Byzantium Between the Ottomans and the Latins: Politics and Society in the Late Empire Nevra Necipoglu Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87738-1 - Byzantium Between the Ottomans and the Latins: Politics and Society in the Late Empire Nevra Necipoglu Index More information

Index

Abydos, 152 Andronikos Palaiologos, despot of Thessalonike, Acciaiuoli, Nerio, 46, 235, 238, 250, 251 39–40, 44, 47–8, 54, 63, 74, 83, 114 Achaia, 235–7, 248, 255, 266, 287 funeral oration for, 111 Achinos, village in the Strymon region, 88–9, 93, Androusa, 252 94 angariae, 263 adelphata, 57–9, 91, 92 angaria guarde, 241 Adeniates, John, 136 Angelos family, 58, 79, 80n99, 82 Adrianople, 25, 114, 205, 206, 220, 229, 230 Constantine, 157 Aetos, 252 George, 80,App.I Agallianos family, 229, App. III Aninos, 266 tax-farmer, 229 Ankara, battle of, 7, 32–3, 39, 140, 181–3, 258 Theodore, 220–2 aftermath, 33–5, 47, 62, 102, 140, 186, 190, Agalos, 126 201, 202, 207, 262 Ainos, 280 Antonios IV, patriarch of Constantinople, 135–6, akc¸e, 69, 207 178 Akova, fortress (Morea), 240 Arachova, 266 Albanians, 142, 144, 241, 261n10, 273n66 Archangelos, 252 revolt in the Morea, 233, 282 archontes, 140, 145, 214 see also Petro Bua Constantinopolitan, 125, 126, 133, 134, 164, Alexander the Great, 45 180–2, 187, 196, 198, 212, 279 Alfonso V, king of Aragon and Naples, 37, 211 Morean, 244, 248–9, 257, 261–7, 269, 271, Ali Pas¸a, 91 273, 277, 281, 283–4 Amadeo VI, count of Savoy, 28, 123–4 Thessalonian, 43, 44, 59, 70–1, 76–83, 85, 106, Anagnostes, John, 11, 43, 50, 52, 76, 86, 90, 101, 113,App.I 111–12 Argos, 239–41, 256–7, 277 Anatavlas Latin archbishop of, 237 George, 91–2 Argyropoulos family, 62, 82, 163, App. II Theodore, 91 Andreas, 74, 163–4 Anatolia, 7, 9, 19, 24, 25, 30, 32, 33, 45, 151, 189, George, 82, App. II 205, 231, 242 John, 73, 76 deportations from, 99 Argyros family, 192, App. III deportations to, 241 Polos, 163–4 Gregory Palamas’ captivity in, 42 aristocracy, 41, 45, 60, 74, 79, 117, 159, 167, 179, Isidore Glabas’ and Gabriel of Thessalonike’s 211, 225–6, 231, 259, 263–5, 268, 274, 281, trips to, 54 285, 287 Palaiologoi serve in Ottoman campaigns in, and central authority, 237–8, 244, 245, 253–4, 32, 119, 129, 139 256, 259–61, 263, 269–71, 277, 281, 282 Timur’s invasion of, 143 and Italians, 113, 134–5, 161–2, 192–4, 228, 230 Andreas, protostrator, 110 and Latins, 236, 237 Andronikos IV Palaiologos, emperor, 29, 119–31, and Ottomans, 27, 49, 60, 83, 90, 113, 229, 135, 146, 230, 238, 244 242–3, 247–8

339

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87738-1 - Byzantium Between the Ottomans and the Latins: Politics and Society in the Late Empire Nevra Necipoglu Index More information

340 Index

aristocracy (cont.) blockade of Constantinople by, 11, 25, 52, 118, economic problems of, 57, 60, 71, 162–6, 132, 148–83, 185, 213, 220, 222, 227, 231 169 defeated at Ankara, 182, 186, 207, 258, 262 Asanes family, 198, 228, 279, 281, 283, App. III, property grants to Byzantines by, 89 App. IV, App. V(C) sons of, 33, 34, 186 John (I), 126 Venice and, 188–9 John (II), 61 Bayezid Pas¸a, grand vizier, 142, 144–5 Matthew, brother-in-law of Despot Benedict XII, pope, 23 Demetrios Palaiologos, 278–80, 282 Berroia, 25 Paul, kephale of Constantinople (father of Bessarion, cardinal, 14, 273–6 Matthew), 279–80 Bithynia, 24 Asanina, Theodora, wife of Despot Demetrios Black Death, 19; see also plague Palaiologos, 279–80 Black Sea, 19, 189, 195, 215, 246 asapi, 110 Bocchiardi Asia Minor, see Anatolia Antonio, 210 As¸ıkpas¸azade, 16–17, 101, 129n39, 138n83 Tro i l o , 210, 213 askerˆı class, 275 Bochales, Manuel, 282–3 Astras family, 161 Bordonia, 277 Michael (Synadenos), 134, 161 Bosnia, 280 oikeios, son-in-law of Komnenos Branas and Bosphorus, 199, 220 Anna Palaiologina, 134, 161 Boucicaut, Marshal, 151–2 Athens, 235, 250–1 Boulgaris, Nicholas, 147–8 Athos, see Mount Athos Bouzenos, Manuel, 163–5 Aydın emirate, 25 Brachnos, Theodore, exarchos ton myrepson, 81, Aydınoglu˘ dynasty, 9; see also Isa Beg, App. I Aydınoglu;˘ Umur Beg, Aydınoglu˘ Branas, App. V(D) Komnenos, 133–4, 161 Badoer, Giacomo, 16, 103n62, 191–4, 196, 202–5, Nicholas, 169 207, 210–13, 215, 228, 247, App. III Brankovic,´ George, despot of Serbia, 11 bailo, of Constantinople, 65–7, 188, 244 bread, 105–7, 111, 153, 223, 224 vice-, 155 Broquiere,` Bertrandon de la, 15, 191, 196, 199, bakers, 155–6, 159 201, 202 Balkans, 19, 205 Bryennios Bayezid I and, 30–3, 150, 231 Joseph, monk and writer, 13, 52, 186–7, 194, Ottoman expansion in, 19, 25–7, 30, 123 197–8 Ottoman policy toward Christians in, 26, 92, Makarios, 88–9 247 Manuel, 126 bankers, 41, 71, 117, 157, 202, 207, 216, 247 Bryennios-Laskaris family, 89; see also Laskaris, Barbaro, Nicolo,` 15, 223, 225–6 Demetrios Bryennios Barlaam of Calabria, 23 Brysis, village (Morea), 269 barley, 81, 106, 271 Buda, 28 Baropolitissa, Theodora, 164 Bulgaria, 19, 25, 27, 29–30, 37 Bartolomeo di Giano, Fra, 206–7 Buondelmonti, Cristoforo, 15, 196 Barzanes, Theodore, 157, 169 Bursa, 32, 73, 196, 205, 206 Basilikos family, 228, App. II, App. III, App. V(D) Callixtus III, pope, 214 John, 270, App. III C¸ andarlı Halil Pas¸a, grand vizier, 190n22, 202–3 Batatzina, 166 C¸ andarlı Hayreddin Pas¸a, Ottoman Baux, Jacques de, 235, 236 commander, 88, 89, 93, 249 Bayezid I, sultan, 30–3, 38, 99, 100, 129, 137–40, Candia, 65 201, 208, 231, 240, 242, 251, 255–7, 286 captives, 9, 11, 33, 50, 73, 107, 112, 152, 157, 210, and archontes of the Morea, 242–4, 246–8, 213, 214, 241 255 castellanus/-i, of Coron and Modon, 244, 258, and John VII, 132–3, 137 276 and Thessalonike, 86–7, 89–90, 105 Centurione, Barnaba, 224

