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Entwicklungschancen Von Demokratie Normen und Einstellungen: Der Demokratisierungsprozess Irakisch- Kurdistans - Eine empirisch gestützte Analyse – Inaugul – Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der philosophischen Fakultät der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg i. Br. Vorgelegt von Irfan Ortaç, M. A. aus Nusaybin / Türkei Abgabe der Dissertation: SS 2015 Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Heribert Weiland Zweitgutachter: PD Dr. Hendrick Fenz Vorsitzender des Promotionsausschusses der Gemeinsamen der Philologischen, Philosophischen und Wirtschafts- und Verhaltenswissenschaftlichen Fakultät: Prof. Dr. Hans-Helmuth Gander Datum der Fachprüfung im Promotionsfach: 03.08.2015 Inhaltsübersicht A. Abbildungsverzeichnis .............................................................................................................. I B. Tabellenverzeichnis .................................................................................................................. II C. Abkürzungsverzeichnis .......................................................................................................... III D. Vorwort...................................................................................................................................... V 1. Einführung ................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Fragestellung und Aufbau der Studie ......................................................................................... 2 1.2 Eine Betrachtung zum Forschungsstand des Themas .............................................................. 13 1.3 Begründung des normativen Ansatzes bei der Umsetzung des Demokratisierungsprozesses in Irakisch-Kurdistan .......................................................................................................................... 15 1.4 Methodik der Untersuchung ..................................................................................................... 16 1.4.1 Rahmenbedingungen der empirischen Untersuchung ................................................... 16 1.4.2 Intention der Interviewfragen ........................................................................................ 18 1.4.3 Erhebungsmethode, Transkription und das Sampling ................................................... 19 1.4.4 Forschungsdesign und Datengrundlage ........................................................................ 23 1.4.5 Intention der Empirie zur Abbildung des Demokratisierungsprozesses ....................... 24 2 Theoretischer Teil – Demokratie als Modell „moderner Staatlichkeit“ .............................. 28 2.1 Demokratische Werte ............................................................................................................... 32 2.1.1 Der der Arbeit zu Grunde liegende Demokratiebegriff ................................................ 35 2.1.2 Demokratietheorie zwischen Legitimation und Partizipation ....................................... 36 2.1.3 Der Umgang mit gesellschaftlicher Diversität in einer Demokratie ............................. 37 2.1.4 Gewaltenteilung in einer Demokratie ........................................................................... 40 2.1.5 Der Rechtsstaat und seine elementaren Bausteine ........................................................ 43 2.2 Demokratische Institutionen .................................................................................................... 44 2.2.1 Wahlen als Partizipationsform ...................................................................................... 45 2.2.2 Die Konstituierung des Parlaments ............................................................................... 47 2.2.3 Die Verfassung als Determinante für Demokratiestabilität .......................................... 50 2.2.4 Kommunikationsmedien (Aufgaben der Massenmedien, Folgen der Entwicklungstendenzen) ............................................................................................... 52 2.2.5 Die Rolle der Zivilgesellschaft und Interessenverbände in einer Demokratie .............. 55 2.3 Prozess der Demokratie ............................................................................................................ 59 2.3.1 Muster demokratischer Entscheidung ........................................................................... 59 2.3.1.1 Mehrheitsprinzip und Konkurrenzmodell .............................................................. 60 2.3.1.2 Von der Mehrheits- zur Konkordanzdemokratie .................................................... 61 2.3.2 Transformationsforschung und Transformationstheorie ............................................... 64 2.3.2.1 Akteurstheorie ........................................................................................................ 66 2.3.2.2 Eine kritische Betrachtung der Kulturtheorie ......................................................... 69 2.3.3 Eliten und Demokratisierungsprozess – Zur Machtstruktur entwickelter demokratischer Gesellschaften ...................................................................................... 72 3. Historische Transformation als Vorläufer demokratischer Entwicklung .......................... 76 3.1 Zur Geschichte Kurdistans ....................................................................................................... 76 3.1.1 Eckdaten zu den Siedlungsgebieten der Kurden im Nahen Osten ............................ 76 3.1.2 Die Mahabat-Republik und die Rolle des späteren Kurdenführers General Mulla Mustafa Barzani ............................................................................................................ 80 3.1.3 Situation der Kurden in Irakisch-Kurdistan .................................................................. 83 3.1.4 Volksaufstand nach dem 2. Golfkrieg und die No-Fly Schutzzone von 1991 – 2003 .. 88 3.1.5 Die internen Konflikte in dieser Zeit ............................................................................. 90 3.2 Potentielle Hindernisse des Demokratisierungsprozesses ........................................................ 95 3.2.1 Kurdische Gesellschaftsstruktur als Hindernis des Demokratisierungsprozesses? ....... 95 3.2.2 Bevölkerung .................................................................................................................. 96 3.2.3 Die Re-Tribialisierungsgesellschaft Kurdistans ............................................................ 98 3.2.4 Positionierung der Eliten in Irakisch-kurdistan ........................................................... 103 3.2.4.1 Bildungseliten ....................................................................................................... 105 3.2.4.2 Politische Eliten .................................................................................................... 109 3.3 Der Einfluss des Islam auf die kurdische Gesellschaft .......................................................... 113 3.3.1 Scharia vs. Demokratie ............................................................................................... 118 3.3.2 Schleichende Islamisierung oder zivilgesellschaftlicher Aufbruch ............................ 124 3.4 Rolle der Frauen und Frauenverbände im Demokratisierungsprozess Irakisch-Kurdistans .. 127 3.4.1 Kulturelle Frauenrechte – Frauenrechte in der Scharia ............................................... 130 3.4.2 Frauenrechte in der Verfassung ................................................................................... 132 3.4.3 Die Situation der Frauen in der kurdischen Realität ................................................... 134 3.5 Entwicklung und Rolle der politischen Strömungen in Irakisch-Kurdistan für den Demokratisierungsprozess ........................................................................................................... 140 3.5.1 Politische Parteien ....................................................................................................... 140 3.5.1.1 National-Konservative: ......................................................................................... 146 Demokratische Partei Kurdistans / Partî demokratî Kurdistan (PdK) .............................. 146 3.5.1.2 Sozialliberale - Patriotic Union of Kurdistan / Yekitiya Nishtimani Kurdistan ... 152 3.5.1. 3 Islamisch – Yekgirtu ............................................................................................ 156 3.5.2 Die Verbände bzw. NGOs ........................................................................................... 162 3.5.3 Die Entwicklung und die Rolle der irakisch-kurdischen Medien für Demokratisierungsprozess .......................................................................................... 164 4 Der Beginn des Transformationsprozesses zwischen Konflikt und Konsens seit 2003 .... 172 4.1 Historische Bedingungen des Transformationsprozesses vor 2003 ....................................... 173 4.2 Nach dem Sturz Saddams (2003) ........................................................................................... 177 4.3 Parlamentarismus seit 2003 .................................................................................................... 183 4.4 Opposition in Irakisch-Kurdistan ........................................................................................... 186 4.5 Die Gründung der Goran Bewegung (2009) .......................................................................... 190 4.6 Die Bedeutung der Wahlen in Irakisch-Kurdistan ................................................................
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