1949 n*27 (entr&e en vigueur: 12janvier 1951) [ci- apris Genocide Convention]. 110 MCGILL LAW JOURNAL / REVUE DE DROIT DE MCGILL [Vol. 46 were both products of the Holocaust, and represented the triumph of hope over history. Both screamed "Never Again" in their birth announcements, and both demanded the chance to grow with dignity and respect. They were the wings of a Phoenix that rose from the ashes of Auschwitz, the symbols of regret of a world shamefully chastened ... Both are looked to as symbols that notwith- standing despairing evidence to the contrary, the international community re- mains dedicated to the aspiration of universal accessibility of human rights and justice. We bask in the radiance of their symbolism because we so desperately need their illuminating vision! The rights set out in the UniversalDeclaration are nothing short of the conditions necessary for full participation in society. The declaration speaks of equality of all human beings. It speaks of the right to life, liberty, and security of the person. It pro- hibits torture and degrading treatment or punishment. It defines the right to recogni- tion as a person before the law. It gives the right to privacy, to family, and to a home. It sets out the right to a nationality, to own property, and to freedom of thought, con- science, and religion. It articulates the right to work, to receive equal pay for equal work, and to join trade unions. It establishes the right to rest and leisure, to an ade- quate standard of living, and to special protection for motherhood and childhood. And it sets out the right to education, and underlines the importance of educating people about the principles of human rights. It emphasizes the need for democracy and the necessity of its constant respect. The UniversalDeclaration constitutes a blueprint of the conditions necessary for respect for the human person. It and the numerous inter- national human rights provisions that have built on its ideas and its spirit contain a message of peace and justice, and of the conditions necessary to truly achieve these goals. Les droits de la personne sont des phares qui nous rappeilent pourquoi, et com- ment, nos socirt6s doivent accorder tous nos citoyens la possibilit6 de s'6panouin Les droits de la personne sont l'aune A laquelle tous doivent mesurer leur conduite, celle de leurs gouvemements et de leurs dirigeants, et A laquelle la collectivit6 mon- diale dans son ensemble doit mesurer son progr~s. En meme temps, la Diclarationuniverselle, et les trait6s en mati~re de droits de la personne qui s'en sont inspir6s, constituent des symboles de nos 6checs passds et la mesure du trajet que nos pays doivent parcourir pour rraliser entirement leur pro- messe. Puisqu'ils sont fondas sur les horreurs du passe, nous ressentons une immense responsabilit6 lorsque nous prenons conscience de la distance qui s~pare cet id6al de son application. Even in the developed world, there are numerous reminders of what remains to be done. Crises of homelessness, unemployment, and poverty remind us of how the ' R.S. Abella, "Human Rights and the Judicial Role" (Annual Oration in Judicial Administration, Council of the Australian Institute of Judicial Administration, 23 October 1998), online: AIJA Publi- cations <http://www.aija.org.au/RABELLA.htm> (date accessed: 16 August 2000). 2000] C. L'HEUREUX-DUBt- INTRODUCTION rights to a home, to work, and to an adequate standard of living have not fully devel- oped. Violence against women, sexual harassment, hate crimes, racism, and discrimi- nation against the disadvantaged-whether minorities, women, people with disabili- ties, or on the basis of sexual orientation-are just some of the problems that interna- tional human rights law implores all people to confront. It demands that we pursue their elimination. In the world as a whole, the challenges-and our failures-are still greater. In re- cent years, war and genocide in Bosnia, in Rwanda, and now in Kosovo, and the in- ability of the international community to prevent or stop these deadly manifestations of intolerance, mean that what was never to happen again is happening before our very eyes. The inequality between developed and developing countries, and the vastly different opportunities and standards of living available to people in different parts of the world, show us that there is much to be done before the rights guaranteed by the UniversalDeclaration and other international conventions become a reality for every- one.
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