DOCSLIB.ORG

From Desolation to Reconstruction 00 Lamani Fm.Qxd 5/3/2010 8:49 AM Page Ii

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
From Desolation to Reconstruction 00 Lamani Fm.Qxd 5/3/2010 8:49 AM Page Ii 00_lamani_fm.qxd 5/3/2010 8:49 AM Page i From Desolation to Reconstruction 00_lamani_fm.qxd 5/3/2010 8:49 AM Page ii Studies in International Governance is a research and policy analysis series from the Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI) and Wilfrid Laurier University Press. Titles in the series provide timely consideration of emerging trends and current challenges in the broad field of international governance. Representing diverse perspectives on important global issues, the series will be of interest to students and academics while serving also as a reference tool for policy-makers and experts engaged in policy discussion. To reach the greatest possible audi- ence and ultimately shape the policy dialogue, each volume will be made available both in print through WLU Press and, twelve months after publication, online under the Creative Commons License. 00_lamani_fm.qxd 5/3/2010 8:49 AM Page iii From Desolation to Reconstruction Iraq’s Troubled Journey Mokhtar Lamani and Bessma Momani, editors 00_lamani_fm.qxd 5/3/2010 8:49 AM Page iv Wilfrid Laurier University Press acknowledges the financial support of the Government of Canada through the Book Publishing Industry Development Program for its pub- lishing activities. Wilfrid Laurier University Press acknowledges the financial support of the Centre for International Governance Innovation. The Centre for International Governance Innovation gratefully acknowledges support for its work program from the Government of Canada and the Government of Ontario. Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication From desolation to reconstruction : Iraq’s troubled journey / edited by Mokhtar Lamani and Bessma Momani. (Studies in international governance) Co-published by Centre for International Governance Innovation. Includes bibliographical references and index. Also available in electronic format. ISBN 978-1-55458-229-7 1. Iraq—Politics and government—2003–. 2. Iraq—Social conditions—21st century. 3. Postwar reconstruction—Iraq. 4. Iraq War, 2003–. I. Lamani, Mokhtar II. Momani, Bessma, 1973– III. Centre for International Governance Innovation IV. Series: Studies in international governance DS79.76.F76 2010 956.7044'3 C2009-906527-4 ISBN 978-1-55458-232-7 Electronic format. DS79.76.F76 2010a 956.7044'3 C2009-906528-2 Cover design by David Drummond. Cover photo, showing homeless Iraqi families tak- ing shelter at the al-Rashid military base, by Paula Bronstein, Getty Images, Inc. Text design by Catharine Bonas-Taylor. © 2010 The Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI) and Wilfrid Laurier University Press This book is printed on FSC recycled paper and is certified Ecologo. It is made from 100% post-consumer fibre, processed chlorine free, and manufactured using biogas energy. Printed in Canada Every reasonable effort has been made to acquire permission for copyright material used in this text, and to acknowledge all such indebtedness accurately. Any errors and omis- sions called to the publisher’s attention will be corrected in future printings. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmit- ted, in any form or by any means, without the prior written consent of the publisher or a licence from The Canadian Copyright Licensing Agency (Access Copyright). For an Access Copyright licence, visit www.accesscopyright.ca or call toll free to 1-800-893-5777. 00_lamani_fm.qxd 5/3/2010 8:49 AM Page v Contents Acknowledgments vii List of Abbreviations ix 1 Introduction 1 Mokhtar Lamani and Bessma Momani 2 Iraq under Siege: Politics, Society and Economy, 1990–2003 13 Peter Sluglett 3 Inching Forward: Iraqi Federalism at Year Four 35 David Cameron 4 The Struggle for Autonomy and Decentralization: Iraqi Kurdistan 53 David Romano 5 Armed Forces Based in Iraqi Kurdistan: A Lens to Understand the Post-Saddam Era 75 Maria Fantappié 6 The Extinction of Iraqi Minorities: Challenge or Catastrophe? 