218
JIND STATE . ]
CHAP. I, B. and other centres. He practical ly created the carpet indust ry of Sangrur Descriptive. and made a great collect io n of objects of art. In this way he ga ve a gre at stimulu s to loca l talent, and Jind is undoubted ly the first of th e PhUlkiiln HISTORY . Stat es as regar ds artistic manufactur es. This able and enlightened ruler · R~j a Raghblr di ed in 188 7, and his death ,",,, as a los s to the province. His onl y son Si ngh'! interf:st in arts and Balb ir Singh had died during his father's lifet i~e , leaving a young son, manufactures. Ranbir Si ngh, to succeed to the gaddi . Rija Ranbir Singh, born in 1879, A.D. 1887. was then only 8 years old at his accession, and a Council of Regen cy was appoint ed to carryon the administr ation until he attained majority. Full powers were giv en him in November 1899 in a darba r held at Sangrur. An account of the relations of th e Ph lilkian States ,,,ith the British Gov ernm en t has been given above (page 48) . The services of the Impe rial Service ]fnd Infantry in Ti rah wi ll be noticed be lo w in Chapter II I, Sec- tion G (Arm y) . ANTIQU ITIES. The Kuruk · Th e famo us battle -field of Kuruk sh etra , where the Kauravas and sh ctra. Pandavas fou ght for eig hteen days, is situa ted on the so uth side of Thanesar, 30 miles south of Ambal a in the Punjab, and an ac count of its antiquities will be found described in Cu nningham 's Archa Jolog z'cal SU1 'vey Reports, Vol . XIV, p. 86.Giv en be low is a note by L. Raghu nat h Das, ::)uperinten- den t of Ethno gra phy in the Jin d State , which rela tes to that part of th e Kuruk- sh etra whi ch lies in that State and forms the sout hern bo rder of the sacred territor y, lying west of Panfpa t and inc luding Safidon and ]fnd , the two an cient to" ..ns. whi ch are the most importa nt places in the south as Thanesar and Pehoa are in the north of the Kur uks hetr a. Th e details of the various temple s, shrines and pl aces of pilgrimage in th is tract do not lend count e- nanc e to Cunn ingham's suspicion that both Kaithal and Jind ha ve bee n included in the holy ci rcu it in rec ent ti mes to gratify the Sikh Rajas of thos e pla ces . The arc h.eological remains of the southe rn Kuruk shetra do not appea r to have eve r been examine d by an expert, though the whole te rritory would pr ob ably repay sys tematic expl oration. Th e not e is as fol lo ws ;- (I ) At Baraud in the Safldon itaqa, and 3l miles to the north-ea st of th e town of Safidon, is a temple of Mahadeo, wh ich is said to date from the Sat Yug a. It is visited by the peopl e on the Shz'va 1atris, and as there are no puj{(,r fs, th e villagers here perform worship themselves.
(2) At Safidon itself there are three ancie nt tiratllS and temples, suppo se d to have been built towar ds the close of the Dwapar Yuga, namely, Nng cshvara Mahadeva, Naga-Damani Devi (o r Bha,van Devl) and Naga Kshetra . Th e legend goes that at the end of the Dwapar Yuga a Raj a Parik- sit was bitten by a serpent , Taksaka . To avenge him , his son Rija Ja nam ejaya estab lished th e images of Nage cvara Mahadevaand Naga -Damani Dev i (t he godde ss who sla ughters se rpents ) in the temples and invoked th em. He th en made a bedi ha wan, or place of sacred fire, and held a holocaust of ' the snakes ,, ,ith the ir shaktis (po wers). U) Nrigesh vara ll.f alza dev a.- This temple, which lies on a tank, conta ins an idol of N ag eshYar a Mahadeva , and fairs are held here on th e )3th and 14th of Sci.wan and Phagan in the dark half of the month . The wor- ship pe r here is belie ved to obtain Naga-loka. (z '£) The Bhawan Devzj'i or temple of th e goddess.- This temple contains an idol of Naga- Daman i Dev i.Fair s are held on the 7th and 9th of Asauj and Ch et sudt. The temple wa s rebuilt by Raja Raghbir Singh of Jind in Sambat )943 · (hi ) Tile Naga Kshefra tank .- The tank was rebuilt by Raja Raghb ir Singh in the same year , and the tirath of Naga Kshetra is the ~I9 [PART A. place where the snak es were slaughtere d and hence is call ed Sarap Daman. Bathing in it is beli eve d to se t one free from th e fea r of Nagas (snak es ). The temple of Sri Krishna here was also ere cted by Raja Raghb ir Singh in the same yea r. Its fair is held on the 8th of Bh adon bad£. HISTORY. I The administr atio n of the ab ove temples is in the hands of th e Stat e Antiquities. authorities , thr ee Gaur Brahmans of the Kau shika gotra being nominat ed as puj dris and pai d by the Stat e.
(3) M alu f, deva.- There is also a temple of Mah adeva at Pa j Ii Kalan in th e SaHdon £l aqa, 3 miles north-west of SaHdon. It is on the Pan\sar tank, so call ed becau se Para sara Rishi performed penances here. It also dat es from th e Sat Yuga , and its fairs are held on th e 13th an d J 4th of Sawan and Phagan badi. People also bathe her e on ever y Sunday in Sawan. It is in charge of a Shami Ba iragi of th e Ramana nd i ('rcler, "'ho mu st remain celibate. (4) The Singh! Rikh tank at Sa nghan a, 4 mile s west of SaHdon , o,Y es its name to Singh!-Rikh , the Rishi wh o worshipp ed there .Bathing in it on a parab or fete day is meritorious . (5) There is also a temple of Mahade va at Hat , 6 miles south-w est of Safjdon in the same itaqa on the Panch Nid .1 It has been in exist enc e sin ce the Sat Yug, and to bath e in its tank is equiv alent in spiritual efficacy to performing 5 jags. Ther e are fairs her e on the same dates as at p;jju Kalan, but no regular pu ,jdrEs are appointed , though occasi onally a Sh~ lm i (Bairagi), a Brahmachari, a Gosain or a ~adhu may halt her e in his 'wander- ings. Two mi les from Hat is the Aranbak Yaks ha , one of the four yak shas or monsters, who guard ed the four corners of the battle -field. (6) The Stlraj Kund tank at KalIYa, gi mile s south-w est of Safidon in the same t'ldqa, is believed to owe its origin to Suraj Narain, and bathing in it at any time, but mor e specially on a Sunday , is held to avert th e suraj -grah or evi l influen ce of the sun- god. The old templ e of Suraj Bhawan at Suraj Kund, the ruins of which ar e still to be found, having be en demolished, a new templ e of Krishna and Radhika was built by a Bainlgi of Brij, whose chetas hold it in succ ession from him.
(7) At ]amni , 12 miles west of SaHdon, are a templ e and tank of Jamadagni , fath er of ParaShUf l\ma . People bath e in th e tank on Sund ays and the puranm (ts£ or 15th of every month. Th e templ e is in the ch arge of a Shami of the Ramanandi order, and has a mudfi of 80 blga hs of land attached to it .
(8) At Asan, which is at a distance of 14 miles in th e south-w est of Sa fidon , is an ancient tank, called Asvinf·Kumha after th e cr od in whos e honour a Rishl did penance there. The leg end in th e Vamana Pu ra na g?es that an ugly Rishl , being laughed at in th e assembly of the sage s. dId penance and invoked th e god Ashvinl.Kumara , who app eared before him, and bestowed on -him beauty, saying "be beaut iful after bathing in this tank." Hence bathing in it on Tu esday is believed to enh ance one's beauty .
(g) At Barah Kalan, which is 17 miles south-west of SaHdon, are the tank and . temple of Barahji Bhagw5n, commemorating Vishnu's varaha or
I Panch Nid, the place where 5 f{rath s were connected with 5 channels by Hdt Kais1f Mah4deo (Bawan Pl1ran) . !:!20
JIND STATE. )
boar incarnation. The fair is held on the II th and 12th of Bhcidon su,d£. Bathing in the tank and worshipping the god Barah ar e believed Descriptive. to secure the highest place in heaven. The Chandar-Kup or Moon- HISTORY. well Tirath, built here in honour of. the moon (Soma Deva), is an Antiquities. ancient cave in which water collects in the rainy season, and in this water the moon is supposed to have bathed. Her evil influence is averted by bathing here on the J 1th and 12th of Bhadon sudi or' on a Monday. The Sapt-Rishi Kund or tank of the Seven Rishis is also here. The legend in the Tilak Gyan Granth is that the seven Rishis, Ranbuka, etc., came here after visiting the firat/zs or tanks of K urukshetra, and made their kuti (resting-place) and lza7 0an kund here . After a time they "'ent to Pindtarak (pindara). It is of spiritual benefit to bathe in it on the days mentioned above or on any sacred day. A Suraj Kuncl is also' here, bathing in which is as meritorious as performing worship at an eclipse of the sun. The bathing day is Sunday. There is also :t Chandar Kund , to bath e in whi~h is equal to worshipping at an ec lipse of the moon. Th e bathing day IS Monday.
(10) At Pindara, which is 20 miles south·\yest of Safldon, is another Soma Tirath, with a temple of Soma Ishar Mahad eo, sacred to the moon and the planet Shukra (Yenus). This tank is visited by many thousands of people, often from distant places, at a Somawati Amawas, or a Monday which falls on the day before a new moon, and a fair is also held on the 13th and 14th badi both in Phagan and Schvan. At a' Somawati Amawas pilgrims offer pinddan , balls of rice-flour, for · the benefit of deceased ancestors , and this is as efficacious as a pilgrimage to Gaya. Alms offered 011 such an occasion are also equal in merit to the performance of a Ra . jsu Jag.
(II) The . temple of ]ainti Devi or Godd ess of Victory at ] ind which owes its name to this temple, and which is 22 miles south- west of Safidon, was built by Yudhisthira and his brothers, the Pandavas, before their fight with the Kauravas. A tank called the Suraj Kund lies in front of the temple and is now fill ed with canal water . On the tank of Somnath, in the town of lind, are the temples of Mahadeo called the Soma Ishwara sh£1:ala and Mama Devi . The tank deri ves its name from the Moon-god Soma, and by bathing in it one can reach the moon. On another tank, called the Jawalmal Ishwara, is another shiv{/ ,[u of Mahadeo bearing the same name as the tank. Bathing here is believed to free the soul from the door (bonds) of transmigration. The Asankh Tfrath at Jind is an ancient tank so called because countles s (asa1lkh) ris/zis ar e said to have worshipped th ere. To bath e in it on a sacred day (parab) is equivalent to a pilgrimag e to Badri i\ 'ath. vVashing in the Asni Dhani Tirath, also an extr emely ancient tank, cleanses from sin if performed on a Thursday . In Sambat 1903 H. H. Raja Sarup Singh built the Raj Rajashri or Lord of the State Templ e at ]ind. The fair is held on the 1st to the 9th of Chaft and Asauj sudi.
(12) At Bara-ban 1 is a temple to Grahl DevI, who was a Yakshani goddess of Gnlha Rishi . A fair is held on the 7th and 8th of Chait and Asauj sudf. Visiting it is beliey ed to av ert sins. Here too is an 221 [ PART A anci ent tank calle d the Punpunya, so called because Nar Singh washed CHAP . I. B., his hand s in it a sec ond tim e after killing Harnaka sh. Bathing in 0 . t' it is as effic ac iou s as bathing in th e Kirt Sauch, while it also' escrlp Ive. makes the bath er more prud ent . This village also contains a very HISTORY. old tank call ed th e Ki rt Sauc h or pla ce of hand-wash ing , so called Antiqu ities . becau se Nar Singh, the 'lion incarnation of Vishnu, killed the Daiya or Demo n Harn akash at thi s spot and was hed his han ds and fee t in it . It is benefi cial to bath e in it on a pa rab, an d to do so is equivalent to per fo rmin g a PLlndrik Jag.
(13 ) At Ik as , which is 25 mile s off SaHd on in th e sout h-west direction , is th e Han s, or ' Goose' tank, al so call ed the Dhundli or 'seeking,' because here Kri shna , after escaping from the Gopls, co nc eale d himself in the cruise of a goose (Hans is a symbol for soul) \-vlli le they sought him in the same shap e. It is custom ary to bat he in it on a Sunday in Sawan, or on any parab . Bathin g in it is believ ed to be equivalent in merit to making a gift (pun) of f ,00 0 co ws.
