Appendices Appendix 1: Aboriginal Constellations

Home , Resen (crater)

Piddington Piddington 1932:395 Source Karadjeri, north- Karadjeri, WA western group or place or group Origin of Origin of on markings these animals Association Aboriginal ,Capella, and tracks tracks ,Capella, and Aboriginal mythologicalAboriginal representation ,Deneb, and and ,Deneb, Native cat (Pardjidja) (Langgur)opossum stars). (faint the opossum of ) ), Capella ( Alpha Auriga several of and pairs between stars faint Taurus and Auriga Night sky sky Night phenomena (European) ( AlphaDeneb Cygnus Appendices Appendix 1: Aboriginal Constellations

161 Night Skies of Aboriginal Australia 1930:352–54 Mountford 1956:479 Mountford 1956:481 Source Groote Eylandt, Eylandt, Groote NT Eylandt, Groote NT Karadjeri, WAKaradjeri, Piddington group or place or group - is Strong, south winds easterly which blow April during Bulian associated with seasonal change Association Aboriginal ,

), have ), have , who ), and ), and , an ancestral ancestral , an , in revenge, , in revenge, and Upsilon Duwardwara , the great water serpent also is water , the great Aboriginal mythologicalAboriginal representation These stars form Unwala form stars These crab ( Barnimbida a man Venus, a woman ( Jupiter, Lambda children, two Scorpii. places a dead water snake in a pond in a pond snake a deadplaces water Both women Yeriyeri. which scares sky. to the going to flee the sea before Bulian represented eyes are his and in the sky stars. by about snakes. Wolabun snakes. about The Magellanic Clouds are the spirits spirits the are Clouds Magellanic The Bagadjimbiri heroes. ancestral two of earthcollect on but food together teases Wolabun continually Yerinyeri Canopus and Sirius represent two two represent Sirius and Canopus and Wolabun Yerinyeri women, , Alpha and Eta and ), Sirius ), Sirius ) and two two ) and , Delta , Zeta Sigma Rho Hydrae Jupiter, Venus, Lambda ScorpiiUpsilon Night sky sky Night phenomena (European) Clouds, Magellanic Canopus ( Carinae ( Alpha Canis Majoris (undesignated) stars

162 Appendices Mountford Mountford 1956:481 Mountford 1956:484–85 Mountford 1956:485–87 1956:487 Source Groote Eylandt, Eylandt, Groote NT NT NTOenpelli, Mountford Groote Eylandt, Eylandt, Groote NT group or place or group Tides Rock cod Eylandt, Groote Association Aboriginal and ) feed on ) feed on , speared by by , speared and Delta andCrucis. Beta andLyncis. Beta ) who cannot gather their own their own gather ) who cannot Aboriginal mythologicalAboriginal representation The Magellanic Clouds are the camps camps the are Clouds Magellanic The (the a woman and man old an of Jukara their fire. is food. Achernar Coal Alakitja a fish, is Sack Alpha brothers, two are Gamma fires Their Alpha are Their Crucis. friends Centauri. Beta ( GarakmaA celestial family theWay Milky from bulbs waterlily a fruit in the Coal tree from and Sack. Small stars in Lynx are scorpions, old old scorpions, are in Lynx Small stars fish and who hunt star-people childless own their over They cook the sky. over Alpha fires, ) and and and Beta ) Magellanic Clouds Clouds Magellanic Achernar and ( Alpha Eridani The Southern Alpha Cross, Beta Centauri the Coal Sack (Unidentified) October morning the Milky stars, the Coal and Way Sack Night sky sky Night phenomena (European) Small (undesig- in stars nated) large two and Lynx, (prob- in Lynx stars ably Alpha Lyncis

163 Night Skies of Aboriginal Australia 1956:487 1956:495–6 Mountford 1956:496 1956:500 Source Oenpelli, NTOenpelli, Mountford NTMillingimbi, Mountford (Caldeon Galbu NT Bay), NTYirrkala, Mountford group or place or group Association Aboriginal , a group of starmen (large (large starmen of , a group Aboriginal mythologicalAboriginal representation Nangurgal their sons and in the Cross) stars a catch in the Cross) (smaller stars is the snake The Coal it. eat and snake the are of cross the stars The Sack. the men. eyes of bright visi- the Canoe Stars, of Constellation December March. ble to eternally a stingray is Cross Southern which repre- the Pointers by pursued a shark. sent and Orion, the Hyades, the Hyades, Orion, the some Pleiades, Gemini of stars of stars some and Eridanus and Cross Southern Alpha Pointers Beta Centauri Stars of Lupus Scorpion Night sky sky Night phenomena (European) and Cross Southern the Coal Sack

164 Appendices Worms 1986:129 Worms Durak 1969:77 1956:500 1956:495–96 Source Kimberley, WA Kimberley, Yirrkala, NTYirrkala, Mountford NTMillingimbi, Mountford group or place or group

Creation heroCreation Western Dugong, Pandanus rakia (spike-thrush) tides and Association Aboriginal

and Beta Centauri , an ancestral hero lives in the lives hero ancestral , an Aboriginal mythologicalAboriginal representation are two feathers from his headdress, headdress, his from feathers two are dark the other a parrot, from white one owl. an from sister and her dog live in the Large in the Large dog live her and sister the younger and Cloud Magellanic in the Small dog life her and sister elder sister The Cloud. Magellanic the Small only as believedis leave to during visible is Cloud Magellanic September, to the dry season, April the wet during visible both are whereas season. Saak a woman. and a man is Arcturus Galalang Alpha patch. dark

Alpha ) Saak ( Eta the ) and Arcturus ( Bootis Bootis Moon (in the Patch Dark between Way Milky and Centaurus Alpha Scorpius), and Beta Centauri Night sky sky Night phenomena (European) CloudsMagellanic elder The sisters. two of Camps

165 Night Skies of Aboriginal Australia Ridley 1875:144–45 Roberts and Mountford 1974:32 Roberts and Mountford 1974:76 Source Kanda Dharumba, Dharumba, River Shoalhaven NSW area, group or place or group Association Aboriginal ) and a ) and ) impaled on on ) impaled away. , a tribal man (Antares), , a tribal (Antares), man Moondtha Aboriginal mythologicalAboriginal representation Flying foxes (Milky Way) were angry were Way) (Milky foxes Flying with Purupriki foxes flying them. The who attacked carried Purupriki ), a tribal leader, Centauri (Beta Mululu (the daughters four his for arranged him to up climb to the Cross) of stars Conduk. a healer, of the beard on spears for trying to get rid of him by trying him by rid for of get spears to to the Theyburying went all him alive. as known is the constellation and sky Munowra. Black Snake ( Wunbula, a Bat, had his two wives, a wives, two his had a Bat, Wunbula, ( Murrbumbool Snake Brown ) and the ) and Antares ( Alpha Antares Scorpii Way Milky and Cross Southern Beta Centauri Night sky sky Night phenomena (European) in Canis Stars Major

