Ch. 24 Sect. 3 The War In The Paciic Objectives: 1. Summarize the Japanese advance in the Paciic in 1941 and 1942 and describe Allied victories that turned the tide of the war. 2. Describe Allied struggle for the Paciic Islands, including Iwo Jima and Okinawa. 3. Describe the Manhattan Project and its effect in bringing an end to the war. Main Idea: Fierce ighting and heavy casualties characterized the war in the Paciic Ocean as the Allied forces struggled to turn back Japanese advances. Island Hopping • The leader of the U.S. forces in the Paciic was Douglas MacArthur. • MacArthur was forced to leave the Philippines at the start of WW II and promised to return. • After victories at Midway and Guadalcanal the U.S. military strategy was called island hopping. • We would go from island to island (Philippines, Iwo Jima, Okinawa) defeating the Japanese and chase them back home to Japan. U.S. Marines Raise The Flag On Iwo Jima Manhattan Project

 After entering World War II, the project was reorganized and put on the fast track toward completion.

 The Manhattan Project (1942 ‐ 1945) was a top secret, engineering project, costing $2 Billion, and was led by J. Robert Oppenheimer.

 The project employed 120,000 people and built 37 installations for different phases and parts of the project. In 1942, physicists at the University of Chicago successfully caused a chain reaction by splitting atoms.

 The irst atomic bomb was tested July 16, 1945, in the desert of New Mexico (shattered windows 125 miles away). Trinity Test (1st Nuclear Explosion) July 16, 1945 Atomic Bomb Decision

 The next step was to decide whether or not to use the bomb.

 Military choices were: invade mainland Japan (might kill 500,000 ‐ 1 million U.S. soldiers), naval blockade of Japan with continued bombing, show Japan a test of the atomic bomb on a deserted island, reduce “unconditional surrender” and let the Emperor remain in power, and use the atomic bomb.

 The Interim Committee recommended using the atomic bomb.

 President Truman saw the atomic bomb as a military weapon that should be used and Prime Minister Churchill agreed. Winston Churchill & Harry Truman Using The Atomic Bomb

• The irst atomic bomb (uranium) called “Little Boy” was dropped on Hiroshima killing 75,000 immediately, injured 70,000 more, and damaged 90% of the city. • The second bomb (plutonium) called “Fat Man” was dropped on Nagasaki three days later. It killed 40,000 immediately and injured another 40,000. • The original blast was unbelievable, but ires created by the blast and radiation poisoning will kill as many people as the explosion itself. • Japan surrenders August 14, 1945 with the oficial surrender signed in Tokyo Bay on the USS Missouri September 2, 1945. Left ­ Hiroshima August 6, 1945 Right – Nagasaki August 9, 1945 Hiroshima – 90% Of Buildings Damaged