(14) Ram Rai, which is at a distan ce of 28 miles in the south·west dir~ction , is also a village of peculiar san cti ty. It contains-( i)A templ e to Paras Ram, adjoining whi ch ar e th e Ram Hirdh,l Suraj Kund and San Hitha. The Ram Hirdh or 'Templ e of Paras Ram' marks the spots where that hero destr oye d the Chh atris. The legend in th e Mahiibharata goe s that" Paras Ram kill ed Sahansara Bahu (thousand armed) with all his sons and sainu , 'army ,' and filled fiv e kunds with blood, bathed himself in them and offered Til-anjli to his deceased father , Jamdagan, saying : 'It is the blood of those who killed you and took away your Kamdhainu cow .' Then Para s Ram took up his axe , and began slaughtering Kshatn 'iyfs," while the San Hitha is midway betw ocn the Ram Hirdh and the Suraj Kund. People bathe in these tanks on th e 15th sudi of Kitik and Baisakh, after which they worship in the templ e whi ch contains images of Paras Ram and his parents Jamdag an and Ranbtika , fee d Brahmans, and give alms to the poor . Also at an eclips e of th e su n th ey bathe in the San Hitha tank and at an eclipse of the moon in the Ram Hirdh; by doing so they believe tha t they will reach Swarga (paradise) . (ii ) The temple of Kapal Yaksha is in the south-west of Ram Rai. The Yaksha was a door-keeper of the Kurukshetra. The temple is worshipped on the same day s, and is in the charge of a Kanphata ]ogi . (iiil Th e temple of Anokhali Mekhla DevI, who was the Yakslzani of Kapal Yaksha, is in th e char ge of a Gaur Brahman . A fair is held on the same days.
(15) At Pohkar Kherf , which is 29 mile s sou th-w est of Sa fidon , in th e south-west of th e villa ge, is a tank of Pu shk arji, with a templ e of Mahadeo . Th e nam e Pohkar is from Pushkar, meaning' gr eat purif ie r.' He re Brahma, Vishnu and Mah esh wor shipp ed, and th ere is speci al worshi p of Mahadeo on th e 13th and 14th badi of Phagan and Sa wan, while bathing here on 15th sudi of Katik or Baisakh (each a Su1'o j- papab, or day sacr eo to the sun) io. equivalent to performing a aswa11led i or horse-sa cr i fie e.
(r6) Dindu i. ; a tank where Daryodhan is said to have hidden during the MahabM rat bat tl e and to have been caught by Raja Yudhisbt ar. Hence th e nam e Din clti (dlzund na = to se arch) .
'Ram Hirdh is a pl ac e where the he art o~ Paras Ram was pleased . fo r Ram is for Paras Ram and hirdll means heart . Population.
CHAP. t. C. Section C.-Population. Descriptive. The Sikhs, who are mostly found in tahsil Sangrur, stand first in POPULATION. physique. They are muscular, stout, tall, often attaining six feet, Physical eharae· handsome, with reddish brown complexion and generally long lived. Besides terilltics of the being good husbandmen they make excellent soldiers, as they still possess people: the military spirit infused by .Guru Govind Singh. The following kabit Tbe Sikh •. describes the characteristics of the Sikhs :-
" Bankre banalt bir chhatri chhabile dhir ; Chhail chhake ras hi,. jawan kllunsile n:lin. Sohat sam:Jsrz; safa sudhe shiyam srt ; Az"nthda,. bankre muchha,·re samile hain. Lachan hansu/1 hllin te rz "saun hain rahen ba~·,.an pai; Bhon /.aitl bUnk chh ,1rhf chhaun hain bhallal Hile nain .
Balik samUe, set, pi/, hit, nile;
Sab s!Jhat sujile tal guru ke rangfic hain."
"The Sikhs are well armed, handsome, brave, bold and resolute Kshatdyas, inspired with bravery and enthusiastic youths (jawan). They have flowing, well kept, straight beards whether black or white, curled and twisted moustaches, and smiling eyes which are terrible to their enemies. They have curved, over-strained eyebrows and reddish brown shining foreheads. They are well , dressed in white, yellow, red or blue clothes and all are good· looking. They are gay fellows beloved of the Guru."
Next to them in physique are the Jats of tahslls ]ind and Didd, who are the ba~kbone of the agriculturists. They range from 5 feet 4 inches to 6 in height and can carry 2 to 3 maunds. Their women take a large share in cultivation and are generally stalwart, leading healthy Jives, often attaining the age of 70 years. The Jats are not given to pleasure, their wants are simple and easily satisfied , and they describe them thus-
D,lS c.~ang: bail dekh . wa da1 '11l'Jn lerri; H akk hisabt nya, wet sak sir jeorf ; Bhuri bkains ka diidh, wa rabargnolna; Itnn de kal'hir to bolzr tut bolm/. .
II Let me see 10 good oxen ;lnd 10 maunds of mixed grain, fair justice and agreement with rr-latives and partners, and the milk of a gray buffalo and some rabari to stir into it God give me so much and I will not say another word." Reddish brown (gora) colour, long pointed (sua) nose, er- 1 e eyes (mt"rglz'l nai"i), thin red lips, and long deep black hair, are the characteristics of beauty according to the Jat ideas. The name of the tribe is pronounced ]at in tahsll Sangrur, but J,h in Jind and DJ.dri.
The IbnCha". The Ranghars in Jind tahsll are next to the Jats in physique, but they AMAl and are spare ill body, and are not such good cultivators as the ]ats. They Rab"'rll. are more often addicted to theft. Their women lead a life of seclusion. 211~ [ PART A.
Ahi rs and Rahbari s are not in fe rior in strength and personal appearance CHAP. I. C. t a th e Jat s. Descriptive. Jind with 222 persons to the squ are mile stands 8th among the 16 Nativ e Stat es unde r the po litica l con tro l of the Pun jab Gover nm ent, in POPULATION. dens ity of to tal po pula tion on to tal ar ea. Th e de nsity of th e total populat ion Den.ity . Tab/.6 01P.rt and of the rura l el eme nt, on th e cult ivated ar ea, is 244 and 20g resp ec tively . B. The pr essur e of the latter on the culturab le ar ea is only 191 . Th e population and Density by Popu lati on tahsils. (190 1)· densi ty of eac h tah sil is giyen in the margin, . th e density sh own bein g that of the to tal population on th e tota l area.
The State conta ins 7 town s and 439 villag es . The population of the Popula .tion of TO'IlJI l. Popul aUoll fo rmer is shown in th e town•• (19 01 ). marg in. Sin ce J 89 1 th e ~7bl' 7 of Part 11 ,852 new capital of the Stat e, Sang rur, shows a remark- ab le in crease of 34 per ce nt. Safidon and Balan- wall also show incr eases of 5 and I 1 per cent . res- pecti ve ly. All the rest have fallen, Baund and Ka- lian a having de clined very con si derably, Baund by 15 an d Ka liana by 14 per cent . Only 14 per cent. of the State population liv e in to wn s. The average population of a village in th e Stat e is 550 . 'fhe villag es in th e thr ee tahs ils diff er wid ely both ·in appearance and in the degree of comfort and pr os perity which they ha ve att ai ned. The best are the Sikh villages of Sangrur tahsil, which have pa UtZ lza vel fs, the hous es of the Sardars and weal thy Banias bei ng built entirely of brick, while the kachhd houses are pla stered, and for th e most part kept scrupulously clean. On th e outskirts of th e vi ll age sit e ar e the mud huts or hovels of the village menials suc h as the Ch amar s, Chuhnis , dc. In or clo se to each villag e there is usually a te mpl e or gurd 'wu ra ,, ,ith a pond (jol lar) attach. ed to it. The jo har is gene rall y surrounded by a thi ck fringe of large trees, chiefly ?tim , siri s, pipal, ballyan and kikar (aca cia ), and has a well-built gl ull on its ba nk. Jat villages ar e gen erally built of sun -dri ed br ic ks , pl as ter ed oye r with mud and looking nea t. Nearly all th e Jat vill age s cont ai n a lo ft y and hand som e chat/p al, hath ai or paras (gu es t hou se) built of bri ck and several pa kl.: ti ha, }e lis . In so me of th e larg er villag es th ere ar e pakktt shop s ,, ,hich form a sm all bazar. In Dadr! tahsil th e Bagri villages ar e poor and squal id, being often a mere clu ster of huts in whi ch a few famili es liv e, but th e Muhammadan villag es are in better condition . In so me villages of thi s tahsil and in Dad ri and Kalian a towns ther e ar e houses built of stone. Most of th e vil lages in tahslls Jind and Dadr! ar e ancient settlem ents of Jats and Rlijputs, Hindus and Muhammadans, the latter being called Railghars , immi grant s fro HI RJ.jptit ana and else- wh ere. The se villages "'ere grouped into tappet s, some of which ,, ,e re named after the got wh ic h ha d founded or built the villages in the group. 224 -
JIND STATE. ]
CHAP. I, C. These tappas were- Descripfive. In tah sil lYumhcr af village s. 111 lnf. .'-fl ,V1l1 l1her of 'Villages . Jind. Dtid,i, POPULATION. I. Chabutra 2 Phogh ,H 20 Villages . 2. Dh iik I Punw ar 3r 3· Kandela 3r Choganwa 6 4· ] uLlna l3 Sangwan 55 s· Barah /5 ~heoran 43 6. I{anana 2r Hawelf JI 7· Ram Ral r8 PachisI 8 8. Laj wana Kalan 13 Satganll 'a 9 9· Kalwa 13 10. Hat 12 Total 18 3 I! . SaHdon 26
Total 165
These tappas still subsist in one respect, it being the custom for the brotherhood of a g6l wi 'hin a tappa to assemble when disputes occur regarding marriages or deaths or customs of the brotherhood, and settle them among themselves. In tahsil Sangrur toppas do not exist, though villages are found bear- ing the names of the Jat g6ts which settled them, e.I!., Mahilan, Mauran, Kularan. Similarly in ]ind tahsil, Mal:5r takes its name from the Mawal Rajputs, and there are villages named after ]ats, Kumhars, Rors, Brahmans, Gujars and Ahfrs . There is also a village of Banias and another of Bairagfs. Frequently a village gets its name from the common dncestor of the proprietors, as Hetwal from Het Ram ; Dalamwala from Dalam; Pa 'wall from Pola Ram, and many others. The late Raja of Jind founded a number of villages and called them after various musical modes, Pflu Khera, Bhairon Khera, Ram Kalf , Mal- sari, Sandhoi Khera (from the SindhU mode), Bhag I Growth of F PERCENTAGE OF If\ CREASE OR DECREAS E, 189 r rger on '90r . on I 1881. 1891 . ~:-th-e -St-at~- I---2-49-,-86-2-1·_-2-8-~·'-5-6-0,- 282 ,003 --+-::- ---: rOl,254 I 12 3,898 124,954 + 22 -3 + '9 - I I 61 ,249 I 64 ,681 I + 8·6 . I 87,359 i 92,:; 68 1 -8'7 I 225 [P AR T A The follo win g table shows the effect of mi gr ation on the population Cl -IAP. I. C. of the Ji nd State according to the cens us of 190 I :- j POPU LA TION. Persons. Males, Female s. Mig ratio n. Tab les 8 and 9 I of Part B. I------ t. From withi n the Pu njab an d Nor th- 67,270 20,4 t'9 46,86i Wes t Fronti er Provin ce . 7.2 83 2,8 .54 4,429 15 , 12 j 12 I 10 2 --- 7~ 580 '--23, 285 -- -: ,295 --- 1----- ,-- , - i. To within the Punj ab an d Nor th. 72,005 I 21 ,738 50,261 West Frontier Provin ce. 5i,029 265 The bulk of the imm igration IS from the Distr ic ts, States and Pro- vinc es in India noted below ;------j Number of males Tota l imm i- in 1,000 immi- gra nt s, grants. ---- li,8j9 272 16 ,358 Z90 9.976 347 16,722 270 1,464 asS Duj dna 739 261 Gurg ~on 1,805 275 Del hi 1.7 29 426 825 50) 5:3 2 550 5.51 395 j,241 237 , RtifpzU ano : 5,410 323 United Pro vinc es of Ag ra and Oud h 1,732 584 226 ]IND STATE . ] The emig ration Descriptive, not ed belo w :- POP UL ATION , Migra tio n. His s5 r 5,381 10 ,54 9 Roh ta k 4.920 '5,3;1 5 Dujt in a 15 1 544 Gurgaon •.• 348 9°9 De lhi 980 1,24 1 Kamal 4, 193 8,453 Ludhiana .•• 259 68 8 Fero zepo re .J 630 898 Pati til a 2,630 7,831 Nl ib ha 921 2,284 United Provinces of Agra and Oudh 823 39 3 R& jplU ti na 464 314 Th e State gains 397 souls by migration , and its nett int ercha nges of popul ation with the Distri cts, States and Provin ce s in India, whic h mainly affect its population, ar e not ed belo w:- Net t gai n (+) or loss to (-) . Lo lui ru ••, + 922 Hi ssar ••• - 4, 09 1 Gur ga on ..