DOCSLIB.ORG

Laws Relating to Communal Violence: a Study

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Laws Relating to Communal Violence: a Study LAWS RELATING TO COMMUNAL VIOLENCE: A STUDY ABSTRACT • F TH ESiS'--~. SUBMITTED' FORATHE',AWARD- OF,THE~DEGREE OF I i&ctuz ti B - ~ti. -7 I -- / __j ` • . f M'0.H D,.AAM I R, (HAN UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF DR. 1AVAID TALIB 15 Associate Professor DEPARTMENT OF LAW ALIGARH MUSLIM -UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 2012 II Abstract COMMUNAL CONFLICTS between the followers of different religions are not new in history. There have been wars of religion in the past in several parts of the world. But over a period of time this tendency has changed and the conflict has shifted from religion to other forms. It has been said that wars are born in the minds of people. Communal violence like wars is also born in the minds of people. Today, India's one of the foremost and upsetting problems is occurrence of communal violence, which is thd-most visible sign of communal rivalry and hostility and has become an integral- eatiira o.f our country. The communal violence is the result of ill-will, distrust and hafr d between the two communities. The most serious hurdle to national integration is the happening of communal violence—not so much because of the loss of life, limb or property but because of the loss of confidence and trust; because of the anxiety and uncertainty, etc. It occurs very frequently and has become a major challenge before the Indian political and legal systems. It is felt that the communal violence prior to partition was attributed to the `divide and rule' policy of the British rulers. After independence, the problem of communal violence has increased and the number of communal riots, persons injured and killed has also increased tremendously. India has lost more lives in violence in recent years than any other country as statistics reveal. Today, thousands of our citizens are living in fear. They fear for their lives, the safety of their family, homes, business and property. There is no doubt that communal violence has become our nation's most serious internal problem. The picture even after 65 years of our independence is dreadful. Despite the adoption of secular principles in the Constitution of India, the communal violence continues to trouble both our society and polity. India faced number of communal violence in post-Independent India, being almost every year. But hardly any government could stop it. Every time political parties blame others but could not give any solution to stop the communal violence. Every time only innocent people are burnt in the fire of communal violence not the politician. Communal violence means violence against a group or an individual targeted on the basis of a communal identity. It is outbreak between two communities, irrespective of who starts it. It is not only erupted amongst Hindus and Muslims but also among other sects and communities. In the context of communal violence, it is the Hindu-Muslim conflict, which is more concerning and demands greater and more urgent attention. In various forms of disputes between Hindus and Muslims, communal violence stands out to be the most alarming one. Besides many national and international factors, local factors also play an important role in aggravating the communal situation. It has been seen that communal forces are hostile to diversity and they try to emphasize homogeneity. Thus, passions are whipped up by sensitive issues like `Shah Bane' controversy, `Uniform Civil Code' (UCC), the 'Babri Masjid-Ramjanmbhoomi' controversy and `Article 370' of the Constitution of India. In all major communal massacres the people of one particular community have been invariably the worst sufferers; and they get no justice. Only few who were involved in those massacres have been brought to book till today. In 2002, Gujarat killings shocked the whole country. The police remain quite communalized and Governments at Central as well as in State have hardly done much to de- communalize the force. The Gujarat killings and Bombay (now renamed Mumbai) riots (1992-93) have proved this. The strife in Orissa (2008), Gujarat (2002), Mumbai (1992-93), Bhagalpur (1989), Meerut (1987) and Delhi (1984) have been reported `perhaps the worst since 1947'. Various reports of inquiry commissions including, Justice B.N. Srikrishna Commission on Mumbai riots (1992-93) have found the police and civil authorities passive and conniving with communal elements. The Commission in its Report (1998) highlighted several politicians and 31 police officials who were responsible Abstract====___________________________________________________ for communal violence. It is the matter of great shame that still many lives are being lost in communal violence year after year in spite of various inquiry commissions on this issue and their clear findings. It is frequently observed that culprits of such violence go scot-free even in the face of crushing evidence. The Concerned Citizens Tribunal (CCT), Gujarat-2002 has clearly held that the