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Section Y: Politics and Government

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Section Y: Politics and Government Section Y: Politics and Government Jean Louis Roy,l McGill University The data in the tables of Section Y fall into two major divisions. Series Yl-296 concern the federal scene, series Y297-387 the 10 provincial scenes. Within the first major division, series Yl-40 contain data on executive and legislative posts and occupants; series Y41-210 on elections and parliamentary sessions; series Y211-263 on employees and representation abroad; and series Y264-296 on disallowance of provincial acts, reservation of provincial bills and on federal Royal Commissions. Within the second division, series Y297-801 present provincial data on Lieutenant-Governors and premiers; series Y302-387 the results of provincial elections. The statistics of this section are obtained in a way that places them in two major categories: those for which there are official records, such as the data for the monarchy, for the Governor General and provincial Lieutenant-Governors, for parliamentary terms and for elections; and those for which only unofficial records exist, including all those involving election results by political parties, and political affiliation of ministers, electoral candidates and elected members of legislatures. This distinction arises from the nature of governmental and electoral processes. Official data become available in several ways. First, official acts of the Government of Canada are published in the Canada Gazette, an official publication existing specifically for this purpose, and official acts of provinces are published in similar provincial publications. Thus notices of accession of Monarchs, of appointments of Governors General and Lieutenant-Governors, of establishment of portfolios or like posts and of the appointment of occupants, of the establishment of Royal Commissions and of the appointment of the commissioners, and of proclamation of elections and dissolution of parliament are published officially. Secondly, for the federal government, the Debates of the House of Commons (Hansard) and other parliamentary documents are published. Some provinces also publish the debates of their legislatures but the practice is not general and where followed is in most cases of recent origin. Thirdly, chief electoral officers of the federal government and of provincial governments publish results of elections giving numbers on electoral lists, votes polled by each candidate, spoiled ballots and the like. Finally, government departmental records are the sources of data such as the numbers of employees. Unofficial data must be relied upon for those statistics which, for one reason or another, governments do not obtain or prepare. Except rarely, the political affiliation of candidates for election are not placed on ballots; the voter is presumed to vote for individuals. Consequently the results of voting by parties must be prepared by private individuals or bodies from information collected in various ways about party affiliation of the candidates who have been officially listed. Similarly, the designation of political affiliation of members of elected bodies, of ministries and the individual members thereof, is not given officially though it is fairly easy to obtain in most cases from the official or unofficial records of actions of legislating bodies. It nevertheless remains that the exercise of personal and private judgment plays some part in the listing of matters of party affiliation. An exception to the above is the fact that beginning with the election of 1945 for the federal Parliament, a document was sent to those members of the armed forces voting under, the provisions of the election act giving the party affiliation of each candidate as designated by the candidate himself. Some provincial governments in more recent periods also have given party affiliation on the ballot. Even in these cases problems may arise as more than one person in an electoral district may designate himself as a candidate for a given political party. The reliability of the data, both official and unofficial, may vary depending on the process by which they are made known. Data obtained from official acts of governments are quite reliable. Official election results are also reliable though there is room for error. The counting of ballots is ordinarily done at each poll. Unless a recount is necessary there is no further counting. The results are sent from the polls to returning officers for electoral districts, and from returning officers to the Chief Electoral Officer of Canada or the provinces. Sources of error lie in the counting at polls, in the transmission of information from one person to another and in their final publication. The errors are apt to be small and may, to some extent, offset one another. The remaining official data, on employees in the Public Service of Canada, discussed more fully below, are subject to a lesser degree of accuracy owing to problems of classification of personnel, the dates at which a count is taken, and the inadequacy of departmental records in earlier years. The unofficial data vary in accuracy depending on the nature of the material and the care exercised in handling it. In earlier years, when party affiliations were loose in any event, there is considerable room for error and even more recently the element of judgment involved in designating party affiliation allows some inaccuracies. Further, the assembly of electoral district data to obtain provincial and national aggregates requires careful handling. Owing to these factors, varying unofficial sources sometimes are in conflict. In such cases, that source which is believed to have the greatest accuracy is used. The following list of sources used in assembling the data includes both official and unofficial publications. Official publications may give data coming from unofficial sources and unofficial publications may give data from official sources. Government publications Statistics Canada, Canada Year Book, (Catalogue 11-202), annual since 1905, various years, (Ottawa, Supply and Services Canada); Public Archives of Canada, Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation July 1, 1867 - April 1, 1973, (Ottawa, Supply and Services Canada, 1974); Dominion Bureau of Statistics, Statement of Civil Service Personnel and Salaries in the Month of January, 1912-1924, (Ottawa, King's Printer, 1925); Parliament of Canada, Civil Service Employees: Number, Total Salaries and Bonus, (Ottawa, King's Printer, 1923); Civil Service Commission, Personnel Administration in the Public Service, A Review of Civil Service Legislation, (Ottawa, Queen's Printer, 1959); G.V. LaForest, Department of Justice, Disallowances and Reservations of Provincial Legislation, (Ottawa, Queen's Printer, 1955); Debates of the House of Commons, (Ottawa, Queen's Printer), various years; Journals of the House of Commons of Canada, (Ottawa, Supply and Services Canada), various years; Chief Electoral Officer, Report of the Chief Electoral Officer, various years; A Statistical History of all the Electoral Districts of the Province of Ontario, (Toronto, undated); Province of Quebec, Bureau of Statistics, Annuaire du Québec, (Quebec, Queen's Printer), annual since 1913; Province of Saskatchewan, Who's Who; Great Britain, The Public General Acts and Church Assembly Measure, 1960, (London, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1961). Non-government publications J.M. Beck, The Government of Nova Scotia, (Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1957); George Henderson, Federal Royal Commissions in Canada 1867-1966, a Checklist, (Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1967); H. McD. Clokie, "Basic Problems of the Canadian Constitution", Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science, vol. 8, no. 2, February 1942; R. Ares, Dossier sur le pact fédératif de 1867, (Montréal, Bellarmin, 1967); Canadian Parliamentary Companion, annual 1862 to 1897 (various editors and published at various places); Copp Clark Publishing, Canadian Almanac and Directory (Vancouver, Calgary, Toronto, Montreal), various years; R. MacGregor Dawson, The Government of Canada, 3rd edition (Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1957); James G. Foley, Resume of General Elections, 1896-1911; Canadian Annual Review, beginning in 1960, (Toronto, University of Toronto Press); Paul Gérin-Lajoie, Constitutional Amendment in Canada, (Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1950); J.E. Hodgetts, Royal Commissions of Inquiry in Canada, (University of Toronto, M.A. thesis, 1939); Cole Taylor, The Canadian Bureaucracy: a study of Canadian civil servants and other public employees, 1939-1947 Duke University Press, 1949; Pierre G. Normandin, editor, Canadian Parliamentary Guide, annual since 1898, apparently a successor of the Canadian Parliamentary Companion, (Ottawa); John Saywell, The Office of Lieutenant-Governor, (Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1957); H.G. Skilling, Canadian Representation Abroad, from Agency to Embassy, (Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1945); Norman Ward, The Canadian House of Commons: Representation, (Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1950). Important sources of information, which contain much material included in the above sources, are the federal and provincial sessional papers. The British North America Act (BNA Act) 1867 and its Amendments are the main formal foundation of government in Canada. They are not complete statements, however, of even the formal part of the constitution. Other statutes of the United Kingdom, such as the Statute of Westminster 1931, statutes of the Parliament of Canada on such matters as the houses
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