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The Technical Assessment of Produced Water Treatment

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An Integrated Framework for Treatment and Management of Produced Water TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES 1st EDITION RPSEA Project 07122-12 November 2009 RPSEA Project 07122-12 TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES 1st Edition TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES This report presents a comprehensive literature review and technical assessment to evaluate existing and emerging technologies that have been used for treatment of produced water or novel technologies that could be tested and considered in the future. This technical assessment includes stand-alone water treatment processes, hybrid configurations, and commercial packages developed for treatment of oil and gas produced water and zero liquid discharge (ZLD). This assessment considers pretreatment, desalination, post-treatment, and concentrated waste disposal to meet the required water quality standards for beneficial use scenarios. It should be noted that many commercially available products for produced water treatment are usually unique combinations of unit processes. This document focuses on primary unit processes, and attempts to include the major commercial packages/processes for produced water treatment. This document can be used to evaluate various treatment processes in a generic fashion even if their vendors are not listed in the report. The report was developed as part of a collaborative research project (#07122-12) led by the Colorado School of Mines (CSM) and funded by the Research Partnership to Secure Energy for America (RPSEA). TECHNOLOGIES ASSESSED A total of 54 technologies were reviewed and assessed in the study. The technologies are classified into stand-alone technologies and combined treatment processes. Stand-alone/primary Multi-technology processes Basic Separation Enhanced distillation/evaporation o Biological aerated filters o GE: MVC o Hydroclone o Aquatech: MVC o Flotation o Aqua-Pure: MVR o Settling o 212 Resources: MVR o Media filtration o Intevras: EVRAS evaporation units Membrane Separation o AGV Technologies: Wiped Film Rotating o High pressure membranes Disk . Seawater RO o Total Separation Solutions: SPR – Pyros . Brackish water RO Enhanced recovery pressure driven . Nanofiltration (NF) o Dual RO w/ chemical precipitation . VSEP o Dual RO w/HEROTM: High Eff. RO o Electrochemical charge driven membranes o Dual RO w/ SPARRO . Electrodialysis (ED), ED reversal (EDR) o Dual pass NF . Electrodionization (EDI) o FO/RO Hybrid System o Microfiltration/ultrafiltration Commercial treatment RO-based processes . Ceramic o CDM . Polymeric o Veolia: OPUSTM o Thermally driven membrane o Eco-Sphere: OzonixTM . Membrane distillation (MD) o GeoPure Water Technologies o Osmotically driven membrane . Forward osmosis (FO) 1 RPSEA Project 07122-12 TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES 1st Edition Thermal Technologies Commercial Treatment IX-based processes o Freeze-Thaw o EMIT: Higgins Loop o Vapor Compression (VC) o Drake: Continuous selective IX process o Multi effect distillation (MED) Eco-Tech: Recoflo® compressed-bed IX o MED-VC process o Multi stage flash (MSF) o Catalyx/RGBL IX o Dewvaporation Adsorption o Adsorption o Ion Exchange Oxidation/Disinfection o Ultraviolet Disinfection o Oxidation Miscellaneous Processes o Evaporation o Infiltration ponds o Constructed wetlands o Wind aided intensified evaporation o Aquifer recharge injection device (ARID) o SAR adjustment o Antiscalant for oil and gas produced water o Capacitive deionization (CDI) & Electronic Water Purifier (EWP) o Gas hydrates o Sal-ProcTM, ROSP, and SEPCON 2 RPSEA Project 07122-12 TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES 1st Edition EVALUATION CRITERIA This review broadly documents state-of-the-art research and development efforts in produced water treatment. The technologies and configurations identified in the review are technically assessed in terms of several important criteria, which are summarized in Table 1. The technologies are evaluated based on water quality bins: (i) feed water quality, and particularly salinity and constituents of concern for treatment processes (e.g., hydrocarbons, suspended solids, hardness, silica, barium, iron, manganese, boron); (ii) product water quality and its relation to water quality requirements for different produced water discharge regulations and beneficial use applications, including surface water discharge, agriculture irrigation, life stock irrigation, and USEPA drinking water standards. Another key criterion in the technical assessment is production efficiency in terms of product water recovery, which is directly related to waste (liquid or solids) generated