crimes committed during Gujarat violence were `Crimes against Humanity and Genocide'. Yet, nothing substantial is being done to ensure the punishment of those who are guilty of these crimes. The Government has failed to enact a comprehensive Law on Genocide in compliance with article V of the `International Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, 1948', which India signed in 1948 and ratified in 1958. Amnesty International (Al) in its Report (January 27, 2005) also described in detail how the Government of Gujarat had failed to fulfill its obligations under national and international law to exercise due diligence to protect its citizens from violence, killings, sexual attacks and destruction. The Report concluded that some of these acts constituted `crimes against humanity' under international law. The virus of communalism and communal violence is manifest in more or less all aspects of our life, which is unsafe to the democracy, national unity and integrity of India. At present, Christians who were never targeted before have also come under attacks and are being killed ruthlessly. It is unfortunate that despite the Indian State being secular; religion has come to acquire a prime place in Indian politics. Statement of Problem There are various legal provisions relating to communal violence as contained in general and special laws on the subject, various constitutional provisions, rules and guidelines, etc., which provide for effective control of violent communal activities of the people. The existing provisions of law (preventive as well as punitive), constitutional provisions and other provisions of law are to some extent adequate to 0 Abstract======— ___ _______= _____________________________________ curb the problem of communal violence but the law enforcement machinery lacks the will or freedom to act firrrily and impartially. In consequences, the criminals escape punishment and justice is delayed inordinately. The existing legal provisions are continuously being violated and neglected by the culprits of communal violence because of poor implementation by law enforcement authorities. Laws can hardly dish up any useful purpose unless justice is dispensed with speedily, both at the level of executive and judiciary. Gujarat killings had shaken the whole country very badly and there were voices that the existing laws were not sufficient and there should be a separate law to prevent recurrence of such killings resulting in the death of thousands of innocent people. It was in this context that the draft of Communal Violence Bill was prepared by a Working Group of the Sonia Gandhi-led National Advisory Council (NAC), bearing title the "Prevention of Communal and Targeted Violence (Access to Justice and Reparations) Bill, 2011." The draft Bill has been sent for the adoption by the Parliament. The Bill was originally introduced by the United Progressive Alliance (UPA-1) Government in 2005 titled as the "Communal Violence (Prevention, Control and Rehabilitation of Victims) Bill, 2005" but the Bill did not find favour with any party. The proposed law will be a Central enactment and is brought to curb the communal and targeted violence taking place between communities. The Bill defines `communal and targeted violence' as "any act or series of acts, whether spontaneous or planned, resulting in injury or harm to the person and or property, knowingly directed against any person by virtue of his or membership of any group." The word "group" means a `religious' or `linguistic' minority, in any state in the Union of India, or `Scheduled Castes' and `Scheduled Tribes' within the meaning of clauses 24 and 25 of article 366 of the Constitution of India. The new Bill recognizes identity-based or targeted crimes and organised mass violence as special offences, while placing accountability of public officials at the heart of the law, and with varying penalties for dereliction of duty. The Bill provides 4bstract===_______ = ______=________---__----__—_—_ for the creation of a National Authority and the State Authorities to ensure accountability of public officials as well as to ensure justice and reparations once in the wake of violence. The proposed Bill is an attempt to address the imbalance and despair caused by over six decades of discriminatory justice delivery. It is felt that such law must come into effect as early as possible so that future recurrence of communal violence may be stopped. The present laws are sufficient to take care of any communal situation but problem is that these laws are not honestly implemented. Often, the guardians of law themselves violate the law, i.e., the police. In some States, the Government is determined to prevent communal violence and no communal riot can occur there, if it does, it can be checked within time. But in other States, the Governments have no will to control communal violence. The need, therefore, is to implement the laws effectively and punish the culprits. Prosecuting the culprits of communal violence and creating a deterrent effect is vital.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Secrets of RSS
