00_lamani_fm.qxd 5/3/2010 8:49 AM Page i From Desolation to Reconstruction 00_lamani_fm.qxd 5/3/2010 8:49 AM Page ii Studies in International Governance is a research and policy analysis series from the Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI) and Wilfrid Laurier University Press. Titles in the series provide timely consideration of emerging trends and current challenges in the broad field of international governance. Representing diverse perspectives on important global issues, the series will be of interest to students and academics while serving also as a reference tool for policy-makers and experts engaged in policy discussion. To reach the greatest possible audi- ence and ultimately shape the policy dialogue, each volume will be made available both in print through WLU Press and, twelve months after publication, online under the Creative Commons License. 00_lamani_fm.qxd 5/3/2010 8:49 AM Page iii From Desolation to Reconstruction Iraq’s Troubled Journey Mokhtar Lamani and Bessma Momani, editors 00_lamani_fm.qxd 5/3/2010 8:49 AM Page iv Wilfrid Laurier University Press acknowledges the financial support of the Government of Canada through the Book Publishing Industry Development Program for its pub- lishing activities. Wilfrid Laurier University Press acknowledges the financial support of the Centre for International Governance Innovation. The Centre for International Governance Innovation gratefully acknowledges support for its work program from the Government of Canada and the Government of Ontario. Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication From desolation to reconstruction : Iraq’s troubled journey / edited by Mokhtar Lamani and Bessma Momani. (Studies in international governance) Co-published by Centre for International Governance Innovation. Includes bibliographical references and index. Also available in electronic format. ISBN 978-1-55458-229-7 1. Iraq—Politics and government—2003–. 2. Iraq—Social conditions—21st century. 3. Postwar reconstruction—Iraq. 4. Iraq War, 2003–. I. Lamani, Mokhtar II. Momani, Bessma, 1973– III. Centre for International Governance Innovation IV. Series: Studies in international governance DS79.76.F76 2010 956.7044'3 C2009-906527-4 ISBN 978-1-55458-232-7 Electronic format. DS79.76.F76 2010a 956.7044'3 C2009-906528-2 Cover design by David Drummond. Cover photo, showing homeless Iraqi families tak- ing shelter at the al-Rashid military base, by Paula Bronstein, Getty Images, Inc. Text design by Catharine Bonas-Taylor. © 2010 The Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI) and Wilfrid Laurier University Press This book is printed on FSC recycled paper and is certified Ecologo. It is made from 100% post-consumer fibre, processed chlorine free, and manufactured using biogas energy. Printed in Canada Every reasonable effort has been made to acquire permission for copyright material used in this text, and to acknowledge all such indebtedness accurately. Any errors and omis- sions called to the publisher’s attention will be corrected in future printings. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmit- ted, in any form or by any means, without the prior written consent of the publisher or a licence from The Canadian Copyright Licensing Agency (Access Copyright). For an Access Copyright licence, visit www.accesscopyright.ca or call toll free to 1-800-893-5777. 00_lamani_fm.qxd 5/3/2010 8:49 AM Page v Contents Acknowledgments vii List of Abbreviations ix 1 Introduction 1 Mokhtar Lamani and Bessma Momani 2 Iraq under Siege: Politics, Society and Economy, 1990–2003 13 Peter Sluglett 3 Inching Forward: Iraqi Federalism at Year Four 35 David Cameron 4 The Struggle for Autonomy and Decentralization: Iraqi Kurdistan 53 David Romano 5 Armed Forces Based in Iraqi Kurdistan: A Lens to Understand the Post-Saddam Era 75 Maria Fantappié 6 The Extinction of Iraqi Minorities: Challenge or Catastrophe? 95 Mokhtar Lamani 7 Iraq’s Economy and Its Brain Drain after the 2003 Invasion 117 Joseph Sassoon 8 IRFFI: A Multi-Donor Initiative 135 Carla Angulo-Pasel 9 Iraq’s Tangled Web of Debt Restructuring 155 Bessma Momani and Aidan Garrib 10 The Iraq War and (Non)Democratization in the Arab World 175 Rex Brynen 11 Debating the Issues: A Roundtable Report 191 Carla Angulo-Pasel 12 Reinventing Iraq: Binding the Wounds, Reconstructing a Nation 211 Nathan C. Funk List of Contributors 221 Index 225 v 00_lamani_fm.qxd 5/3/2010 8:49 AM Page vi 00_lamani_fm.qxd 5/3/2010 8:49 AM Page vii Acknowledgments Without the kind support of The Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI), its leaders, and its staff, this volume would not have been realized. CIGI’s support for a meeting in April 2009 of leading minds on Iraq helped synthesize the ideas