Index 341

Cernomen,ˇ see Maritsa, battle of Clarentza, 280 Chalazas Clavijo, Ruy Gonzales´ de, 15, 186, 196, 201 moneychanger, 75 clergy, 13, 41, 42, 46, 54, 97, 104, 113, 114, 135–6, Theodore, myrepsos, 81,App.I 171, 172, 180, 188, 209, 217, 218, 232, 250, Chalkeopoulos, Stylianos, tavernkeeper, 156 277, 286 Chalkidike, 57, 61, 64, 80, 89, 90 commercium, see kommerkion Chalkokondyles family, 229 Constantine XI Palaiologos, emperor, 37, 141, Laonikos, historian, 8, 10, 31, 127–8, 129n39, 213, 214, 217, 219, 222–6, 233, 269, 278 150, 190–1, 243, 245, 254, 261–2, 266, 267, as despot in the Morea, 14, 252, 269–73, 276 272, 282 granted Selymbria by John VIII, 141 tax-farmer, 229 Constantinople, 20, 22, 24, 25, 36, 37, 44, 47, 48, charatzin, see harac 52, 53, 60, 88, 115, 238, 246, 247, 249, 252, Chateaumorand, Jean de, 152 264, 267, 278, 279, 283–5, 287 Chioggia, war of, 122 fortifications, 178, 187, 194, 198, 213, 224 Chios, 68, 157–9, 206, 210 gates, 139, 149: Charisios, 132; Golden Gate, Choniates family, 79 137; Plateia, 210, 214n118 Symeon, 79,App.I Golden Horn, 191, 192n31, 210 Chorta¨ıtes, battle of, 58 Hippodrome, 173 Chortasmenos, John, 13, 19, 196–8 Mese, 191 Christoupolis (Kavalla), 25, 153 population, 187–8n11, 222 Chronicle of the Morea, 266 quarters: Eugenios, 178; Florentine quarter, Chronicle of the Tocco, 265 191; Kynegoi, 156, 172; Psatharia, 168;St. Chrysaphes, John, 171 Romanos, 163;Turkishquarter,138, 201, Chrysoberges 207 Manuel, baker, 155–6 sieges: of Bayezid I, 31–3, 132–3, 149–83, 188, Maximos, 136, 151n13 213;ofMusaÇelebi,72, 186, 189;ofMurad Chrysoloras II, 35, 143, 187–9, 206; siege and capture by Demetrios, writer and government official, Mehmed II, 38, 220–30 149, 183, 185–6, 261–3, App. IV see also bailo; churches; kadi; monasteries Thomas, archon, 82, App. I, App. II convents, see monasteries Church, Byzantine, 45, 97, 103, 113, conversion 158; see also clergy; Orthodoxy; union, to Catholicism, 12, 14, 28, 136, 151n13 ecclesiastical to Islam, 26, 84n1, 143–5, 147, 151n13, 188, churches 199–200, 203, 229, 255 Amolyntos (Constantinople), 178–9 Corcondille, see Krokondylos family Forty Martyrs, kellydrion (Thessalonike), 59 Corfu, 8, 9, 82n110, 283 Gabraina (Constantinople), 175 Corinth, 46, 235, 270 St. Euphemia (Constantinople), 170 Isthmus of, 243, 257, 266; see also Hexamilion St. John the Theologian (Constantinople), sold to the Hospitallers, 257–8 173 surrendered to Mehmed II, 280–2 St. Michael (Constantinople), 178 Cornaro, Marie d’Enghien, 239, 256 St. Sophia (Constantinople), 14, 154, 176, 196, Coron, 235, 241–2, 244, 247, 258, 263, 268, 271, 219 276–7 St. Sophia (Thessalonike), 104, 108 cotton, export of, 62, 64 Chutela, Manoli, 210, App. III; see also Council of Basel, 211 Goudeles family, Manuel Council of Constance, 264 civil wars Council of Ferrara–Florence, see Union of Byzantine, 19, 20, 25, 74, 115, 135–6, 141, 147, Florence 230:JohnVIvs.JohnV,9, 11, 21, 43, 119, Cretans, 143, 229 121, 148n119; Andronikos IV vs. John V, 29, Crete, 49, 50, 105, 110, 112, 144, 229, 39, 127, 130, 146, 238; John VII vs. Manuel 264 II, 134 Constantinopolitan refugees in, 150, 213, 230 Ottoman: among Bayezid I’s sons, 32, 34, 186; see also wine, Cretan see also interregnum; Mustafa vs. Murad II, Crimea, 158, 204 189 Cyprus, 8