166 Appendices Roberts and Mountford 1974:94 Ellis 1991:75–77 Roberts and Mountford 1974:114 Tunbridge 1988:74 Source Flinders Ranges, Ranges, Flinders SA SALake Torrens, 1986:134 Worms North-western North-western NSW WA, coast north coast group or place or group Creation Creation Flinders of Ranges Creation heroes Origin and Origin and of ownership fire Association Aboriginal Aboriginal mythologicalAboriginal representation Escape of two creation heroes, the heroes, creation two Escape of bushfire. from Pointers, cre- (eagles) who are hawk-men Two Star. in the Morning live heroes ation The Southern Cross is the camp of two of two is camp the Cross The Southern Pointers. the are their fires and mothers food.of to earthThey in came search of out theygot carriedsticks fire The was ensued which fire The control. earth. on people by captured

and Beta The Pointers, Alpha Pointers, The and Beta Centauri Star Morning (Venus) Night sky sky Night phenomena (European) Cross, Southern Alpha Centauri

167 Night Skies of Aboriginal Australia Roberts and Mountford 1974:118 Tunbridge 1988:122–3 and Rule Goodman 1979:36–45 Source SA of Mandalbingu Arnhem NT Land, group or place or group Power of elders of Power Ranges, Flinders Association Aboriginal , abducts a beauti- , abducts lives in the dark patches. in the dark lives Aboriginal mythologicalAboriginal representation Two sons were disrespectful their to were sons Two father The punished. so were and father never and Star became the Morning who sons his with associated again their with along stars into turned were kangaroos. and clubs Waiwera spirit, Evil and Brolga, named dancer ful young She in a willy-willy. up her sweeps a Brolga. into earth to changes returns Waiwera Two dark patches patches dark Two in theWay Milky Night sky sky Night phenomena (European) Star Morning and (Venus) unspecifiedstars

168 Appendices Tindale 1936:169, Tindale 185 1905:78 Mathews Source Ngadadjara, Ngadadjara, Warburton WA Ranges, NSW area, group or place or group Sexual antagonism lawsKinship River Clarence Association Aboriginal , while ), , whorepre- is , a man ( Alpha Tauri , a man into the sky. He still retains still retains He the sky. into Aboriginal mythologicalAboriginal representation Karambal The dark patches represent a large a large represent patches dark The two by made which was board totem Kutjara the Wati men, ancestral a journey thewomen. Pleiades with on are their firesticks, Pollux, and Castor Tangi a man, carried by Procyon. by sented He wife. man’s another with absconded took and the husband by pursued was set pursuer the The in a tree. refuge carried of which flames the fire, on tree Karambal the fire. of the colour ),

) ), and ), and Alpha and Beta ) Aldebaran ( Alpha Aldebaran Tauri Night sky sky Night phenomena (European) dark of line Long (in Milky patches between Way Alpha Centauri and Alpha Cygnus the Pleiades, Gemini twins, Pollux and Castor ( Alpha Geminorum Procyon ( Minoris Canis

169 Night Skies of Aboriginal Australia Mathews 1905:81 Mathews Massola 1971:41–45 Mathews 1905:81–84 Source Darling River, River, Darling NSW groups Victorian area River Murray in NSW/Victoria group or place or group Creation of of Creation River Murray Association Aboriginal , , - repre ), who lives in a ), who lives ), who took revenge and and revenge ), who took , whoseverala had dogs and and Scorpii Upsilon Aboriginal mythologicalAboriginal representation sent a crow. Altair is a great hunter, hunter, a great is Altair a crow. sent Wukkarno Venus Crown). (Northern boomerang ( Mirnkabuli a man is mussels on subsists and ‘gurli’ grass crayfish. and Lambda a is Jupiter Eaglehawk. an is Antares Wurndawurnda-yarroa man, great yams. roasted on who lived Thattyukul warrior, a great is Altair a codfish, created while pursuing who, he the process, In River. the Murray ( Alpha mother-in-law his injured Capricorni then rescued was him. He disowned represented uncle, his by revived and Achernar. by ), , ) and ) and and ), the ), ( Alpha ) ) and Jupiter Northern Crown Crown Northern ( Corona Borealis Venus and ( Alpha Antares Scorpii ( Alpha Altair Aquilae Capricorni ( Alpha Achernar Eridani Night sky sky Night phenomena (European) Lambda ScorpiiUpsilon ( Alpha Altair Aquilae

170 Appendices 46, 55–6 Source Wolmeri, WAWolmeri, Kaberry 1939:12 group or place or group Sexual antagonism Winter NSW Wongaibon, nd.:4, Mathews Association Aboriginal , , a lizard-man , a lizard-man Aboriginal mythologicalAboriginal representation Eaglehawk (Southern Cross) who has who has Cross) (Southern Eaglehawk Clouds, in the Magellanic camp his thewomen. Pleiades chases earth to who came a woman is Venus reminder. as a stone, left a and Antares, an eaglehawk, Gwarmbilla eaglehawk, an Antares, had two wives, a mallee-hen and a a mallee-hen and wives, two had Gulabirrawhip-snake. they him. The and the wives wanted hunting, when the eagle out wives, was put They hole. dug a and left camp the filled it with their and in it spikes bone as a appear to it blood. They covered to The eagle was nest. sent bandicoot’s pulled mother in. His fell and the trap blood with red (he covered him out, took beenmother has The ever since). side them either put and wives the two the eagle soof theystray never could up in come always stars These again. winter. the before east and ) ) and the ) and Southern Cross, Cross, Southern Clouds, Magellanic the and Pleiades Venus Night sky sky Night phenomena (European) ( Alpha Antares Scorpii side either stars two (probably Tau Sigma Scorpii

171 Night Skies of Aboriginal Australia Durack 1969:238 Durack 1981:99–100 Robinson 1967:34 Robinson 1965:1965:51–58 Source Yaoro, Broome Broome Yaoro, WA area, VictoriaWestern Dawson NSW Gullibul, group or place or group Origin story NT Djauan, Association Aboriginal , the morning and the eve- and , the morning Aboriginal mythologicalAboriginal representation Cross. His daughter was claimed by a by claimed was daughter His Cross. giant on an island. are Antares of side either stars two The under- thestars three and wives, his is Sirius a grandfather’ ‘nearly are neath the three are a male eagle, whose sisters The eagle Orion. of in the belt stars them. follows always Munjarra in a river stone a bright was star ning sun The the sky. to up went it before during around stay not could it insisted the sea goes to the tide until It the day. sky. the night into it washes the sky, across wander brothers Twin their crying their grandfather, for their brother. and mother ) and ) and and and and , Tau , Epsilon Antares ( Alpha Antares Scorpii Syma Scorpii under- stars three ( Alpha Sirius neath Canis Majoris Delta Zeta Orionis and Morning Venus star, Evening (undesig- Two stars winter nated) Night sky sky Night phenomena (European) CrossSouthern in the Southern resides emu-man An

172 Appendices Ridley 1875:141 Parker 1953:105–27 Source Kamilaroi, NSW Kamilaroi, NSW groups group or place or group Frost and and Frost rain winter Association Aboriginal stole two two stole ’s defeat, he laughed laughed he defeat, ’s were seven sisters with with seven sisters were Warunna break ice from their bodies ice from and break Aboriginal mythologicalAboriginal representation The Mayi-mayi bodiesA large icicles. and of hair long the Berai-Berai men, young of family them them wanting followed (Orion) Wurunna old but wives, as who finally escapedto the women, of for pined Berai-Berai The their sisters. The Mayi- finally died. and the women mayi earth Venus to frost. as down it throw when and the Mayi-mayi of a relative is he saw the as known is and pleasure with in win- the Thunder Star’. ‘Laughing the Pleiades of the women is ter-time playing. and bathing Night sky sky Night phenomena (European) Pleiades, Orion The Venus and