95 Mokhtar Lamani 7 Iraq’s Economy and Its Brain Drain after the 2003 Invasion 117 Joseph Sassoon 8 IRFFI: A Multi-Donor Initiative 135 Carla Angulo-Pasel 9 Iraq’s Tangled Web of Debt Restructuring 155 Bessma Momani and Aidan Garrib 10 The Iraq War and (Non)Democratization in the Arab World 175 Rex Brynen 11 Debating the Issues: A Roundtable Report 191 Carla Angulo-Pasel 12 Reinventing Iraq: Binding the Wounds, Reconstructing a Nation 211 Nathan C. Funk List of Contributors 221 Index 225 v 00_lamani_fm.qxd 5/3/2010 8:49 AM Page vi 00_lamani_fm.qxd 5/3/2010 8:49 AM Page vii Acknowledgments Without the kind support of The Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI), its leaders, and its staff, this volume would not have been realized. CIGI’s support for a meeting in April 2009 of leading minds on Iraq helped synthesize the ideas in this volume. As a result, we would like to thank the participants of the April 2009 workshop on Iraq for their time and effort in helping to produce this book. In addi- tion to the authors in this volume, we would like to thank Marie-Joelle Zahar, Matteo Legrenzi, Mark Sedra, Marc Lemieux, Michael Bell, John Packer and Hussain Shaban who all participated in the workshop and were instrumental in providing feedback and comments to all of the authors. CIGI is a vibrant and diverse environment for the exchange of ideas and we would like to thank the people involved in planning the work- shop and ultimately this volume. Research assistants who helped facil- itate writing portions of this book include Anton Malkin, John Roden and Fadi Dawood. Briton Dowhaniuk, Matt Eason, Deanne Leifso, Chafic Khouri and Jessica Hanson all helped in making this a team effort. Our greatest thanks go to Carla Angulo-Pasel for her logistical and intellec- tual support for this project from beginning to end. We would like to dedicate this book to the five million Iraqi orphans. No volume could ever do justice to the pain and suffering of the Iraqi peo- ple, and we honour their stories and their lives in tackling the topic of Iraq in this volume. vii 00_lamani_fm.qxd 5/3/2010 8:49 AM Page viii 00_lamani_fm.qxd 5/3/2010 8:49 AM Page ix Abbreviations 9/11 September 11, 2001 ALUBAF Arab International Bank AQI al-Qaeda in Iraq BACB British Arab Commercial Bank BBC British Broadcasting Corporation BNL Banca Nazionale del Lavoro CIA Central Intelligence Agency CIDA Canadian International Development Agency CPA Coalition Provisional Authority CRRPD Iraq Commission for Resolution of Real Property Disputes DFAIT Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, Canada DPA Dayton Peace Agreement DSA Debt Sustainability Analysis EPA Emergency Post-conflict Assessment EU European Union FCC Facility Coordination Committee G7 Group of 7 G8 Group of 8 G20 Group of 20 GAO United States Government Accountability Office GDP gross domestic product GWOT Global War on Terror HRW Human Rights Watch ICDC Iraqi Civil Defense Corps ICG International Crisis Group ICI International Compact with Iraq IDMC International Displacement Monitoring Centre IDPs internally displaced persons IDRO Iraq Debt Reconciliation Office ix 00_lamani_fm.qxd 5/3/2010 8:49 AM Page x x ABBREVIATIONS IFI international financial institutions ILCS Iraq Living Conditions Survey (ILCS) IMF International Monetary Fund IRFFI International Reconstruction Fund Facility for Iraq IRIN Integrated Regional Information Networks ISCI Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq ISRB Iraqi Strategic Review Board KDP Kurdistan Democratic Party KDPI Iranian Kurdish Democratic Party KRG Kurdish Regional Government LCCG London Club Coordination Group MDTF Multi-Donor Trust Fund MNF multinational force MoPDC Ministry of Planning and Development Cooperation NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NDS National Development Strategy NGOs non-governmental organizations OPEC Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries ORHA United States Office of Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance PLO Palestine Liberation Organization PUK Patriotic Union of Kurdistan SBA Stand-by Agreement SCIRI Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq SIDA Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency SIGIR Special Inspector General for Iraqi Reconstruction SOITM Iraqi Turkmen Human Rights Research Foundation TAL Law of Administration for the State of Iraq for the Transitional Period TOR Terms of Reference UAE United Arab Emirates UBAF Union de Banques Arabes et Françaises UK United