• + 548 Rohtak •.. - '2 ,95 7 Kamel .! - 2,6 70 Fe roz epor e 97 7 Patia la ••• + 6,255 RajpzU ana ,.. + 4,63 z Un ite d Pro vinces of Ag ra and Oudh + 516 Com parison with the figu res of rE gl shows tha t Jin d lo st, by intra- G,in or loss by intr a prov incial mi - provi ncia l migrat ion alone, 4, 735 sou ls g ra tion - in J go J, or 34 3 more than in 18g1. 190 '. 189 1. Taking the fig ur es fo r intr a-imp erial mig rati on, i.e ., those for mi gr-a. Gain or los s by intra-imperia l migra. tion in Indi a, both within th e Punj ab lIon - and to or from oth er pr ovinces , we find Ig or. the nett result in 1901 is a· gain of 37° · 227 [ PART A. The figure s for ag e, se x and civil condi tion are give n in detail in CHAP. I. C. Tabl e 10 of Part B Th e fol lowing statement show s th e age distribution of 10, 000 person s of bo th se xes:- Descriptive . POPULATION. I Ages. Ta ble 10 of Part B. Age per iod . I Ma le s. Females . Persons . I I ------In fa nt s und er 1 106 98 2°4 1 and under 2 85 85 170 2 and under 3 73 73 146 3 and under -4 •.••iI 128 129 257 i 4 and und er 5 J35 125 260 5 and under 1O '.>' .. . I 710 643 r,353 10 and under 15 .,. 1 697 561 1, 258 15 and under 20 54 8 4°3 95 1 20 and under 25 48 6 413 899 1 25 and under 30 ... \ 471 37 2 843 I 30 and under 35 .,. I 445 389 834 I 35 and under 40 _.... \ 282 223 5°5 ~o and under 45 400 348 74 8 45 and under 50 200 I 139 339 50 and under 55 95 249 544 2 \ 55 and under 60 8 9 I 158 60 I 6:> and over 28 0 I 251 53 1 I quinquennial period 1896-97 Vital statistics. Table s n, 12 1900-01 to was 6,362 , and 13 01Parl B. or 22'5 per mille of th e population. The highest number re- corded was in ,898-99, v£z., 8,913 , and the lowest in Igoo or, v£z., 3,392. The mar- ginal table shows the 18g6'97 12-9 11 '9 24 .8 figures by sexes. The 18<)7 -g8 12 '4 10 '4 23 .2 average for the 18 9899 16~ 14~ 31~ Punjab as a whole 1899-19°0 I 1'0 9'4 20'4 during the same period !goo -ol 6·6 I 5'3 11'9 was 43'2. The figures --1---- therefore only tend to prove that a larg e 12'0 I number of births are not registered. ,-tS JI ND STATE .] Th e quinquenni al average of deaths for the same pe riod was only Descriptive , 5,2 3°, or 18 5 per PO PU 1.A T1 0N. I1l ill c of the popu la- I Male s I Fe males. I Total . Av er:lge of tion , as aga inst 30'5 -dea th s. ------1------II --- for the province as a I I whol e.Here aga in 1896- 97 ••• !4'S II S j 13'3 "'1 de fec tive registration 1897-9 8 ", 17.6 139 15 '9 ig apparent . The ·· ·1 10·2 14 '1 i deat h-rate s for th e ••• , 25-4 19'~ j 22 ·5 fiv e years 1896 97 to J 90 0-0 1 are give n In ". I 27'3 21' 3 I 24 ·6 th e margin. ...1--2-;:; --1;;- 1-- 18 '5 Th e comm one st dis ea ses are fe vers and bowe l co mplaint s.The hig h mortality in 189 9-J 900 was du e to feve rs, th at in '9o o·or to ch olera, It will be seen that th e rec ord ed female death rate is low er than the male. Malari al {eve r is prevalent in Jin d tahs :l, and less so in Sangr ur . In th e dry tract of Diidri th ere is littl e fever . The canal in Jin d is bad ly al ign ed and th e drain age is imp erf ec t. Fe ve r cause d 64 per ce nt. of the total mortality in ,892- r896 and 50 per cent. in the next fi ve ye ars, the impr ovement being probably due to the increas ed distribu tion of quin ine. Cholera visit s th e St ate at int erva ls , g~ nerally aft er fam in e. Thus in 1892-1 896 onl y 10 per ce nt . of th e mor ta li ty was du e to chol era , wh ile fr om IK97-1 901 chol era was responsible for 29 per cent· There 'w as a serio us outbrea k in 1900.01 , involvin g 6, r5 2 dea ths, ,,,hi le in the prev ious yeal ' there we re 1,60 2 deaths from chol era. Sm all-pox caused 7 per ce nt . of th e tot al mortalit y in 18 97 -1 9°2 . Di arrhce a and dysentery ·were th e ca us e of only 2 per cent . of th e de aths in tha t period. Plague first appear ed in th e spring of 1902. In th e next twelve mo nths or so (up to th e end of May 1903 ) th ere were 2, 546 ca se s with 1,83° deaths -all in Sangi.- ur tahs il . In the first ye ar inoc ulat ion , dis- in fe ctio n and seg rega tion were tri ed, but we re almost enti rely given up wh en plagu e reappear ed in 1903 . Or th od ox Hi ndu s and Muham madans, old -fas hio ned peo pl e in town s and most vill agers still pa tro nise the baids and .ha .kims, but pro bably the State di spen sar ies ar e now res ort ed to by a ma] onty of th e peo pl e. The re ar e so me ba £ds and hakim s who ar e paid by the St ate at Sangr ur , Sa fl don and D kas /di k or sim ples , and d!uttk r, oxi des of var ious metal s, or 1' ItS, me di cine s CHAP. 1. C. compo unded in variou s way s with me rcury an d sulphur . The simpl e drugs Descriptive . ~re gzio for feve r, cl zaYliyat(t for fev er and for purif ying the blood, a.jwain lo r indig es tion and fla tul enc e, an d bla ck salt for indige stion. liarar POP ULA TfON. (Ca ssi a fistula) is useu as a pur ga tive . Fo r eye dis eas es ra saunt is us ed. Popula rremerl:es. \!\li sps of co tt on (p ho n) cl ipped in goat's mil k are also pu t on sore eye-lid s • aft er appl ying jist (ox ide of zinc ) for an hou r or two at night, or gree n pomeg ranat e leav es ar e pou nde d and ap pli ed to the ey es. Bl zl msa ini camph or , an eye pow der invente d by Bh im Sain . naina am rit powder, etc., certa in kin ds of lotio n and pills (golis ) and Ie; (plaster) are also used as a7lj an or eye-sa lv es. Ba ng dluttu or le ad oxid e and fambe s1 /.'a r dlzafu, co ppe r oxi de , are used for cough s: mir xan g or go ld ox ide is giv en for variou s compl aints. Ce rt ain 1'Cf s are pr epared in spec ial "Y ays , which are kept secret.They are of vario us kinds, e. g., dandrode, a compou: :1 d of gold , sulphur, me rcury, etc., is a toni c: sansl.'utl Ut y is us ed for asthm3, and ba sant 1111llt i for tap-i -diq or consu mpti on. Vario us coctio ns of bll1l(7frl ul (v iol et), un(t b, aqu a an isae or araq saun f, nl l(1fa,. (lo hs flo wers), makoh for fev er , &c . Ila kZm s som etimes con sul t Pe rsian wor ks on med ic in e, suc h as the Tib-i- Akbar i, Ti b- i·Sikan dri, Shar ah- Th e number of infirm persons per 10 ,000 of th e population is gIven Infi,mitif s be lo w:_ Tabte r4 of I'al ·t B. Mal es. , Fem ales . --- 1-- -. Insane 1'°43 '2 JJ Blind ''' 1 r4'4 74 13'7 60 Deaf and dumb •.• ... i 3·g12 2·254 6 Lep er s ·.. 1 '45 '155 1- -- . MALES. FEMA LES. r8 8!. rS gr. Ig01 . r88r . 18gl. Igo! . ------Insane 5 3 3 Blind 46 36 14 42 33 14 Deaf and dum b 13 7 4 7 4 2 Lepers :::1 2 '3° JIND STATE. ] CHAP. I. C. Infant mortality is not more common than in the rest of th e Punjab. Figures for the early ages of life are given belo,, ' :- Descriptive. ) POPUUTION. Average of death-rates by age z'n.the 3-year period IgOO-OI to 1902-03. Infant mortality. Age. I Ma !e: Female. ______1 __ ' _ I I 5- 10 All ages .• • Birth cere · After th e first three months of the first pr egnancy . whi ch is ca lle -{ mon ies : Hindus. jetlzll Iz 11/1. 'l/ , the mother of th e pregnant wom an sends her a bas ket full Mitl ui bohiy a of sweets , clothes, and Rs. 5. This is call ed th e mit/u z b7h iyii ce r~- ceremon y. monv. After five months the mother sends her more cloth es, Sad lt ceremony. q- ~aunds of sweets and Rs. 7. This is called th e sadh . During the Bfbf ?ff kti bhoj seventh month the pregnant woman offers 4~ sel's of ric e to the Bibis or bharnd. nature spirits. Ten th eWs or plates are filled with rice, and one of these is given to a Dumni, another to a z711zindarnt, and a third to the husband, while the fourth is for herself and the remainder for other relatives. This is called bhoj bhH 'na. The above ce remonies ar e not performed among the Sikhs. At th e time of accouchm ent the dfif (midwif e) come s to the house. Aft er severin g the nav el string and burying it in the ground. she receiv es two rupees and som e gur, and then ".·ashes the infant, rubbing it with flour. She also bathes CM eh! dhuai the mother and receives losers of grain. Th e chz'ic ht dh21ai ceremon y ceremony. is the same as that among Muhammadans, described below. An Precautions. iron chain is tied round the charpat and at its head a sword or other instrument is placed to avert the influences of evil spirits. At the door a fire called agni-kti-pahra is kept burning , ajwain and ,.di being thrown on to it whenev er anyone enters the room. Leaves of the nfm tree tied on a string are hung over the door. at ,,, -hich a curtain is also kept GhutH. hanging. Ghutti is given to the infant . It contains sanna, o11lalt ,f, s, sounf , harar and black salt, boiled with a piece of cotton CphC!a). Chhuanf, Chhud>t!. made of a;waz'n, ghi and sugar, is first distributed among girls, and then given to the mother for three days. On the fourth day mot or panjir; made of flour, ghi and sug ar is give'1 to her. Panjfrf, made of wheat flour, gM, sugar and fruits, is given to the mother on the tenth day> and, in case the child is a boy, is also distributed among the brotherhood. Chhattl (6 th da y On the sixth day the clzlzattf ceremony is performed. In the case of a ceremony) . boy some of the brotherhood and other relatives assemble at the mother's house, each bringing a ser of wheat in katoras, or small plates, filled with rice and sugar. A suit of clothes, Rf'. 1-4 , a piece of gur, bheli and 10 SfrS of wheat are also given to the father's sisters. Among the Sikhs more is given, and among Sikh Sardars still more. The Naln makes Satya ceremony a satya on the wall near th e door and receives a rupee and some rice, (ClOSS). and the mothet eats some khiclwi (rice and pulse cooked) on this day . ~31 [PARTA . On the 10th day the members of th e family and the Naln lip the whole hous e, clot he s ar e washed, all earth en vessels broken and new Descriptive. on es bought in the ir pl ac e. On the I ~th day the Brahm~n c?mes t? th e house , lights the hom .