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THE TRANSPORT REVOLUTION © Philip S.Bagwell 1974 Chapter THE TRANSPORT REVOLUTION © Philip S.Bagwell 1974 Chapter 11 and additional material © 1988 Philip S.Bagwell The Transport Revolution ROUTLEDGE London © Philip S.Bagwell 1974 Chapter 11 and additional material © 1988 First published in 1974 Published in 1988 by Routledge Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2003. © Philip S.Bagwell 1974 Chapter 11 and additional material © 1988 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Bagwell, Philip S. (Philip Sidney), 1914– The transport revolution 1770–1985. 1. Great Britain. Transport, 1770–1985 I. Title 380.5’0941 ISBN 0-203-22188-5 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-22404-3 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 0-415-00876-X (Print Edition) © Philip S.Bagwell 1974 Chapter 11 and additional material © 1988 Contents List of Maps List of Tables List of Figures List of Plates Acknowledgements Abbreviations Introduction Chapter 1 Inland Navigation in Britain before 1830 1 The potentialities of horse power 2 River improvement 3 The canal age 4 Goods traffic on inland waterways 5 Passenger traffic 6 Profitability 7 The canal boat people Chapter 2 Road Transport before the Railway Age 1 The unreformed road system 2 The turnpike era 3 The growth of stage coach services 4 Economic and social aspects of road passenger transport 5 The expansion of carrier traffic Chapter 3 Coastal Shipping 1 Coastal shipping before the days of steam 2 Steam packets and the growth of passenger traffic 3 Freight transport 4 The impact of coastal shipping on land transport: port improvements 5 Conditions of service and safety aspects Chapter 4 The Foundation of the Railway System 1 Origins of railways 2 Promotion and the railway manias 3 Sources of capital 4 Overcapitalisation and its results 5 Contractors and navvies Chapter 5 The Economic and Social Effects of Railways 1 The growth of passenger traffic 2 The industrial impact 3 Social consequences 4 The railways and urban life 5 Underground railways © Philip S.Bagwell 1974 Chapter 11 and additional material © 1988 Chapter 6 Road and Water Transport in the Railway Age 1 The increased demand for horse-drawn transport 2 Turnpike roads in the days of the railways 3 Bicycles and steam carriages 4 Buses and tramways 5 Canals and railway competition Chapter 7 Government and the Railways 1830–1914 1 Competition versus state ownership 2 The regulation of freight charges 3 Legislation for passenger safety 4 The protection of the labour force Chapter 8 The Development of Motor Transport 1885–1939 1 Reasons for slow progress before 1914 2 The organisation of the motor industry 3 The First World War and motor transport 4 The motor industry between the wars 5 The economic and social impact of the motor car 6 The development of the commercial motor 7 The 1930s: the golden age of motoring Chapter 9 British Transport Policy 1914–39 1 Introduction 2 Transport policy in the First World War 3 Miscarriage of a grand design 4 The Railways Act 1921 5 Road transport policy 6 National highway policy 7 Coastal shipping 8 Canals 9 The development of air transport 10 Summary and conclusion Chapter 10 British Transport Developments 1939–70 1 Introduction 2 The Second World War 3 Labour’s transport policy 1945–51 4 Denationalisation and competition 1952–63 5 New forms of national ownership 6 Coastal shipping 7 ‘Mixed blessing’: the growth of private motoring and its consequences 8 Summary and conclusions Chapter 11 Public Transport in Decline 1971–85 1 British Transport Developments 1971–85: An Overview 2 Government Transport Policies 1970–79 3 A Policy Revolution under Margaret Thatcher 4 Transport Policies 1979–85: Road Transport 5 Transport Policies 1979–85: Railways © Philip S.Bagwell 1974 Chapter 11 and additional material © 1988 6 Railways: International Comparisons 7 Transport in London Appendix Notes Bibliography List of Maps 1 English canals, showing railway ownership, 1872 2 Welsh canals, showing railway ownership, 1872 3 Scottish canals, showing railway ownership, 1872 4 Coach journey times in days, 1750 5 Royal Mail coach services to and from London in 1836 6 The railway system in 1845 7 The railway system in 1872 8 The railway system in 1914 9 The railway system in 1921 10 Trunk roads, 1936 11 British domestic air services (railway group) 1939 12 British domestic air services (independents) 1939 13 Railway System in 1952 14 Railway System in 1967 15 British Rail: Freightliner Services, 1972 16 National Bus Company: Regional Boards, 1971 17 Domestic Air Services, 1970 18 Motorways: England and Wales, 1971 19 Motorways: