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Insights from Forested Catchments in South-Central Chile Institute for Earth and Environmental Science Hydrological and erosion responses to man-made and natural disturbances – Insights from forested catchments in South-central Chile Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences at the University of Potsdam, Germany for the degree of Doctor of Natural Sciences (Dr. rer. nat.) in Geoecology Christian Heinrich Mohr Potsdam, September 2013 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons License: Attribution - Noncommercial - Share Alike 3.0 Germany To view a copy of this license visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/de/ Published online at the Institutional Repository of the University of Potsdam: URL http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2014/7014/ URN urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-70146 http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-70146 View from Nahuelbuta National park across the central inner valley towards the Sierra Velluda, close to the study area, Biobío region, Chile. Quien no conoce el bosque chileno, no conoce este planeta... Pablo Neruda The climate is moderate and delightful and if the country were to be cleared of forest, the warmth of ground would dissipate the moisture… The Scot Lord Thomas Cochrane commanding the Chilean navy in a letter to the Chilean independence leader Bernardo O’Higgins about the south of Chile, 1890, cited in [Bathurst, 2013] Preface When I started my PhD studies, my main intention was to contribute new knowledge about the impact of forest management practices on runoff and erosion processes. To this end, together with our Chilean colleagues, we established a network of forested catchments on the eastern slopes of the Chilean Coastal Range with water and sediment monitoring devices to quantify water and sediment fluxes associated with different forest management practices. The data thus obtained allowed us to calculate water balances and sediment budgets of exotic plantation forests prior to any forestry intervention. Then on February 27th 2010 the magnitude 8.8 Maule Earthquake struck the study area and affected the hydrological processes fundamentally. The seismic waves stimulated the hydrological process system resulting in observed changes in streamflow discharge. Owing to the fact that seismo- hydrological processes and interactions are limited in space and time, the observed hydrological phenomena offered the unique opportunity to better understand the coupled interaction between near-surface tectonics and the hydrological cycle in general and the mechanisms of certain hydrological processes in particular. Therefore, I took the chance and extended my PhD research which resulted in the thesis presented here. One part of my thesis investigates changes in hydrology and soil erosion associated with forestry activities while the other part explores hydrological responses to earthquakes. At first glance, these two fields of research seem to be unrelated and acting on distinct spatiotemporal scales. Nevertheless, they are both results of changing environmental conditions whether induced by human activity or due to rather rare seismic processes. Natural and man-made disturbances can push a hydrologic system beyond the range of previously experienced behavior, which opens a window to understanding the regional hydrological cycle and its processes as a whole. The understanding of process responses to disturbances are not restricted to academic interest but has implications for water supplies and the development of best management practices to mitigate the impact of forest interventions on stream water quality and quantity. I finally merged both research fields into a common framework that I have named Hydrological and erosion responses to man-made and natural disturbances – Insights from forested catchments in south-central Chile. Table of contents Content …………………………………………………………………………………………i List of Figures …………………………………………………………………………………v List of Tables ………………………………………………………………………………….x Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………………....xii Zusammenfassung....………………………………………………………………………....xiv 1. General introduction and background …………………………………………………..1 1.1. Hydrological and erosion responses to man-made disturbances ………………….3 1.1.1. Plantation forestry ………………………………………………………4 1.1.2. Plantation forestry in Chile ……………………………………………...4 1.1.3. Hydrological and hydro-geomorphic consequences of intensive plantation forestry ………………………………………………………5 1.2. Hydrological and erosion responses to natural disturbances ……………………11 1.2.1. Earthquake hydrology …………………………………………………11 1.2.2. The origin of post-seismic changes in streamflow …………………….13 1.3. Chile – country of earthquakes ……………………………...…………………..15 1.4. The Nacimiento hydrological and erosional study sites ...