173 Night Skies of Aboriginal Australia 1948:165–66; 1976b:457–60 Mountford 1948:168 Source Lunga, WALunga, Kaberry 1939:12 DesertWestern Mountford SA/NT group or place or group Necessity of of Necessity law tribal Good evil and Desert, Western Association Aboriginal Aboriginal mythologicalAboriginal representation Magellanic Clouds are fish, with with fish, are Clouds Magellanic which a stick representing belt Orion’s is which bull-roarer, a from off broke sup- not are the Coal (Women Sack. Venus existence.) its posed of know to bird. a black is ini- flee from lover his and initiate An the curl (into the sky into rites tiation headdress tail). The the Scorpion’s of of guardians M7. Two is the initiate of (below cluster star The follow. the boy to belonging stick a throwing M7) is the guardians. Magellanic (Large heroes sky Two when decide, thean elder) is Cloud if the man dying, is person Aboriginal been has evil. good If or woman or beenthe has person evil, the Large and the spirit spears Cloud Magellanic the whichcamp- is Achernar to takes it Magellanic (Small younger of the fire is it eaten. cooked, After being Cloud). been the has person good, the elder If and the spirit, protect to intervenes Canopus. to takes it ) ), Canopus ), Canopus Stars in the tail of in the tail of Stars M7, and Scorpius, cluster the star below Clouds, Magellanic ( Alpha Achernar Eridani Carinae ( Alpha Night sky sky Night phenomena (European) Clouds, Magellanic Alnitak, Alnelam (the Mintaka and in Orion’s stars Belt), the Coalsack Venus and

174 Appendices Ramsay Smith Smith Ramsay 1939:184 1948:168–69; 1976b:452–53 Source Western DesertWestern Mountford group or place or group Healing Association Aboriginal - ) ), show ). ) is the mother-crow who watches who watches the mother-crow ) is Aboriginal mythologicalAboriginal representation are footprints of members of the family the family of members of footprints are meat. cooked of pieces and Known as the ‘Grandmother Spirit’ Spirit’ the ‘Grandmother as Known ( Puckowe is a Aboriginal constellation This ( Alpha Vega crow-people. of family Lyrae ( Alpha Aquilae Altair son, her decorations feather new his off ing each of the top placed on which are the to star (a third-magnitude wing west, star a fourth-magnitude and east, (Delphinus) Father-crow Altair). of of) (arm Lyra, Aquila, watches. ( Gamma Albireo and CygniHercules Constellations of Lyra, Delphinus, parts of Aquila, parts and Cygnus Hercules of Night sky sky Night phenomena (European) Coal Sack

175 Night Skies of Aboriginal Australia 1976b;450–51 1976b:450 Source Western DesertWestern Mountford Western DesertWestern Mountford group or place or group Association Aboriginal and Aboriginal mythologicalAboriginal representation Two brothers and a dog. (Jupiter is the is a dog. (Jupiter and brothers Two dog). The Coal Sack is the rest of the The rest Coalis the Sack eagle, WaluwaraWedgetailed footprints. his are the Cross Southern his throwing-stick. are Pointers The is Vela and in Carina ‘false cross’ The (All the Kite-Hawk. of the footprint between the Southern stars the bright the time of at the horizon and Cross 1940— June the enquiry—9.00p.m. the eagle once where had places were killed prey.) his

- and and ), the (now (now and Kappa and Epsilon Venus, Jupiter and and Jupiter Venus, Saturn Night sky sky Night phenomena (European) Coal the Sack, the Cross, Southern ( Alpha Pointers Beta Centauri Pi cross’, ‘false Sigma Argus Iota Carinae and Sigma Puppis a 1932 revision by by a 1932 revision the International Astronomical Committee Union Navis divided Argo Carina, Puppis into Vela) and

176 Appendices Mountford Mountford 1976b:454–56 Mountford 1976b:483 Source Western Desert Western the of Ngalia and Central Desert NT (Uluru), group or place or group Good evil and death after objectsSacred Rock Ayers Association Aboriginal brother. brother. Aboriginal mythologicalAboriginal representation The large Magellanic Cloud is the Cloud Magellanic large The Kungara the elder of camp and two the the campfire is Canopus The spear. his represent Pictor of stars of the camp is Cloud lesser Magellanic his is Achernar brother, the younger Hydra, in stars and two the campfire spear. his to the sky into climbed men Young a cave objects from sacred back bring Their Scorpius. of stars in the double nearby. stars the isolated are footprints pull to unable were men young The the theobjects from sacred of any men older Three pile. packed tightly the objects of some took and followed a For the cave. of ledge the outer from of in one stored these time, were long the northern side of on caves the Mala for been moved have Rock, but Ayers safekeeping. ,

and Alpha ), Alpha ) Beta and Delta Pictoris ( Alpha Achernar Eridani Delta Hydrus in stars Double Scorpius and iso- (undesignated) nearby stars lated Night sky sky Night phenomena (European) Clouds, Magellanic Canopus ( Carinae

177 Night Skies of Aboriginal Australia 1976b:181 Wilson Ker 1977:28–31 1992:170 Bates Reed 1965:34–36 Source Ooldea region people, Bibbulmun WA south-western group or place or group Sacred objectsSacred Desert Western Mountford of Care children rules Marriage kinship and regulations Ecological laws Association Aboriginal , holding out his his out , holding , a Bandicoot ancestral man man ancestral , a Bandicoot Aboriginal mythologicalAboriginal representation Windaru the Milky objects from sacred stole in a dark rest objectsused The to Way. in theWay. Milky patch Wommainya is Wega drowning rescue from to beard long In Sulaphat). (Sheilak and sons two his his death to speared grief, has his he lazy brother wife’s his and (Altair) wife is con- brother lazy The (Delphinus). forever beside sister his sit demned to men. the other with not and When a kangaroo was eaten without without eaten was a kangaroo When havoc caused evil an permission, spirit the to killing who a person, then went also upset. were cockatoos Two sky. deadand the of the evil spirit The eyes the Southern are person Aboriginal the are cockatoos the white and Cross Pointers.

