Potential Reference Mires and Lakes Ecosystems for Biosphere Assessment of Olkiluoto Site
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Working Report 2010-67 Potential Reference Mires and Lakes Ecosystems for Biosphere Assessment of Olkiluoto Site Reija Haapanen Lasse Aro Teija Kirkkala Sari Koivunen Anne-Maj Lahdenperä Anna Paloheimo October 2010 POSIVA OY Olkiluoto FI-27160 EURAJOKI, FINLAND Tel +358-2-8372 31 Fax +358-2-8372 3709 Working Report 2010-67 Potential Reference Mires and Lakes Ecosystems for Biosphere Assessment of Olkiluoto Site Reija Haapanen Haapanen Forest Consulting Lasse Aro Finnish Forest Research Institute Teija Kirkkala, Anna Paloheimo Pyhäjärvi Institute Sari Koivunen Lounais-Suomen vesi- ja ympäristötutkimus Oy Anne-Maj Lahdenperä Pöyry Finland Oy October 2010 Base maps: ©National Land Survey, permission 41/MML/10 Working Reports contain information on work in progress or pending completion. The conclusions and viewpoints presented in the report are those of author(s) and do not necessarily coincide with those of Posiva. ABSTRACT New lakes and mires will develop in the sea area now surrounding Olkiluoto Island due to the postglacial land uplift. The properties of these objects can be forecast using data from existing lakes and mires. There are, however, no such objects on the present Olkiluoto Island. This Working Report presents a project, initiated in 2007, where lakes and mires at different successional stages, suitable as reference objects for the future ones, were searched. The task included delineation of the study area, based on e.g. geological and climatological factors, and development of the selection criteria. As background, development history and properties of present lakes and mires in the study area are described in this report. For this and forthcoming projects, several GIS data sets were acquired. With help of these data, literature and environmental databases, 33 mires and 27 lakes were selected. These were considered to be the best available analogues for the future objects around Olkiluoto Island. The characteristics of these objects are presented briefly; more detailed information is found in the literature and databases. Keywords: reference area, analogue site, parameter, classification, modelling, ecosystem, mire, lake. Olkiluodon biosfääriarviointiin sopivia referenssijärviä ja -soita TIIVISTELMÄ Maankohoamisen seurauksena Olkiluotoa nykyään ympäröivälle merialueelle tulee tule- vaisuudessa muodostumaan järviä ja soita. Näiden ominaisuuksia voidaan ennustaa olemassaolevien järvien ja soiden avulla. Nykyisessä Olkiluodossa ei järviä tai soita kuitenkaan ole. Tässä työraportissa esitellään vuonna 2007 alkanut projekti, jossa etsit- tiin eri kehitysvaiheissa olevia, Olkiluodon referenssikohteiksi sopivia järviä ja soita. Tehtävään kuului tutkimusalueen rajaus mm. geologisten ja ilmastollisten muuttujien perusteella sekä kohteiden valintakriteerien jäsentely. Näitä taustoittamaan työraportissa esitetään alueen soiden ja järvien kehityshistoriaa sekä ominaisuuksia. Tätä projektia ja tulevia GIS-analyysejä varten hankittiin useita keskeisiä paikka- tietoaineistoja. Näiden, sekä tutkimusjulkaisujen ja ympäristötietokantojen perusteella valittiin 33 suota ja 27 järveä, joiden voidaan ajatella parhaiten kuvaavan Olkiluotoon tulevaisuudessa kehittyviä kohteita. Näiden kohteiden ominaisuudet on esitetty tiiviste- tysti; tarkempaa tietoa löytyy tutkimusjulkaisuista sekä tietokannoista. Avainsanat: referenssialue, analogikohde, parametri, luokitus, mallinnus, ekosysteemi, suo, järvi. 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT TIIVISTELMÄ PREFACE ..................................................................................................................... 3 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 5 1.1 Motivation ..................................................................................................... 5 1.2 This project ................................................................................................... 6 1.3 Study area .................................................................................................... 7 1.4 Links to other studies ................................................................................... 9 2 ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF LAKES AND MIRES ................................... 11 2.1 The origin and development of lakes ......................................................... 11 2.1.1 Origin of lakes – general ........................................................... 11 2.1.2 Lake succession on Finnish land uplift coast ............................ 12 2.1.3 Characteristics of Finnish lakes ................................................. 13 2.2 The origin and development of mires ......................................................... 19 2.2.1 Origin of mires – general ........................................................... 19 2.2.2 Mire succession on Finnish land uplift coast ............................. 25 2.2.3 Characteristics of Finnish mires ................................................ 26 3 DESCRIPTION OF THE REFERENCE AREA .................................................... 31 3.1 Geography ................................................................................................. 31 3.1.1 Climate ...................................................................................... 31 3.1.2 Topography ............................................................................... 34 3.1.3 Hydrogeography (Discharge areas) .......................................... 34 3.2 Geology ...................................................................................................... 38 3.2.1 Bedrock and overburden ........................................................... 38 3.2.2 Peat accumulation ..................................................................... 39 3.3 Ecology ...................................................................................................... 41 3.3.1 General ...................................................................................... 41 3.3.2 Lakes ......................................................................................... 41 3.3.3 Mires .......................................................................................... 43 4 HUMAN ACTIVITIES ........................................................................................... 45 4.1 General aspects ......................................................................................... 45 4.2 Forest management on mires .................................................................... 45 4.3 Agriculture .................................................................................................. 45 4.4 Harvesting of peat ...................................................................................... 46 4.5 Water regulation and flood protection ........................................................ 46 2 4.6 Waste waters ............................................................................................. 46 4.7 Nature protection ........................................................................................ 47 4.8 Restoration of lakes and rivers ................................................................... 48 5 DATA SOURCES ................................................................................................ 51 6 PROPERTIES OF GOOD REFERENCE SITES AND THE SELECTION PROCESS ........................................................................................................ 59 6.1 Lakes .......................................................................................................... 59 6.2 Mires .......................................................................................................... 60 6.3 Parameters ................................................................................................. 62 7 MOST RELEVANT SITES ACCORDING TO THE STUDY ................................ 63 7.1 Lakes .......................................................................................................... 63 7.1.1 Small and medium, low humic lakes (Vh) ................................. 65 7.1.2 Shallow, low humic lakes (MVh) ................................................ 68 7.1.3 Shallow, humic lakes (Mh) ........................................................ 70 7.1.4 Shallow lakes rich in humus (MRh) ........................................... 92 7.1.5 Lakes of very short residence time (Lv) .................................. 105 7.1.6 Not classified ........................................................................... 109 7.2 Mires ........................................................................................................ 116 8 CONCLUDING REMARKS ............................................................................... 173 9 SUMMARY ........................................................................................................ 175 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................... 177 APPENDIX 1. SPECIES MENTIONED IN THE TEXT ............................................... 201 APPENDIX 2. MAIN CHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF FINNISH LAKES .................... 207 APPENDIX 3. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF TILL IN THE REFERENCE AREA .... 209 APPENDIX 4. FAUNA OF LAKES AND MIRES IN WESTERN FINLAND ................. 213 APPENDIX 5. LAKE PARAMETER LIST ................................................................... 215 APPENDIX 6. MIRE PARAMETER LIST ...................................................................