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A STUDY of LANDFILL LEACHATE TREATMENT by Pacl, SAGO STARCH and TAPIOCA STARCHES, HYMENOCALLIS LIRIOSME and ALOE VERA AS COAGULANTS

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A STUDY of LANDFILL LEACHATE TREATMENT by Pacl, SAGO STARCH and TAPIOCA STARCHES, HYMENOCALLIS LIRIOSME and ALOE VERA AS COAGULANTS View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Repository@USM A STUDY OF LANDFILL LEACHATE TREATMENT BY PACl, SAGO STARCH AND TAPIOCA STARCHES, HYMENOCALLIS LIRIOSME AND ALOE VERA AS COAGULANTS ONG SEE LENG UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA 2010 A STUDY OF LANDFILL LEACHATE TREATMENT BY PACl, SAGO STARCH AND TAPIOCA STARCHES, HYMENOCALLIS LIRIOSME AND ALOE VERA AS COAGULANTS by ONG SEE LENG Dissertation submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science (Environmental Engineering) School of Civil Engineering Universiti Sains Malaysia May 2010 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisor, Prof Dr. Hamidi Abdul Aziz for his support, guidance and advice during this project. His supervision, suggestions and comments given throughout the entire project period definitely helped a lot in completing the project. His dedication and effort are much appreciated and valued. In addition, I also want to express my deepest appreciation to my co- supervisor, Dr. Abu Ahmed Mokammel Haque for the invaluable advice and inspiration throughout the project. Thanks also go to Mr. Zaini, Mr. Nabir, Mrs. Shamsiah, Mr. Nizam and all the technicians in environmental labs for their cooperation and help during the study. Moreover, they always made me feel free to ask questions and sincerely guide me on the matters related to my laboratory work. I also want to express my deepest appreciation to all of my friends and my beloved family members for their endless support and concern throughout the period of my studies in USM. My project would have never been a success without their continuous support. Thanks. i TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Acknowledgements i List of Tables vi List of Figures vii List of Plates x List of Abbreviation xi Abstrak xii Abstract xiv CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Problem Statement 3 1.3 Objectives of the Study 5 1.4 Scope of the Study 6 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Landfill Leachate 7 2.1.1 Risks of landfill leachate pollution 8 2.1.2 Landfill leachate characteristics 10 2.1.3 Landfill leachate treatment 11 2.2 Coagulation-flocculation 13 2.3 Coagulants and Its Classification 17 2.3.1 Polymerized forms of metal coagulants 19 2.4 Coagulant Aids 21 2.5 Natural Coagulant 22 ii 2.5.1 Coagulants of Plant Origin 24 2.6 Zeta Potential 28 2.6.1 Study on Zeta Potential in Coagulation 30 CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 3.1 Sampling and Storage 34 3.2 Chemical Substances and Reagent 35 3.3 Preparation of Stock Solution 36 3.4 Preparation of Starch Solution 38 3.5 Preparation of Hymenocallis liriosme and Aloe vera Solution 39 3.6 Jar Test 40 3.6.1 Determination of an Optimum Coagulant Dosage 41 3.6.2 Determination of an Optimum pH 42 3.7 Analytical Procedure 43 3.7.1 pH 43 3.7.2 SS 43 3.7.3 Colour 44 3.7.4 Ammoniacal-nitrogen 44 3.7.5 Chemical Oxygen Demand 44 3.8 Determination of Zeta Potential 45 CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 4.1 Leachate Characteristics 46 4.2 Determination of an optimum dosage and optimum pH for PACl 47 4.3 PACl with Natural Coagulant Aids 50 4.3.1 PACl with Sago starch 50 4.3.1.1 Determination of optimum dosage for sago starch at PACl concentration 7200mg/L 50 iii 4.3.1.2 Determination of optimum dosage for PACl (by reducing from 7200mg/L) at sago starch concentration 1000mg/L 52 4.3.1.3 Determination of optimum pH for PACl 2700mg/L and sago starch 1000mg/L 53 4.3.2 PACl with Tapioca starch 54 4.3.2.1 Determination of optimum dosage for tapioca starch at PACl concentration 7200mg/L 54 4.3.2.2 Determination of optimum dosage for PACl (by reducing from 7200mg/L) at tapioca starch concentration 2000mg/L 56 4.3.2.3 Determination of optimum pH for PACl 4500mg/L and tapioca starch 2000mg/L 58 4.3.3 PACl with Hymenocallis liriosme 59 4.3.3.1 Determination of optimum dosage for Hymenocallis liriosme at PACl concentration 7200mg/L 59 4.3.3.2 Determination of optimum dosage for PACl (by reducing from 7200mg/L) at Hymenocallis liriosme concentration 1000mg/L 60 4.3.3.3 Determination of optimum pH for PACl 1800mg/L and Hymenocallis liriosme 1000mg/L 61 4.3.4 PACl with Aloe vera 4.3.4.1 Determination of optimum dosage for Aloe vera at PACl concentration 7200mg/L 62 4.3.4.2 Determination of optimum dosage for PACl (by reducing from 7200mg/L) at Aloe vera concentration 1500mg/L 63 4.3.4.3 