) ), ), Beta ) and ) and ), Sulaphat ), Sulaphat Veta ( Alpha Lyrae Veta Sheliak ( Lyrae Lyrae ( Gamma ( Alpha Altair Aquilae Delphinus and Cross Southern ( Alpha the Pointers and Beta Centauri Night sky sky Night phenomena (European) Dark patch

178 Appendices Reed Reed 1965:115–17 1984(5):8 Roth Ellis 1991:15–18 Tunbridge 1988:110 Source Pennefather River River Pennefather Queensland area, Ranges, Flinders SA group or place or group Association Aboriginal , the man of the sea. His flaming flaming the sea. of His , the man Aboriginal mythologicalAboriginal representation The Morning Star is two young young is two Star Morning The who tried escape Roll-a- to women, mano when sparks exploded into branch became the Sparks the water. hit it in the a home made Roll-a-mano stars. the into the women changed and sky Star. Morning while death to burnt are brothers Two distressed Their emu. an cooking a curlew into turned was mother whose cry night. at still can be heard and Beta Alpha Centauri Night sky sky Night phenomena (European) Star Morning other and (Venus) (undesignated) stars

179 Night Skies of Aboriginal Australia Meggitt 1966:128 Meggitt (1934) in Roheim 1966:128 Meggitt & Gillen Spencer 1899:224 Piddington (1933) in Meggitt 1966:128 (1950) in Worms 1966:128 Meggitt Berndt(1951)in 1966:128 Meggitt 1937:533, Warner 540 Source Walbiri, NT Walbiri, SA, Pitjantjatjara, NT NT Aranda, WA Karadjeri, Kimberley, West WA NT Roper River, Arnhem NT Land, NTGagadju, 1989:6 Neidjie group or place or group Initiation and and Initiation and rituals circumcision Association Aboriginal Aboriginal mythologicalAboriginal representation Two men, while circumcising an ini- an while men, circumcising Two lad into the stick, sent a fire with tiate an revenge which killsshock, him. In father’s mother’s (the boy’s woman old in in theWay Milky who lives sister) kills men. the two Patch, the Dark (representing string cross his The boy, the old join men the two and a star) in theWay. Milky permanently woman a string-bark Crocodile following the in the middle of the man eats canoe sick. is becausecanoe the man Orion Night sky sky Night phenomena (European) (undesig- Four in the stars nated) a and Way Milky Dark Patch

180 Appendices Noonuccal Noonuccal Bancroft and 1993:66–67 Mathews 1905:81; nd.:40; Mathews Radcliffe-Brown 1930:342 Radcliffe-Brown 1930:344 Smyth 1972:431–32 Source Stradbroke Is., Is., Stradbroke Queensland Wuradjeri Weilwan NSW Wongaibon, Kamilaroi Yualarai NSW Kwaimbal, groupsVictorian 1980:151 Isaacs Gippsland, Victoria group or place or group Associated Associated the Borawith grounds Association Aboriginal

is an ancestral hero. His His hero. ancestral an is ’s ancestors lives in the dark in the dark lives ancestors ’s , the rainbow serpent lives in serpent lives , the rainbow Aboriginal mythologicalAboriginal representation eyes are the pointers and the Southern and the pointers eyes are feet. and hands his are Cross Wawi the Darling of the deep waterholes the bank. One into burrows He River. of Wawi Wawi the Coal in the Sky. patch, Sack way a healer by by be visited only can a rainbow. of in the Karia lives serpent rainbow The patch). a dark (as Way Milky the Cross. Southern are brothers a very who was man wicked Moon devoured He harm. doing about went retali- whose wives two Eagle (Mars), They cut down. striking Moon by ated their released husband. and him open Mirrabooka and ) Coal Sack dark “Waving in the shadow Way” Milky CrossSouthern also who are spirits ancestral Two Mars planet Moon, (undesig- other and small stars nated) Night sky sky Night phenomena (European) and Cross Southern ( Alpha Pointers Beta Centauri

181 Night Skies of Aboriginal Australia Stanbridge Stanbridge (1857) in MacPherson 1881:72; Massola 1968:111 Stanbridge (1857) in MacPherson 1881:72; Massola 1968:111 Stanbridge (1857) in MacPherson 1881:72; Massola 1968:11 Source Boorong and Wotjobaluk, Mallee Victorian Boorong Vic. Wotjobaluk, Boorong Vic. Wotjobaluk, group or place or group Dry weather Availability mallee-hen of eggs Association Aboriginal is , who pursue and and , who pursue , a mallee-hen and , a mallee-hen and , a kangaroo (Capella). The (Capella). The , a kangaroo and Wanjel Aboriginal mythologicalAboriginal representation Castor and Pollux are two hunters, hunters, two are Pollux and Castor Yurree Purrakill on Purrawhich the fire is mirage cooked. branches principal three with A tree of the junction drinking at birds has tree. the the people who shows spirit ancestral of eggsthe find the to how when and mallee-hen. ) Neilloan is Vega and ), Alpha Alpha ) and ) and Berenice’s Hair Hair Berenice’s (Coma Berenices) ( Alpha Lyrae Vega Night sky sky Night phenomena (European) Castor ( Geminorum ( Beta Pollux Geminorum ( Capella Aurigae heat the daytime the of phenomenon mirage

182 Appendices Dawson Dawson 1981:101; Massola 1968:111, 1971:45 1972:433 Smyth Stanbridge (1857) in MacPherson 1881:72; Massola 1968:106–8 1972:433 Smyth Source Mara, Western Western Mara, Victoria Vic.Wotjobaluk, 1968:106 Massola Boorong Vic. Wotjobaluk, group or place or group Association Aboriginal is , an , an , an opos- , an , and his dog his , and ), a native cat, fell fell cat, ), a native , who lost and was was and , who lost Mityan Aboriginal mythologicalAboriginal representation A great hunter, Barrukill hunter, A great Barrukill a kangaroo-rat. near sit a firestick. holding The moon ( in Canis (stars the wives with in love husband The man. another of Major) Mityanfought has He ever been wandering off. driven since. is a which tree Cross The Southern to Bunya protection affords Tchingal by whopursued is sum, emu, represented by the Coal by The Sack. represented emu, who hunters great the two are Pointers stuck are their spears and kill the emu the Southern of (thein the stars tree Cross). and ) The moon and stars stars and moon The Major in Canis the Cross, Southern Coal the and Sack ( Alpha Pointers Centauri Veta Night sky sky Night phenomena (European) Hydra

183 Night Skies of Aboriginal Australia Stanbridge Stanbridge (1857) in MacPherson 1881:72; Massola 1968:21–24, 109 MacPherson 1881:74–75, 78; 1968:24– Massola 27, 110–11 1968:108 Massola Source Boorong Vic. Wotjobaluk, Ya-itma- Kurnai Victoria thang, Boorong Vic. Wotjobaluk, group or place or group Origin of Origin of River Murray Origin of fire Origin of Association Aboriginal , a hunter, the , a hunter, , the male crow, and and , the male crow, is the carrier of fire to Aboriginal to fire the carrier is of Aboriginal mythologicalAboriginal representation Altair is Totyarquil is Altair boomerang. his is Cross Northern the male and are Rigel and Sirius known eagle (respectively), female pair as Warepil. Canopus is War crow. the female is the star small red War the Mallee. of people ), ) Alpha ) and a ) and ) ) and Rigel Rigel ) and ), the Altair ( Alpha Altair Aquilae Crown Northern ( Corona Borealis ( Alpha CanisSirius Majoris ( Beta Orionis CrossSouthern Believed beemu. to an Night sky sky Night phenomena (European) Canopus ( Carinae star small red (probably Epsilon Carinae