(sacred fir e), and by way of p~nficabo~ spr~nkl~s POPULATION. the hous e. with the Ganges water and thus the sul ak or Impunty IS Precautions : re mov ed. Be for e this no out sider, such as a Brahman, Chhatrl or Dasuthan (loth Vaishy a. wi ll eat and drink from the kit chen of the house. After day ceremony ). this cook ed rice or ' ha lwa is distributed amon g the brotherhood. On Suta k nikaln a. th e same day the vario us menials bring toys for the infant . Thus Badh ti i (or wel- . th e Kh at ! brings a small bedstead and re ceives a garment and a rupe e. come ) ceremony. The Nai and th e Brahman put dub grass on its head, each receiving a fee . The Nals of th e wife's mother and si ster com e with badh Ui (bringing dub O'rass) and re ceive a shawl and a rupee and sometimes more according to Clz hr Muhammadan s in this Stat e do not as a rul e obs erve any ceremony Birth ce re- befor e birth . In accou chm cn t th e mother is laid on a quilt spread on a mon ies. Mu· charpai, her head being kept towards the north an d her face towards Mecca. hamm.dans. The dai severs the narwa or navel string an d buries it in the ground Afterwards a Qa zi is sent for and he recit es the ban g in the child 's Bang (the call to right ear and the takbir in its left ear, receiving a rupee and some gu,.. prayer ). Some date-juice is then poured into th e child 's mouth as a token of welcom e if it is a boy. Som e old ,yo ma n gi ve s the infant the jQnam gh tit ti Chitta. which contains sanna, amalt{ts, saU1if (anise), hlwar and black salt boil ed in a pi ece of cotton (phoa). '1 his is called guyt i in the Punjal ;>. ChucJr{ dh oll a. Th e inf ant's . aunt wash es th e mother's nippl es wi th warm water, re ceiving some money and ornaments This is calle d the chuchi dhuai. Kit ,rikdlna. For three or four days only chhu ani , a mi xture of aiwain, ghi and Chhuarrf. gur is cooked and given to the mother to ea t. After thre e or four days paujiY[ or moi, made of wheat flour, gl li, gund (or gum Panj{rl. of th e kher tree) and sugar, is given to the mother and also dis- tribut ed among the relativ es and brotherhood. On the sixth day Chhatti. th e mothe r is bathed and her clothes changed. Cooked senwin, swe et boil ed rice and large chapMi s, baked potsherd . are distributed among the poor and the brotherhood. Thi s cer emony is called chha tti. The mother is also bath ed on th e loth, 20th and 40th days, and on the latter ChhilJ. day the midwif e rec eiv es a su it of clothes, a piece of gur (gur ki bhelt) and some money . This is called the chMlti. The mother is kept inside the room for 10 days and sleeps in the same room for 40 days. A lighted chir agh and a piece of iron (a sword or chain) are kept in the room at night , and ar e supposed to avert the bad in fl uences of bhut s or ghosts At the door of the room a fire is kept burning, and if any outs ider wish es to enter, she throws ajwai n and rai on it . No cat or dog is allowed to enter the room. The mothe r is considered impu re for 40 days in towns and for 10 , days in villages, and no one eats from her hand durinO ' that period. In the Punjab th e first birth tak es place at the h~use of th e mother 's fa~he r. If th~ child is a bo~, the ~other on returning Chl zl,chhak cere. to her husband shouse brl11gs back chhuchhak, t.e ., gold and silver mony. ornament s, clothes, densils, etc., for herself and the bey. In the Jind tahsil and its neighbourhood the birth takes place at the husband' s hous e, but four or six months afterward3 the mother - visits her father 's house and brings · the c/l!z i;cMak on her return. 23 2 JIN DSTATE. ] In the ]fnd tahsil some Muhammadans perform the dasattndh cere- mony for a boy's welfare This consists in placing a hansli or necklet put OJ! his neck every year for 10 years . A sum of money POPULATI ON. is also spent in charity. The oqiqa ceremony is of the usual kind. Precauti ons : Circumcision is termed khatna or sunnat and is performed at home Dasaundh cere- before the age of 12 years. Within the chlziU or 40 days the infant's mony. head is shaved, or rather its hair is clipped with scissors. Some wealthy Aq{qa. people give gold or silver equal in weight to the hair as alms to Khatna . the Naf and the poor. The raJut£a ceremony is the same as in yhand. Bahawalp ur. R asulia. Sex sta tis tics. The ntimber of males 111 every 10,000 of both sexe~ is shown Table 16 of Par t below: - B. ____ 1 __ (1881 5,5°5 5,335 5.479 I .. .i 1891 5,5°3 5,336 5,480 I L1901 5,443 5,416 5,439 (Hind l. s $,434 5,412 I ISikhs 5,562 6,766 ••. -l IJains 5,465 5,253 I lMu hammadans 5.381 5,069 The table below shows the number of females to over 1,000 male under five years of age as returned in the census of J gOI :- -Al l re- \ Muham· ligions. ! Hind us. Sikhs . madans. Under one year 93° 941 944 520 891 1 and underz 993 987 1,10 7 1,000 940 2 and under 3 985 1,020 779 1,588 1,015 3 and under 4 1,005 993 804 1,25° 1,248 4 and under 5 ••• 928 935 81 9 9°9 960 I I 233 [PART A. There ar e th ree dist inct forms of marriage rit es in vogue in the CHAP. I. C. Stat e,-(t) those observed among the Gaur Br ahmans and Banias, (t"i) those ob served by Sikh Sardars and wealthy ]ats, and (iii) the newly introduced Descriptive. al1art1i rites amon g th e Khalsa Sikhs. Th ese are de scribed separat ely POPULATION. below. Hindu marriat!l . 1 h h f h b d ceremonies. A pand zt con su ts t e oroscop es 0 t e oy an girl who are Gaur Brahmans to be married and find s out a slzub h loga n or fo rtunat e date and hour and Banib . for th e wedding, rec eivi ng a rup ee an d a sidha (provisions} . This is cal led bla h uff h at wa na, or fixing th e date of th e marriage . Th e bro therhood is then assembled and a marriage lette r, srprinkled with Kung'~ chhi.H Imngu wate.r and ti ed ""ith kluinmi thread, is written at the girl's house chitt/zi or k,mg!~ and sent to th e boy's' parents. The nui tak es this letter ancl hands (sprinkled letter). it to th e boy's fath er befor e the ass embl ed brotherhood, rec eiving in return a tag or clue . This is done two or thre e months befor e the wedding. Th e tewa is sent by th e girl's fathe r IS or 20 days befo re th e marriaae to the boy 's fath er throu gh the nr H It lay s clown the exact tim e ~f the pJ ze 1'a and th e number of bUns to be ob ser ved with oth er deta ils . Sev en so/ ufg: ms, or wom en who se husb ands are aliv e, grind 5t ser s of Bidh M slmga~ urd (puls e) in a hanclmill , each droppin g se ven ha ndfuls of urd at a karna . time into it . Thi s is call ed manit (u rd ) ko hath lagana, i. e., th e he- ginni ng of marri ag e. One day and befo re th e ban or hatt,a cer e- Hatd at and , mo ny th e lt al dat takes pl ace :· J! se r s of bar ley with !z aidi (turm eri c) bill!. are powd ered by se ven sohagans as before, and then parched and }'r ound . Oil is th en mixe d with it an d the mixture is called batna. 1~ ex t mor ning th c b{in cerem ony takcs place . Th c boy rec eiv es.'), 7 or 9 bi ins and the girl t.wo less in her own hous e. Fir f,t the glti zmgal ceremony is perform ed, oil, dub gr as s and 7 pice being put in a tli llt hi (a small earth envyare dis h or cup) an d the n placed in front of th~ bo y and hi s bri de, the latter bei ng scated on a stool, whil e th e fat her, mo th er, ('. nd five othe r re lations take dub grass in th ei r hands , touc h th e fee t, kn ees, shou lde rs and forehead of the boy and girl in turn seven ti me s. Th is is ca ll ed [{l ti zwgal den a.. Af ter this th e oatn a is n:bb ed on th e boy or gir l's body an d was hed off by the na i or nuzn. All this cere mony is ca ll ed billz. On th e day of the fir~t Kal1l'1ul and han a kan.<; nri, or cotton tl lre ad with seve n knot s, is tied round th e rdkh~{ Mndhna. right wri st and a raH ri (a wooll en thr ead tied on a bet el nut) and an iron ring are pla ced round the left ankles of the boy ane girl by th e family pries t (p arolzit). Th e neota is a su m of money pre- 5en ted by memb ers of the br otherh oo d, and by frien ds of the boy s and gir l's fat hers. Th e matern al un cles of th e married boy and aIr! present Mat s or 7u/,nak chak co ntai ning suits of clothe s and ornamebnts and some cash, "hich may be from Rs. 11 to Rs . 500 or more. The day before the "edding the sl uin t cer emony is perf ormed, t.he 9 gr rfks oei ng wor shipp ed by th e boy 's mat ern al un cle. Th is j" done by the girl 's matern al unc le on th e pheT a day itse lf. i"r lo l1 d// {i brfil dlma lI rrt 11dh& is thu s performed : hole s ar e bor ed in th e botto ms of t.hree ea rth en bdndlm ti. ves sel s (tM itlzi s) and a rop e pas sed throu gh th em. The y are th en ti ed upsid e down to the upper end of a pole ,,,hich is fi xe d in the middle of the courtyard of th e house wh ere th e ,Yedding is being celebrat- ed. The married boy and girl with their parents worship th eir own mand lzas. The women assemble and go to the hou se of th~ kumhar (pott er), where they worship the po tter's ,,,heel and off er 14 pice , 51 seTS of grain and some sweets . This worship of the wheel is per- formed in tok en of the sudaT s/zan chakar of Sri Krishna , which was a great defenc e against evils , and also in honour of th e wheel of crea- tion. Th~s ~e~emony is not observed by the Sikhs ~ T~~ family priest, 234U~~ -\) J IND~A'n -: i CHAP. I, C. parohit, paints a tilak (mark) on the boy's forehead, dr es ses hi 'm -. - . with the Jdma (or wedding clothes;, and after performin g Ganeslz Descr iptIve. puJa (worship of Ganesh) the boy mounts a mare and goes in POPUI ,ATION. precession to a temple, where he worships . Last of all he war· ships the village god called Klze"a deota and then remains outside the Hindu marr iage ceremonies: village . The wedding procession next proceeds to the girl's village and halts Gau r Brahmans outside it either in a garden or some suitabl e place. There the girls lind Bani~s . father brings a dan (dowry) of two shawls , gold and silver ornaments, two Barrit marriage (procession) suits of clothes, a mare, and some money. 'which may be anything up to and milll i cere- Rs. 200 acco rding to his means. In the San gnir tahsil this dowry ,is given mony. at the departure of the wedding process ion to perform the khat , tbed3tead) ceremony. But in the Sangr6r tahsil a hor se and shawls are given at this occasi on. The ac tual ma rriage ceremony (plzera) takes place at the time of the laf{l1n an nounced by the horoscope. In the an:; 'm (square) where the mandhd (canopy) is erected, the fam ily priests of both pa rties, and the boy and gir l wi th their re latives, assemble. The boy is either seated on an asan (seat) of kuslzu grass or on a low stool, chauki, and the girl on a k/u£ri (s tool). The priest lights the hnwan (sacred fire) and the worship of the nine f1rahs is fi rst performed . The boy puts water in his mouth t~ree times with a sp oon, while the Brah man recites a manhr which sigmfie s that the mouth is purified. The ma dlz parkh ceremony is then perform. ed; daM (curd\ is mixed with bura (sugar) in a cup (krlfora) and shown to the boy and th e girl : this is intended to create affection between them. 5tfkhya uchdran The fami ly pr iest s of both parties repea t the sak/zyas (genealogies) of (repeating ge. the boy an d gir l with their respective gots and clans, and they are nealogy). KanJ'a dan, made to touc h hand s. The kanya dan is the delivering of the girl to the boy . It is done thus: the gir l's father puts two pice or two rupees in the boy's hand an d the gi rl 's par oh it pours some water on them and then the fathe r puts th e boy's right hand into that of the gi rl. Annas 2 or a rupe e or more are given to every Brahman pres ent. This is called lhli -y. Two pice or 4 o.nnas are also given to eve ry po or person present . This is called bara . The girl's porohit tie s the end of the bride's orhna to the bridegroom 's dopatta. After this the phera cerem onv takes place, and they both walk four times round the hawan (sac red fire). In the first three phe ' as (turns) the bride walks before the bridegr oo m, but in the fourth the bridegroom leads her, and when the y si t down they exchange seats . The bride is then given some · :sweets and reti res into the inner apartme nt s. The bridegroom's maul' (crown) is taken by his mother-in-law, and he returns to the dandal- wasa , leaving his knotted dopatta behind him. On the next day the Phllnd t11 ' bhundrf, r cer emony is performed, and the bridegr oom's father, with other cere mol'\Y· me mb ers of the barat, receives a certain number of pattals containing fr om the br ide's father, and be sides sweets he gives some money to be distr ibuted among the married sisters of the bride who live in the village. Wid4 . bid d or The next day the wida or leave-taki ng ceremony is performed; the !that (d eparture). brotherhood asse mble at the bride's house where the bridegroom 's father exhibits the barf, consisting of suits of clothes and ornaments , et c., for the bride wit h money and sweetmeats for the bridegroom 's father. The lJhdn bona Uf[s (dues) are then distributed among