Scotland, 1971 20 West country: bus services, 1960 21 West country: bus services, 1970 List of Tables 1 Quantities of corn and meal shipped from Ireland to the UK 1820–44, in tons 2 Public Works Loan Board: capital advanced for harbour improvements annually, 1878–1914 3 Number of companies, mileage and capital sanctioned by Railway Acts, 1833–40 4 Number of companies, mileage and capital sanctioned by Railway Acts, 1841–50 5 Number of firms making motor cars in Britain to 1914 6 Expenditure and receipts of main line railway working, 1913–38 7 Railway traffic, 1913–37 8 Costs of road upkeep and receipts of motor taxation, 1921–37 9 Railway traffic and capacity, 1938–45 © Philip S.Bagwell 1974 Chapter 11 and additional material © 1988 10 Net financial return of controlled undertakings, 1940–46 11 Financial position of the British Transport Commission, 1948–62 12 British Railways: receipts and expenditures, 1948–62 13 British Railways: traffic, 1948–62 14 Ownership of road freight vehicles, 31 December 1951 15 British Road Services: trading, 1948–68 16 BEA domestic services, 1947–52 17 British Railways Board: financial results, 1963–70 18 British Railways Board: traffic, 1963–70 19 Goods carriage by commercial vehicles of 3 tons and over, unladen weight 20 British domestic freight transport, 1938–70 21 Steam and motor vessels employed in the coasting and home trades, 1950–70 22 Passenger transport by mode, 1971–85 23 Freight transport by mode, 1971–85 24 BR Investment Performance, 1979–82 25 Passengers entering central London daily between 7.00 a.m. and 10.00 a.m. (Mon-Fri) List of Figures 1 Patterns of canal traffic 2 Development of stage-coach travel, 1790–1850 3 Road goods haulage, carriers in business, 1790–1850 4 Quantities of coal carried to London by coastal shipping and by land, 1837–1911 5 Railways: growth of passenger traffic, 1850–1914 6 Railways: number of passengers by class, 1850–1914 7 Railways: passenger traffic receipts, proportions by class, 1852, 1870, 1890, 1912 8 Railways: goods train receipts and passenger train receipts, 1850–1914 9 Railways: composition of goods traffic by tonnage, 1871, 1913, 1927, 1950, 1970 10 Tramways: growth of route mileage, 1870–1914 11 Tramways: lengths worked by various means of traction, 1906, 1914 12 Tramways: passengers carried, 1878–1914 13 Proportion of canal mileage controlled by railway companies, 1870–1905 14 Canals: goods traffic, 1888–1968 15 Total motor vehicles in use in Great Britain, 1910–70 16 Motor industry’s estimate of the potential demand for private cars, 1926. Number of UK incomes above £130 p.a. 17 Export of motor vehicles, 1924–38 © Philip S.Bagwell 1974 Chapter 11 and additional material © 1988 18 Motor industry: car sales by horse power rating, 1927–38 19 Number of persons killed on roads in Great Britain, 1926–70 20 Number of persons injured on roads in Great Britain, 1926–70 21 Shipping tonnage engaged in the coasting trade of the United Kingdom, 1913–70 22 Road haulage licensing, 1946 23 Passenger traffic: shares of road, rail and air, 1959, 1964, 1969 24 Freight transport: shares of road, rail, coastal shipping, inland waterways and pipelines, by tonnage 25 Freight transport: shares of road, rail, coastal shipping, inland waterways and pipelines, by ton-mileage, 1952, 1959, 1964, 1969 26 Road and rail transport investment 27 Passenger traffic on internal airlines, 1937–69 28 Domestic air freight, 1937–69 29 Road goods vehicles over 3 tons, unladen weight 30 National Freight Corporation: share of freight transport market 31 Motorway mileage in Great Britain, 1959–70 32 Cars, goods vehicles, buses and coaches (only) per road mile in Great Britain, USA, France and W. Germany, 1952 and 1969 33 Persons per car in Great Britain, USA, France, and W. Germany, 1950 and 1968 34 Bus and coach services by vehicle miles: Great Britain 35 National Bus Company services 1979–85 36 Passenger grant payments by central government to British Rail. Aggregate of tax advantages gained by company car users 1982–6 37 European Railways: financial support as a percentage of GDP 1981 38 European Railways: percentage of total costs, including capital, financed from revenue 1977 39 Travel by public transport in London, 1980–6, passenger miles 40 Subsidy as a proportion of urban public transport revenues, 1980 and 1986 List of Plates 1 Canal Boats on the Grand Junction canal (Courtesy British Waterways Board) © Philip S.Bagwell 1974 Chapter 11 and additional material © 1988 2 The canals’ stimulus to civil engineering: the Pontycysyllte Aqueduct, on the Llangollen Canal, opened 26 November 1805 3 Pickford’s London and Manchester Fly Van,
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