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THE BEHAVIOR OP ROCKS MD ROCK MASSES IB RELATION to MILITARY GEOLOGY by Wilmot R. Mocutohon

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THE BEHAVIOR OP ROCKS MD ROCK MASSES IB RELATION to MILITARY GEOLOGY by Wilmot R. Mocutohon THE BEHAVIOR OP ROCKS MD ROCK MASSES IB RELATION TO MILITARY GEOLOGY By Wilmot R. MoCutohon ProQuest Number: 10781375 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10781375 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 $EGti3 A thesis submitted to the Faculty and the Board of Trustees of the Colorado School of Hines in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Mining Engineering* Signed a** Wilmot H* MeCutohen Golden, Colorado Date # 18d8 4 V Approvedi r C* W, Livingston I . Golden, Colorado Date /<£- , 1948 Abstract Following a brief introduction giving a general classification of rooks in the earth's crust which are of Interest to the military geologist, Table 1 i s presented to summarise the e ffe c t of various factors on the physical properties of rooks. Accompanying d efin ition s f a c ilit a t e the interpretation of the table and provide a reference of terms used in sub­ sequent discussions. The properties of elasticity and plasticity in rocks are treated in Chapter 2m Some other characteristic phenomena of importance in the study of rock strengths, such as creep, fatigue, and endurance, are also mentioned. Failure of rock specimens under stress is given a detailed study. First, the accepted classical theories of failure are stated brieflyj then the Mohr Stress Diagram is developed for a number of types of load­ ings, ending with a general state of stress. Using the Mohr Stress Dia­ gram, a carefully controlled laboratory experiment on rook specimens is analysed to deduce the manner of failure of rooks and the form of the envelope of rupture. Chapter 4 discusses several examples of static and dynamio loadings on rock masses, including stress distribution around a tunnel opening, propagation of elastic strain, and crater blasting. The last part of the chapter is devoted to a discussion of the principles of similitude as they may be used in the study of military geology. A speolfic example involving the detonation of an atomic bomb above an underground tunnel is * presented as. an illustration of the application of these similarity principles. TABLE OPCOBTENTS Page Introduction I Hooke in the Earth's Crust X Definitions 4 Elasticity and Plasticity of Rooks 8 E la s tic ity 8 P la s tic ity 10 Stages of Deformation X 0 Fatigue and Endurance 12 Failure of Hook Specimens Under Stress IS Classical Theories of Failure 13 Mohr's Stress Diagram. 14 Simple tension 14 Triaxial loading 17 Pure shear 18 Pure shear and compression 19 General state of stress 21 Further discussion of failure of rocks 27 Envelope of rupture 28 The form of the envelope of rupture 31 Influence of the intermediate principal stress 34 Summary of methods o f fa ilu re 34 Physical Behavior of Rook Masses Under Statio and Dynamic Loadings 36 S ta tic Stresses Around a Tunnel Opening 37 Hanna1s solu tion 40 Character of stress distribution 42 Dynamic Loadings ymA A General considerations 44 State of stress on a body 43 Relations between stresses and strains 47 Propagation of elastic deformations 48 Repeated deformations 33 Wave motions 53 Dynamic loadings involving rupture 58 The Concept of Similitude as an Aid to the Study of Military Geology 61 Appendix 71 Bibliography 73 ILLUSTRATIONS O pposite Figure No* Subject Page No* X Stress-Strain Diagram 9 2 Deformat ion-Time Diagram 9 3 Simple te n sio n 15 4 Mohr Stress Diagram for Simple tension 15 5 Triaxial loading 18 6 Mohr Stress Diagram for, triaxial loading 18 7 Pure Shear 19 8 Mohr S tre s s Diagram fo r pure shear 19 9 Pure shear and compression 20 10 General S ta te of S tre s s 21 11 Equilibrium oonditions on a body in general state of stress 22 12 Mohr Stress Diagram for general state of s tr e s s (Method A) 23 13 Resolution of Stress Components 25 14 Derivation of Mohr Stress Diagram for general state of stress (Method B) 25 15 Mohr Stress Diagram for general state of stress (Method B) 27 16 Specimens of rock tested to failure under various loadings 28 17 Mohr S tre s s Diagrams fo r specimens of > Figure 16 showing envelope of rupture 29 18 Influence of moisture and porosity on Mohr S tre s s diagram 32 19 Stress distribution around a tunnel a* Radial Stress pattern 37 b. Tangential stress pattern 37 o* Shear s tr e s s p a tte rn 37 d* Pattern of shear planes