the tagfs, such as the Naf, ceremony Dhobi, ChUhra, etc. Then a bedstead (khat) is put in the square . mother measures ·bct h bride _and brid eo-ro om with a cloth, and spr inkles CHAP. I, C. some wat er out of the vessel on the t'> bride's head, the remaining water Descriptive being thrown away . The brid egr oom's siste r then shuts the ~oor and rec eives a sma ll present in order to i~duce he~ to ?pen It. !he POPULATION. kant; na khelna th en takes place. In tl l1S the bnde UnItes the br ide- Hindu marria ge groom's kan a- Ita (a red thread tied round the wrist) and the brideg room ceremonies: Gaur Bra hmans does the sante to her Afte r this a ri ng is put in a parant (a flat dish) and Bani: is ; containing water or lassf, and both bride an .d the bridegroo m try t? find Kan gna kheln a. the ring in it . Whoever finds the ring fir st IS supposed to be the WlUner. This ob servan ce also takes plac e at ~;1 e girl's fathe r's house one day befor e the de parture of the ba rdt marri age pr ocess. The ceremony of munlz dikhdf is perf or med on the sa me day, the bri de receiving small presents fro m her female relat ives for show ing them her face. Wit h this the marriage ceremonies end. Th e bride aft er a few days returns to her parent' s ho use, where she remains till the muklaw a, wh ich takes place several years later. Th e mukl riw a cere mo ny is held an odd number of years after th e mar riage. After it bride and brid egroom live as man and wife . Sikh Sardlrs, The marr iage-l etter is drawn up as among the Gaur Brahmans and S~rsut Brahma ns, B'mias, with the lewa, lagan, consistin g of a cocoanut cov ered with red Jats an d Khat· cloth and kluimnf thr ead ,s a!.hroffs (gol d coins) and:31 sers of sugar for r1 5. Lagan cerem ony. the boy: 101 sui ts of clothes, gold bang les , saggi and silver chand and panka (ornaments) and shoes for th e boy 's mother: a horse with silver orname nts for the boy's father, and Rs. 51 for the lagis (menial se rvants ) are a\ ,:o sent by the girl 's father . Thes e present s vary acco rdin g to the parties' means. The tcwa and la gan ar e ta ken by the fam ily pri est, the Nai , Mirisi, (' ham ar and Jh il1wa r, and for th is th ey recei ve their dues , consis ting of shaw ls, rupee s and sweetmeats. The ma h1lr at or sha gan cere mony is Ma"uu t cere' performed thus : five days bdor e the wed d:ng , 1i maund s of coa rs e rice , mooy. ba .l? nr and popp y seed are kep t in water fo r a night and th en th e wate r is taken ou t and a padha Bra hma n is called in. He tr aces th e fig ures of th e 9 grahs in a sq ua re, with 5 dyes, he nn a (me nhd i), kUngu , turm eric, sal ara (a black see d) and IUa (fl our ), and th en puj an (wors hi p) of the 9 gr ahs is perf urm ed. Then the mah ura t of the weddi ng is obs erved. Seven sok agans (wives who se husb ands are aliv e) gr in d seven pie ces of turmeric and pu t th em in two earth en vesse ls. Th en th ey put st sers of wh ea t into a wi nnow ing bas ket and give it seven strok es wit h a pestle (mu sit l). Then they take se ven han dfuls of wheat and grin d it in a handm ill. Af ter this Ganec;h pUfa is per· fo rm ed and coars e rice (hagar) distribut ed amon g th e children. Rakh r£ (a phyl actory of 'W oollenthr ead) is tied round th e left ankles of the pair . Th e !. hant and ka ngnti cere moni es are th e same as among the Gaur Sn ant. Brahm ans, but the kangna. cer emony takes pl ace on the same day as the sh ant c:rem ony . ~mong Jat s and Sikhs Sard ars jandz pujan (worship 'J andt pz lj a" (wor ship of janrJ of the Jand tr ee) .'IS performed by th e boyan the day the weddi ng tree ). pro ce ssion star ts .A cotton th ead is pass ed seven time s round th e tre e, and afte r pour ing a little oil at the fo ot of th e tre e he strik es it sev en tim es with a swo rd or gand asa (hat chet). On th e night of th e fJ henf, Soh dg patd, l. the solz ag pat a, i (a bask et con tainin g things emble matic of a husband's life or so hag ) is sent by th e bo y's fath er to the gir l. It should contain 5 gold and silv er or nam ents, shoes, a comb , sa'ld 'ur and saffron, a phial of at ar, sah ag (J ura, 14 dat::s, a coco anut , a pie ce of sa ndal woo d and satnalU, (h ea d- thread). The pkera cer emony is the sam e as among the Gaur Brahm ans. Th e ba ri ceremony tak es pl ace on the dCiy of dep arture. Bar!. The brid e's fat her sends from 7 to 21 bask ets or dishes to the bri de groo m, an d he pu ts je weller y, suit~ of cloth es, henna, fruit, etc., '"" !33 6 ]Ir;D STATE. ] in them and ref urn s them to th e br ide's father . At the time of departure the kh at (bed stea d) ce remony is perform ed' thus '; a pa dha. Descriptive . Brahman tra ce s th e figur es of th e 9 grah s on th e gro und in a squ ar e· POPULATION. and th e bride's father wors hips them. Then a kluit is pu t in . the ' Hi ndu marriage .squar e and all th e suits of clothes and ornam ents for th e br id e, with th '~ ceremoni es: mon ey, sweetm ea ts and ut ens ils for the bridegrcom 's fath er, are arr ange d . Sikh S.r d~ rs , in the square and handed to him in the pres en ce of th e bro th erhood. ] he . ~~rsnt Brahman s, Jats an d Kb atd s. fa gis now receiv e th eir tags (du es). The dowr y, which vari es with the party 's mean s, may inclu de cash, je wel lery, clo thes for the brid "'e and 'b ride- Khltt cer emony. gro om, sha wls , cloth, co ok in g utensil s, bed an d beddi ng, 3: ' hon ;e, camel or oth er animal (muhri s) and a data (pal anq uin ). A co w is giveh to the family pri est (pa ro h,£t), a buff alo to th e ba rber (mii ) an d a pony to the mu~i cian (mir aJ i) of the brideg oom 's part y. KMh ', Si khs. Amo ng the Kh 41sa Si khs th e anand (marriage) ce remon ies whic h were An and cere- initiat ed by Ama r Das, ,the third Guru , have rece ntl y come int o vogue mon Ies. inst ead of th e Hindu marr iag e ~ce remoni es.These ' are as fo llow's;- The girl 's fathe r assemble s his broth er ho od at his ho us e, ce rt ain shabad s of th e Grant h Sa hib are recited, an d th e day of be troth al, whic h should be the bi rthd a)' ,;7' a~ and (b etro thal or - we ddin g) dai 01 a Guru Fixi ng the dat e is fixed. Th e girl' s faLher the n sen ds a Sikh wit h a ruha tn ama (rul es of of m~rri age . Sikhism), a kard (kn ife) , a kara (i ro n bang le ), a ka l1g ha (comb), two kac/ zh (s hort drawers) , a bheli (a piec e of Xu ,) and a rupee to th e boy's fatl ler. The se are rece ive d Ly th e boy in the presence of his br othe rhoo d and a bit of gu r is put in his mouth as a si gn of the be tr othal .. The girl' s fa th er agai n co ll ec ts his brotherh oo d and sends fo r a' grant hi, or reade r of th e Gr anth, to draw up the letter fixing the date of the wedd in g. This is sent to the boy's hou se by a Sikh, toge ther wi th a th eli ahd a rup ee, \vhi ch are received by the boy 's fa th er in th e presen ce of his hro th erhoo d. One day before th e wed ding pro ces si on start s, the boy i5 bath ed and dresse d in yello w clothes, and a sword or ka rd put in his hand. A~das (pray er) Thus dress ed he recit es an ardas (pray er) bef or e th e Granth , an d then th e before tbe br oth erhood is fea sted. Th e gi rl 's fathe r al so gives a feast to his broth erhoo.d Granth Sahib. one day befo re the arrival of the wedding proces sio n. Next day the proce ssio n proceeds to the gi rl' s vil lage , near wJ lich her fa ther with a par ty of Si khs, singing hymns, recei ves it . Me anwhile both parti es interch ange the Sikh salutation of walt gfi ntii ki latah, and the girl's fath er giv es the milni, consisting of mon ey and cloth es, to the boy 's father. Then the proce~sion proceeds to the gi rl's house, where flowers are scattered over th e boy, who bows before the Granth , which is kept under a canopy, and sits there while a granthi reads pass~ges from Bartit . (wedding . it , After this the wedding procession is put up in the guest-house. procession ) The al 'land or wedding takes place after midnight . A canopy is Anand or real erected and th e Granth Sahib placed in the angon (squar :e) . Then the boy pherd cere, . mlmies. and the girl ar e seated on two asans (woollen or cotton seats) fa ce to fac e, while rd gis (choristers) si ng the asa ,ki war (y ers~s in pr aise ~of God) , and the grantl zi recites the ardas standing and invokes ...Jhe Guru 's blessings 0; 1 the pair . Th en he recites th e conditions to be mutual ly ob served by th l:;m, ' and when they hav e both agreed to them, the gi rl is seated on the bo y's left , and one end of his dopatta is either placed in her hand or ti ed to her orhna (sheet). Then th e members of her farr iily stand up whil e th e granth i re cit es the hl.1DO,S (v ers ~s) wh ich set forth the Si ~h doctrin es and praise of God four times, while th e brid egroom leads the br ide four times round the Granlh. Aft er thi s the pa ir sit on - one asan, the bridegroom bein g on th e rig ht . Again the granthi declaims the updesh (exhortation) . -- .,.. -: ~ V 237 Mul: al '."adan mtu 'rz 'a ge terem onie s. [ PART A. to th em both, exh orti ng them to obs erv ,~ the rules of Sikhism and of the CHAP. I, C. household. These be in g agreed to by them, the gronth i recites (7.'11and bani (n ', Among Muhamma dans after th e prel imi na ry arrangements betw~el1 Mu ha mmadan the byo fa thers ha ve bee n comp le ted the girl's f'a the J; sen ds his N31 with a rr ,arriage , h I ~ . cerem onie s: s~t of clothes fOf th e boy s mot er an { ~ ring an d a handk erchie f f'()~ th e Betrothal . boy, W~ 10is sc at, ed on a to s!zak)ca rp~Q In the pr esence ~of t1f e ?r oth erhood " to rcc el ve the gIft s. I The n a drum IS beaten , and sug ar and cook ed' rice dis tributed am on g ~h e brot. he rhood . The Nai th en departs, after recei ving Re. 1-4 and ~ tl upz, Or pIece of cloth , and a shaw y The ceremony is' called ma1Zg m, and the be tr otha l is th en comp lete . The next ce re n~ony· is the sz' nd/lara. vVh en th e dat e of th e rnarrja~;e has becn fixed ,. the Nili is s~ nt by the girl 's fat he r with a lett er announcin< J' th e date. Thc :o 1';031gets Re. 1-4 and a wra p (c hada r) as hi s ner/:> from , the boy's fath er an d re tur n~, Th ,e ban and l1e o! ,£ ce remonies 'are t~ € same as tho se of th c Hin du, s: The pro cess ion (fan et) on reachi '!}g: th e Brid e's . vil.l ag,: go cs. strai ~hf to th~ pl 1lldal -oz:;a~a ; wf1 .ere th ey are m~t' ~y ;,th .~ brid e' s relat IO ns WIth the NU l, who gIves them sharbal to drink. then' the brid e's father giyes Re. 1 'anu a reze/i (quilt ) to the briderrro om wh ile the lat te r's fath er. dis tributes Rs. ~' or Rs. 4 among the 0 lrfui s': After sunset the 1zz 'ka h or marr iage serv ice is read by the QHzi in 'th e presenc e of witn esses , after th e bride and brideg roo m have signified th ei r ass ent . The , bride groom then mak es a promise to pay a certain amount of mon ey (ma ltY ) in case of tal rJ q (div orce) to the bride. The wz'd a cer e- moni es. af ~e th e same as among th e Hin dus. Amon g Shaikhs, Sayads , Mughals and Pat hans, the mukUwf J ce remon y does not take place, ' bu t it -still obtains among th e Ran ghars. Jahez (dowry ) is give n acco rdin ' The chi ef di alects spoken in the State are Bangr6 or Deswall in clud- ==== =-'======~======T === = iug Harian L Bii gri, Number of. persons Per 10000. Ahirwatf , Panj iibi speaking. 'and Hind us tanI , ------, -- and th e figu res in B~ngni or DeswAH , including 7,110 the margi n sho w Hari~n i. th e numb ers sp eak- ,Ba gd 7.