Kingdom UN United Nations UNAMI United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq UNDG United Nations Development Group UNDG-ITF United Nations Development Group Iraq Trust Fund UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization 00_lamani_fm.qxd 5/3/2010 8:49 AM Page xi ABBREVIATIONS xi UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund UNIFEM United Nations Development Fund for Women UN OCHA United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs UNSC United Nations Security Council UNSCOM United Nations Special Commission on Disarmament US United States WB-ITF World Bank Iraq Trust Fund WHO World Health Organization 00_lamani_fm.qxd 5/3/2010 8:49 AM Page xii 01_lamani_intro.qxd 5/3/2010 8:49 AM Page 1 1 Introduction Mokhtar Lamani and Bessma Momani hroughout most of the Ottoman Empire’s rule, Iraq’s “imagined communities”—composed of overlapping identities of tribes, eth- Tnic groups and religious groups—were self-sufficient, that is, out of the reach of the empire’s power and administration (Zubaida, 2002: 205). After the notorious
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Clash of Thoughts Within the Arab Discourse
    University of Central Florida STARS Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 2009 The Clash Of Thoughts Within The Arab Discourse Chadia Louai University of Central Florida Part of the Political Science Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Masters Thesis (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STARS Citation Louai, Chadia, "The Clash Of Thoughts Within The Arab Discourse" (2009). Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019. 4114. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/4114 CLASH OF THOUGHTS WITHIN THE CONTEMPORARY ARAB DISCOURSE By CHADIA LOUAI L.D. University Hassan II, 1992 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Master of Arts In the department of Political Science In the College of Sciences At the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Fall Term 2009 Major Professor: Houman A. Sadri ©2009 Chadia Louai ii ABSTRACT The Clash of Civilization thesis by Samuel Huntington and the claims of other scholars such as Bernard Lewis reinforced the impression in the West that the Arab world is a homogeneous and rigid entity ready to clash with other civilizations. In fact, some in the West argue that world civilizations have religious characteristics, for that reason the fundamental source of conflict in this new world will be primarily cultural and religious. However, other scholars argue that there is no single Islamic culture but rather multiple types of political Islam and different perception of it.
    [Show full text]
  • Overall Security in Iraq
    HOW DOES THIS END? Strategic Failures Overshadow Tactical Gains in Iraq Lawrence Korb, Brian Katulis, Sean Duggan, and Peter Juul Center for American Progress April 2008 “Strategy without tactics is the slowest route to victory. Tactics without strategy is the noise before defeat.” Sun Tzu, The Art of War “No one” in the U.S. and Iraqi governments “feels that there has been sufficient progress by any means in the area of national reconciliation.” General David Petraeus, March 13, 2008.1 www.americanprogress.org Center for American Progress Introduction and Summary .S. Army General David Petraeus understood the situation perfectly five years ago. As an indigenous insurgency began to form in the weeks following the U.S. Uinvasion of Iraq in 2003, then-Major Gen. Petraeus asked Washington Post report- er Rick Atkinson the fundamental question of the war: “Tell me, how does this end?” After spending nearly three-quarters of a trillion dollars, after more than 4,000 lost American lives alongside hundreds of thousands of Iraqis, this remains the central question of this war. Yet the answer to Gen. Petraeus’ question—a unified, independent, and stable Iraq that is an ally in the global war on terrorism—is more elusive today than it was when President Bush’s military escalation began in early 2007. Since the administration’s escalation began 15 months ago, the president and his con- servative allies in Congress have entangled the United States ever more deeply in Iraq’s multiple ethnic and sectarian conflicts. Some short-term security progress has been achieved in certain areas of Iraq.