of weakness 43 20 State of stress on a body 46 O pposite Figure No* S ub ject Page Ho» 21 Blastio deformations from a dynamic load 50 22 Elaatio deformations at a distant point from the impulse 53 23 Pattern of shear weakness around a orater charge and outline of typical o ra te rs 60 TABLES O pposite Table Page No» I The In flu en ce of V arious F ao to rs on the Physical Properties of Rooks 4 II Values of the Principal Stresses and of - the Shear and Normal Components on the Planes of Weakness for Various Points Around a Circular Tunnol Opening 44 AC KNCMLB DGXENTS I wish to express my appreciation for the courtesy extended me by the Structural Research Laboratory of the United States Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colorado, in making available the results of valuable experiments pertinent to the subject of this thesis* Thanks are also due to Professors C* W# Livingston, Henry Baboook, and W* H. Jurney of the Faculty of the Colorado School of Mines for their helpful criticism s and suggestions* 1 THE "BEHAVIOR OF ROCKS AND ROCK MASSES IN RELATION TO MILITARY GEOLOGY Chapter I Introduction Rocks In tha Earth* s Crust The earth’s crust is generally defined as the siliceous zone forming the outermost layer of the earth* The depth of the crust is more or less arbitrarily taken at about ten miles* At present* the military geologist is concerned with only the upper portion of the ©rust* down to a depth of several hundred feet, which falls within the rang© of moderate depths as present-day mining operations go* This upper layer of the earth consists of "rocks"—hard, cohesive material composed of minerals or aggregates of minerals bound together into a definite unit. Rocks are in turn generally covered with a mantle of decomposed* uncon­ s o lid a te d m in eral and organic m a te ria l known as s o il* The boundary between the lower lim it of the mantle and the upper lim it of the "bed­ rock" is usually not well-defined inasmuch as the upper zone of the bed-rock has usually undergone alteration and decay from its original state through the action of the agents of weathering and erosion* This discussion w ill be concerned mainly with the physical properties of the bed-rock as it is found in its more or less unaltered, cohesive, and consolidated state* Approximately twenty minerals, called "rook-forming minerals , 0 make up the great majority of the mineral aggregates of which rocks are composed* Notable among the rook-forming minerals are the t feldspars, micas, pyroxenes, amphibolos, quartz and caleite. Rooks are generally classified according to their modes of origin as ( 1) igneous rocks, or those directly derived from a magma* ( 2 ) sedimentary rocks, or those secondarily derived rocks formed through the disintegration, transportation, and subsequent induration of pre­ viously existing rocks; and (3) metamorphic rooks, or rocks which were originally igneous or sedimentary and which have been partly or wholly reconstituted as a result of the action of heat and pressure at depth* Each of the Inroad classifications of rocks—igneous, sedimentary, and metaraorphie—may in turn be subdivided into further genetic categories. The igneous rocks are, for example, classified as extrusive (formed through the cooling of the molten magma on the earth’s surface) and intrusive (formed through the cooling of the magma in a relatively deep- seated environment)* Examples of extrusive igneous rooks are rhyolites, basalts, scoria, obsidian, and other volcanic glasses* The intrusive igneous rocks of note are granites, syenites, monzonites, gabbros, and peridotites* The intrusives are, in the order given, progressively more basic in composition* Granite stands as the most acidic of the intrusive igneous rocks, while gabbro and diorite contain a much larger proportion of basic minerals* Sedimentary rocks also fall into two main subdivisions: namely, ( 1) those formed through the consolidation of clastic fragments (sandstones and shales) and ( 2) those formed through the precipitation of solid material from solution (limestones)* Metamorphic rocks, on the other hand, are usually classified according to the degree of di as trophism to which they have been subjected* Low degree or low ”rankn metamorphies consist of such rocks as slates, while the higher 5 rank metamorphics ar© such rocks as gneisses and schists# A further detailed classification of rocks according to mode of origin or mineral composition is of no significant interest to this discussion.
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