°9 8 ing them, and Ah£rw ati . 6,362 their distribution Pa njii bi. in clud ing JangH 64,09 1 Hindu sta ni 2,081 per 10,000 of the popu la tion as re - turned in Ig Or . Ur du is of course no where . a rural dial ec t. It. is c?nf ined to the educated classes in the town s, an d the number speaking It was 23 8 JIND STATE . J CHAP. I. C. returned as only 430 in 1901 . Bingru or DeswaH is spoken in the 8 tran s- DescrIptive. Ghaggar vil lages of thana Kularan, close to the Gohla sub-tahs il of Kama l. It is locally called NaH or lan d and is said to be a branch of Hindustan I. POPULATION. Hariani, spoken in the Hariani tract of the State, which cov ers nearly th e D.1 ngru. whole of pargana ]ind and a large trac t of pargana Dad ri, is al so supposed to be a debased form of Hindust:in i. As spoken in pa'xo na Dil dri it also B~grf. contains Bi lgri words. Pure Bag rf is spoken in tha na Badhra, tahsil Ahllwarf. DadrJ . Ahirwat i is spoken i:l the Ahirwati tract of parcrana Dadrl . Panjabr with its Panjabi is spoken in the Sangrur niza'1lat and has thr ee sp~cial diale ct s dialects. in this State, viz., JangH, Ja tk i and Pawadh. The JangH dial ect is sp oken in the Sangrur and BalanwaH than as. As spoken in Sangrur th ana it is mixe d with Pawadh and pure Panja bi, but in Ba lanwaH tha na pure ]angH is spoken, Priestl y castes : Brahmans, who numb er 29,6 30 in the St ate, are mai nl y found in the Brahman s. town s. In the villa ges th e few Brahman s th ere are ge nerally fol low agricultural pu rsuits .Sarsut Br ah mans are foun d in Sa ngru r and Gaur Brahmans in Jind, Safid on an d Dad ri. These ar e th e profess ion al Brahma ns . The Bhat, Bias , Dak au t an d Ach araj Brahm ans ar e co nsid ered inf eri or . Ch amlirwa Brah- Ch aner and Banor were two brother S, Brahman s, ,,\'110 set out to visit ma ns . the Ganges. One day a cal f fe ll on the ch aunka where they were cook ing their food and died there. Chanor at th e request 'Of his brother removed the calf , and his brother thereupon ex communicated him. Chanor jo ined the Chamars and his son was re co gnised as a ChaIIiar and called Ram Das Bhagat . His descendants are ca lled Ramdasias or Cballors. Th ey are the only Cham ar group that emp loys Brahmans. These Chama rwa Brah ~ mans , as they are ca ll ed, perf orm all Br ahmanical rites for th eir cli ents and wear the janeo. Other Brahman s, however, do not associ ate with them. The stor y goes that Ram Das Bhagat sel ect ed a Brahman as his spiritual guide when he was out -ca sted fro m the Br ahma ns, and th e descendants of this Brahma n are the Ch amarwa Brahm an s. Chano rs on ly ma rry Chano rs, but they exclude four gots. Jogis who have reverted to 'secularity' (ghirast-ashram) still call themselves ]ogis, though they retain their original g6t . Thus th ere are Chauhan Jogis of the Patsaina sect in Jind. They claim descent from Manha , a Chauhan who became a Jog! . His wife also became a Jogan, but they both reverted to a secular lif e and settled at Baluana in Pati{lla, whenc e they migrated to this State. Their descendants are Cha uha ns by g6t (but apparently Jogis by caste). Jogis of the same sect and of the following gots are found in Jind :-Ttir, RiwaI ,l Gathwala, Madar, Bachchhal, Ba chchhak, Kachw aha and Napial . In marriage three got s are avoid ed, and al so the group of their spiritual collaterals . They interma rry with the Kanph Bani as (19,169 ) are the most impo rt ant commercial class in the State. CHAP. I, C. Their divisio ns -Agarwals, Oswal s,Sirllll al s and Mahesrls-appear to be real tribal divis io ..s, for they do not smok e or eat with one another . The Descript ive. Agarwals are found principally in Jind tahsil . They have 17 g6ts. The POPULATION. Oswils and Sirimals are all Jams , and are called BMbnis . The Oswals have Tribes and the following g6ts :- cHsles. Commercial castes . They avoid four go tsin marria ge. Their nam e is derived from the town of Osia-Nagri in Marwar , and the legend re garding the ir conversion to Jainism is that about Sambat 220 the Raja of ' Osia-Nagrf, having no issue, went to se e (dr .r sl tan karnd) Sri Ratan Suri, an ascetic who was practising au sterit ies (tap) in a fore st near the town, and as he was granted a bar (boon ) by the asc eti c, he had within the year a son who was nam ed Jai Chand . Th e boy was, however, bitten by a serpent and died . The ascetic on hearin g of this sent one of his disciples to stop the cremation , and , when the body was brought to him , ordered it to be taken back to the palace where the prince had been bitten, telling his wife to lie down beside it as before. At midnight th e snake returned . licked the bite, and the prince was thus restored to life. On this the Raja , with all his court and people, became Jain s. He and hi s family took the name of Sri Srima1 , his courtiers that of Srimal, and the Ksha triyas that of OswaJ . The gots of the Srimals are- I. Chanalia. I 3· Kanaudia. 5· Jaumwal . 'j 2. Boria. 4· Bangaria. 6. Tank. An account of the Jains as a religious community will be found below. Khatris only number 470 throughout the State. The Jat s, who number 95 ,215 , or 33'7 per cent. of the total population of Agricultural the State, are by far the most important caste, and form the backbone of the castes: agricultural population. Their distribution by religions is shown in the Jats. margin. The Sikh Jats are found only in tahsH Hfnd~s 7I.JIS Sikhs ••• 23 394 Sangrur. The principal Jat tribes in the State Muhammadans 703 are th,e Sangwan (8,013), Sheorlin (4,335), Ghatwal (3,883), Rf'dhtis (3,377), Phogat (3,044), Lathar (2,263). who are all Hindus, and Ch3 .hil (2,939), who are mainly Hindus, and the Siddhu (3,612) and Man (2,787), who are mainly Sikhs . An account of some of their gots is given below. . 24° JIND STATE. ] The Ahbhvat got is descend ed from Ahla, its eponym. It has held thr e~ villages, Lajwiina Khurd, Fatehgarh and Rupgarh in tahs il Jin d for 20 generati ons or more. About 400 years ago the descendants of Ahla immigr at- POPULAT IO N. ed from Digh< ;tl , a village of Sampl a tahsil in Rohtak , an d settled ;,t Tribes and Rupgarh. The Ah lawat Jats are all Hindus. cast.s. Ahl~wats. Bhainsw~ls . The Bhail1 S\Y3 ,1 go t (from Ma ins, buffal o) is found in tahsil Dadr! . The Bh cda (from b1 ze da , a she ep) is found in tah sils Sa ngru r and DadrL Bhedas. Th e Ch ihil Jats claim descent from Bala , SOI 1of a Chauh an Rajp Ut, who con tr acted mar riage by kllre 71J U with a Jat wid ow. Their ances to r aaree d to acce pt of fer in gs to Gu ga, and th us acqui re d power and called <>his O' ot Ch ihil.!He als o ag reed to ac cept alms offered to Gu£a, and the Ch~hil (wh atsoever the ir cast e) st il l re cei ve th ese offer in gs .This g6t is found in tah sHs Jind and Sangr ur, holdin g 6 vi llag es in th e form er tahsil, ·viz . Dev rar, Radh ana , Daryftwa la and Baraud i. The Jat s of th e ]) allil, Des wa l, Miin and Sa wa l sub-sep ts claim desce nt D'1]l(I , Des' \V .,I , M:\n and from Dall a, Desu , Man and Sewa, th e four so ns o( J(hokh ar, a Chau h,in Sawal Jat s, R,ajpu t by his karc7IJu marr iage with a Ja t ,, -idow . The Dalla l foot holds seven vill ages in tahs il Jln d, and the Deswal four in t!z lflla Saffdoll of that tahsil . The Man an d Sa wal hold no vi llages, out are foun d in small num bers in vil lages of th e ]ind and San grur tahsf ls. Th e Dun gM (so call ed fr om dulma to mil l<, bec au se thl'y used to mil k she-bu ff aloes, it is sa id) holds two vill ages, Kar ela and Bhab balpu r, in ]in d tahsi l, and is also found in smal l numb er s in tah sil Sangr6r . They mig ral- ed fro m Hfll1 si and founded the abo ve villa ges. Th e Ga \y aria got (f rom gaz'c, co w) is fou nd in small number s in the vill ages of Jin d tahsil . Th e Gat hwa la (f rom got/z( l, a burden ) were once carriers by tr ade. They hold 10 vi ll ages in tah sil li nd, and were immig ra nt s (rom HulH na ) a village in the Goha na tahsH of Rohta k. Th eir villag es are R:imnagar, Ram Kal l, Paul i, Sha mlo Kalan , Na dna, Naran i, Gataul l, La lat Kher a, Anchora Kala n and Ku rar . v Th e Gendas g6t is found in vil lage s of tahsll s Sa ngrur and Dadr i. Its name is said to be derived eith er from ga nd as a, an axe, or Gend 'w as, a vil!ao- e in tahsil Hissar . Th e Gh ang has g6t holds Bhanb ew a vill age in tah si l Jind . Their ancestor mi grated from Bhi wan! tahsil in His sar, and settle d in Bh 8.nhewa . Th e Jagla n got is des cen ded from Jagu, a Raj put , who founded Jagl an in Bissar, and it hol ds three villa ge s, Ant a Kalan, Ja lalpu ra Kalan and Rajana, in tah sf .l Jind, hav ing immigrat ed from Kha nda, a vill age of Han s! tah sf l in Bissar, 17 gener ations ag o. The Kajlan got cla im desc ent from Kajla , a Ch auhan Rijput who married by karewa" an Ahfr widow, and th~s became a Jat, ~t hol ds Hatw a.l a, a villag e in tahsil Jl11d, founded 15 generat IOn s ago, and Ka Ja l Khera With other villages. in Bissar . 1 The pu jd,{s of Gug a ate general ly ca lled Chil hil in Jfnd tahsil, bm r in Sangr ur they are cal Jed bha ga l., ~41 [PART A. . The Kal Khand got is descend ed fro m Kat and has for 25 genera- CHAP. I. C. tiOns held the villages of Ba wa nB and Buradahar in tahsfl }Ind, which they foun de d, having mig rated from Rampur-Khandal in Delhi. Descriptive. POPULATION. The Kundugot is descend ed from Kundu, a Rajput, who married a Jat Tribes and widow by kare wa and so lo st st atus. It holds six villages in JInd 'tahsH castes. ,(see under Phogat). Jats. K~l Khands. Kundus. The Lathar go t claims descen t fr om an ancestor who migrated from Jaisalm er and married a }at widow, He was once att acked and surrounded Lathars. by enemies whom he pu t to flight, but one of them whom he had captured killed him by thrusting a lathi or stick into his mouth, whence the name of the got. They hold seven villages in the Jind tahs1l, v£z., Jul ana , Shadfpur, Des Khera , Buddha Kh era, KarsauH , Rajgarh and Lajwana Kalan. Julana was founded 22 gen eration s ago. The Mor got holds one villag e in tahsil Sangrur . It reverences the pea cock because th e mother of its an ce stor who wa s bo rn in a jangal died in giving birth to him and the child was protected from a snake by a peacock. It is said to be conn ec ted with the Khichar got. The Nar wal got is found chi efl y in tahsll Sang rur. It derive s its name fancifully from narwal, Nt. beat in g, because its progenitor used to take such care of the gr ass growing in wa ste land that he used to beat the dust out of it . It hold s a larg e part of Jha mola , a village in Jind tahsil . The Parwaria or Puria got derives its name from pur or hemp, because its progenitor cultivated that plant, and it still points to thejohrf purw6li or hemp tank near Gugaheri in Rohtak as the ta nk used by its ancestor. It is found in Zafargarh, a village of Jind tah SIl . The Palti gut claims descent from Pal u, its eponym, and holds a part of ]hamola, a village in the Jind tahsil. The Phol!at Jats own 12 villages in tahsIl DadrL They claim descent Phog'ts~ from a Chauhin Rajput of Ajmer who first settled in San war, a village in Dadri, but Mahi, son of Bhallan Sangat Rai, his descendant, abandoned Sanwar and founded a village or kheTa, when ce he expelled Kunda Jat and took possession of the 12 villages held by him . The Kundu Jats are now found in tahsH Jind. The Phogat derive their name from phog, a plant (used as fodder for camels and also eaten by people in the Bagar) which grew abundantly in the village , which was also named Phogat. The got worships Baba Shimi Dial, a Baira~fjaqfr whose shrine is at Dadri. The Phogat villages are :-Dadri, RawaldI, Kamodb, Jhanjar, Kh CharkhL Kub ja Naga r. Man di Kehar . Fat ehgarh. Chhap lir . Rahrauda Kal an. Pa nti wb Kalin. Dohka Har ya. Siswa la , PanU.wh Khurd . Dohka Dfna. Birh 1Kalan . Dohkf. Dohka Mawji. Birh! Khurd . Ikhti ;\rpu ra. Atai la Kahin. Pandwan . Risi wiis . Ata ila Khurd . Mankliw4s . Kh er f Battar . Bal:iw 51. Pachopa Ka Mn. Kherl Bura .. Manda uH. Pachopa Khurd . Mahra. Mand aul a. Ghilka Her a. Tiw 4l a. Abidpur a. Gokal. Bida l. BaUli. . Bars4na . Ad.warl. ' Kat lan a. Mand l Har ya . Go dana. Ga utfpu r. Mandf JPJ.ranu. jhojhu Khurd. Sohuw iis. Nars ingwas. jho jhU KaMn . Galkata. Dudiw41 a Nandkarn . Rimah vas. Na ndgaon. Bhirwl. Ka la\{. Sarang. Rahraudf . Du dlwala Kis hanpur a. Bin dra Ban . Rahrauda Khurd. ~But the Man are sai d to be allied to the Dalla l, Desw'l and SewAls ,-see unclr Da1I 41 . 