    [Show full text]
  • Centre for Kurdish Studies
    Centre for Kurdish Studies Centre for Kurdish Studies anks to Professor Michael M Gunter of Tennessee Technological University for permission to use this image. Living over a territory divided between Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Syria and the former Soviet Union, and with an active international diaspora, the Kurds are the largest stateless nation in the world, and the fourth largest ethnic group in the Middle East. They inhabit a strategic area, once a region of contact between the Ottoman, Persian and Russian empires, and later a contested border zone between modern nation-states. Although they are ethnically, linguistically, and culturally distinct from the majority populations of the nation-states where they live, they are often consigned to a peripheral role in Turkish, Arab or Iranian studies. Our focus on Kurdish Studies places the Kurds at the centre of our research and offers a chance to consider Kurdish society, culture and politics holistically in all its complexity and variation, across and within established nation- states and the global diaspora community. Exeter is the only British university to have developed a strong research focus in the field of Kurdish Studies. As such, we are the leading centre of research in the field in the UK, and one of the global centres of excellence. The Centre for Kurdish Studies has recently benefited from generous donations from the Ibrahim Ahmed Foundation, the Prime Minister’s Office of the Kurdistan Regional Government, and the President’s Office of Iraq. These gifts have enabled us to expand our staff base and our research and teaching activities. We now offer the following degrees: • PhD in Kurdish Studies A multi-discplinary programme covering Social Science, Political Science, and Humanities and Arts disciplines.
    [Show full text]
  • Widening Fallout Artical Name : Jordan's Thoughts on the Battle for Mosul Artical Subject : 23/11/2016 Publish Date: Dr. Nadia
    Artical Name : Widening Fallout Artical Subject : Jordan¶s thoughts on the Battle for Mosul Publish Date: 23/11/2016 Auther Name: Dr. Nadia Saad-Elddin Subject : The trajectories and potential internal and external repercussions of the battle for Mosul, on Jordan, overlap with the context of the non-traditional threat posed to Jordan's national security by ISIS.Official assessments take into account the duration of the battle launched by the Iraqi government forces backed by the US-led international coalition on October 17, 2016, to liberate Mosul from ISIS. Contrary to expectations, the battle will not be an easy one, as the group is desperately utilizing all terrorist means to defend the existence of its stronghold in its self-proclaimed caliphate in Iraq's second most populated city. This means that the possibility of another humanitarian crisis taking place in the hands of the terrorist organization is not ruled out, where waves of refugees and displaced Iraqi civilians are moving to neighboring areas would follow.Multiple ImplicationsJordan is already reeling from humanitarian, political, security and social challenges due to the flow of around 1.4 million Syrian refugees over the course of the past five years of the Syrian crisis. However, Jordan's announcement that it is taking necessary measures to respond to any unusual cross-border movement does not exclude the possibility of receiving an additional wave of refugees that will result in doubling structural pressure on the state. This is particularly attributed to the current turbulence in the Arab regional landscape with no prospect of a solution in sight for the crises in Syria and Iraq, at least in the near future.
