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The World Has Become Smaller: Transport Through the Ages in Newry

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The World Has Become Smaller: Transport Through the Ages in Newry The world has become smaller: transport through the ages in Newry and Mourne Motorised charabancs were a popular form of transport for outings in the Front cover: Sketch of Barkston Lodge in the townland of Carnmeen, 1910s and 1920s. This image shows such an outing in south Down c.1920. produced by Foster and Company of Dublin. Horses were the main mode Courtesy of Cathy Brooks of transport before the introduction of motorised vehicles in the early 20th century. Newry and Mourne Museum Collection Introduction This exhibition and accompanying booklet looks at aspects of transport in the Newry and Mourne area over the centuries. It begins by examining the importance of water transport in the Mesolithic period and how transport by land became more important in later prehistoric times. The influence of the establishment of churches and monasteries in the Early Christian period, and of political developments in the Middle Ages on the Bessbrook tram at Millvale crossroads in April 1940. formation of the road network is highlighted. The Photograph by W.A. Camwell from The Bessbrook and Newry Tramway (The Oakwood Press, 1979). exhibition also reveals how routeways established during these periods continue in use today. Travel by sea is seen as underpinning the growth of Newry as a wealthy mercantile centre in the 18th and 19th centuries. The impact of the arrival of the railways in the area in the mid 19th century, especially with regard to the emergence of Warrenpoint and Rostrevor as holiday destinations is stressed. The exhibition also explores how the introduction of motorised vehicles in the 20th century revolutionised transport for everyone. It explores how better links were established between rural areas and towns by the growing development of bus routes and how transport of goods by lorry was seen as more economical than by rail. The effect of increased private ownership of motor cars in the 1980s and 1990s on public transport and road network is also assessed and how the volume of traffic on public roads in the early 21st century is leading to a rejuvenation of travel by bus and rail. A selection of local railway and tramway tickets. Newry and Mourne Museum Cars in Hill Street, Newry in the late 1960s before the construction of the Abbey Way bypass. Part of the Hill Street area was pedestrianised at this time, and was the first pedestrian precinct in Northern Ireland. Courtesy of John Matthews area around Newry was controlled by the Magennises Transport and travel in the and the McCartans. prehistoric and medieval periods Anglo-Norman travellers on foot or on horse-back Ken Abraham often paid the Irish for protection and to act as guides when travelling through hostile or unfamiliar parts of Before the introduction of wheeled transport in the the country. For example, John de Knaresborough, an late Neolithic period, walking and travelling by water official of Elizabeth de Burgh, paid 2s. 4d. to the men were the only modes of travel. In the Mesolithic period of William Magennis for “a safe passage” to Dundrum settlement was predominantly coastal and transport Castle in 1353. was by water using canoe and small boat. Difficulty in travelling by land resulted in the Neolithic peoples established routes linking importance of communications by sea and rivers. The settlements, hunting grounds, summer pastures and Irish name for Narrow Water – Caol Uisce (“narrow sources of raw materials. Chariots were eventually used channel of water”) – has been interpreted by historians by the wealthy and wooden trackways, dating from the as also indicating a crossing place. A ferry between Bronze and Iron Age periods, have been discovered in Greencastle and Carlingford was a valuable source peat bogs and wet ground in various parts of Ireland. of income for the earls of Ulster in the 13th and 14th A possible wooden trackway was found in a bog in centuries. Medieval Carlingford had maritime links the townland of Moybane, near Crossmaglen in south with other coastal settlements in Ulster including Armagh in the 1900s. Dundrum, Ardglass, Movilla and Carrickfergus. Five major routeways radiated out from Tara, in Nevertheless, travel by road remained significant. county Meath, the legendary seat of the High Kings Two streets from the medieval settlement at Newry of Ireland. One of these was the Slighe Midluachra are included on the map of the town drawn by Robert (“North Road”), which apparently passed through Lythe in the 1570s. Named on the map as the “The Way the Moyry Pass on its way north to the Antrim to Iveagh” and the “The Way to Tyrone”, these streets coast. Another important road went west of Slieve survive in the modern town as High Street and North Gullion through the Callan valley to Armagh. The Street respectively. introduction of