Introdurre Già in Questo Capitolo Elementi Di Comparazione

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Introdurre Già in Questo Capitolo Elementi Di Comparazione 1 DOTTORATO DI RICERCA IN STORIA MEDIEVALE CICLO XXV COORDINATORE Prof. Andrea Zorzi Monachesimo, istituzioni e società a Firenze nel pieno Medioevo. San Miniato al Monte e San Salvi fra XI e XIII secolo (primi decenni) Settore Scientifico Disciplinare M-STO/01 Dottoranda Tutore Dott.ssa Maria Pia Contessa Prof. Francesco Salvestrini Anni 2010/2012 2 Indice Introduzione ……………………………………………………………………………… 4 Elenco delle abbreviazioni …………………………………………………………… 11 I. Il quadro storiografico e le fonti per la ricerca 1. Il quadro storiografico …………………………………………………………………….. 12 1.1. La storiografia su San Miniato al Monte ……………………………………… 18 1.2. La storiografia su San Salvi ……………………………………………………. 27 2. Le fonti 2.1. Le carte e le loro vicende archivistiche ………………………………………. 35 II. Il radicamento nel territorio 1. San Miniato al Monte ……………………………………………………………………… 45 1.1. Il pian di Ripoli 1.1.1. L’insediamento e l’incremento del patrimonio fondiario …………… 46 1.1.2. La chiesa di San Pietro a Ema e le relazioni con i residenti ………… 51 1.1.3. I rapporti con i notabili locali ………………………………………. 56 1.2. L’urbanizzazione dell’Oltrarno: la chiesa e la parrocchia di San Niccolò 1.2.1. La promozione del popolamento suburbano e la fondazione della chiesa ……………………………………………………………………….. 60 1.2.2. I difficili rapporti con i parrocchiani e con i possidenti cittadini ……. 68 1.3. La penetrazione in Val di Sieve, area di rilevanza strategica per il controllo militare del territorio ……………………………………………………………… 73 2. San Salvi …………………………………………………………………………………… 79 2.1. Il settore orientale: il Piano di San Salvi e il Pian di Ripoli 2.1.1. L’espansione a est della città e le relazioni con i possidenti locali … 81 2.1.2. Lo sfruttamento delle aree e delle risorse fluviali ……………………. 87 2.2. Il settore orientale: l’insediamento entro le mura e il Campo di San Salvi 2.2.1. La colonizzazione del suburbio orientale e i rapporti con i lignaggi locali ………………………………………………………………………… 95 2.2.2. La chiesa di San Iacopo tra i Fossi: la fondazione e la cura d’anime 104 2.3. Il settore occidentale 2.3.1. Il suburbio e la città: San Salvi, l’ospedale di San Pancrazio e i Vallombrosani ………..................................................................................... 108 2.3.2. L’espansione nella campagna ……………………………………… 112 3. Conclusioni ………………………………………………………………………………… 116 3 III. L'impatto sociale 1. San Miniato al Monte 1.1. San Miniato al Monte, i vescovi e la società fiorentina ……………………… 126 1.1.1. La fondazione del monastero e il suo ruolo nella società fiorentina dell’XI secolo ……………………………………………………………… 127 1.1.2. San Miniato, i vescovi fiorentini e i mutamenti politici e istituzionali tra XII e XIII secolo ………………………………………………………… 140 1.1.3. La posizione di San Miniato fra il Comune consolare e quello podestarile ………………………………………………………………… 148 1.2. L’impatto culturale …………………………………………………………… 159 1.2.1. La promozione di un culto cittadino ………………………………… 161 1.2.2. L’apogeo del prestigio di San Miniato: l’abbaziato di Oberto (1034/’37-1072/’77) ………………………………………………………… 182 1.2.3. Il contributo alla produzione e conservazione documentaria e all’affermazione dell’arte romanica in Toscana …………………………… 196 2. San Salvi …………………………………………………………………………………… 212 2.1. Istituzione e rifondazioni di San Salvi: i monaci vallombrosani fra patroni laici e libertas Ecclesiae ……………………………………………………………… 212 2.2. L’impegno religioso, politico e sociale 2.2.1. Il contributo di San Salvi alla crescita dell’ordine vallombrosano … 224 2.2.2. L’apporto allo sviluppo della società e dell’economia fiorentine …… 236 3. Conclusioni ………………………………………………………………………………… 242 IV. Un bilancio ...………………………………………………………………………… 253 Tavole ……………………………………………………………………………………… 267 Bibliografia e risorse digitali Fonti inedite ………………………………………………………………………… 268 Fonti edite …………………………………………………………………………… 269 Studi ………………………………………………………………………………… 270 Risorse digitali ……………………………………………………………………… 293 4 Introduzione Nel corso dell’XI secolo la Toscana rappresentò uno degli scenari principali di vicende politico-religiose complesse, che riguardarono la cristianità intera e che, nel loro insieme, contribuirono alla definizione dell’identità della Chiesa romana. A Firenze, in particolare, furono intraprese alcune fra le iniziative più rilevanti da parte di coloro che pretendevano un maggior rigore nel comportamento degli ecclesiastici, rifiutando in special modo la pratica di acquisire col denaro incarichi che implicavano responsabilità di tipo spirituale. Qui l’azione dei moralizzatori risultò particolarmente incisiva, e certo fu un elemento determinante per la vittoria del loro partito. Si tratta di vicende ampiamente studiate, così come ha goduto e gode tuttora di interesse