    [Show full text]
  • Mcallister Bradley J 201105 P
    REVOLUTIONARY NETWORKS? AN ANALYSIS OF ORGANIZATIONAL DESIGN IN TERRORIST GROUPS by Bradley J. McAllister (Under the Direction of Sherry Lowrance) ABSTRACT This dissertation is simultaneously an exercise in theory testing and theory generation. Firstly, it is an empirical test of the means-oriented netwar theory, which asserts that distributed networks represent superior organizational designs for violent activists than do classic hierarchies. Secondly, this piece uses the ends-oriented theory of revolutionary terror to generate an alternative means-oriented theory of terrorist organization, which emphasizes the need of terrorist groups to centralize their operations. By focusing on the ends of terrorism, this study is able to generate a series of metrics of organizational performance against which the competing theories of organizational design can be measured. The findings show that terrorist groups that decentralize their operations continually lose ground, not only to government counter-terror and counter-insurgent campaigns, but also to rival organizations that are better able to take advantage of their respective operational environments. However, evidence also suggests that groups facing decline due to decentralization can offset their inability to perform complex tasks by emphasizing the material benefits of radical activism. INDEX WORDS: Terrorism, Organized Crime, Counter-Terrorism, Counter-Insurgency, Networks, Netwar, Revolution, al-Qaeda in Iraq, Mahdi Army, Abu Sayyaf, Iraq, Philippines REVOLUTIONARY NETWORK0S? AN ANALYSIS OF ORGANIZATIONAL DESIGN IN TERRORIST GROUPS by BRADLEY J MCALLISTER B.A., Southwestern University, 1999 M.A., The University of Leeds, United Kingdom, 2003 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSPHY ATHENS, GA 2011 2011 Bradley J.
    [Show full text]
  • I Am a Salafi : a Study of the Actual and Imagined Identities of Salafis
    The Hashemite Kingdom Jordan The Deposit Number at The National Library (2014/5/2464) 251.541 Mohammad Abu Rumman I Am A Salafi A Study of The Actual And Imagined Identities of Salafis / by Mohammad Abu Rumman Amman:Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, 2014 Deposit No.:2014/5/2464 Descriptors://Islamic Groups//Islamic Movement Published in 2014 by Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Jordan & Iraq FES Jordan & Iraq P.O. Box 941876 Amman 11194 Jordan Email: [email protected] Website: www.fes-jordan.org Not for sale © FES Jordan & Iraq All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reprinted, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means without prior written permission from the publishers. The views and opinions expressed in this publication are solely those of the original author. They do not necessarily represent those of the Friedrich-Ebert Stiftung or the editor. Translation: Dr. Hassan Barari Editing: Amy Henderson Cover: YADONIA Group Printing: Economic Printing Press ISBN: 978-9957-484-41-5 2nd Edition 2017 2 I AM A SALAFI A Study of the Actual and Imagined Identities of Salafis by Mohammad Abu Rumman 3 4 Dedication To my parents Hoping that this modest endeavor will be a reward for your efforts and dedication 5 Table of Contents DEDICATION ........................................................................................................ 5 FOREWORD .......................................................................................................... 8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Good Strategy, Bad Tactics: Limits, Challenges and Opportunities For
    LIMITS, CHALLENGES, AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR MODERN COUNTERINSURGENCY by Natasha Schlenoff A thesis submitted to Johns Hopkins University in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Global Security Studies Baltimore, Maryland August 2015 © 2015 Natasha Schlenoff All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT The overall goal of this thesis is to draw some conclusions about the kinds of strategies and tactics that those engaging in irregular warfare should employ. Given the increasing number of intrastate conflicts and future U.S. involvement in counterinsurgency, it is important for policy makers and strategists to be clear-eyed about viable ways to engage in irregular war. Thus, this paper’s analysis of previous counterinsurgency and stability operations, and estimate of the U.S. military’s institutional capacity to adapt to irregular warfare could serve as a useful guide for future force planning. The first and second chapters of this thesis examine divergent strategies in counterinsurgency and stability operations. Chapter One assesses whether indiscriminate force is strategically effective in national counterinsurgency campaigns. The findings of this chapter indicate that while indiscriminate force may be tactically effective in the near-term, indiscriminate force alone does not produce long-term success. Chapter Two assesses conditions for conflict and stability in Iraq, and why, despite similarly low levels of development and proximity to violence, some areas of Iraq are more stable than others. My research found the examined Shi’a and Kurdish communities in Iraq maintained stability as a result of ethnic homogenization and a capable local security force, rather than COIN and international development efforts.