184 Appendices 110 1968:108 Massola Tunbridge 1988:45 Tunbridge 1988:95 Source Kulin, Vic.Kulin, 1968:40, Massola Ranges, Flinders SA SA group or place or group Divorce Adnyamatana, lawsMarriage Ranges, Flinders Association Aboriginal ’s ’s young young ’s , the gliding , the green par- , the green , the blue mountain mountain , the blue , the great eaglehawk; eaglehawk; , the great , the brush- Tadjeri men, young Aboriginal mythologicalAboriginal representation Altair is Bunjil is Altair of two are in Sagittarius men the two Bunjili’s Tarnung tailed and possum Balayang, is Antares Bunjil phalanger. the Southern of stars Two brother. Yukope represent Cross Dantumakeet and Bunjil of two another parrot, men. from divorce and willseparation suffer your spouse. carriedwhich a fire viathem, make a they where the sky to up mountain, below. people eye on an keep ), two ), two ) (undesignated) (undesignated) in Sagittarius stars ( Alpha Atares and Scorpii Cross Southern starMorning you star, the morning look at you If CloudsMagellanic together, journeying after mates, Two Night sky sky Night phenomena (European) ( Alpha Altair Aquilae

185 Night Skies of Aboriginal Australia Haddon in Haddon Lawrie 1970:211; in Haddon Rivers 1912(4):220, 221, (5):12–16 Lawrie 1970:321: in Haddon Rivers 1912(4):219–220, (6):271 1937:533 Warner Source Torres Strait Strait Torres Islands Strait Torres Islands North-western Arnhem NT Land, group or place or group North-west North-west monsoon in Change season Association Aboriginal - (western (western (Delphinus). Aboriginal mythologicalAboriginal representation The Brothers’ constellation. Vega is Vega the constellation. Brothers’ The the younger. Altair, and brother elder they the sticks hold. are Other stars with the associated is constellation This bogey, a female whohunted is Dogai Bu by down Constellation of Baidam (east Beizam or Islands) Strait Torres - concerns Islands) Strait ern Torres killed and a shark who girls caught four a across they it dragged Together it. the sea. into threw it and reef a and basket a paper-bark took Crow (river). theWay Milky into wild cat Alpha ) and the ) and ) and Gamma) and ) and the stars the stars ) and stars on either side, side, either on stars Alpha Vega with Lyrae side and either on Delphinus Major, Ursa of Stars Arcturus ( Bootis Corona Borealis in the patches Dark Way Milky Night sky sky Night phenomena (European) ( Alpha Altair Aquilae

186 Appendices 1977:52–54 Source Arnhem NT Land, 1978 Maymuru SAOoldea region, Wilson Ker group or place or group Death laws Kinship and reciprocity Association Aboriginal , , is the , is and , who make thunder and and thunder , who make Aboriginal mythologicalAboriginal representation Friendly crocodile, Yungalpia Friendly the Pointers and Cross, Southern Moonaminya birds, night are Yikawanga lightning. The stars are all are the people, stars The lightning. died. have that fish and birds animals, an eaglehawk. His foot was hurt by his his by hurt was foot His eaglehawk. an share refused because to he nephews them. all of three by food hunted and ) Night sky sky Night phenomena (European) and Cross Southern ( Alpha Pointers Beta Centauri Southern CrossSouthern of Warragunna foot is the Cross The

187 Night Skies of Aboriginal Australia Berndt 1952:63–64 Warner 1937:524–28 Berndt and Berndt 1977:315–16 Mountford 1976:93–96 Isaacs 1980:148–49 1980:163– Isaacs 66; Roughsey 1971:82–84 Source North-east North-east Arnhem NT Land, NT Millingimbi, North-western Arnhem NT Land, Djambarbingu, NT Galbu, NT, Qld York, Mornington NT Island, group or place or group

by , the string Barnambir a shining is in a held light bag, tiedmesh to the island of Baralku Jari which light of the light holds so it down goes highnever in the sky Origin story Cape Western magicLove Lardil, Association Aboriginal ), it sends a mes- ), it , the morning star. The The star. , the morning Baralku , the morning star, lives in lives star, , the morning , the moon, helps men with love love with men helps , the moon, , the island where the spirits of of the spirits where , the island Aboriginal mythologicalAboriginal representation After a person dies, his or her spirit is spirit her or dies, his a After person the seacarried in a spirit-canoe over in the morning early which travels comes that light theof string along from Barnambir the sun- beyond island an goes to spirit well-established is the spirit rise. When theon island ( star, the morning earth to back by sage the relatives to on it relays who in turn bird. a white of in the form Barnambir Purelko the dead reside. the brothers, two represent These a woman, becomes whom of younger star. the morning Gidegal make the men by sung Songs magic. twinkle remind star the evening and their lovers. of women The morning star star morning The the and (Venus) moon star Evening the and (Venus) moon Night sky sky Night phenomena (European) Star Morning (Venus)

188 Appendices Isaacs 1980:154; Isaacs Parker 1953:57–58; 1972:286 Smyth Isaacs 1980:154–55; Berndt and Berndt 1993:229–30 Source groups (stars (stars groups groups, with differ story and same characters) (Yaraldi), Jaralde Lake Alexandrina, SA group or place or group Origin story Wales South New Association Aboriginal

camp out. out. camp Waijungari, ), seduced Waijungari, is a newly initiated man, man, a newly is initiated on women the two with , an eaglehawk, was a canni- was eaglehawk, , an burnt Waijungariis burnt Nepele Aboriginal mythologicalAboriginal representation Mullian of Friends humans. bal who hunted the dead him. His decided burn to and nest his of out fell bones charred , Mullian-ga as in the sky live to went he the side of On one star. the morning (a small arm his star), is star morning star other The off. burnt was the other Moodai. possum-wife, his is Waijungari the from ochre in red still covered another of wives Two ceremonies. man ( Nepele Waijungari the where escapedthe sky, to spear, his Waijungari and stars now are women is the red planet Mars. The dark patch patch dark The Mars. planet the red is emu. an is ), ) ) and the ) and Northern Crown Crown Northern ( Corona Borealis two and Mars (undesignated) a and star-clusters dark patch Night sky sky Night phenomena (European) star Morning small and (Venus) (undesignated) side either stars or ( Alpha Lyrae Vega ( Alpha Altair Aquilae

189 Night Skies of Aboriginal Australia Wells 1973:37–44 Wells in Everett Noonuccal 1990:115–19 Goodman 1979:118–25 Source Arnhem NT Land, Tasmania NTMandalbingu, and Rule group or place or group Ecological law North-east Origin story Plangermairrener, Metamorphosis death and Association Aboriginal ) Aboriginal mythologicalAboriginal representation Three related fishermen in a canoe and canoe in a fishermen related Three tabootheir kingfish. totemically used play to , a woman, Puggareetya whoand threw her Snake tricks on him behind, put had she the rock kept Spirit the Sky where the sky, into Leah rock ( Weenah big them. The and sun reflects the and the moon is thrown star a shooting is Puggareetya the heavens. across regularly to the sky-world to go Caterpillars died. who has a cockatoo look for to the earthreturn as Theybeautiful butterflies. ) ) Alpha Shooting stars and and stars Shooting the moon Castor ( Geminorum ( Beta Pollux and Geminorum Night sky sky Night phenomena (European) Orion

