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Priority Substances List Assessment Report for Road Salt

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Priority Substances List Assessment Report for Road Salt Environment Environnement Canada Canada Health Santé Canada Canada Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999 PRIORITY SUBSTANCES LIST ASSESSMENT REPORT Road Salts Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999 PRIORITY SUBSTANCES LIST ASSESSMENT REPORT Road Salts Environment Canada Health Canada 2001 TABLE OF CONTENTS SYNOPSIS ..................................................................................................................1 1.0 INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................5 2.0 SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF ROAD SALTS..............................................................................................9 2.1 Identity, properties, production and sources ......................................9 2.1.1 Substance characterization ................................................................9 2.1.2 Physical and chemical properties ......................................................9 2.1.3 Production and use............................................................................11 2.1.3.1 Sodium chloride ............................................................11 2.1.3.2 Calcium chloride............................................................11 2.1.3.3 Mixture of sodium chloride and calcium chloride........12 2.1.3.4 Magnesium chloride ......................................................12 2.1.3.5 Mixture of sodium chloride and magnesium chloride ..12 2.1.3.6 Potassium chloride ........................................................12 2.1.3.7 Brines ............................................................................12 2.1.3.8 Ferrocyanide ..................................................................12 2.1.4 Sources and releases ........................................................................13 2.1.4.1 Natural sources ..............................................................13 2.1.4.2 Anthropogenic sources ..................................................13 2.2 Road salt loadings ................................................................................14 2.2.1 Surveys ......................................................................................14 2.2.1.1 Provinces ......................................................................14 2.2.1.2 Municipalities and regional governments ....................14 2.2.1.3 Salt industry data ..........................................................14 2.2.1.4 Municipal estimates ......................................................14 2.2.1.5 Provincial and municipal use of dust suppressant salts ............................................................15 2.2.2 Results ..............................................................................................15 2.2.2.1 Sodium chloride ............................................................16 2.2.2.1.1 Recommended application rates..................16 2.2.2.1.2 Loadings ......................................................16 2.2.2.2 Calcium chloride ..........................................................18 2.2.2.3 Total chloride loadings ..................................................18 2.2.2.4 Historic trends ..............................................................18 2.2.3 Reliability of loadings data ..............................................................20 2.2.4 Summary............................................................................................21 2.3 Snow disposal ........................................................................................21 2.3.1 Characterization of snow from roadways ........................................21 PSL ASSESSMENT REPORT — ROAD SALTS iii 2.3.2 Volumes of snow in Canadian cities ................................................22 2.3.3 Snow clearing and snow disposal methods ......................................22 2.3.3.1 Methods not involving snow removal ..........................22 2.3.3.2 Methods involving release into waterways after processing or treating meltwater ..........................23 2.3.3.3 Methods involving release to surface water without water treatment ................................................24 2.3.4 Use of disposal methods by Canadian municipalities......................24 2.3.5 Summary............................................................................................25 2.4 Patrol yards ..........................................................................................25 2.4.1 Number of patrol yards and quantity of materials stored ................25 2.4.2 Patrol yard design and management ................................................26 2.4.3 Estimation of releases of salts from patrol yards ............................27 2.4.4 Salt concentrations at different areas around patrol yards ..............28 2.4.4.1 Concentrations at surface points around patrol yards....28 2.4.4.2 Concentrations in patrol yard well water ......................29 2.4.4.3 Concentrations in shallow groundwater........................29 2.4.4.4 Concentrations in patrol yard soils................................30 2.4.5 Off-site concentrations at patrol yards ............................................30 2.5 Environmental fate and pathways ......................................................31 2.5.1 Fate/transport ..................................................................................31 2.5.1.1 Chloride ........................................................................32 2.5.1.2 Sodium and potassium ..................................................32 2.5.1.3 Calcium..........................................................................32 2.5.1.4 Magnesium ....................................................................33 2.5.1.5 Sodium ferrocyanide ....................................................33 2.5.2 Environmental pathways ..................................................................33 2.5.2.1 Roadway applications....................................................33 2.5.2.2 Snow disposal sites........................................................33 2.5.2.3 Storage sites/patrol yards ..............................................35 2.6 Chloride concentrations in surface waters across Canada ..............35 2.6.1 Mapping of chloride concentrations in watersheds across Canada ..............................................................................................35 2.6.2 Environmental concentrations: Lakes and rivers ............................36 2.6.2.1 Atlantic region (Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island) ................36 2.6.2.2 Central region (Ontario and Quebec)............................38 2.6.2.3 Prairie region (Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta)..41 2.6.2.4 Pacific region (British Columbia) ................................41 2.6.2.5 Yukon, Northwest Territories and Nunavut...................42 2.6.3 Environmental concentrations: Benthic sediments...........................42 2.6.4 Environmental concentrations: Wetlands .........................................42 2.6.5 Environmental concentrations: Urban lakes and ponds ..................43 2.6.6 Chloride concentrations based on mass balance calculations.........44 2.6.6.1 Calculation of watershed chloride concentrations resulting from the use of road salts...............................44 iv PSL ASSESSMENT REPORT — ROAD SALTS 2.6.6.2 Calculation of chloride concentrations in roadway runoff ..............................................................45 2.6.7 Summary............................................................................................46 3.0 SUMMARY OF CRITICAL INFORMATION AND ASSESSMENT OF “TOXIC” UNDER CEPA 1999 ....................................................................49 3.1 CEPA 1999 64(a): Environment and CEPA 1999 64(b): Environment on which life depends....................49 3.2 Groundwater ........................................................................................49 3.2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................49 3.2.2 Groundwater principles ....................................................................50 3.2.2.1 Hydrological cycle ........................................................50 3.2.2.2 Unsaturated flow and groundwater recharge ................50 3.2.2.3 Saturated flow and contaminant migration ..................50 3.2.3 Impacts of road salts on groundwater quality ..................................50 3.2.3.1 Factors controlling the migration of road salts ............50 3.2.3.2 Predicted road salt concentrations in groundwater ......51 3.2.3.3 Plume migration and impact assessment ......................54 3.2.4 Case studies ......................................................................................55 3.2.5 Conclusions ......................................................................................57 3.3 Aquatic ecosystems ..............................................................................57 3.3.1 Scoping and assessment approach....................................................57 3.3.2 Laboratory studies ............................................................................59 3.3.2.1 Short-term or acute toxicity studies ..............................59 3.3.2.2 Chronic toxicity ............................................................63 3.3.3 Assessment of toxicity to aquatic ecosystems ..................................64 3.3.3.1 Quotient-based risk
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