    [Show full text]
  • Lament of Ahmad Khani: a Study of the Historical Struggle of the Kurds for an Independent Kurdistan
    Lament of Ahmad Khani: A Study of the Historical Struggle of the Kurds for an Independent Kurdistan Erik Novak Department of Political Science Villanova University The Kurdish poet Sheikmous Hasan, better known as Cigerxwin, wrote these words as part of his much larger work, Who Am I? while living in exile in Sweden. “I am the proud Kurd, the enemies’ enemy, the friend of peace-loving ones. I am of noble race, not wild as they claim. My mighty ancestors were free people. Like them I want to be free and that is why I fight, for the enemy won’t leave in peace and I don’t want to be forever oppressed.”1 Although Hasan, who died in 1984, was a modern voice for Kurdish nationalism, he is merely one of a chorus of Kurds reaching back centuries crying out for a free and independent Kurdish state, unofficially named Kurdistan. Although the concept of nationalism is common today, the cries of the Kurds for their own state reach back centuries, the first written example coming from the Kurdish poet Ahmad Khani in his national epic Mem-o-Zin in 1695. Mem-o-Zin actually predates the French Revolution of 1789, which is often thought to be the true beginning of the concept of a national state. Despite having conceived of nationalism for the Kurds nearly a century ahead of France and the rest of Western Europe, the Kurds lack a state of their own. What are the origins of Kurdish nationalist thought and how has it evolved over the years? To answer this question, we will track the evolution of Kurdish nationalist thought from its origins during the Ottoman Empire, 1 through World War I and up to the present by looking at the three successor states of the Ottoman Empire that contain the largest Kurdish populations: Turkey, Iran, and Iraq.
    [Show full text]
  • Ameen Rihani: the English Manuscripts and Universalism
    Ameen F. Rihani: The English Manuscripts and Universalism In 1998 the Albert Ferris Rihani family donated to the Library of Congress facsimiles of the manuscripts of all of the English works and correspondence of pioneer Arab-American author Ameen F. Rihani (1876- 1940). The originals of these documents remain in the family museum in Freike, Lebanon. Since most scholars could not travel there to conduct research, an exception was made in Library policy that allowed the acquisition of copies while originals are extant. In the 1998 negotiations, Ramzi Rihani represented the family for this Gift to the Nation. Ameen Rihani’s papers are important to the nation’s memory. He was the first American of Arab heritage to devote himself to writing literature, to publish a novel in English, and the first Arab author to write English essays, poetry, novels, short stories, art critiques and travel chronicles. He is now the author of 32 books in English, published from 1911 to 2002, his publishing life being extended already by 62 years due to the editorial efforts of the Rihani family. His writings in English mark the beginning of a body of literature that is Arab in its concern, culture and characteristic, English in language, and American in spirit and platform. He published in the United States during the first three decades of this century in many major magazines and newspapers. According to University of Pennsylvania Professor of Arabic Roger Allen, Rihani and his fellow Arab immigrants were leaders in "the literary movement that was so crucial to the life and development of certain communities in the United States (especially Brooklyn, Cincinnati and Detroit) and also to the development of cultural and literary ties to the Middle East region."1 Rihani is recognized as the founder of Arab-American literature and the forerunner of ethnic American literature written by popular Middle Eastern writers.