190 Appendices Roth 1899:84–95 Roth Parker 1986:21–29; Ellis 1991:27–30 et al. Utemorrah 1980:48 Mountford 1956:481–82 1956:502 Source Tasmania Australia Western Mowangum, WA Kimberley, NT group or place or group Origin of fireOrigin of Bay, Oyster flan- Origin of and flowers nel swans black turtleFemale Eylandt, Groote Origin story NT Yirrkala, Mountford Association Aboriginal , who goes on an an , who goes on Aboriginal mythologicalAboriginal representation Two men who came down and slept slept and down who came men Two down thea hill, base threw fire of at and Castor as the sky to then went and who women revived Theysome Pollux. plac- by beenhad killed a stingray, by The their breasts. on ants stinging ing stars as the men above are women fighting women by caused is Sunset have men after themselves amongst swans into turning tricked them by Blood weapons. steal the women’s to the clouds. stains a disobe- away carried The whirlwind the moon. into her put girl and dient Mamoura. a woman, is Sun Walo a woman, is Sun every path night. underground ) ) and Alpha Sunset on patches Dark the moon Sun Sun Night sky sky Night phenomena (European) Castor ( Geminorum ( Beta Pollux and Geminorum above stars ‘the them’

191 Night Skies of Aboriginal Australia Roberts and Mountford 1974:16; Parker 1985:1–2 Berndt and Berndt 1977:319 Mountford 1976:85 1983 Hadley 1968:16, Massola 106 1968:106 Massola Source and in the and Murrumbidgee NSW area, Victoria Mudbara, NT area, River groups Wotjobaluk, Victoria NSW/Vic. group or place or group Origin story in NSW Groups day and Night Australian South sun Origin of Origin story Origin story area, River Murray Association Aboriginal , who lived , who lived , who, having having , who, Aboriginal mythologicalAboriginal representation The kookaburra’s call signals light- the kookaburra’s The originally caused the stick-fire of ing into egg bursting emu an of the yolk by an had angryan brolga when flame argument. a woman. is Sun Bila a woman, is Sun earth to came people, sky many eaten lizard-men The satisfy hunger. to her brought dogs, and her and her resisted control. under the sun to a bonfire eggs over of Breaking warmth. and light create Gnowee a woman, is Sun Her dark. earth always was on when it looks for she now and lost got boy little carrying torch. him always, a bark egg which unites emu’s of Smashing wood. with Sun Sun Sun Sun Sun Night sky sky Night phenomena (European) Sun

192 Appendices Threkeld (1892) Threkeld in Turbet 1989:126 Berndt 1977:313–14 Source Central Victoria Ellis 1991:61–63 Lake Macquarie, NSW NTMillingimbi, Berndt and group or place or group Lotus and and Lotus flow- waterlily origin ers Origin story laws Marriage Death Association Aboriginal Venus (the evening star) is a spirit. a spirit. is star) (the evening Venus are waterlily andthe flower lotus The by up held star, the evening of symbols the spirit. Aboriginal mythologicalAboriginal representation Sun is a woman who ran away because away who ran a woman is Sun partner not was marriage of choice her to her lifted spirits Ancestor respected. to uses campfire her she where the sky die fire her letting below, people warn night. at down right a by people witnessed the killing of set in the sky, from monolith single the from goanna a giant by motion sky-world. the near who lived ancestral-man, An his died and the moonlight, of claypan (moon). shell body became a nautilus Sun and moon and Sun Man Moon and the Woman Sun The Evening and Moon (Venus) Star Night sky sky Night phenomena (European) Sun

193 Night Skies of Aboriginal Australia McConnell McConnell 1930:350; 1931–32:21 Mountford 1956:484 Mountford 1956:488–91; 1958:493–95; 1976a:89–91 Berndt 1977:413 Gillen and 1966:498–99 Source Koko-Yalunyu, Koko-Yalunyu, River, Bloomfield Qld Eylandt, Groote NT and Millingimbi NT Yirrkala, NSWWuradjeri, Berndt and NTAranda, Spencer group or place or group Death, men- Death, and struation child-bearing Tides Death sun Origin of moonand and death Association Aboriginal Orion Orion , his wife wife , his , and the moon the moon , and Venus, the morning the morning Venus, Aboriginal mythologicalAboriginal representation Moon is a man, Gidja. a man, is Moon Jumauriaman, is a moon The of in the ‘face’ are children three and the moon. Alinda. a man, is Moon the of whoalso is the man, guardian sky-world. Alinga a woman, is Sun Atninja. a man, is Ungamilia. woman, a lone is star, women. theare Pleiades and emu an is Moon Moon moon and Sun a is moon and a woman, is Sun Venus, Moon, Sun, the and Orion Pleiades Night sky sky Night phenomena (European) Moon

194 Appendices Roberts and Mountford 1974:48, 66, 100; Sims 1978:166–67 Ellis 1991:65–68 Kaberry 1939:199–200 1985:57–58 Source Wolmeri and and Wolmeri Kimberley, Lunga, WA NTGadadju, et al Neidjie Tiwi, Bathurst and and Bathurst Tiwi, Islands, Melville NT Arnhem NT Land, group or place or group Death Overcoming by death to returning country one’s Origin of sun, sun, Origin of (death) moon discovery and fire of Association Aboriginal , moon , moon also killed his , the Great , the Great re-appears, he he re-appears, searches the searches Aboriginal mythologicalAboriginal representation is a man, Japara. a man, is Japara their prevent did not because she wife Japara drowning. son them both, constantly for sky-world are on him lines The camp. moving Japara scars. his of reminders (kin- incest who broke a man is Moon death. causing laws ship) fought with Purukupali with fought Creator. When Japara When Creator. mangrove of the flesh eat to proceeds gets full. becomes he He until crabs silvery The dies each month. ill and earth and shine skeleton, his is crescent spirit. his is Moon Moon Night sky sky Night phenomena (European) moon and Sun Wurinpranala a woman, is Sun

195 Night sky Aboriginal mythological Association Aboriginal Source phenomena representation group or place (European) Moon Kalu, a man terrified of the blackness Origin story Wong yr, WA Brennan in of the night, became pale and round, Noonuccal so obsessed was he by his problem. 1990:147–65 He became the moon and rests on a boomerang on occasions. Moon Moon was an old man, whose nephew Origin story Bagundji, Isaacs 1980 resents him because of his insults. The western NSW; 145–46 nephew tricks the old man into going Adnjamathanha, up a tree and into the sky. SA Moon Moon Man and his sexuality. Death Yarralin, Victoria Rose 1992:104–5 River Sun The great ancestor-spirit grabbed the Origin myth of Pydairrerme, Everett in red feathers of the firetail bird and flew sun and fire Tasman Peninsula, Noonuccal around so fast that the feathers became Tasmania 1990:137–42 bright as they burned, singeing the ancestor-spirit’s white cockatoo body. Appendices Reed Reed 1965:130–32; 1983; Hadley Smith Ramsay 1930:69–71; Parker 1953:74–76 Source NSW groups VictoriaKulin, 1968:106 Massola group or place or group Birth and twins Birth and Origin story Death OriginDeath Victoria Kurnai, 1968:106 Massola Association Aboriginal also takes the , who endeavoured , who endeavoured loves young women. One night night One women. young loves snakes dogs which are his has Aboriginal mythologicalAboriginal representation ‘g o d ’, Bahloo Bahloo. pro- and who creates emu an of form their mothers. and tects babies Bahloo two with in the river while playing they and goes too he far girls, young light his where the river him into push without the sky into gets he fades. Now so is he thin and for noticing anyone until wicked and fat becomes pale. He him a lesson. else teaches someone Bahloo takes him when them he with and and the fear despite a stream crosses Aborigines. of dislike of in search wandering a woman is Sun son lost her Menyan was Moon giving by forever live men make to The water. them magic a drink of a bronze-wing by frustrated was plan pigeon. Sun Moon Night sky sky Night phenomena (European) Moon and Sun moon, with in love a ‘goddess’ is Sun