on site that has to be disposed offsite. Other key criteria included power requirements, chemicals used, enclosure and footprint, reliability, robustness, costs, O&M considerations, pretreatment and post treatment requirements, and concentrate management options. The applicability of the technology in produced water treatment is qualitatively scored from poor to excellent. The ranking is based on: Poor - the technology can not be used to treat CBM produced water Moderate - there are significant hurdles, but under certain circumstances the technology may be appropriate for treatment of CBM produced water. Good – the technology has merit, but there may be some factors that limit its broad utilization for treatment of CBM produced water. Excellent – the technology can be used for treatment of CBM produced water and is commercially available. The technology can be deployed in the field (with appropriate pretreatment or design considerations) and will perform its desired function. The goal of this report is to provide potential users with an objective and unbiased technical assessment. In addition to the description of the technology theory and key technical and economic considerations listed in Table 1, the report summarizes important findings from field trials, pilot studies, or bench scale studies. The report expands on benefits and limitations of each treatment technology based on previous studies. This report is a synthesis of published material, including peer-reviewed journal articles, conference presentations and proceedings, technical reports, contract reports, reviews, feasibility analysis, annual reports, media reports, and information posted on vender’s website and brochures. Although the report delimits between manufacturer claims and peer-reviewed scientific data through the case studies, the users should be aware that, for some technologies/processes, manufacturer brochures are the only available source for information. 3 RPSEA Project 07122-12 TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES 1st Edition Table 1. Description of assessment criteria Criteria Description/Rationale Industrial status Emerging or existing technology in which industry, whether being previously employed for produced water treatment and to what level (full-scale, pilot-scale, bench-scale), whether it is a competitive or non- competitive vendor market (including supplier names), minimum and maximum plant size Feed water quality bins Applicable TDS range, types of water chemistry makeup, constituents of concerns including: hydrocarbons, suspended solids, hardness, boron, silica, barium, iron, manganese, etc Product water quality Overall reported or estimated rejection in terms of TDS, sodium, organic constituents, heavy metals, ammonia, and others Production efficiency Specific production efficiency in terms of reported and/or estimated (recovery) product water recovery Infrastructure considerations Known infrastructure constraints or considerations such as modularity, mobility, energy type, relative footprint, electrical supply, housing, brine discharge, chemical storage, etc. Energy consumption Types of energy needed and power requirements Chemicals Types of chemicals required for process control (such as for regeneration, fouling, scaling, alkalinity, corrosion, and disinfection) and cleaning Life cycle Expected life of the process and replacement needs O&M considerations Levels of monitoring and control required, including quality control Level of skilled labor required Level of flexibility: easy to adapt to highly varying water quantity and quality Level of robustness: ability of the equipment to withstand harsh conditions, such as cold weather climates, shut-down and restart Level of reliability – little down time, need for maintenance Types of energy required Overall costs Reported treatment, capital, operation, and maintenance costs. Identification of major cost components including waste disposal. Identification of components offering most cost reduction opportunities Pre-and post treatment Types and levels of pre- and post-treatment required by the technology Concentrate management or Waste to feed volume ratio. Concentrate treatment and/or available waste disposal disposal options of concentrate or solid wastes. Special disposal considerations, if any Applicability in produced Qualitatively scoring the technology for the produced water water treatment application criterion (excellent to poor) 4 RPSEA Project 07122-12 TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES 1st Edition WASTE DISPOSAL COST Because waste disposal is a common consideration for all water treatment technologies, the costs of waste disposal are discussed here prior to the review of water treatment technologies. Waste disposal costs strongly depend on the location of
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