    [Show full text]
  • O Modelo Consociativo Para Sociedades Plurirreligiosas: Reflexões E Aprendizados Sobre a Experiência Confessional Libanesa
    UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS DEPARTAMENTO DE CIÊNCIA POLÍTICA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIA POLÍTICA NATALIA NAHAS CARNEIRO MAIA CALFAT O modelo consociativo para sociedades plurirreligiosas: Reflexões e aprendizados sobre a experiência confessional libanesa Versão corrigida São Paulo 2017 NATALIA NAHAS CARNEIRO MAIA CALFAT O modelo consociativo para sociedades plurirreligiosas: Reflexões e aprendizados sobre a experiência confessional libanesa Versão corrigida Dissertação de mestrado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Política da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas, da Universidade de São Paulo, como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de mestre em Ciência Política. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Glauco Peres da Silva Coorientador: Prof. Dr. Salem Hikmat Nasser O exemplar original encontra-se na Biblioteca Florestan Fernandes (SBD/FFLCH/USP). De acordo: ______________________________ Prof. Dr. Glauco Peres da Silva São Paulo 2017 Autorizo a reprodução e divulgação total ou parcial deste trabalho, por qualquer meio convencional ou eletrônico, para fins de estudo e pesquisa, desde que citada a fonte. CALFAT, Natalia N. C. M. O modelo consociativo para sociedades plurirreligiosas: reflexões e aprendizados sobre a experiência confessional libanesa . Dissertação (Mestrado) apresentada à Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo para obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciência Política. Aprovado em: 26 de Janeiro de 2017 Banca
    [Show full text]
  • Kurdistan Rising? Considerations for Kurds, Their Neighbors, and the Region
    KURDISTAN RISING? CONSIDERATIONS FOR KURDS, THEIR NEIGHBORS, AND THE REGION Michael Rubin AMERICAN ENTERPRISE INSTITUTE Kurdistan Rising? Considerations for Kurds, Their Neighbors, and the Region Michael Rubin June 2016 American Enterprise Institute © 2016 by the American Enterprise Institute. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be used or reproduced in any man- ner whatsoever without permission in writing from the American Enterprise Institute except in the case of brief quotations embodied in news articles, critical articles, or reviews. The views expressed in the publications of the American Enterprise Institute are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the staff, advisory panels, officers, or trustees of AEI. American Enterprise Institute 1150 17th St. NW Washington, DC 20036 www.aei.org. Cover image: Grand Millennium Sualimani Hotel in Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan, by Diyar Muhammed, Wikimedia Commons, Creative Commons. Contents Executive Summary 1 1. Who Are the Kurds? 5 2. Is This Kurdistan’s Moment? 19 3. What Do the Kurds Want? 27 4. What Form of Government Will Kurdistan Embrace? 56 5. Would Kurdistan Have a Viable Economy? 64 6. Would Kurdistan Be a State of Law? 91 7. What Services Would Kurdistan Provide Its Citizens? 101 8. Could Kurdistan Defend Itself Militarily and Diplomatically? 107 9. Does the United States Have a Coherent Kurdistan Policy? 119 Notes 125 Acknowledgments 137 About the Author 139 iii Executive Summary wo decades ago, most US officials would have been hard-pressed Tto place Kurdistan on a map, let alone consider Kurds as allies. Today, Kurds have largely won over Washington.
    [Show full text]
  • The Real Outcome of the Iraq War: US and Iranian Strategic Competition in Iraq
    The Real Outcome of the Iraq War: US and Iranian Strategic Competition in Iraq By Anthony H. Cordesman, Peter Alsis, Adam Mausner, and Charles Loi Anthony H. Cordesman Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy Revised: December 20, 2011 Note: This draft is being circulated for comments and suggestions. Please provide them to [email protected] Chapter 6: US Strategic Competition with Iran: Competition in Iraq 2 Executive Summary "Americans planted a tree in Iraq. They watered that tree, pruned it, and cared for it. Ask your American friends why they're leaving now before the tree bears fruit." --Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.1 Iraq has become a key focus of the strategic competition between the United States and Iran. The history of this competition has been shaped by the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988), the 1991 Gulf War, and the US invasion of Iraq in 2003. Since the 2003 war, both the US and Iran have competed to shape the structure of Post-Saddam Iraq’s politics, governance, economics, and security. The US has gone to great lengths to counter Iranian influence in Iraq, including using its status as an occupying power and Iraq’s main source of aid, as well as through information operations and more traditional press statements highlighting Iranian meddling. However, containing Iranian influence, while important, is not America’s main goal in Iraq. It is rather to create a stable democratic Iraq that can defeat the remaining extremist and insurgent elements, defend against foreign threats, sustain an able civil society, and emerge as a stable power friendly to the US and its Gulf allies.
    [Show full text]