197 Night Skies of Aboriginal Australia Massola 1968.106 Massola Berndt 1993:232–33 Reed 1965:37–40 Source Kurnai, Gippsland, Gippsland, Kurnai, Vic. SAJaralde, Berndt and group or place or group Waxing and and Waxing of waning moon Pregnancy Origin story Association Aboriginal , a famous hunter hunter , a famous Aboriginal mythologicalAboriginal representation Moon is Narran is Moon the Southern emu, stalking an forever Cross. Red with slept and the spirits with red a large her gave He Kangaroo. the achieve to her cloak which allows warmth. and heat needs for she redness and freely copulates Woman Moon The she until so, doing thin from grows pregnant. becomes an to a channel swam sisters Two food, For escape their duties. to island it but lake the a fish from they caught into fire cooking the off escaped from grows It the sky. into up and a tree eaten. is smaller when it Sun and Moon and Sun camped Woman Sun female. Both are Moon Night sky sky Night phenomena (European) and the Moon The Cross Southern

198 Appendices Reed 1965:103–5 1984(5):7 Roth 1933:55–65 Peck 1933:65–69 Peck Source Princess Charlotte Charlotte Princess Qld Bay, NSW River, Victoria/NSW group or place or group Origin story Reciprocity Origin story Victoria Western 1981:99 Dawson Origin story Murrumbidgee Origin area, River Murray Association Aboriginal - Meeheaarong kuurta , meaning ‘light’) is female female is ‘light’) , meaning , meaning ‘hip’) is male. Venus is is Venus male. is ‘hip’) , meaning Aboriginal mythologicalAboriginal representation The Moon Man helps two brothers. He brothers. two helps Man Moon The a bees’ from one free the younger helps in return. help receives and nest ( tirngSun theand moon ( ruung the sun. of the mother is and female who ancestor human is a sun The in so returned he misunderstood was god’. became ‘a and sorrow the girl’s but a girl, captured A ‘bunyip’ able was He rescue. her to came lover the buny- of the power withstand to the a spear blinded with gaze and ip’s died, eventually bunyip The bunyip. the as eye in the sky one his leaving moon. Sun, Moon and and Moon Sun, Venus Sun Moon Night sky sky Night phenomena (European) Moon

199 Night Skies of Aboriginal Australia Tunbridge Tunbridge 1988:68–69 Lawrie 1970:132–34 Henry 1967:34, 38 Warner 1937:523–24 Source Adnyamatana, Adnyamatana, Ranges Flinders Duaun, of Island (A Strait Torres exists myth similar the Kiwai among Papuans) area, River Tully Queensland North-western Arnhem NT Land, group or place or group Marks on the on Marks moon Origin story of Separation the forms three Death Death Association Aboriginal , fell to earth to , fell ) was trying) was punish to Aboriginal mythologicalAboriginal representation Moon Man ( Vira Man Moon fell taking food. his He for nephew his burst and stick ladder a off backwards He belly. his on marks leaving open, tricked was when he the sky to went his by a tree high up climbing into nephews. the All be can things of divided: things of things and the moon of things sun, the night—‘without-light’. Carcurrahmoon, The he say Some becamebecause he dizzy. the growing by up back pushed was the sank through he say others grass, The side. the other out earth came and deserted, cursed feeling moon, the a mortal them to condemning animals, life. mortality. debate fish parrot and Moon Sun, moon and and moon Sun, darkness Moon Moon Night sky sky Night phenomena (European) Moon

200 Appendices Roth 1984(5):7 Roth 1984(5):7 Roth Source area, Queensland area, Boulia district, The Queensland people River Tully also (Queensland) a is believe there moon different every month group or place or group Origin story Bedford Cape and Healing death Association Aboriginal Aboriginal mythologicalAboriginal representation At new moon, he is starving is so he new sets moon, and At always is He expedition. fishing on a off full bellymoon) his (at successful and (there the suns wife, His gorged. is westwards travelling always two), are are suns The ants. green of in search the elder is season, in the cold it sisters: is season, it in the hot and who visits, the younger. up into moon sends The earthworm everyto regularly month the sky skill his a healer as of people remind into a hole bored in the past, had, (he the diseasedancestor’s a turkey part of matter, the putrid out sucked and foot mother is a moon curing him). The him, bores like and, the earthworm of on rises up the ground, of out way his he dies. As and more high, sinks once a sends along he brothers, of plenty has one every month. different Moon Night sky sky Night phenomena (European) Sun(s) and Moon sun(s). of the husband is moon the The

201 Night Skies of Aboriginal Australia Roth 1984(5):7 Roth Source Pennefather River River Pennefather Queensland area, group or place or group ) is ) is aro-a Name for pipe- clay ( given the name to the moon Association Aboriginal Aboriginal mythologicalAboriginal representation The moon has two wives. When When the wives. has two moon The some cook himself to about was moon he hand, at tree-bark no having shells, used it skin and his of himself divested the sheets. up wrap to bark of instead no light was there skin off, his with But children) (his the bats which angered threw him into and him up who beat with himself covers he the sea. Now be seen so cannot and he charcoal which visible face is his Only speared. pipe-clay. white with covers he Night sky sky Night phenomena (European) two and Moon (undesignated) stars nearby

202 Appendices -0.1 0.1 0.8 Apparent Magnitude Arcturus Capella (multiple star) Capella(multiple Altair (mentioned in the (mentioned text) Graving Tool Graving Bear Driver or Bear or Driver Herdsman Charioteer Ram Altar Eagle Water Carrier Water Bird of Paradise or or Paradise of Bird Bee Air Pump Air English Name Stars Brightest Caeli Boötis Aurigae Arietis Arae Aquilae Acquarii Apodis Antliae Andromedae Andromeda Genitive Camelopardalis Camelopardalis Giraffe Caelum Boötes Auriga Aries Ara Aquila Aquarius Apus Antlia Latin Name Andromeda Appendix 2: The 88 Constellations

203 Night Skies of Aboriginal Australia -0.3, 0.6 -0.7 0.3 Apparent Magnitude Alpha and Beta and Alpha (multiple Centauri stars) Canopus Procyon (multiple (multiple Procyon star) Sirius (multiple star) (multiple Sirius -1.5 (mentioned in the (mentioned text) Compasses Chameleon Whale Cepheus Centaur Cassiopeia Keel Sea Goat Larger Dog Larger Crab English Name Stars Brightest Circini Chamaeleontis Ceti Cephei Centauri Cassiopeiae Carinae Capricorni Canis MinorisCanis Smaller Dog Canis Majoris Cancri Genitive Circinus Chamaeleon Cetus Cepheus Centaurus Cassiopeia Carina Capricornus Canis Minor Canis Canis Major Canis Canes VenaticiCanes Venaticorum Canum Dogs Hunting Latin Name Cancer