    Secrets of RSS DEMYSTIFYING THE SANGH (The Largest Indian NGO in the World) by Ratan Sharda © Ratan Sharda E-book of second edition released May, 2015 Ratan Sharda, Mumbai, India Email:[email protected]; [email protected] License Notes This ebook is licensed for your personal enjoyment only. This ebook may not be re-soldor given away to other people. If you would like to share this book with another person,please purchase an additional copy for each recipient. If you’re reading this book and didnot purchase it, or it was not purchased for your use only, then please return to yourfavorite ebook retailer and purchase your own copy. Thank you for respecting the hardwork of this author. About the Book Narendra Modi, the present Prime Minister of India, is a true blue RSS (Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh or National Volunteers Organization) swayamsevak or volunteer. More importantly, he is a product of prachaarak system, a unique institution of RSS. More than his election campaigns, his conduct after becoming the Prime Minister really tells us how a responsible RSS worker and prachaarak responds to any responsibility he is entrusted with. His rise is also illustrative example of submission by author in this book that RSS has been able to design a system that can create ‘extraordinary achievers out of ordinary people’. When the first edition of Secrets of RSS was released, air was thick with motivated propaganda about ‘Saffron terror’ and RSS was the favourite whipping boy as the face of ‘Hindu fascism’. Now as the second edition is ready for release, environment has transformed radically.
    [Show full text]
  • Shatranj Ki Baazi FINAL
    SHATRANJ KI BAAZI MUSLIM WOMEN’S ACTIVISM, THE PATRIARCHY AND TRIPLE TALAQ IN MODI’S INDIA Danielle Ayana D’Aguilar Plan II Honors University of Texas at Austin May 15, 2019 Hina Azam, PhD. Middle Eastern Studies Thesis Supervisor Syed Akbar Hyder, PhD. Asian Studies Second Reader To the women of Lucknow who welcomed me into their homes and communities, shared their stories and taught me to understand their perspectives, their hopes and their fears. ❃ ❃ ❃ To my wonderful host mother in Mahanagar, Simi Ahmad, and her youngest daughters, Asna and Aiman. ❃ ❃ ❃ To my dear friend, Roushon Talcott, my family, and others who provided intellectual and emotional support throughout this journey. !i Abstract Author: Danielle Ayana D’Aguilar Title: Shatranj Ki Bazi Supervisor: Hina Azam, PhD. Second Reader: Syed Akbar Hyder, PhD. In August, 2017, the Indian Supreme Court ruled on a landmark case involving one Shayara Bano and four petitioners that instant triple talaq, a unique and controversial variation of an Islamic method for declaring divorce, was incompatible with the Indian constitution due to its detrimental effects on Muslim women and its lack of centrality to the religion. Many news and media sources both in India and around the world were quick to report this as a straightforward victory for Muslim women, while the male-dominated Islamic scholarly community expressed disdain at the least and outrage at the most. However, the matter is far more complicated and requires an understanding of history, social structure and political ideologies in India. The first portion of this paper analyzes the history of State intervention in Muslim personal law from the colonial period onward in an effort to contextualize and critique the current government’s actions.
    [Show full text]
  • From Distrust to Reconciliation the Making of the Ganesh Utsav in Maharashtra  Dinesh Thite
    From Distrust to Reconciliation The Making of the Ganesh Utsav in Maharashtra Dinesh Thite or the last twenty-five years, collecting contributions, as happens in Ganapati festival celebrations and his Imam Moiddin Khan has been some other mandals where young men enthusiastic participation in Hindu Fthe president of the Guruvarya employ strong-arm tactics to extract religious rituals, he said he saw no Jagobadada Vastaad Talim Trust – one funds from local citizens. Nor does this contradiction between being a good of Pune’s oldest and most respected mandal play the ear-shattering pop Muslim and playing an active role in Ganapati mandals. He became the music common in several other Ganapati festivities. To prove his treasurer of the Trust at the young age mandals. During the Ganesh Yaag, on point, he tells you that his three of fifteen and he has handled all its the birthday of Ganapati, the mandal daughters and two sons are all married economic affairs for the last fifty years, arranges food for around fifteen hun- and well settled. Had there been any especially after he became its dred people. Reciprocally, as Imam opposition from his community to his president, by unanimous vote, in 1978. Khan told us, Hindu members of the involvement with the festival, it would Since then, he has also been mandal organise a celebration to hon- have been difficult for their family to responsible for the Trust’s celebration our Moula Ali Kandhuri every year in find grooms for their daughters and of the Ganapati Mahotsav, the annual the Marathi month of Aashadh.