342 Index

Dadas, 62–3 Evrenos Beg, Ottoman commander, 239–40, Dandolo, Giacomo, captain of Thessalonike, 112 243, 249 Daneion, 129 Exotrochos, Nicholas, 164–5 Dardanelles, 25, 125, 152 darulislam¨ , 26 famine, 57, 63, 106, 149–52, 163, 164, 166, 241–2; Deblitzene, Maria, 58–9, 92 see also food shortage Deblitzenos family, 79, 92 Filelfo, Francesco, 214, 228, App. V(C) Manuel, 57–60, 79, 80, 92,App.I Filomati decato, 107 Demetrio, 65–6 Demetrios Palaiologos, despot in the Morea, Giorgio, 66 140–1, 190, 233–4, 252–4, 270–1, 277–83, ﬂight, 47, 64, 73, 83, 106, 109–10, 141, 171–4, 183, 286 241, 250, 279, 281 depopulation, 19, 99, 109, 180, 183, 186, 195, 222, from Constantinople to the Morea, 233 240–1, 275–6 from Thessalonike to Constantinople, 53, 111 Dermoka¨ıtes, Demetrios Palaiologos, 269 of Gregory Mammas to Rome, 219 Dermoka¨ıtissa, Theodora Palaiologina, 169 of Michael Doukas to emirate of Aydın, 9 devs¸irme, 87 to Italian territory, 55, 105, 214, 228, 233 Didymoteichon, 25 to Ottomans, 49, 50, 105–6, 147–8, 150–2, Diplobatatzes family, 283 180 Dishypatos to Pera, 126, 136–7, 150 George, 211 to Venetian territory, 8, 49, 72–3, 150, 187, John, 211 262–3, 273, 276, 283, 286, 288 Manuel, 211–12 Florence, 37, 211; see also Union of Florence Doria, Zorzi, Genoese captain, 214 Florent of Hainault, prince of Achaia, 266 Dorotheos, metropolitan of Athens, 250–1 Florentines, 46, 235, 238; see also merchants, Doukas, historian, 8–10, 30n32, 34n43, 48–9, Florentine 101, 105, 111, 115, 129n39, 132, 138–40, 143, food shortage, 19, 102, 105–6, 162, 222–4; see also 151, 184, 209, 216–17, 226 famine Doukas, Michael, 9, 148n119 Fourth Crusade, 114, 248 Dragaˇs, Constantine, Serbian prince, 31 consequences, 21–4, 235 Draperiis family, 159 France, 33 Dubrovnik (Ragusa), 37, 75–6, 223; see also Franks, 137, 184, 249, 284 merchants, Ragusan Gabraina Edirne, see Adrianople Eirene, 168–9 Egypt, 195 Maria Hagiopetretissa, 168 Eliabourkos family, 265 see also churches, Gabraina archon in the Morea, 265, 267 Gabras family, 228 Emo, Benedetto, bailo of Constantinople, 188 John, 168 England, 33, 181 Gabriel, metropolitan of Thessalonike, 53–4, Enveri, 17 95–7, 114 Ephesus, 9, 145 Enkomion of, 84, 86, 90 Epibatai, fortress near Selymbria, 220 Galata, see Pera Epidauros, see Monemvasia Gallipoli, 10, 25, 27, 28, 34n42, 123–5, 206, 229 Eregli,˘ see Herakleia, in Thrace Gardiki, 282, 283 Euboea, see Negroponte gaza, gazi, 24–6 Eudaimonoioannes family, 263–4 Gazes family, 80n99, 82, App.I,App.II archon in the Morea, 248, 264 George, merchant from Thessalonike, 81 mesazon in the Morea, 270–1 Theodore, emigr´ e´ scholar in Italy, 220, Nicholas, megas stratopedarches, 264 App. V(C) Eudokimos, George, 177 Gelibolu, see Gallipoli Eugenikos, John, 14, 217–18 Gemistos Europe, 19, 21, 25, 242, 243 Andronikos, 269 western, 5, 12, 22, 28, 29, 31, 33–4, 36, 37, 52, Demetrios, 269, 271 115, 139, 160, 179–81, 188, 195, 218, 230, 231 see also Plethon, George Gemistos

Index 343

Gennadios II, patriarch of Constantinople, see harac, 26, 30, 33, 36, 46, 64, 85–7, 93, 98, 121, Scholarios, George-Gennadios 128, 199, 208, 254 Genoa, 20, 37, 68, 122, 135, 190, 215 Hayreddin Pas¸a, see Ç andarlı Hayreddin and the Ottomans, 189 Pas¸a John VII and, 131, 132, 134, 160, 215 Helleabourkos, see Eliabourkos family Genoese, 9, 10, 23, 127, 159, 161, 188, 210, 238, Helos, 269 247 Henry IV, king of England, 181 Andronikos IV and, 120, 122, 125–7, 230 Herakleia, in Thrace, 129, 223 John VII and, 131, 136, 230 Hermeleia, 57, 59, 92 naturalized, 135, 215 Hexamilion, 72, 259–63, 265, 268, 271–3, 276, see also merchants, Genoese 278, 286 Georgia, king of, 8 Hodegetrianos, 178 Giagari, Manuel, 213; see also Iagaris, Manuel Hospitallers, of Rhodes, 34n42, 137, 188, 235, Palaiologos, senatorial archon; Iagaris, 257–8, 286 Manuel, client of Badoer Hungary, 28, 30, 35, 37, 124, 279 Gianitsa (Vardar Yenicesi), 101 Hunyadi, John, 37 Giorgi, see Zorzi Hyaleas family, 82, App.I,App.II Glabas, 126 Isidore, see Isidore Glabas, metropolitan of Iagarina Thessalonike Euphrosyne, archontissa, 212–13 Goudeles family, 192, 193, 210–14 Philippa (daughter of Euphrosyne), 213 Demetrios Palaiologos, 197, 212, App. IV Iagaris family, 192, 212–14 George, 134–5, 160–1, 166, 167, 197, 210, 215, Andronikos, senatorial archon, 212 App. IV Manuel Palaiologos, senatorial archon, 212; see John, 157–61, 210, 213 also Iagaris, Manuel, client of Badoer; Manuel, 211; see also Chutela, Manoli Giagari, Manuel Nicholas, 210–11 Manuel, client of Badoer, 212, App. III; see tavernkeeper, fourteenth century, 210 also Iagaris, Manuel Palaiologos, senatorial tavernkeeper, fifteenth century, 210 archon; Giagari, Manuel Goudelina Markos Palaiologos, 172, 212 Athanasia, 210, 213 Palaiologos, 212, App. III Erigni, 210, 213 Ignatius of Smolensk, Russian pilgrim, 93n30, grain, 19, 149–50, 155, 156, 160, 241; see also 137 barley; wheat Imbros, 10 Gregoras interest rates, 65, 70, 166–7, 180 Demetrios Mamonas, 269 interregnum, Ottoman, 7, 34, 102n58; see also Nikephoros, historian, 20 civil wars, Ottoman, among Bayezid I’s Gregory III Mammas, patriarch of sons Constantinople, 217, 219 Ioannina, 86 Gregory XI, pope, 120, 137 Isa Beg, Aydınoglu,˘ 9 Grembeni, 252 Ises, Michael Rhalles, 280–1 Grevenon, fortress (Morea), 249, 251, 253 Isidore Glabas, metropolitan of Thessalonike, Grimani, Pietro, 243–4 13–14, 42, 43, 53–4, 69–70, 72, 76–9, 84–7, 93, 97, 114 Hacı, Ottoman captive, 107 Isidore of Kiev, 9, 14, 219, 261 Hagia Maria, village near Thessalonike, 59–60 Italy, 20, 23, 105, 131, 137, 214, 233 Hagia Sophia, see churches, St. Sophia Andronikos Iagaris in, 212 Hagioreitisa, Maria, 59 Byzantine aristocrats and, 135, 193, 197, 198, Hagios Georgios, fortress (Morea), 265–7, 283 209, 213–16, 218, 228, 231, 264 Halil, Ottoman commander, 145 Demetrios Kydones in, 174 Halil, son of Orhan Beg, 121–2 John V in, 124–6 Halil Pas¸a, see Ç andarlı Halil Pas¸a John VIII and Demetrios Palaiologos in, 141, Hamza, brother of Bayezid Pas¸a, 144 278 Hamza Beg, governor of Gallipoli and admiral, Manuel II in, 33 10 Nicholas Eudaimonoioannes in, 264