243 [ PART A. ' The Sankhl cin got claims Chauhan Rajput ongm . It held Gorin CHAP. I. C. village in Roht ak, where in cons equence of some succ es s gained over the --:-. 1\1uhammadans , ,\, ho objected to th e soundi ng of the so nkJ t or conch-shell, it Descriptive. acquired the title of Sani(hlan. It is found in small number s in villages of POPULATION. the Hnd tahsil. Triilel and cAltes. Jat. : Sankhlins. The Saran g6t cla ims Rajpot or igin. Its ancestor migrated from Sarans. Sah aranpur and lost status by marryin g a Jat widow. It holds Jolanl villag(~ in }ind tahsil, and is also found in smal l numbers in villages of tahsil Dadri. The Sheonin got claims des cent from . Sheora and Samathra, Chauhan Sheor!n'. Rajputs, who migrated from Sambhar and settled in , SidhU in the Loharti State. They founded vill ages in Loharu and in the Dadrf tahsil, and their descendants held a chaurasi or 84 villages, 52 in the modern State of Lobani and 32 in tahsH Dadri, but th e number of villages is now about 100 all told, the got holding the 351 vill ages of the Sheoran tappa ill Dadri. From the Sheoran are descended the Dha nk ar, Dhaka, Takas , Jabar, Kundu, Rapria and Phogat. The Sah rawat g6 t cla ims to be Tur Rajputs by origin. Thei r ancestor Sahr!wats . conquered Taragadh in Akbar's ti me and thus obtained the tit le of Sur Bir or chieftain, when ce the name Sarawat or children of Sar IThe following are their villages in Dadrl tahsfl :- Sh!m Katay!n, Gobindpura, leaH, Do!rka , Mathra. Nimar, Lad~wlls, Surajgarh, Kanarah, Dandma, L~d. ~adma. BhiipllH, Bhoindwa, Un Mutasit Badhwi1na, Kllrl Tokha, H!nsaw!s Khurd, Dagroli, K!rf Ado, H;lns~wAs Kaliln. Kodrol, Kltrf Rlipa. Noinda. Chandainl, K!rl D!s, Dhanllsarl. Jagrambas, K4rl Dharni, Kaskanda Ram B~:;, and Kirl Mudh, Chand 'wAs; Huf. Kborra, BAdhra, . ~44 JIND STATE '.] AP.l,·C Ranghars, liv.e chiefly round Safldon. Rang~ar is fanc~fu lly derived from rantl,stnfe or battle, and ghar, home, owmg to theIr turbulence. Descriptive. The Ranghars are Muhammadan Rajputs who were in this part of POPULATION. India largely converted to Islt\m in the reign of Aurangzeb. They Tribes and have the ~ame gots as the Rajputs, including Bhatti, Punwar, Tur, Jatli, castes. Chauhan, Manda-har, Batgujjar, Mander, Kandahr, Panhar and Sankarwar. R Other agricul· Other agricultural castes are the AMrs, Adl ns and Malis , and tural casres : various other smaller bodies. The Ahlrs have the following tradition Ahfrs. as to their origin: A Brahman once took a Vaisya girl to wife and her offspring were pronounced amat-sangia or outcast; again a daughter of the amat-sangias married a Brahman and her offspring were called _Abhirs (z'.e., Gopas or herdsmen), a word corrupted into AMr. They are divided into three sub-castes :-(1) The Nandbansi, who call them- selves the offspring of Nanda, the foster. father of Sri Krishna; (2) the Jadu-bansl, who claim to be descendants of the Ycidu, a nomadic race; and (3) the Gualbansf, who say that they are descended from the Gopis, who danc~d with the God Krishna in the woods of Bind raban and GokaI . Some of the gots of the Nandbansi Ahirs are- I. HarbanwaI . 2. Kaholi. 3. Khatban. 4. Bachhwal . 5. Pacharia. 6. Rtibar. 7. Sa nwaria. ~45 ,.1IND STATE. j [P AR T A. :...- -- The Ja.du- bansl Ahlrs are mostl y fou nd in the Ahltwa d andl; Iaria r:a CHAP . 'l, ,C. tracts which lie ra rt ly in this St ate, while th e Nandba nsl s an d Gualbansis D8scrtpttv .8. are found in Mat hur a and Bindr aban .All three sub-ca st es are en dogamous and avoid four gots in marr iage. The go ts of the Jadu ':bans is are- POPULATI6N . • Tribes aliI! : I. Sanp. , j9. No tiwal. 37 . Mandhar . cutes. Oth et agticvl- 2. Thokaran. 20. Dho liwal . 38. Kh alodhia. tural caSCO ; Ablr •• 3. Kalgan. 21 . Jharu dhia. 39 · Narhan. 4. Balwan. 22. Dibar. 4°· Kankas . 5. Khalod. 23 · Jar wal . 41. Kakral ia. 6. Khola. 24 · Sona ri a. 42• Khiseva . 7. Dhundala. 25. Abh ir ia. 43 . Mo ha! . 8. Rosalia. 26. Su ltan ia . 44 . Khurmia . g. Mit ha .. 27 . ToM ni a. 45 · Ja njar ia. 10. Lanba .. 28. Cha tasi a. 46. DataH. II : Lodia. 29 · Chura . 47· Karera . 12. Dahia .· 30. Mahla. 48. Kinwal. 13. Kh arpa ra. 31. Kal al ia. 49· Bhusaria. 14 . Bhusla . 32. Bhagwaria. 5°· Nagdria. 15. Jadam .· 33· Khorria. 51. Harb !1la. 16. Bachhwal ia. 34· Bhankaria. 52. Dumdolia. 17· Tund ak. 35· Pach ciria . 53. Kakudia . .8-. Khosa . 36. Kharotia. 54. Bhunkalall . The Ahirs are all Hindus. They worship Shiva, Devi and Thakur, Whljse Religion of temples they frequent . They consider the pipal, tulsi, s£ras and barota sacred Abfrs. do not even cu t a branch from them, and often worship the two former: .They consider it a great sin to kill cows, oxen or bulls, and they worship them . They worship the small-p ox godd ess to protect their children, and reverence Brahmans, givin g t~em , dan or alms. The~ k~ep fasts on Sundays, Tuesdays and th e Ikadshl days, and make pllgnmages to Gaya; They adopt gUY US wh o are either Brahmans or Bairagis! receiving kantMs (beads) fr om them and also a gurt;' mantr .a, called the Krishna mantra, and 'offer them two or three rupees as bh~t or pufa. . They chiefly worship Sri Krishna. Their birth, death and marriage ceremonies resemble ' those of the Mal ls, Gujlr S and Jata. Like them they practise karewa, but the elder broth er does not tak e the widow of the younger. They eat uncooked and Social position. cooked food with aU Brahmans and Vaisyas, but the latter do not eat uncooked food with them. They will eat unco oked food with Rcij puts, Jats Hindu Guja -rs, ROTs, Sunars and Tarkhiins. Their primary occ upation i~ rearing ca~tle, making gM, and selling milk. As cultivators they dd not take a hig h place, as they depend more on tbeir cattle than on their fields. Their . women wear bluecoloured ·gowna (lengM,s), 24 6 JIND STATE. ] CHAP. I. C. The MAlis in Jind (4,491) are mainly Hindus and are by oc cupat ion (I. PM\ . caste gardeners (Sans krit Malakar, Descriptive. I.-Endoltamous sub ,{ 2. ~~~e..'k' one who makes ga rlan ds). They POPULATION. caste. I~: Si4:~:1 J, have the groups noted in the Tribelllnd ls Surajbansl. ma l" gin. Group 'f do not eat flesh castes. 6. Kachhw :l.i . akndMh~l~ce(are calle? tlMija!- I!J~ra n Other agricu'. II.-Endogamous sub. 7. Sikas KanchM. e a IS or su perior Ii .l S). taral cutes: caste . 8. Kkh hL Group II are Purbias and eat ~ 9 Ma chhf . flesh , whence they are called niche bar :Jff ke Malfs (inferior Ma lls). The first fiv e sect ions perform the Hindu wedding ceremonies, avoid 4 gots in marriage, and practice karewa . They adop t Brahmans or Ba ir ilgis as their gurus, and receive kan/his (beads) from them. Sikas Mal f girls wear gl ass bra celets (chttrfs) , but married women do not, Besides gardening , some MciH swork as watermen in tahs il Dadrf . In tahsil Sangrur some of them have adop te d Sikhism and follow the Guru Gra nth. In tahsIl Jind are mostly found PhQ l Mlilis of th e Bhagel and Sa wanhv iil got s. Gola Mal is of the follow ing 9 go ts are found in the State : K;;> .purKain thH, Tank Gir n1, Dha ya , Agarwal, Gau Sa ch, Kohar, Bawan iwal an d Bag ri. The Mughals (8 54) , who are mai nl y confine d to the town of JiIld and are a diminishing comm unit y, are repr ese nted by the Chaghatt a and Tur k· ma n tribes , wh ic h intermar ry ,vi th each other and with Shaikhs and Pat hiin s, but to Sayy ids they onl)' give daughters and do not obtain wives fr om them. Artisa •• and The Sunars (1,539) hav e two main sub-castes (fariq), Mair and Tank, menial castes: which in this St ate are strictly endogamous . They claim descen t from SunU s. Marrutta, a Rc ijput. The Mai r claim to be a br anch of the Bhatt il Rcij- puts. The Ta nk , a sept of Rcij puts, in the wes tern Districts, claim to be desc endants of the Yadu -bans l. Th e Bagg e, a Mair got , cl aim de scent from Rao Chha bi la of Delh i, wh ose co mpl exi on was !Jagga , wh ich means white in Pan jab i, whence their names. The Pla ur, als o a Ma ir got, claim descent from Sai nt Pallava , whose name is derived fro m Pal lava, or " leaf ," owing to his wor shipping bel ow the lea ves of a ban yan tre e. The Masa n got of the Mairs claims desc ent from a ch ild bor n when his mothe r becam e sati at the cMa la or ma sa n, 'burning plac e.' The Jaura deri ve their or igin from the twi n Uaura) birth of a boy and a serpen t. The se rpe nt died, but the boy surv1ved and the Sunars of this go t still re ver enc e the serpent. The Tar kMns (6,5 13 ) are mostly Hindus. In . Jlnd tan sH the Hindu Ta rkhans ha ve two sub-castes, Dhaman and Khati, the wome n of the former wear ing the nose-ring, while thQse of the latter do not. Th e two sub-castes eat and smoke together, but do not intermarry. The Khat i .gots are Sapal, Manor, Min and Tin. The Dham an got s are Rapa l, Jandu Matharu and Birdi . In marriage they avoid four gots and practise ka rewa. The KhciHs worship Guru Gov ind Singh and the Dhamans Sidh, whose shrine is at Rakhra, a vill age ten miles from Nabh a. The Muham madan Khlitl s have the same sub -castes as the Hindus, but are fur ther divided into Des! and Multani. These two groups intermarry. The Muhammadan Dh a- mans have three sub-castes , Bird !, Chane and Mankn. Th e N8.fs (5,371) are nearly all Hindus . They claim descent from Bhana and Gokal, the two so ns of Sain Bhagat. The descendants of Bh .ina are Banbh et u and those of Go ka l Golas. The got names are take n either 1 Bh attr (S .anskrit Bhatta , lo~ d~ ,a R'~ put sept of the Punjab Branch. Bhatti. th e Panj:ib form of the R~Jput.i.naword Bh;it l. IS the title of the gr eat modern repre senta tives of the an cient Yid ll-b an s! Of Roy al Ra jp ut famjly, de sce ndan t: > of Krishna :ind therefore of Luna .r race . ~47 (PART A. from the~mes of ancestors or of the places whence those ancestors immi- CHAP. I. C. grated~ he Muhammadan Banbheros marry within the got . A man of an- other caste cann ot under ordinal 1Yci rc umstan ces become a Nil . If, however, Descriptive. a boy of another caste is apprentic ed to a Nal who has influence in his caste, POPULATIOlC. the master obtains a Neil wife for the boy, and he thus becomes a Neil . The Tlibes and pancha-yat syst em still obtains among the Nils. The head of the panchayat Clatef4 is the sarpanch, who lives at the sadr. Subordinate territorial divisions are Arlinn and the nizam at and thana. Hindus pay especial reverence to Sain Bhagat, menial cut •• ; and Muh ammadans to Su leman. NUs. The Mirasls (1,698) , a caste of singe rs, minstrels , and genealogists , are Miris: •• mainly Muhammadans. The word min isi is derived from the Arabic maris, I inheritance ,' the memb ers of this cas te being hereditary bards or minstrels . They are divided into the following eight occupational groups, which as a rule do not intermarry on e with another :- 1. Rai Mirasls, who receive education , and as padhas teach boys Hindi account s,&c., and also compose kab its (vers .es) . These are mirasis of th e Jats. I 2. Mjr Mints,s who recit e eulogistic verses . 