    [Show full text]
  • UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations
    UCLA UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Here, There, and Elsewhere: A Multicentered Relational Framework for Immigrant Identity Formation Based on Global Geopolitical Contexts Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5817t513 Author Shams, Tahseen Publication Date 2018 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Here, There, and Elsewhere: A Multicentered Relational Framework for Immigrant Identity Formation Based on Global Geopolitical Contexts A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Sociology by Tahseen Shams 2018 © Copyright by Tahseen Shams 2018 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Here, There, and Elsewhere: A Multicentered Relational Framework for Immigrant Identity Formation Based on Global Geopolitical Contexts by Tahseen Shams Doctor of Philosophy in Sociology University of California, Los Angeles, 2018 Professor Roger Waldinger, Co-Chair Professor Rubén Hernández-León, Co-Chair The scholarship on international migration has long theorized how immigrants form new identities and build communities in the hostland. However, largely limited to studying the dyadic ties between the immigrant-sending and -receiving countries, research thus far has overlooked how sociopolitics in places beyond, but in relation to, the homeland and hostland can also shape immigrants’ identities. This dissertation addresses this gap by introducing a more comprehensive analytical design—the multicentered relational framework—that encompasses global political contexts in the immigrants’ homeland, hostland, and “elsewhere.” Based primarily on sixty interviews and a year’s worth of ethnographic data on Pakistani, Bangladeshi, and Indian Muslims in California, I trace how different dimensions of the immigrants’ “Muslim” identity category tie them to different “elsewhere” contexts.
    [Show full text]
  • An Interview with Teesta Setalvad
    Jindal Global Law Review https://doi.org/10.1007/s41020-020-00116-3 ARTICLE Proto‑fascism and State impunity in Majoritarian India: An Interview with Teesta Setalvad Oishik Sircar1 © O.P. Jindal Global University (JGU) 2020 Abstract This interview with Teesta Setalvad was conducted in the wake of the February 2020 anti-Muslim violence in North East Delhi. Drawing on her vast experience as a human rights activist, journalist, and peace educator, Setalvad’s responses map the continuum — across years, anti-minority pogroms and ruling parties with divergent ideologies — of the cultures of hate, and the practices of state repression and impu- nity in a proto-fascist India. Setalvad ofers an interrogation of the ideology of the Hindu right, delves into the historical trajectories of the rise of the Rashtriya Sway- amsevak Sangh (RSS) and the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). She also charts the repeating patterns of police and media complicity in fomenting anti-minority hate and critically analyses the contradictory role of the criminal law and the Constitu- tion of India in both enabling and resisting communal violence. In conclusion, she ofers hopeful strategies for keeping alive the promise of secularism. Keywords State impunity · Hindutva · Gujarat 2002 · Pogrom · Genocide 1 Introduction The cover of Teesta Setalvad’s memoir — Foot Soldier of the Constitution — features a photograph of her looking directly into the eyes of the reader.1 Her face is partly lit and lightly silhouetted, her eyes simultaneously conveying an invitation and a provocation. One might use words like determination, courage and fortitude to describe the expres- sion on her face — as the blurb on the back cover of the book does.