344 Index

Jews, 108, 170, 204, 206, 229 Kassandreia, 63, 64, 110 Joanna of Naples, princess of Achaia, 235, 236 Kastoria, 82n110, 108 John V Palaiologos, emperor, 11, 12, 25, 27–30, Kastritzi, 278, 282 32, 33, 36, 39, 43, 119–31, 133, 135–8, 146, 147, Katablattas, 73–4, 198 236, 238, 244, 246 Katadokeinos, see Katablattas John VI Kantakouzenos, emperor, 9, 11, 20–1, Katadoukinos, Demetrios, 140, 278 27–9, 119, 121, 122, 125, 126 Katalanos, Manuel, 177 John VII Palaiologos, emperor, 31, 129, 131–7, katallaktes/-ai, see moneychangers 139–40, 142, 147, 148, 160–1, 171, 176, 181, Katharos, Theodore, 75–6 182, 196, 215, 230 Katzas as ruler of Thessalonike, 39, 44, 62, 63 John, 170 John VIII Palaiologos, emperor, 18, 34–7, 47, Manuel, 170–1 140, 141, 190–1, 198, 210, 219, 252, 263, 264, Kaukadenos, Theodore, 145 278, 279 kephalatikion, 98–9 Joseph II, patriarch of Constantinople, 213 Kiev, metropolitan of, 155; see also Isidore of Kiev Kiverion, 257 Kabakes family, 283,App.I Knights of St. John, at Rhodes, see Hospitallers, Kabasilas of Rhodes Manuel, 134–5 Kokalas family, 79, 80n99,App.I Nicholas, 46 Kollydros, village, 94, 96 kadi Komes, Bartholomaios, 59, 79,App.I of Constantinople, 138–9, 201–2, 207 kommerkion, 67, 86, 194, 201, 223 of Thessalonike, 101–2, 104 Kontostephanos, Kaballarios, 158 Kaffa, 150n7, 204, 215, 247 Korax, Theologos, 88, 142–5, 188 Kalamaria, 33, 91, 202 Kotyaeion (Kutahya),¨ 182 Kalamata, 252, 279 Koumouses Kalekas, Manuel, 12–13, 150, 155 Alexios, 157, 158 Kallistos, George, orphanotrophos, 136 cloth merchant (father of Alexios), 156–7 Kallokyres, Thomas, 164, 166, 167, 178 Kritoboulos of Imbros, 8, 10–11, 182, 221–2, 281 Kaloeidas, 157 Krokodeilos, see Krokondylos family Kalothetos, Leo, governor of Phokaia, 122 Krokondylos family, 265–7, 283 Kananos family, 228 Kydones, Demetrios, 11–13, 32, 43, 46, 52, 56, 61, John, chronicler, 11, 187–8, 206 70, 76, 115, 119–20, 122–5, 128–9, 136, Kantakouzene, Theodora, daughter of John VI, 140–2, 144–6, 148, 174, 245–6 wife of Orhan Beg, 121, 126 Kydonides, see Tzamplakon, Kydonides Kantakouzenos family, 192, 228, 229, 236, Kyprianos family, 79,App.I App. III, App. V Andronikos (Mustafa), tax-farmer, 229 Lampadenos, Perios, 162 Demetrios, son of Despot Matthew Laskaris family, 82, 89, 192, 228, App. II, Kantakouzenos, 237–8 App. III, App. V(A) John, 61,App.I Alexios, 270–1 John Palaiologos, 270–1 Demetrios Bryennios, 88–9 John, son of Despot Matthew Demetrios, archon in the Morea, 283 Kantakouzenos, 237–8 Laskaris Kananos, 228, App. V(B) Theodore, 61 Lathras, Doukas, 82n110, 108 Theodore Palaiologos, 61–2, 197–8, App. IV Latin West, see Europe, western see also John VI Kantakouzenos, emperor; Latins, 4–5, 10, 12, 19, 22–4, 105, 124, 184, 201, Manuel Kantakouzenos, despot; Matthew 225, 227, 235–7, 253, 258, 266, 270, 275, Kantakouzenos, despot 276, 280, 283–4 Karamanids, 205 Byzantine attitudes towards, 49, 52–5, 113–14, Kardamis, John, 108 185, 212–13, 216–18, 230–2, 250, 264–5, 277, Karytaina, 266n34, 277, 282 281, 288–9 Kasandrenos family, 79, 80n99 image of, 23 Manuel, 81,App.I Lazarevic,´ Stefan, Serbian despot, 31 merchant from Thessalonike, 81 Lemnos, 10, 35, 37, 154