204 Appendices 0.5 1.3 Apparent Magnitude Achernar Deneb (mentioned in the (mentioned text) Furnace River Little Horse Dragon Goldfish or Swordfish or Goldfish Dolphin Swan Southern CrossSouthern Beta Acrux, Crucis 0.9, 1.3 Cup Crow Northern Crown Northern Dove English Name Stars Brightest Fornacis Eridani Equulei Draconis Doradus Delphini Cygni Crateris Corvi Coronae AustralisCoronae Crown Southern Columbae Genitive Fornax Eridanus Equuleus Draco Dorado Delphinus Cygnus Crux Australis Crucis Crater Corvus Corona Borealis Coronae Borealis Corona Australis Corona Coma Berenices Comae Berenices Hair Berenice’s Latin Name Columba

205 Night Skies of Aboriginal Australia 1.3 Apparent Magnitude Regulus (multiple (multiple Regulus star) Pollux and Castor and Pollux 1.2, 1.6 (mentioned in the (mentioned text) Wolf Scales Hare Lion Lizard Indian Sea Serpent Water Snake Water Clock Hercules Crane Twins English Name Stars Brightest Lupi Librae Leporis Leonis MinorisLeonis Smaller Lion Leonis Lacertae Indi Hydri Hydrae Horologii Herculis Gruis Geminorum Genitive Lupus Libra Lepus Leo Minor Leo Lacerta Indus Hydrus Hydra Horologium Hercules Grus Latin Name Gemini

206 Appendices 0.1, 0.8, 1.6 0.0 Apparent Magnitude Rigel, Betelgeuse, Rigel, Bellatrix (multiple stars) variable and Vega (mentioned in the (mentioned text) Pegasus, the Flying the Flying Pegasus, Horse Peacock Orion Serpent-Bearer Octant Level Fly Unicorn Microscope Table (Mountain) Table Lyre Lynx English Name Stars Brightest Pegasi Pavonis Orionis Ophiuchi Octantis Normae Muscae Monocerotis Mensae Lyrae Lyncis Genitive Pegasus Pavo Orion Ophiuchus Octans Norma Musca Monoceros Microscopium Microscopii Mensa Lyra Latin Name Lynx

207 Night Skies of Aboriginal Australia 1.0 1.2 Apparent Magnitude Antares (multiple and and (multiple Antares stars) variable Formalhaut (mentioned in the (mentioned text) Shield Sculptor Scorpion Archer Arrow Net Mariner’s Compass Mariner’s Stern or Poop or Stern Fishes Easel Painter or Phoenix Perseus English Name Stars Brightest Scuti Sculptoris Scorpii Sagittarii Sagittae Reticuli Pyxidis Puppis Piscis AustriniPiscis Fish Southern Piscium Pictoris Phoenicis Persei Genitive Scutum Sculptor Scorpius Sagittarius Sagitta Reticulum Pyxis Puppis Piscis Austrinus Pisces Pictor Phoenix Latin Name Perseus

208 Appendices 0.8 Apparent Magnitude Spica (variable star) (variable Spica 1.0 Aldebaran (multiple (multiple Aldebaran star) (mentioned in the (mentioned text) Fox Flying Fish Flying Virgin Sails Little Bear Little Great Bear Great Toucan Triangle Telescope Bull Sextant Serpent English Name Stars Brightest Vulpeculae Volantis Virginis Velorum Ursae Minoris Ursae Ursae Majoris Ursae Tucanae Trianguli Telescopii Tauri Sextantis Serpentis Genitive Vulpecula Volans Virgo Vela Ursa Minor Ursa Ursa Major Tucana Triangulum AustraleTriangulum Australis Trianguli Triangle Southern Triangulum Telescopium Taurus Sextans Latin Name Serpens

209 Night Skies of Aboriginal Australia Appendix 3: Star Magnitudes

Magnitude is concerned with a star’s apparent brightness, not its real luminosity. The scale works so that the more brilliant the star, the lower its magnitude. Thus the very bright stars are of magnitude 1, magnitude 2 is fainter, magnitude 3 is fainter still. Stars below magnitude 6 are usually invisible to the naked eye even on a very dark night. The mea- surements of magnitude have been devised according to a logarithmic scale. Thus a star of magnitude 1.0 is exactly a hundred times as bright as a star of magnitude 6.0. Magnitudes, starting from zero, are roughly as follows: 0: Extremely bright stars such as Capella in Auriga and Vega in Lyra. 1: Very bright stars standing out against their neighbours. Conventionally, any star brighter than magnitude 1.5 is said to be ‘first magnitude’. There are only 21 of them. 2: Moderately bright stars. 3: Fainter stars able to be seen in conditions of moonlight or mist. 4: Very faint stars that can be concealed by moonlight. 5: Stars too faint to be seen unless the sky is dark and clear. 6: Faintest stars visible with the naked eye only under extremely good viewing conditions. Venus, the morning and evening star, and the most brilliant of the planets have a magnitude of -4. There are only four stars with magnitudes below zero: Sirus (-1.4), Canopus (-0.7), Alpha Centauri (-0.3) and Arcturus (-0.4). On this scale, the Sun’s magnitude is almost -27.

210 Appendices Appendix 4: Australian Aboriginal Groups and Communities mentioned in the text1

Adnyamatana SA Alawa NT Andagarinja SA Anmatjara NT Anula NT Arabana SA Aranda NT Bagundji NSW Bibbulmun WA Booandik SA Boorong Vic Dharamba NSW Dieri NT Djambarbingu NT Djara WA Djauan NT Gagadju NT Galbu NT Gullibul NSW Gundungurra NSW Gunwinggu NT

1 There are many alternate spellings throughout the literature

211 Night Skies of Aboriginal Australia

Jajauring NSW Jaralde (Yaraldi) SA Jupagalk NSW Kamilaroi NSW Karadjeri WA Karruru SA Koko-yalunyu Qld Kukatja (Gugadja) WA Kulin Vic Kurnai Vic Kuurn kopan noot Vic Kwadju Qld Kwaimbal NSW Lardil NT Lunga WA Luritja (Loritja) NT Mandalbingu NT Mara Vic Meenamatta SA Meriam Qld Moil NT Moporr Vic Mowanjum WA Mudbara NT Mukjarawaint Vic

212 Appendices

Murinbata NT Needwonee Tas Ngadadjara WA Ngadjuri SA Ngalia NT Ngeumba NSW Ngulugwongga NT Njangomada WA Nyoongah WA Nyulnyul WA Pilbara WA Pintupi (Pintubi) NT Pirt kopan noot Vic Pitjantjatjara NT/SA Plangermairrener Tas Pydurrerme Tas Tiwi NT Wailwun NSW Walbiri NT Wandandia NSW Wiilman WA Wolmeri WA Wongaibon NSW Wongyr WA Wotjabaluk Vic

213 Night Skies of Aboriginal Australia

Wumbaio NSW Wuradjeri NSW Ya itma thang Vic Yaoro WA Yarra Vic Yarralin NT Yolngu NT Yualarai NSW

214