    [Show full text]
  • The Decline of Buddhism in India
    The Decline of Buddhism in India It is almost impossible to provide a continuous account of the near disappearance of Buddhism from the plains of India. This is primarily so because of the dearth of archaeological material and the stunning silence of the indigenous literature on this subject. Interestingly, the subject itself has remained one of the most neglected topics in the history of India. In this book apart from the history of the decline of Buddhism in India, various issues relating to this decline have been critically examined. Following this methodology, an attempt has been made at a region-wise survey of the decline in Sind, Kashmir, northwestern India, central India, the Deccan, western India, Bengal, Orissa, and Assam, followed by a detailed analysis of the different hypotheses that propose to explain this decline. This is followed by author’s proposed model of decline of Buddhism in India. K.T.S. Sarao is currently Professor and Head of the Department of Buddhist Studies at the University of Delhi. He holds doctoral degrees from the universities of Delhi and Cambridge and an honorary doctorate from the P.S.R. Buddhist University, Phnom Penh. The Decline of Buddhism in India A Fresh Perspective K.T.S. Sarao Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 978-81-215-1241-1 First published 2012 © 2012, Sarao, K.T.S. All rights reserved including those of translation into other languages. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the written permission of the publisher.
    [Show full text]
  • Ministry of Home Affairs
    2 MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS CENTRAL ARMED POLICE FORCES AND INTERNAL SECURITY CHALLENGES – EVALUATION AND RESPONSE MECHANISM [Action taken by Government on the Recommendations contained in Twenty- Eight Report (Sixteenth Lok Sabha) of the Committee on Estimates] COMMITTEE ON ESTIMATES (2020-21) SECOND REPORT (SEVENTEENTH LOK SABHA) LOK SABHA SECRETARIAT NEW DELHI SECOND REPORT COMMITTEE ON ESTIMATES (2020-21) (SEVENTEENTH LOK SABHA) MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS [Action taken by the Government on the recommendations contained in Twenty- Eight Report (Sixteenth Lok Sabha) of the Committee on Estimates] (Presented to Lok Sabha on 21 September, 2020) LOK SABHA SECRETARIAT NEW DELHI 21 September, 2020/ 30 Bhadrapada, 1942 (Saka) CONTENTS PAGE COMPOSITION OF THE COMMITTEE ON ESTIMATES (2019-20) COMPOSITION OF THE COMMITTEE ON ESTIMATES (2020-21) INTRODUCTION CHAPTER I Report 1 CHAPTER II Observations/Recommendations which have been 19 accepted by Government CHAPTER III Observations/Recommendations which the Committee do 43 not desire to pursue in view of Government’s replies CHAPTER IV Observations/Recommendations in respect of which 70 replies of Government’s replies have not been accepted by the Committee CHAPTER V Observations/ Recommendations in respect of which final 87 replies of Government are still awaited ANNEXURES I Office Memorandum on request for deployment of CAPFS 91 from the State/UTs Security arrangements for categorized protectees with II 94 CAPF security cover- cooperation from State authorities reg. APPENDICES I Minutes of the Eleventh Sitting of the Committee on 96 Estimates held on 18.03.2020 II Minutes of the Second Sitting of the Committee on 98 Estimates held on 11.08.2020 III Analysis of the action taken by Government on the 100 observations/recommendations contained in the Twenty- Eight report of the Committee on Estimates (16thLok Sabha) COMPOSITION OF THE COMMITTEE ON ESTIMATES (2019-20) Shri Girish Bhalchandra Bapat – Chairperson Members 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Mumbai-Marooned.Pdf
    Glossary AAI Airports Authority of India IFEJ International Federation of ACS Additional Chief Secretary Environmental Journalists AGNI Action for good Governance and IITM Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology Networking in India ILS Instrument Landing System AIR All India Radio IMD Indian Meteorological Department ALM Advanced Locality Management ISRO Indian Space Research Organisation ANM Auxiliary Nurse/Midwife KEM King Edward Memorial Hospital BCS Bombay Catholic Sabha MCGM/B Municipal Council of Greater Mumbai/ BEST Brihan Mumbai Electric Supply & Bombay Transport Undertaking. MCMT Mohalla Committee Movement Trust. BEAG Bombay Environmental Action Group MDMC Mumbai Disaster Management Committee BJP Bharatiya Janata Party MDMP Mumbai Disaster