Index 345

Leonardo of Chios, 15, 209, 213, 223, 225–6 Martin V, pope, 272 Leontares Matthew I, patriarch of Constantinople, 151, 155, Bryennios, governor of Selymbria, 160 158, 167, 176, 180–1, 186 Demetrios Laskaris, 39, 44, 81, 160, 198, Matthew Kantakouzenos, despot of the Morea, App. IV 237–8 John, 191 Matthew of Medeia, 196 Manuel Bryennios, 198, App. IV Maurommates, 172 Leontarion, 282 Mauropapas family, 283 Lepanto, 276 Leo, 266, 283 Lesbos, 9, 15, 150n7, 223 Maximos, metropolitan of Patras, 249–51, 253 Loi, 252, 267 Mazaris Lopadiotes, George, priest, 180 Manuel, skevophylax, 108 Loredan, Bernabo,` duke of Thessalonike, 112 satirist, 164, 260–1, 265, 267 Louis the Great, king of Hungary, 28, 124 meat, 111, 271 Loukanes, Nikephoros, 280–2 Mehmed I, sultan, 34, 56, 73, 90, 142 Mehmed II (the Conqueror), sultan, 5, 9–11, 17, Macedonia, 19, 32, 39, 41, 45, 94, 99, 240, 242, 38, 203, 232, 254, 281, 282, 287 247, 256 and archontes of the Morea, 233, 265, 267, Magaducha, Manoli, protostrator, 263 282–4 Magistros, John, 158 and Despot Demetrios Palaiologos, 280, 286 Mahmud Pas¸a, grand vizier, 90n23, 213n114, 283 concessions to Pera of, 86 Makarios of Ankara, 196 siege and capture of Constantinople by, 88, Makarios, patriarch of Constantinople, 135 184, 185, 213, 214, 217–22, 224, 226, 232 Makres, Makarios, 56n1, 84, 199–200, 209 Melachrinos family, 79, 80n99, 81n100, 82, Mamonas family, 228, 245–7, 283, App. III, App. II App. V(D) John Douk(a)s, 82,App.I archon in the Morea, 248 Melissenos family, 196–8, App. III archon of Monemvasia, 243–6, 248, 256 Andronikos Apokaukos, 196–7, App. IV Gregory Palaiologos, 246–7 Makarios, see Pseudo-Phrantzes Monemvasiot pirate, 245 Melitias, town in Thrace, 130, 131 see also Gregoras, Demetrios Mamonas Mentes¸e emirate, 25 Mani, 252 mercenaries, 20, 274 Mantena (Mandinia), fortress in Messenia, 265 Turk i s h , 237, 240, 266, 283 Manuel II Palaiologos, emperor, 12, 14, 18–19, 44, see also Navarrese Company 47, 65, 67, 72, 119, 122, 132–4, 136–7, 140, merchants, 24, 41, 117, 190, 191, 228–9 142–4, 147, 149, 154–5, 160, 174, 194, 196, Armenian, 204 197, 201, 212, 239, 244, 249, 274, 277, 279 Byzantine, 61, 81, 192–4, 201, 205–6, 285 and Bayezid I, 31, 137–9 Catalan, 191 and Church union, 36 Constantinopolitan, 156–62, 167, 180, 207, andMehmedI,34 App. III as vassal in Ottoman army, 128–9, 137, 139 Florentine, 15, 191–2 foreign policy, 32–5 Genoese, 67–8, 107, 191, 223, 224 independent regime in Thessalonike, 7, 39, Greek, 201, 216, 247 43, 45–7, 51–3, 60–2, 81, 238 Italian, 20, 68, 192, 193, 197, 206, 230 trip to Europe, 160, 179, 180 Jewish, 204, 206 writings: discourse of counsel to Ottoman, 16, 102, 138, 139, 201–8 Thessalonians, 13–14, 44–6; epistolary Ragusan, 75, 223 discourse to Nicholas Kabasilas, 46;funeral Thessalonian, 57, 64, 65, 67–9, 71, 74–6, 81 oration for Theodore I, 13, 237, 242–3, 245, Venetian, 46, 65, 67, 107, 188, 189, 191, 194, 253–6, 258; letters, 52, 62, 71, 174, 186 201, 223, 226, 245 Manuel Kantakouzenos, despot of the Morea, western, 207 235, 237, 254n78 Mesembria, 33, 36n48, 37, 141, 279 Mariskin, village at Kassandreia, 63 mesoi, 41, 117 Maritsa, battle of, 29 Messenia, 265 Marmara, sea of, 223 Methodios, monk, 170–1