Christianity and the establishment of churches, monasteries and pilgrimage sites led to the development of additional minor routeways. In the medieval period the Moyry Pass and the area around Newry were important for travel in and out of Ulster. John de Courcy defeated the Irish at a bridge near Newry in 1180 but, by the late 13th century, the Narrow Water Castle with ferry, c.1900 The 16th century tower-house at Narrow Water was provided with a landing place for boats and a ferry operated at Narrow Water up to the mid 20th century transporting people and animals. Newry and Mourne Museum Collection Killeavy Churches Killeavy, near Newry, was a prominent ecclesiastical centre in the Early Christian period. Located near the route taken by the Slighe Midluachra, it often provided shelter and hospitality to travellers going north. The annals record Killeavy as the first stopping place on a ‘royal heir’s feasting visitation’ to Ulster in 1163. Newry and Mourne Museum Map of Newry by Robert Lythe, 1570s This map shows the importance of communication and transport to the 16th century town at Newry. The two streets (extreme left) dating from the medieval settlement continue to be important routes connecting Newry with other parts of Ulster, a ford has been constructed on the Clanrye River to allow access to the Armagh side of the river (bottom centre) and an annotation (bottom right) indicates that ships of 10 or 12 tonne could use the river at spring tide. © Crown Copyright Coaches to Belfast and Dublin ran daily and by the Coaches and 1820s travel time had been reduced to fourteen hours. horse-drawn transport The Royal Mail Coach provided a Day-Mail and Night- Mail service to both destinations, departing from its Joanne Cummins office in Hill Street. Travelling northwards, the coach passed though Loughbrickland, Banbridge, Dromore, Before the advent of motorised vehicles, the main form Hillsborough and Lisburn. Southwards the route passed of road transport for those who could afford it was through Dundalk, Castlebellingham and Drogheda. either by horseback or horse-drawn vehicle. Other coaches such as the ‘Fair Trader’, ‘the Lark’, the ‘Shamrock’ and the ‘St. Patrick’ also ferried passengers The turnpike system of roads which levied tolls on along the same route. In the early 1800s milestones traffic began in Ireland in 1729. The turnpike road were located along the route, marking distances in Irish from Dublin to Belfast passed through Newry. The miles. The milestone on the junction of O’Hagan Street first coaches on the route began in the 1740s and took and Hill Street reads Dublin 50, Dundalk 10, three days, stopping in Drogheda on the first night Banbridge 10. and Newry on the second. By the 1760s the ‘Newry Flying Coach’ could do the journey in a day in summer Coaches were also available from Newry to or a day and a half in winter. The longer travel time Downpatrick, Armagh and Dungannon. The in winter was mainly attributed to the treacherous Downpatrick coach departed three days a week, condition of the roads. An Act for repairing the road (returning the following day) stopping at Hilltown, between Armagh and Newry in 1736 stated that the Castlewellan and Clough. The ‘St. Patrick’ travelled to frequency and number of heavy carriages had caused Armagh via Markethill three days a week. The Mail the road to become so ruinous and bad that in winter Coach also stopped in Markethill and Armagh on its many parts were impassable to vehicles. way to Moy and Dungannon. Wealthy homes and businesses had their own stables The arrival of the railways further reduced journey time for housing their horses and coaches, the arched entries between Belfast and Dublin to five hours, leading to to which can still be seen on the buildings on Trevor the demise of the coach service. The railways however, Hill, Newry. Stabling and Inns would have catered for could not venture everywhere and horse drawn travellers passing through the town, such as the stables transport still remained an important means of travel in Bridge Street, the entrance and signage of which are right up until the middle of the 20th Century. still there today. The 1820 Newry Directory illustrates the importance of horse-drawn transport to the economy of the town, listing many harness makers, saddlers, blacksmiths, farriers, coach-makers, cart-makers and wheelwrights. ‘The Mountain House’, in the townland of Lisnalee near Mountnorris, county Armagh, was an 18th century hostelry which served the traffic passing along the busy Newry – Armagh turnpike. It is now a public house. © Crown Copyright An early milestone on the turnpike road, near Sheepbridge, about four miles Receipt from James O’Neill, a company which hired out north of Newry. The milestone gives the distance to Banbridge in Irish miles. horse-drawn vehicles. © Crown Copyright Newry and Mourne Museum Collection “Barque Lady Caroline, sailed from Newry 6th Trading places: Newry and June—105 passengers.
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