Management Plan BKC Bandra Kurla Complex. MoEF Ministry of Environment and Forests BMC Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation MHADA Maharashtra Housing and Area BNHS Bombay Natural History Society Development Authority BRIMSTOSWAD BrihanMumbai Storm MLA Member of Legislative Assembly Water Drain Project MMR Mumbai Metropolitan Region BWSL Bandra Worli Sea Link MMRDA Mumbai Metropolitan Region CAT Conservation Action Trust Development Authority CBD Central Business District. MbPT Mumbai Port Trust CBO Community Based Organizations MTNL Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Ltd. CCC Concerned Citizens’ Commission MSDP Mumbai Sewerage Disposal Project CEHAT Centre for Enquiry into Health and MSEB Maharashtra State Electricity Board Allied Themes MSRDC Maharashtra State Road Development CG Coast Guard Corporation
    [Show full text]
  • D-Company and the 1993 Mumbai Bombings: Rethinking a Case of ‘Crime-Terror Convergence’ in South Asia
    Mahadevan – D-company & 1993 Mumbai Bombings 54 The European Review of Organised Crime Original article D-Company and the 1993 Mumbai Bombings: rethinking a case of ‘crime-terror convergence’ in South Asia Prem Mahadevan* Abstract: In 1993, a transnational crime organization known as D-Company carried out mass-casualty terrorist bombings in Mumbai, India. The reasons for this action have been attributed to religious grievances. However, little attention has been given to the role played by Pakistan’s Inter Services Intelligence in supporting the bombings. Taking into account what has emerged in the public domain over the last 28 years regarding ISI links with D-Company and with international jihadist groups more generally, a re-assessment of the 1993 bombings is required. Hitherto regarded as an example of ‘crime-terror convergence’, it appears that D-Company might be more aptly considered an instrument of covert action. Keywords: Terrorism, heroin, gold, intelligence, covert operations. * Prem Mahadevan is Senior Analyst, Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime. Email: [email protected] The European Review of Organised Crime 6(1), 2021, pp. 54-98. ISSN: 2312-1653 © ECPR Standing Group of Organised Crime. For permissions please email: [email protected] 54 Mahadevan – D-company & 1993 Mumbai Bombings 55 Introduction This article examines why the transnational crime syndicate known as ‘D-Company’ bombed the city of Mumbai in 1993. In what remains the bloodiest-ever terror incident on Indian soil, 257 civilians were killed by 12 near-synchronous explosions. The bombs had been assembled using military-grade explosive smuggled from abroad. The events of that day, Friday 12 March 1993, are considered by scholars as an example of hybridity between organized crime and political terrorism (Rollins, Wyler and Rosen, 2010: 14-16).
    [Show full text]
  • Railway Budget 07-08 Speech of Shri Lalu Prasad
    Railway Budget 07-08 Speech of Shri Lalu Prasad February 26, 2007 Introducing the Railway Budget 2007-2008 Mr Speaker Sir, Presenting my fourth consecutive Railway Budget, I have a tremendous sense of pride and gratitude. Pride in the fact that without imposing undue burden on the common man, the Railways are poised to create history by generating a cash surplus before Dividend of Rs 20,000 cr as against Rs 14,700 cr in the previous year. This is the same Railway that defaulted on payment of Dividend and whose fund balances dipped to Rs 359 cr in 2001. I express heartfelt gratitude towards 14 lakh railway employees who in the face of stiff competition have conquered all odds with an indomitable spirit displaying matchless zeal, vigour and teamwork. Sir, Lord Krishna was acclaimed as Giridhar when in a moment of crisis he lifted Mount Govardhan on his finger. However, he did this with the supporting hands of thousands of fellow villagers. Even though people are giving me the credit for the turnaround of the Railways, with all humility I would like to share with the august House that this miracle has been brought about through the tireless efforts of 14 lakh railway employees and unbounded affection and support of my country men. Sir, I would just say: Navajis hai sabki, karam hai sabhi ka, Bade fakhra se ham bulandi par aaye. Tarakki ke sare mayaron se aage, Naye dhang laaye, nayee soch laaye. 2 By rendering an unprecedented surplus inspite of the reduction in passenger fares, we have disproved the myth that Railways were sinking in to a financial crisis due to social obligations.