346 Index

Metochites family, 79 Mount Athos, 15, 60, 92, 98, 179 Demetrios Palaiologos, 211 monasteries of: Chilandar, 94; Dionysiou, 59, Laskaris, megas chartoularios, 80,App.I 63; Docheiariou, 57–9, 64, 92; Metriotes, Michael, 75 Esphigmenou, 64, 91–2, 94;Iveron,62, 74; Michael VIII Palaiologos, emperor, 175 Koutloumousiou, 94; Lavra, 59, 60, 154; Milan, 35, 214 Philotheou, 61;Xenophon,62–3 Mistra, 5, 10, 234, 236, 253, 254, 270–1, 276, 280, submits to Murad II, 114 282 Murad I, sultan, 29–30, 32, 99, 119–30, 132, 240 Brontochion monastery, 266 property grants to Byzantines by, 89 Pantanassa monastery, 252 Theodore I and, 239–40, 249, 255, 256 popular resistance to the Hospitallers in, 258, Murad II, sultan, 17, 34–5, 37, 141–3, 145, 189–90, 286 203, 205, 273, 278–80, 286 Modon, 235, 241–2, 244, 251, 258, 263, 268, 276 and Constantinople, 11, 88, 187–8, 206 Greek confraternity in, 277 and monasteries, 114–15 monasteries, 92–8, 114–15, 175–9, 186 and Thessalonike, 11, 40, 47–50, 52, 101, 105, Akapniou (Thessalonike), 88, 93–6 107, 112 Bassos (Constantinople), 176 Venice and, 188 Bebaias Elpidos (Constantinople), 175–6 Musa C¸ elebi, son of Bayezid I, 47, 49, 64, 72, 73, Blachernai (Clarentza), 280 186, 189 Brontochion (Mistra), 266 Mustafa, brother of Murad II, 189 Charsianeites (Constantinople), 176, 186; see Mustafa, pretender, 35 also Neophytos of Charsianeites Mytilene, see Lesbos Christ Akataleptos (Constantinople), 178 Hexazenos (Thessalonike), 96, 97 Nauplia, 239n19, 283 Hodegoi (Constantinople), 178 Navarrese Company, 235–40, 242, 253–5, 287 Kosmidion (Constantinople), 179 Negroponte, 49, 65–6, 73, 144, 241, 250 Magistros (Constantinople), 177 Neilos, patriarch of Constantinople, 250 Myrelaion (Constantinople), 165 Neokastron, 252 Nea Mone (Thessalonike), 90, 93–7 Neopatras, 251 Panagia Pausolype (Constantinople), 176–7 Neophytos of Charsianeites, 216; see also Pantanassa (Mistra), 252 Neophytos, anti-unionist monk Pantokrator/Blatadon (Thessalonike), 93, 94, Neophytos of Rhodes, hieromonk, 213 96–7, 104, 114 Neophytos, anti-unionist monk, 209; see also Peribleptos (Constantinople), 177 Neophytos of Charsianeites Prodromos (Thessalonike), 84n1, 93, 95–6 Nesi, 252 St. Andrew in Krisei (Constantinople), 177 Nes¸ri, 16, 30n32, 101, 129n39 St. Athanasios (Thessalonike), 84n1, 93, 96–7 Nestor-Iskander, 211 St. Basil (Constantinople), 176 New Phokaia, 9 St. Mamas (Constantinople), 174, 175 Nicholas V, pope, 211, 214, 219, 221n150, 225 St. Photis, monydrion (Thessalonike), 90 Nikopolis, crusade of, 31, 33, 138n83, 150–1, 189, see also Mount Athos 200, 240, 257 Monembasiotes, Michael, 157, 168–9 Notaras family, 192, 193, 214–15, 218, 228, Monemvasia, 243–8, 256–7, 264, 286 App. V(A) moneychangers, 75, 81 Anna, 215–16, App. V(D) moneylenders, 42, 167–8 Demetrios, kommerkiarios, 215, App. III monks, 53, 104, 170–1, 178–9, 181, 188, 286 George, 215 and Ottomans, 97–8, 114, 232 Isaak, 215, App. III and union, 46, 52, 209, 216, 218 Jacob, 216, App. V(D) Morea, 10, 19, 25, 31, 35, 144 Loukas, 88, 214–18, 227, App. III Despotate of the, 8, 14–15, 21, 22, 37–8, 47, 72, Nicholas, 134–5, 197, 215, 218, App. IV 223, 233–88 Theodore, 215, App. III Frankish conquest, 235, 248, 264, 284 Thomas Eliabourkos, 265 Morosini, Venetian chronicler, 48 Novo Brdo, 75, 76 Moschopoulina, Anna Tornaraia, 172–3 nuns, 158, 175, 177 Moscow, grand duke of, 210 and union, 209

Index 347

Olbofaci, Theodore, 110 Demetrios Palaiologos, despot; John V Orhan Beg, Ottoman ruler, 20, 27, 29, 121, 122, Palaiologos, emperor; John VII Palaiologos, 126 emperor; John VIII Palaiologos, emperor; Orthodoxy, 13, 53, 71, 87, 103; see also Church, Manuel II Palaiologos, emperor; Michael Byzantine VIII Palaiologos, emperor; Theodore I Ottomans, 5, 8–12, 18–20, 24–37, 41, 57, 61–4, Palaiologos, despot; Theodore II 69, 71, 72, 74, 76–8, 83, 99–102, 107, 112, Palaiologos, despot; Thomas Palaiologos, 127, 137, 140, 172, 194, 205, 224, 225, 239, despot 240, 247–9, 258 Palamas, Gregory, 42 Byzantine attitudes toward, 52–4, 60, 83, Panidos, 33, 129 113–15, 136–7, 180–2, 185, 199–200, 208–9, Panopoulos, 178 212, 216–18, 230–2, 281, 288–9 papacy, 5, 12, 18, 21, 28, 37, 46, 52, 53, 113, 210, Byzantine cooperation and accommodation 286; see also Rome, Church of with, 46–7, 49–52, 119–21, 123–6, 131, Papylas, Manuel, 170, 175 140–8, 242–3, 250–1, 255–6, 277–80 Paris, 52 ﬂight to, 49, 106, 147–8, 150–2, 180 Parori inscription, 236–7, 242, 245, 253 marriage alliances with, 121–2 Patras, 269–71, 273, 280, 286; see also Maximos, see also merchants, Ottoman metropolitan of Patras peasants, 64, 70, 113, 241, 263, 276, 286, Padua, 50 288 Palaiologina Pedema, 252 Anna, wife of Komnenos Branas, 133, 134, Pegonites, Constantine, 158 161 Peloponnese, see Morea Eirene, 178–9 pendamerea, 107, 110 Eirene, daughter of John V, 121 Pepagomenos family, 171, 283, App. III Eirene, daughter of Manuel Papylas, 170 Pera (Galata), 20, 82, 130, 138, 139, 159–60, 162, Helena Dragaˇs, empress (wife of Manuel II), 190–1, 195, 199, 201, 206, 215 218, 279 Andronikos IV’s alliance with, 120, 122, 126, Helena Kantakouzene, empress (wife of John 127 V), 121, 126, 257 associations of John VII and his partisans Helena, daughter of Despot Demetrios with, 131, 136–7 Palaiologos, 280 Constantinopolitan refugees in, 150 Maria, empress (wife of Andronikos IV, ﬂight of Despot Demetrios Palaiologos to, mother of John VII), 134, 171 141, 278, 279 Theodora, 159, 161 Mehmed II’s concessions to, 86 Palaiologos, dynasty and family, 9, 95, 122, 140, podestaof,` 210 192, 193, 213, 228, 229, 234, 246, App. III, Perdikares, Constantine, 165–6 App. IV, App. V(A) Petriotes, merchant, 158 Alexios, 170, 179n122 Petro-Bua, Albanian chief, 283 Andronikos, 178 Phakrases, Demetrios, megas primikerios, 70, 80, David, 178 App. I Gabriel (I), 162 Phanarion, fortress (Morea), 269, 271 Gabriel (II), 162–3 Phaxenos, Manuel, 79, 80n99,App.I George, mesazon, 282–3 Philadelphia, 19, 67n51, 129, 143, 145 Graginos, 214 Philanthropene John, 162 Eugenia Kantakouzene, 176 Manuel, 214, App. V(A) Theodora Bouzene, 163 Manuel Graginos, 214 Philanthropenos family, 198, 283, App. I, Manuel, archon, 214, App. V(C) App. IV Michael, 162–3 Alexios Angelos, caesar of Thessaly, 90, 94 Michael, archontopoulos, 168 George, mesazon, 213–14 tax-farmer, 229 Manuel, 178 see also Andronikos IV Palaiologos, emperor; Manuel (son of George, mesazon), 214 Andronikos Palaiologos, despot; Philip of Macedon, 45 Constantine XI Palaiologos, emperor; Philomates, see Filomati