Determination of optimum pH for PACl 1800mg/L and Aloe vera 1500mg/L 65 4.4 Comparison of Pollutant Removal between Natural Coagulants 66 4.4.1 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 68 4.4.2 Ammoniacal Nitrogen 70 4.4.3 Colour 71 4.4.4 Suspended Solid 73 4.5 Determination of Zeta Potential 74 iv CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Conclusion 78 5.2 Recommendations 80 REFERENCES 81 APPENDICES 86 v LIST OF TABLES Page Table 2.1 Characteristic of the leachate in the three phases 10 Table 2.2 Characteristics of Polyaluminium chloride 18%Al 2O3 21 Table 3.1 General information on the chemical substance and the reagent 36 Table 3.2 Concentration of the PACl and the equivalent volume that should be added in the pre-treated leachate 37 Table 4.1 Composition of the investigated landfill leachate 46 Table 4.2 Initial zeta potential for sample and coagulants 75 Table 4.3 Zeta potential and the removal efficiency of pollutants for PACl with natural coagulant aids at its optimum dosage and pH 76 vi LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 2.1 Each polymer chain attaches to many colloids 15 Figure 2.2 Zeta potential 29 Figure 2.3 Zeta potentials of coagulated material as a function of pH at dosage of 1.0 and 3.0 mg/L 30 Figure 2.4 Zeta potentials of coagulated material as a function of coagulant dose 32 Figure 2.5 Contrast of Zeta potential between the flocculants in different time point 32 Figure 4.1 Determination of optimum PACl concentration 47 Figure 4.2 Determination of optimum pH for PACl concentration 7200mg/L 49 Figure 4.3 Determination of optimum sago starch concentration at PACl 7200mg/L 51 Figure 4.4 Determination of optimum PACl concentration at sago starch 1000mg/L 52 Figure 4.5 Determination of optimum pH at PACl 2700mg/L and sago starch 1000mg/L 54 Figure 4.6 Determination of optimum tapioca starch concentration at PACl 7200mg/L 55 vii Figure 4.7 Determination of optimum PACl concentration at tapioca starch 2000mg/L 57 Figure 4.8 Determination of optimum pH at PACl 4500mg/L and tapioca starch 2000mg/L 58 Figure 4.9 Determination of optimum Hymenocallis liriosme concentration at PACl 7200mg/L 59 Figure 4.10 Determination of optimum PACl concentration at Hymenocallis liriosme 1000mg/L 60 Figure 4.11 Determination of optimum pH at PACl 1800mg/L and Hymenocallis liriosme 1000mg/L 61 Figure 4.12 Determination of optimum Aloe vera concentration at PACl 7200mg/L 63 Figure 4.13 Determination of optimum PACl concentration at Aloe vera 1500mg/L 64 Figure 4.14 Determination of optimum pH at PACl 1800mg/L and Aloe vera 1500mg/L 65 Figure 4.15 Pollutant removal efficiency for sago starch 66 Figure 4.16 Pollutant removal efficiency for tapioca starch 66 Figure 4.17 Pollutant removal efficiency for Hymenocallis liriosme 67 Figure 4.18 Pollutant removal efficiency for Aloe vera 67 Figure 4.19 Comparison of COD removal for four types of natural coagulants 68 viii Figure 4.20 One way ANOVA for COD removal against natural coagulants 69 Figure 4.21 Comparison of NH 4-N removal for four types of natural coagulants 70 Figure 4.22 One way ANOVA for NH 4-N removal against natural coagulants 71 Figure 4.23 Comparison of colour removal for four types of natural coagulants 72 Figure 4.24 One way ANOVA for colour removal against natural coagulants 72 Figure 4.25 Comparison of SS removal for four types of natural coagulants 73 Figure 4.26 One way ANOVA for SS removal against natural coagulants 74 ix LIST OF PLATES Page Plate 3.1 Leachate collection pond at Pulau Burung Landfill Site 35 Plate 3.2 Starch solution 38 Plate 3.3 Hymenocallis liriosme 40 Plate 3.4 Jar test 41 Plate 3.5 Zetasizer 45 x LIST OF ABBREVIATION ANOVA Analysis of Variance BOD 5 Biological Oxygen Demand COD Chemical Oxygen Demand GSE Grape Seed Extract HA Humic Acid MeSP Methylated Soy Protein NH 4-N Ammoniacal Nitrogen PACl Poly-aluminium chloride (liquid) PBLS Pulau Burung Landfill Site PDADMAC Polydiallyldimethylammonium PFC Polyferric chloride SMWW Standard Method of the Examination of Water and Wastewater SOP Standard of Procedure SS Suspended Solids TANFLOC Tannin-based Flocculant TKN Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen xi KAJIAN RAWATAN OLAHAN LARUT RESAPAN OLEH PACl, TEPUNG SAGU DAN UBI KAYU, BUNGA BAKUNG DAN LIDAH BUAYA SEBAGAI BAHAN PENGGUMPAL ABSTRAK Ciri-ciri dan mekanisme tindak balas keupayaan tepung ubi kayu, tepung sagu, bunga bakung dan bunga lidah buaya dalam rawatan olahan larut resapan masih belum sepenuhnya didalami dan dikaji. Oleh itu, kajian ini bertujuan untuk mencari dos yang optimum bagi PACl, tepung sagu, tepung ubi kayu, bunga bakung dan bunga lidah buaya serta pH dalam penyingkiran COD, NH 4-N, warna dan pepejal terampai.
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