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Aircraft Icing Handbook

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Aircraft Icing Handbook Aircraft Icing Handbook Civil Aviation Authority Version 1 Aircraft Icing Handbook This GAP handbook was published by the Civil Aviation Authority in 2000. Copies can be purchased from Tel: 0800 GET RULES (0800 438 785). It is also available free on the CAA web site www.caa.govt Copies of other GAP booklets can be obtained from: Safety Education and Publishing Unit Civil Aviation Authority P O Box 31 441 Lower Hutt New Zealand Tel: 0–4–560 9400 Fax: 0–4–569 2024 Civil Aviation Authority Version 1 Aircraft Icing Handbook FOREWORD “Strange as it may seem, a very light coating of snow or ice, light enough to be hardly visible, will have a tremendous effect on reducing the performance of a modem aeroplane.” These words are as true today as they were 58 years ago when Flight Safety Foundation (FSF) founder Jerome “Jerry” F. Lederer said them during a lecture on aviation safety. And despite new technology, training and procedures developed since then to address the problem, accidents related to icing conditions continue to occur. This Handbook brings together a variety of major informational and regulatory documents issued by international authorities on the subject of icing-related accident prevention. In the past 50 years, ice has played a role in numerous accidents that have killed crews and passengers and destroyed aircraft. No phase of operations is immune to the threat. Recent U.S. and New Zealand examples of icing encounters with fatal consequences include the following: (a) New Zealand Cessna Caravan crashed off the coast of the New Zealand South Island in November 1987 killing both occupants. The pilot had reported icing. (b) A commuter flight impacted terrain during landing in December 1989, in Pasco, Washington, U.S., killing both crewmembers and all four passengers. The aircraft had been in icing conditions for about 10 minutes on approach. (c) An air transport stalled on takeoff in March 1992, in Flushing, New York, U.S., killing two crew members and 25 passengers; 24 persons survived. The aircraft had been de-iced twice before leaving the gate. (d) A commuter flight went out of control in icing conditions and dived into a soybean field en route to Chicago, Illinois, U.S., in October 1994. killing all 68 aboard. (e) June 1997 Beechcraft BE 58 Baron crashed in the North Island of New Zealand killing the sole occupant – the pilot. The aircraft was operating in a forecast icing environment. Icing-related accidents have captured the aviation industry’s attention, and it is now widely understood that the problem is international, not just regional. Even the national air carriers of countries with balmy tropical climates are likely to fly to and from latitudes that can be gripped by icy conditions. 2 14 June 2000 Version 1 Aircraft Icing Handbook This CAA Icing Handbook – published at the onset of the icing season in New Zealand – displays the international scope of efforts to guard against icing-related accidents. The book would not have been possible without the labours of the organisations whose work is included here. And they are by no means the only contributors to progress in de-icing and anti-icing. Numerous other organisations and individuals – too many to recognise here without unfairly omitting some names – have played their valuable part. As several documents adapted in this Handbook attest, the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has undertaken major efforts in icing-related research and regulatory updates. The lengthy list of regulatory and advisory documents beginning on page 201 of the Flight Safety Foundation, Safety Digest “Protection Against Icing: A Comprehensive Overview” dated June-September 1997 most of which were published by the FAA, shows the breadth of icing-accident preventive measures. The contents of this Handbook speak compellingly of the need for continuing research and development of technological safeguards for ground operations and flight in icing conditions. But improved equipment, and even improved operating procedures, do not in themselves guarantee safety. They must be applied with understanding. Pilots, air traffic controllers, ground crews and dispatchers must be fully knowledgeable about the effects of icing. This Handbook, developed mainly from the Flight Safety Digest is dedicated to helping educate all personnel associated with flight operations in icing conditions. This is not the last word on the subject; nothing could be, because research and experience create new issues and insights. As a whole, this Handbook offers a sobering reminder that in this aspect of aviation, there can be no such thing as too much vigilance. 14 June 2000 3 Version 1 Aircraft Icing Handbook Table of Contents FOREWORD CHAPTER ONE — AIRFRAME ICI NG 1.1 Icing Hazards .........................................................................................................................1 1.2 Kinds of Ice and Its Effect on Flight...................................................................................1 1.2.1 Icing Risk...................................................................................................................2 1.2.2 Clear Ice.....................................................................................................................2 1.2.3 Rime Ice.....................................................................................................................3 1.2.4 Mixed Ice....................................................................................................................3 1.2.5 Hoar Frost..................................................................................................................3 1.3 Airframe Icing and Cloud Type ...........................................................................................3 1.3.1 Cumulus Type...........................................................................................................3 1.3.2 Stratiform ...................................................................................................................4 1.3.3 Precipitation...............................................................................................................4 1.3.4 High-Level Clouds ....................................................................................................4 1.3.5 Water Content in Cloud...........................................................................................4 1.4 Icing Characteristics .............................................................................................................4 1.4.1 Aircraft Handling.......................................................................................................5 1.5 Roll Upsets .............................................................................................................................6 1.5.1 SCDD.........................................................................................................................7 1.5.2 Airfoil Sensitivity........................................................................................................8 1.5.3 Wing Tip Stalling.......................................................................................................9 1.6 Upsets .................................................................................................................................. 11 1.6.1 Identifying SLD Conditions................................................................................... 11 1.6.2 Ice Secretion.......................................................................................................... 12 1.6.3 Tailplane Ice Studies............................................................................................. 14 1.6.4 Landing Approach After or During an Icing Encounter.................................... 15 1.6.5 Tailplane Stall Symptoms..................................................................................... 17 1.7 Other Adverse Affects of Ice ............................................................................................ 17 1.7.1 Performance........................................................................................................... 17 1.7.2 Increase in Total Drag.......................................................................................... 18 1.7.3 Loss of Lift .............................................................................................................. 18 1.7.4 Loss of Engine-Out Capability............................................................................. 18 1.7.5 Loss of Artificial Stall Warning............................................................................. 18 1.7.6 Normal Symptoms May Be Absent..................................................................... 18 1.7.7 Ice Intensity/Pilot Action ....................................................................................... 18 1.7.8 Icing Certification................................................................................................... 19 1.8 Summary............................................................................................................................. 20 CHAPTER TWO — INDUCTION SYSTEM ICING 2.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................... 21 2.2 Induction System Icing...................................................................................................... 21 2.3 Atmospheric Conditions ...................................................................................................
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