348 Index

phloriatikon, 262n11, 269 Rhaoul/Rhalles family, 229–30, 281, 283, Phokaia, 121–2 App. II, App. III Phokas, priest, 171 George, 280 Phrankopoulina, sons of Manuel Palaiologos, 174–5 Michael and Demetrios, 252–3, 270 Manuel, archon in the Morea, 283 Phrankopoulos family, 228, 251, 253, 283, Michael, 162 App. III Thomas, 280 governor of Grevenon, 249, 253 see also Ises, Michael Rhalles John, protostrator, katholikos mesazon, Rhosatas, John, 269 generales, 252 Rhosotas, John, 75–6 Manuel, 251 Rodosto (Tekirdag),˘ 205; see also Rhaidestos megas stratopedarches, 252 Rome, 12, 28, 33, 125, 219, 220 protostrator, 252 Church of, 14, 36, 184, 199, 213, 231; see also Pidema, 282 papacy pirates, 121, 245 Rumelia, 189 Turk i s h , 65, 240 Russia, 210, 230n187 plague, 186, 187, 195–6, 246; see also Black Death Plato, 196, 275 sailors, 107, 205, 262, 276 Platyskalites, 50, 69 St. Demetrios, 44n11, 84, 183n138 moneychanger, 75 Saint Superan, Pierre Lebourd (Peter Bordo) de, Plethon, George Gemistos, 14–15, 269, 271, 236 274–6 Salona, 277 Portarea, 91 Sarakinopoulos, protostrator, 249, 251, 253 Potamia, village in Lankada (Morea), 270 Sarantenos, Nicholas, banker, 202, App. III Potamios, Theodore, 146 Saruhan emirate, 25, 99 praktika, 99 Savcı Ç elebi, son of Murad I, 119–20 Prebezianos Schiltberger, Johann, 15 Nicholas, 79, 81,App.I Scholarios, George-Gennadios, 14, 216–17, Petros, 79,App.I 219–20, 225, 232, 272–3 Prinikon, village (Morea), 269 Scutari (Usk¨ udar),¨ 199, 201, 208 Prinkips family, 79,App.I Sebastopoulos, Nicholas, protostrator, mesazon, Constantine, 57, 91 282 George (son of Constantine), 91,App.I Selymbria, 31, 129, 131, 133, 134, 137, 141, 160 profiteering, 69–70, 110–11, 157, 160, 161, 180, Serbia, 11, 19, 25, 27, 29, 31, 41, 57, 58, 74–6 213 Serres, 25, 61, 73, 81, 89, 93, 248 Proinokokokas, 282 meeting of Bayezid I and his Christian vassals pronoia, 19–20, 27, 89, 248 at, 30–1, 33, 242, 243, 245–7, 249, 256 Pseudo-Phrantzes, 128, 222n154, 243n40, 252n72 Sestos, 152 Pusculo, Ubertino, 211 Sgouromalles family, 283 Pylles, Michael, 143–5 Palaiologos, 282 Pyropoulos, Thomas, 270 Sgouropoulos family, 228, App. V(C) Jacob, 167 Quioça, Constantine, 230 Michael, priest, 135 Sgouros, George, 228, App. V(B) Ragusa, see Dubrovnik Sigeros, John, priest, 136 reaya, 275 Sigismund, king of Hungary, 30, 31 Rentina, 64 Sikyon, 273, 286 Rhadarites, Andrew, priest, 135 Sinan Pas¸a, beylerbeyi of Rumeli, 86 Rhadenos family, 61, 79, 80n99, App. III Sisinios, George Moschopoulos, priest, 172 counselor of Manuel II in Thessalonike, 60–1, Siˇ ˇsman, John III of Bulgaria, 30 81 Skampavles, Demetrios, 60 George, 82, App. II Skiathos, island, 33 John, 79, 82, App. I, App. II Skopelos, island, 33 Stephanos Doukas, 79,App.I Skorta, 278–9 Rhaidestos, 129; see also Rodosto (Tekirdag)˘ Skyros, island, 33