storiografico la storia dell’Ordine vallombrosano, la cui origine è strettamente legata a quegli stessi avvenimenti. Le poche informazioni che abbiamo sulla genesi dell’Ordine e sulle sue vicende più risalenti si trovano quasi esclusivamente nelle biografie del fondatore, la più antica delle quali appartiene ai primi anni Novanta del secolo1. Questi stessi racconti costituiscono anche una fonte importante per conoscere l’ambiente fiorentino dell’epoca. Gli studiosi sono cauti nell’accettare la storicità di molti degli episodi narrati, ma in genere non viene messa in discussione l’immagine di Firenze evocata da questi primi autori vallombrosani, ossia quella di una città in cui gli uomini di Dio avevano ceduto a un lassismo morale oramai intollerabile, il quale non risparmiava neanche coloro che, per il fatto di esserne le guide spirituali, avrebbero dovuto dare l’esempio osservando un certo rigore nel comportamento. Grazie all’opposizione di alcuni religiosi particolarmente determinati a combattere questo stato di cose, esercitata con i mezzi della predicazione, dell’invettiva, della propaganda, e sempre attraverso prese di posizione ben precise, si impose un nuovo modo di concepire l’esperienza religiosa, in particolare quella cenobitica. L’Ordine vallombrosano ebbe le sue radici nel rifiuto, da parte di alcuni monaci di San Miniato, di vivere più a lungo in un ambiente profondamente contaminato dalla corruzione morale, incarnata innanzitutto dall’abate e dal vescovo in carica ai quali veniva imputata la gravissima accusa di avere fatto mercimonio della carica abbaziale; soprattutto, però, la nuova esperienza religiosa trasse origine 1 Degl’Innocenti, L’agiografia su Giovanni Gualberto, p. 135 e ss. 5 dalla convinzione che per il buon funzionamento della società civile fosse necessario un profondo ripensamento delle figure e dell’attività degli uomini di chiesa e in particolare dei monaci, ai quali sarebbe spettato il ruolo di guida ed esempio per la collettività dei fedeli. Il rigetto nei confronti dell’eresia simoniaca, e la funzione salvifica attribuita ai cenobiti rappresentano due punti fondamentali nell’elaborazione dell’ideologia gualbertiana. Così, la società fiorentina che emerge dalla letteratura vallombrosana più antica sembra divisa in due blocchi distinti: da una parte i corrotti (vescovi, abate, marchese), dall’altra tutti coloro che auspicavano un rinnovamento, con i monaci secessionisti in testa. Agli ambienti degradati, rappresentati dal monastero vescovile e dalla città stessa, palesemente rifiutati dal Gualberto e dai suoi seguaci, fa da contraltare l’esperienza di vita comune avviata nelle foreste del Pratomagno, vissuta nella semplicità più assoluta lontano dai centri abitati e dalla corruzione degli affari mondani. Ma le stesse biografie ci restituiscono anche l’immagine di una società urbana che, dopo il rifiuto iniziale, aderisce pienamente alla causa dei riformatori, definitivamente conquistata dopo l’episodio di Settimo, e ci ricordano che i religiosi stanziati a Vallombrosa non avevano mai veramente abbandonato l’ambiente cittadino, anzi, nel frattempo avevano acquisito alla loro obbedienza un cenobio di nuova fondazione poco distante dalle mura. E’ questa l’immagine di Firenze che ci è stata consegnata, per l’XI secolo, dalla storiografia erudita, la stessa che ancora oggi viene perpetuata da pubblicazioni di carattere amatoriale, oppure divulgativo ma di scarso valore scientifico, la cui diffusione è oramai potenziata dalla velocità e dalla pervasività del web. Le biografie di Giovanni Gualberto ci forniscono, insomma, informazioni preziose, ma proprio per la loro natura e per il fatto di rappresentare quasi l’unica fonte di notizie in merito ad avvenimenti e personaggi così importanti, richiedono un costante esercizio critico e un’estrema cautela da parte dello studioso che intende impiegarle, precauzioni che non è sempre facile osservare scrupolosamente quando il desiderio di conoscenza deve fare i conti con l’unicità delle testimonianze. Ci siamo chiesti fino a che punto fosse attendibile questa rappresentazione della società fiorentina, e abbiamo creduto che lo studio dei due enti religiosi coinvolti in queste vicende, San Miniato al Monte e San Salvi, entrambi parti integranti della vita cittadina dell’epoca, avrebbe potuto fornire qualche risposta. Che cosa significarono realmente, nella vita religiosa e culturale di Firenze nell’XI secolo, la fondazione vescovile inserita pienamente nel quadro della cosiddetta 6 ‘riforma episcopale’ legata all’Impero, e il cenobio istituito poco lontano dalla città e subito affidato alle cure del padre dei Vallombrosani impegnato a condurvi la sua battaglia? Gioverà ricordare, a questo proposito, che stiamo parlando degli unici cenobi maschili prossimi a Firenze, preceduti nella fondazione solamente
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