………………………16 1.5. Aims, objectives and approaches ………………………………………………..19 1.6. Author’s contributions and publications ………………………....……………...22 2. Effect of Pinus radiata and Eucalyptus globulus plantations on water resources in the Coastal Range of the Biobío region, Chile …………………………...23 2.1. Introduction ……………………………………………………………………...24 2.2. Methods and study sites …………………………………………………………25 2.3. Results …………………………………………………………………………...33 2.4. Discussion ……………………………………………………………………….36 2.5. Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………40 2.6. Acknowledgments ………………………………………………………………40 2.7. Supplementary Information: Original paper published in Spanish ……………..40 i 3. Runoff and soil erosion processes after clear cutting ………………………………….41 3.1. Introduction ……………………………………………………………………...42 3.2. Study area ………………………………………………………………………..44 3.3. Methods ………………………………………………………………………….46 3.3.1. Experimental strategy and sampling design …………………………...47 3.3.2. Soil conditions …………………………………………………………49 3.3.3. Data Analysis …………………………………………………………..50 3.3.4. Random Forest Model setup …………………………………………...51 3.4. Results …………………………………………………………………………...53 3.4.1. Soil and surface properties …………………………………………….53 3.4.2. Results of drip-type rainfall experiments ……………………………...54 3.4.2.1. Infiltration and runoff production ……………………………54 3.4.2.1. Sediment transport and erosion rates ………………………...57 3.4.3. The hydrological and erosional response as a function of environmental variables ………………………………………………..59 3.4.3.1. Infiltration and runoff response ……………………………...59 3.4.3.2. Erosion and sediment yield …………………………………..61 3.5. Discussion ……………………………………………………………………….63 3.6. Conclusions ……………………………………………………………………...70 3.7. Acknowledgements ……………………………………………………………...71 3.8. Supplementary Information ……………………………………………………...72 4. Seasonal logging, process response, and geomorphic work …………………………...74 4.1. Introduction ……………………………………………………………………...75 4.2. Study sites ……………………………………………………………………….76 4.3. Methods ………………………………………………………………………….78 4.3.1. Field sampling …………………………………………………………78 4.3.2. Sediment rating curve (SRC) …………………………………………..79 4.3.3. Quantile Regression Forests (QRF) ……………………………………79 4.3.4. QRF model …………………………………………………………….80 4.4. Results …………………………………………………………………………...81 4.5. Discussion ……………………………………………………………………….85 4.6. Conclusions ……………………………………………………………………...89 4.7. Acknowledgements ……………………………………………………………...89 ii 4.8. Physics-based modelling efforts of water and sediment fluxes following clear cutting using WASA-SED ……………………………………...90 4.8.1. Hydrology ……………………………………………………………...90 4.8.2. Sediment fluxes ………………………………………………………..92 4.8.3. Synopsis of the modelling studies and implications …………………...93 4.9. Supplementary Information ……………………………………………………...93 5. Streamflow response in small upland catchments in the Chilean Coastal Range to the MW 8.8 Maule earthquake on February 17th 2010 ………………………..98 5.1. Introduction …………………………………………………………………….100 5.2. Maule earthquake and Araucania aftershock …………………………………..101 5.3. Study area and weather conditions ……………………………………………..101 5.4. Methods and Data ………………………………………………………………106 5.5. Approach ……………………………………………………………………….108 5.6 Observations and results ………………………………………………………...109 5.7 Discussion ………………………………………………………………………116 5.7.1. Where does the excess water come from? ……………………………117 5.7.2. Increase in streamflow discharge by enhanced permeability? ……….118 5.7.3. Increase in streamflow discharge by dynamic strain? ………………..120 5.7.3.1. Intensified magnitude of diurnal oscillations of streamflow discharge ……………………………………….125 5.7.4. Increase in streamflow by tilting of the landscape? ………………….126 5.8. Conclusions and synopsis ………………………………………………………127 5.9. Acknowledgement ……………………………………………………………...128 6. Response of vadose zone water to earthquake ………………………………………..129 6.1. Conceptual model of vadose zone water response to earthquakes ……………..137 6.2. Supplementary Information …………………………………………………….139 6.2.1. Methods ………………………………………………………………139 6.2.1.1. Observation of streamflow, rainfall and soil moisture ……..139 6.2.1.2. Rescaling of evapotranspiration rates and normalization of discharge ………………………………….139 6.2.1.3. Modelling …………………………………………………...140 6.2.1.3.1. Modelling of Groundwater flow ………………….140 iii 6.2.1.3.2. Modelling of co-seismic water mobilization from the vadose zone ………………140 6.2.1.3.3. Inverse modelling of evapotranspiration …………141 6.2.2. Supplementary Figures ……………………………………………….145 6.2.3. Supplementary Table …………………………………………………147 7. Summary and Conclusions ……………………………………………………………..148 7.1. Summary and conclusions ……………………………………………………...149 7.1.1. Main results, implications and limitations ……………………………149 7.1.2. Synthesis ……………………………………………………………...156 7.1.3. Future work …………………………………………………………..158 7.1.3.1. Groundwater ………………………………………………..158
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