Index 349

Sophianos family, 167, 192, 263–5, 283, App. III Theodore I Palaiologos, despot of the Morea, 13, archon in the Morea (I), 248, 264 31, 46, 122, 236–40, 242–5, 247–51, 253–60, archon in the Morea (II), 283, 284 263, 267, 286 banker, 157 Theodore II Palaiologos, despot of the Morea, John, banker, 202, App. III 14, 252, 259, 260, 263, 264, 268–9, 271, 272, Nicholas, 175, 197, App. III, App. IV 274, 275 Spartenos family, 79 Theodotos, superior of Pantokrator/Blatadon Theodore Doukas, 79, 80n99,App.I monastery, 96–7 Sphrantzes Thermesion, 257 archon in the Morea, 283 Thessalonike, 11, 13, 19, 22, 24, 33, 117, 160–2, George, historian, 8–9, 141, 222, 246, 252, 265, 179, 186, 198, 202, 227, 231, 232, 285–8 270–1, 278–80, 282 and Bayezid I, 30, 86–7, 89–90, 248 John (son of George, historian), 9 and Manuel II, 7, 13, 32, 39, 44–7, 130, 238 Spitali, 252 and Mehmed I, 56, 73 Spyridon family, 158, 176–7 and Musa Çelebi,47, 49, 64, 72–3 Stoudios, fortress, 220 Asomatoi quarter, 62 Strymon, 36n48, 88, 89 Genoese consul in, 68 Suleyman¨ Ç elebi, son of Bayezid I, 33–5, Jewish community in, 108 100 Ottoman kadi in, 101–2, 104 Surgat, 204 privileges of, 44–5 Symbolon (Cembalo), 158 under Ottoman rule: first Ottoman Symeon of Thessalonike, 13–14, 42–4, 47–50, domination, 25, 26, 84–102, 113, 239, 249; 52–3, 56, 62, 69–73, 76–9, 83, 87–8, 103–4, Murad II’s siege and capture, 11, 35, 52, 205 106, 110 under Venetian rule, 49–51, 82–3, 103–14, 174, Synadene 218 Eirene, 168 Venetian consulate in, 66–7 Theodora, 176 see also churches; monasteries Synadenos, family, 192, App. III; see also Astras, Thessaly, 25, 31, 37, 39, 90, 249, 251, 256, 278 Michael (Synadenos) Thomas Palaiologos, despot in the Morea, Syria, 195 233–4, 254, 270, 277–83 Syropoulos, Sylvester, 14, 279 Thrace, 19, 21, 25, 27, 28, 41, 130, 131, 202, 240, 242, 247 Tafur, Pero, 15, 195–6 tımar, 27, 89–90, 100, 102, 248 tahrir defters, 17n55, 89, 99, 101n57 Timur (Tamerlane), 32, 33, 143, 181, 182, 258 Talapas, Demetrios, kastrophylax, 80,App.I Tocco Tana, 75, 215 Carlo I, count of Cephalonia, 257 Tarchaneiotes family, 79, 82, App. I, App. II Leonardo II, count of Cephalonia, 267 Jacob, 165 treaties Taroneites, Manuel, 134 between Theodore I and Venice (1394), 251, Tatars, 205–6 257 tavernkeepers, 156, 159, 210 Byzantine–Genoese (1382), 30, 130 taxes, 26, 64, 98–9, 107–8, 110, 128, 139, 178, 273, Byzantine–Ottoman (c. 1373), 29–30, 119, 276 120 commercial, 68, 223 Byzantine–Ottoman (1403), 33–5, 39, 98, evasion of, 42, 253–4, 262, 276 100–1 for defense purposes, 72, 178, 225, 269, 270; Byzantine–Ottoman (1424), 35–6, 190, 199, see also angariae; phloriatikon 208–9 Plethon on, 274 Byzantine–Venetian (1406), 196, 212 Tedaldi, Jacopo, 15 Byzantine–Venetian (1418 and 1423), 212 Tenedos, 121, 122, 125–6, 244 Venetian–Navarrese (1382 and 1387), 238 Terkova, village (Morea), 266 Venetian–Ottoman (1426 and 1427), 102 Thalassene, Kale, 60 Tre b i zo n d , 8, 38n55, 93n29, 150n7 Thamar, daughter of George Sphrantzes, tribute, see harac historian, 9 Turahan Beg, Ottoman commander, 272, 273, Thasos, 10 278–9

350 Index

Turk s , 9, 19, 27, 49, 65, 71, 95–7, 120, 151, 152, Vatika, 248 157, 181, 201, 206, 229, 237, 240, 253, 278, Venerio, Francesco, 214 283, 287 Venetians, 10, 11, 23, 54, 127, 131, 144, 155, 193, image of, 208 210, 214, 218, 223, 225, 235, 247, 281, 283 see also Aydın emirate; Mentes¸e emirate; naturalized, 61, 66, 135, 228–9 Ottomans; Saruhan emirate Venice, 19, 20, 29, 33, 35, 37, 40, 46, 50, 62, 75, Tursun Beg, 17, 226 83, 122, 125–7, 135, 149, 150n7, 154, 197, 198, Tzamplakon 205, 214–16, 221, 238, 239, 244, 247 Arsenios, megas papias, 125n25 Verzani, village near Serres, 89 Kydonides, 282 Villehardouin, William II, prince of Achaia, 248, panhypersebastos, 125 264 Tzetarioi, 50, 112 Tzouroulene, Theodoule, 158, 175 Wallachia, 74, 164 Tzykandyles wealth, hoarding of, 71–2, 77, 115, 226 Andronikos Doukas, 79,App.I West, the, see Europe, western George Doukas, 79,App.I wheat, 81, 105–7, 110–1, 131, 158–9, 172, 222, merchant from Thessalonike, 81 271 Philip, 134 price of, 152–4, 157 Tzympe, 25 Turk i s h , 102 see also grain Umur Beg, Aydınoglu,˘ 20 wine, 62–3, 111, 156, 159, 176, 210, 223 union, ecclesiastical, 9, 12, 18, 28, 33, 36–7, 228, Cretan, 210 231–2, 264, 286 Thessalonike and, 46, 52, 53, 114 Yahs¸i Fakih, 16 Union of Florence, 9, 14, 36–7, 141, 184, 185, Yakub Pas¸a, Ottoman commander, 241 191–2, 203, 209–21, 231, 278–9 Yur¨ uk¨ s, 99–100 Urban VI, pope, 46 Urban, Hungarian cannon-maker, 224 Zaccaria, John Asen, 282 Usk¨ udar,¨ see Scutari Zealot movement, 42, 44 Zerbalo, 60 vakıf, 90, 100 Zonklon (Old Navarino), 238 Valaresso, Giorgio, 65, 103n62 Zorzi, Nicolo,` Venetian ambassador, 50 Varna, crusade of, 37, 212, 218–19 Zosima, Russian pilgrim, 201 anonymous Ottoman chronicle on, 17, 205 Zotikos, priest, 172