    [Show full text]
  • “Othering” Oneself: European Civilian Casualties and Representations of Gendered, Religious, and Racial Ideology During the Indian Rebellion of 1857
    “OTHERING” ONESELF: EUROPEAN CIVILIAN CASUALTIES AND REPRESENTATIONS OF GENDERED, RELIGIOUS, AND RACIAL IDEOLOGY DURING THE INDIAN REBELLION OF 1857 A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences Florida Gulf Coast University In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirement for the Degree of Masters of Arts in History By Stefanie A. Babb 2014 APPROVAL SHEET This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Arts in History ________________________________________ Stefanie A. Babb Approved: April 2014 _________________________________________ Eric A. Strahorn, Ph.D. Committee Chair / Advisor __________________________________________ Frances Davey, Ph.D __________________________________________ Habtamu Tegegne, Ph.D. The final copy of this thesis has been examined by the signatories and we find that both the content and the form meet acceptable presentation standards of scholarly work in the above mentioned discipline. Copyright © 2014 by Stefanie Babb All rights reserved One must claim the right and the duty of imagining the future, instead of accepting it. —Eduardo Galeano iv CONTENTS PREFACE v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS vi INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER ONE HISTORIOGRAPHY 12 CHAPTER TWO LET THE “OTHERING” BEGIN 35 Modes of Isolation 39 Colonial Thought 40 Racialization 45 Social Reforms 51 Political Policies 61 Conclusion 65 CHAPTER THREE LINES DRAWN 70 Outbreak at Meerut and the Siege on Delhi 70 The Cawnpore Massacres 78 Changeable Realities 93 Conclusion 100 CONCLUSION 102 APPENDIX A MAPS 108 APPENDIX B TIMELINE OF INDIAN REBELLION 112 BIBLIOGRAPHY 114 v Preface This thesis began as a seminar paper that was written in conjunction with the International Civilians in Warfare Conference hosted by Florida Gulf Coast University, February, 2012.
    [Show full text]
  • Religious Riots and Electoral Politics in India
    IZA DP No. 9522 Religious Riots and Electoral Politics in India Sriya Iyer Anand Shrivastava November 2015 DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit Institute for the Study of Labor Religious Riots and Electoral Politics in India Sriya Iyer University of Cambridge and IZA Anand Shrivastava University of Cambridge Discussion Paper No. 9522 November 2015 IZA P.O. Box 7240 53072 Bonn Germany Phone: +49-228-3894-0 Fax: +49-228-3894-180 E-mail: [email protected] Any opinions expressed here are those of the author(s) and not those of IZA. Research published in this series may include views on policy, but the institute itself takes no institutional policy positions. The IZA research network is committed to the IZA Guiding Principles of Research Integrity. The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) in Bonn is a local and virtual international research center and a place of communication between science, politics and business. IZA is an independent nonprofit organization supported by Deutsche Post Foundation. The center is associated with the University of Bonn and offers a stimulating research environment through its international network, workshops and conferences, data service, project support, research visits and doctoral program. IZA engages in (i) original and internationally competitive research in all fields of labor economics, (ii) development of policy concepts, and (iii) dissemination of research results and concepts to the interested public. IZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion. Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character. A revised version may be available directly from the author.
    [Show full text]