in this volume. As a result, we would like to thank the participants of the April 2009 workshop on Iraq for their time and effort in helping to produce this book. In addi- tion to the authors in this volume, we would like to thank Marie-Joelle Zahar, Matteo Legrenzi, Mark Sedra, Marc Lemieux, Michael Bell, John Packer and Hussain Shaban who all participated in the workshop and were instrumental in providing feedback and comments to all of the authors. CIGI is a vibrant and diverse environment for the exchange of ideas and we would like to thank the people involved in planning the work- shop and ultimately this volume. Research assistants who helped facil- itate writing portions of this book include Anton Malkin, John Roden and Fadi Dawood. Briton Dowhaniuk, Matt Eason, Deanne Leifso, Chafic Khouri and Jessica Hanson all helped in making this a team effort. Our greatest thanks go to Carla Angulo-Pasel for her logistical and intellec- tual support for this project from beginning to end. We would like to dedicate this book to the five million Iraqi orphans. No volume could ever do justice to the pain and suffering of the Iraqi peo- ple, and we honour their stories and their lives in tackling the topic of Iraq in this volume. vii 00_lamani_fm.qxd 5/3/2010 8:49 AM Page viii 00_lamani_fm.qxd 5/3/2010 8:49 AM Page ix Abbreviations 9/11 September 11, 2001 ALUBAF Arab International Bank AQI al-Qaeda in Iraq BACB British Arab Commercial Bank BBC British Broadcasting Corporation BNL Banca Nazionale del Lavoro CIA Central Intelligence Agency CIDA Canadian International Development Agency CPA Coalition Provisional Authority CRRPD Iraq Commission for Resolution of Real Property Disputes DFAIT Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, Canada DPA Dayton Peace Agreement DSA Debt Sustainability Analysis EPA Emergency Post-conflict Assessment EU European Union FCC Facility Coordination Committee G7 Group of 7 G8 Group of 8 G20 Group of 20 GAO United States Government Accountability Office GDP gross domestic product GWOT Global War on Terror HRW Human Rights Watch ICDC Iraqi Civil Defense Corps ICG International Crisis Group ICI International Compact with Iraq IDMC International Displacement Monitoring Centre IDPs internally displaced persons IDRO Iraq Debt Reconciliation Office ix 00_lamani_fm.qxd 5/3/2010 8:49 AM Page x x ABBREVIATIONS IFI international financial institutions ILCS Iraq Living Conditions Survey (ILCS) IMF International Monetary Fund IRFFI International Reconstruction Fund Facility for Iraq IRIN Integrated Regional Information Networks ISCI Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq ISRB Iraqi Strategic Review Board KDP Kurdistan Democratic Party KDPI Iranian Kurdish Democratic Party KRG Kurdish Regional Government LCCG London Club Coordination Group MDTF Multi-Donor Trust Fund MNF multinational force MoPDC Ministry of Planning and Development Cooperation NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NDS National Development Strategy NGOs non-governmental organizations OPEC Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries ORHA United States Office of Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance PLO Palestine Liberation Organization PUK Patriotic Union of Kurdistan SBA Stand-by Agreement SCIRI Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq SIDA Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency SIGIR Special Inspector General for Iraqi Reconstruction SOITM Iraqi Turkmen Human Rights Research Foundation TAL Law of Administration for the State of Iraq for the Transitional Period TOR Terms of Reference UAE United Arab Emirates UBAF Union de Banques Arabes et Françaises UK United Kingdom UN United Nations UNAMI United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq UNDG United Nations Development Group UNDG-ITF United Nations Development Group Iraq Trust Fund UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization 00_lamani_fm.qxd 5/3/2010 8:49 AM Page xi ABBREVIATIONS xi UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund UNIFEM United Nations Development Fund for Women UN OCHA United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs UNSC United Nations Security Council UNSCOM United Nations Special Commission on Disarmament US United States WB-ITF World Bank Iraq Trust Fund WHO World Health Organization 00_lamani_fm.qxd 5/3/2010 8:49 AM Page xii 01_lamani_intro.qxd 5/3/2010 8:49 AM Page 1 1 Introduction Mokhtar Lamani and Bessma Momani hroughout most of the Ottoman Empire’s rule, Iraq’s “imagined communities”—composed of overlapping identities of tribes, eth- Tnic groups and religious groups—were self-sufficient, that is, out of the reach of the empire’s power and administration (Zubaida, 2002: 205). After the notorious