3. Kalliwan t, Ipos sess ed of art and skill' (kala), who sing and play on the tambourin e an d are mirasis of the Ra jputs. These three groups are tru e Minlsl s. 4. Karhale Mirasls , who ar e considered lower than the real Mirasls, as their ancestor marri ed a woman of another tribe. They are genealogists and their musical instruments are the tabla (small drum) and sa1·angi. Th e true Mirfisls do not marry with them. 5. Naqqal Mira -sls, who are mimics. They have no relations with the true Mirasls. 6. D6ms, who li ve in company with dancing girls, and play the tabla, sarangl, etc" when they sing and dance. On this account they are considered entirely distinct from, and lower than, the t.rue Mirasis, with whom they do not intermarry or associate. 7. RaMbis, who are really Minisls, and trace their descent from BhM Mardana , who was a Mirasl and played the rabab before Guru Nanak , whence his descendants were called Rababis. They do not intermarry with Minisls or Dums. They beg alms only from Sikhs, while Mirasls beg from all castes. They beheve in Guru Nanak and recite the shabds of the Granth. Their instrument is the "aMb. 8.. Dhndhls, who play the dhadh, and sing of the deeds of the heroes of the past. A Dhadhi will marry with a Dhcidhf, but not with other Mirasfs. A kabit (verse) describes these divisions, thus-II Gunan ke sagar hat'n, zat ke ujagl1r hain, bikhari badshahon ke, parbhon ke Miras£ singhon ke RababZ, QawwtU Pirzadon ke; saM: hamm janat hain' Dum maljadon ke "-" We are the ' ocean of knowledge (gun), th~ enlighteners of castes, beggars of the kings, Mirasfs (hereditary bards) of our jajmans (patrons), Rababis of the Sikhs, and Qawwal (story-tellers) of the Pirzadas (Shaikhs). All men know us, we are the Dums of rogues. t48 Jrtm ST~Tf:.] CHAP. 1. C•. Th~ gots ()f all the~e Mir~srs, D~ms, RabAb{s,&c., are the same, and are ~scrlptlv,.as foJhnv~:.,- PO.l,II.ATIO~. I. Mokhars, the Mirasis of th e Punwar R~jputs and Ja ts. Tribe, a.ad cut ••. . 2. Tangar, the Mirasls of the Sidhu Jats. Artinn alld 3. Chunbhar. menial cast •• ; MirA.f •• 4. Sadeo, the Mirasl s of the Man got Jats and hence called Manke. 5. Pabbl , Mir~sls of th e Jondhi and Tahindse Jats. 6. Posle, the Mirasls of the Sayyids, and hence considered superior. 7· Bhet, I i 8. Kattu, ~ Minisls of Shaikhs, Rajputs and other Muhammadans. I 9· Kalet, J '0 . Limba , th e MiraSls of the DhaHwa .l Jats . • 1. Dhummun, the Mirasls of the BhandMl Jats. 12. Goche, the Mirasis of the Bandher Jats. 14· sangal,ljthe Mirasi s of the Bhular Jats, and hence also called · · d' Bholra. 15 . T In u, The Mirasls of each got have their own clients or jaimans , from whom · they rec eive zags (dues) on ce~emoni~l orcasions, when .the>: recite genealo- gies, etc. Th ey are also agncultunsts, and take servi ce m the State and Briti:;h territory . The Mirasls make it a general rule to imitate the ir jajmans, so th at a Miriisf in marriage will avoid as many gots as his jajm an does. This is also the case in the matter of karewa, £.e ., a Mirasi will practise karewa if his i(ljman does so, otherwise not . The Mirasi women dance and sing before the women of their jajmans. They are called mangla muM; (mouth of happiness) because they initiate festivities. The Mirasls have, like all Muhammadans, faith in Muhammad, but a few of them are also believers in Devi, whom they call Durga Bhiwanl , and before beginning a song or hymn sing her Met as follows: A' Durga Bh£wanf, hamare ang sang, hamar; mushk£! asan hoe, '0 Durga Bhiwani , come into our company, so that our diffic\1.lties may be removed .' The Mirasis also have Mirasis of their Qwn ca,lled MIl' Mang Ibegging from Mlr), who do not beg alms from any caste except the Mirasls, and do not remain, eat or drink in a village where there is no Mirasi . A pancMyat system exists among them, bllt is nearly obsolete. . , The Tells (3,445), who are all Muhammadans in Jlnd, have three occupational groups,the K.hanisi~s or millers, the Pinja or Dhunna, cotton cl~anel'!i, and the Telis proper, who are oil-pressers. These groups illte.rm~l'Y, eat and smoke together . They have four territorial ~~~ ' !' .'~ ['FiRT A. · -groups-De s.i,Mu lti ui, · Bagri and Nag auri. They have . the foll owingOHAF. t. a~ gJt s :- DesCrip tive. JI -,amfn, POI' ULA TIOK . Karfh lj } s()d il ed fro m tM riai ne~ of their an cestors; Tfb es an i! Bali m, ra. e•. Arti 's.n lI nd It. eni •• 1 Cll,tel ' r Mai ndr~i } from KhatrI gots i Dhain .i n, Bhattf, "I Ch au ha n, I . Tur , _ ~ ~rom . the Rijputs of thes e gat s whom tb .cy originat ly Ragu, t served i Saih sa ro e)) .md Go rye ,Talium, Sa uudU, Mandh ri l, Gaindf; and Alaml Pa n", ar , de3ce ndants of Rajde, a Pam var Rcijp ut of Dh* rana gri; Malik, a title O'iven to their ancestor by the king of Gh aZl)i; Nigiha and Jh amain, Lor n Nigih and ]heme n two Bra hman gots ; and Khilji, who were convert ed to Islam in the time of th e Khilji Sultar .s. Some of these gots av 'O id fOlir ,1! /Hs 'in marr iage, othe rs follow the Mati cu stom. They revere Abdul Qadir Jl lan! (c0m n~only cal led Pir Sahib ), in whos e hon ou r the Ra:lsha ~i fdir is held at Lu :lhi at 4ain Rabi-us'S illi . The TeUs car ry the ir sick catt le to his 5'1 -rine and tie them t' p t1le ,e all night to cure them (cJlt ~HAP.·I. C. The females of the Desi Muhammadan KumMrs wear a :ehola or pehan (a kind of gown) after marriage, and those of the Multani do not . Multall! ,pescriptive. Kumh , rs take offerings to the ;: it/a goddess, 'I he Muhammadan POPUt .ATION, • Kumhars ha-e their cha,untla (l it. platform) or head-q uarters of the TrIbes and community at Hissar. The tlder (cht ::udhri) receivesone rupee at a wed- clutes. ' ding. The panchdyat system is still fauna among the Kumhars. The Mahar Artis3 .n and Kumhars have their dl iZl. ntra orgadd£ at Kalayat, an ancient village in menial castes; tahsil Narwana, Patiala State. 'I he elder acts as an umpire or patflarch KumMrs. of the sub-caste, and cases betlH:en members of the brotherhood are settled by him. He receives a rup ee and a garment at a. wedding. The office is sometimes hereditary and sometimes elective. Outsiders cannot become members of the casle. The Cllhlmbas or Chhimp~s (2,3 '61 ,) I Stampers' claim desc ent from N:lm Dea , a son of Barn Dee' ; a res id ent of Pindl:tpur village in the De,can. Concerning the birth of Nam Dea , tradition avers that Rim Deo one night ' entertained Sri Krishna and Udhoji , ,vho were turned out by th e people l ..as Udhoji was a le per . They were in Mayavl for ms. .A. t mid ni ght Sri Kri shna and Udho jl dis appeared, leaving B,im Deo and his wife asleep. Utlhoji hid him r,elf in a siti (s heil) , and when Barn Deo went to wash clothes he found th e shell whi ch W<1 .S put in th e sun and produced an infant , aftenyard s calle d Nam Deo, This infant was fed and nur sed by th e 'wife of B{lm Deo . Nam Deo taught his son Tank and hi s daughter's son, Rhilla, th e tra de uf dy eing , stamping and sewing clothe s. Nam Deo died at Gha manl . in the Amritoa ·r Di strIct , wh ere there is a temple to him cailed " Niim Deoj ! k,\ De.a ," and a festival is held there yearly on the sha11krint of M.ilgh . The two sub-c a", te5., 1 :ink an d Rhilla . do not intermarry. though they may eat and smoke together. The Tank has the following gols :- Ratan Sara(). Madahar. Uth waI . Jassal. Dllilan, Kainth. Furbe. Sjgu. Rain. Sappa! . Daddu. Rain Kamoh . Khurpa. Man. Agroha. Panw~r. Sur. Ob. Panpher. Khattl . Habu. Thonwa. Jas5:lu. Panda. Tohania. Taggar . The Rhilla gots are- Gada. Mathe. Panisap. Vnt. UntwaI. Gadhiya. Jabora . Lakhmira. Bandarya. Chhobapind. Bananwa.1 . Gar. Lata . Kanhara. Thepra. 1\1osl3. Ralu. Musa Chuba. Balda . Newal . Ganan. Yandla . Rajalwcil . Miyanu . Kathwara . Kasab. Sahau. 25 1 [P ART A. : The Muha mmad an Chhim ba s are div ided into two group s! the De swi li CHAP. I. Co-~ snd Mult anl! whi ch illterma 'rry . The Des -,\ alLgots ar e- 1?@~o r1 ptlve! ", Paty ~. Kol' ar. Sa mp al. POPU .l.A TiOlJ. Katar maI:. Chamr.a .Sata. Tr'be. and The Mu ltini gots at :e- cas te s. Art isan an d Singh.. J11a"1 Th e Chuhr is (8,9 18) are di vided into two groups, Maz habl or con verts ChUhras . :@ Sikhis m an d DesL It is said ' that they int erma rry in th is Stat e, though the Ma zh abis will no t touch nig ht-soil and are by occupation weave rs. The Chuhras ' have the followi ng got 's :-'Eapa k, . Dog cha !, Sarsw al, Kag ra h, Mac ha!, Bed. 't Cha mars (23, 565) after t:le Jats and : the - Brahmans, ar e th e lar gest Ch a. m5rs. E:om mun ity in the State. Th t: fa mily of Badhikh .an, one of the mino r. Phlilk inn fam ilies, is th e Leadinghm:~i~ s:. mo st imp or tant . in th e State, and is de scribe d at pa ges 27 5- 277 of Griffin's The . B~d(. Ji: "il .iD - ,•.Raj as of the Pu nj ab.'" The pedigre e table of th e fami ly is as fo llo ws:_ fam.ly. H. H. R~j a Gaj p!\tSing h of J In d .. r------\ ------1 Mehar Singh. a. H. R~ja Bh~ -g·Sin gh. BMp Singh . d. 17 71. of J Ind; d. 1819 . d. t8 1S'. r--- -- ·J ( ") Karm ~ingh. Ba sh\'a Singh, . d. 1818 . d.1830, I I H:. H. R.ij, Sar~p Singh r ') of Jl nd . Su kh a Singh, Bha :gw oin Sin gh •. d. 185 2. d. 1852. (. ' , l _ Marn 'i m Singh, H. H. Raj a "'I cL t8 56. Hr .•-a Singh of Nab b", b.1843 . r·------J ( I , Dlw~n Singh, Sher Singh , Chatar Singh, d.I 897· d: 188 1. d. t861. I . ( "). 'brQar~yan Singh, Shamsher Singh ; d~1900 : b.18 12. I ( . I '" (K ika 1st .) (K tka 2nd ~) (Kak a 3rd.) Boy born ' 1890 : Boy Iiorn 18g8 ; Boy born t90o ~ Sha~sbe r Si 'ngl i, tiow, ('19 03) .3 2 ye :,-~sold,l is the representative of the youn~e~,bran ch of the fall~Ilyand IS entltle~ to attend Provincial DarEars as aSfltldar or ~eudator~ .of the Stat.~. : ThIS branch holds Badrukhan and ' Bhammawaddl, two vIllages of whIch the yeady jil11t ? is , Ri;. 8,843.;m all ' a: :ea 6;443 acres, and pays Rs. 644 a year as commutation . ta~~o the State ... .1 lie died in 19015 . ~513 ': JINO '-5'i'ATE.} 'le: 'ldint famiUes . :- rP ART ;A~ : CtiAP"I .·e~ :,;. Eess hnportant than the Bad ru khan family, but also one of the~inor D' s·''-j"pttve ~PhUlki cin families , is that of IHalpura . ·-It s founder Buligi Singh, th e third son : e ~r ': ofSukhchen, ~':Va$a .. full younger brot her of H. H. Raja Ga ;pat Sin gh of Jind .1 POPI1i .'ATION. ' He had two 59.n 5(. Mirza and ]itu ,S ipgh. , Mirza . foundeq. the village of LeadinJUi r: ille s;' Dialpura , where both brothels lived, and their descendapts now share . .it ill The. DLlpui The bmi Jy, ,~t ;,.. rj1e fa~ily ?f ,Ch +t\l~h ri Jha .ru~ in ,~hetown ,(,)f Da .dd, C?n; ~S ne~t in Ch audh rl ]haru. IIhportanc e, jharu obtallled the titl e of Chaudhn from Mahara] ot Jaswant Singh of Jodhpur , on t'H:: occasion of his journey from Delhi through Dadri "to his ca pit~l as a re .•y..ar d of his . h9 s~itality an.d other servic-es. He was also 1trant ed lib er al allow anc e by the Mah~ra ,j:l in the form Qf cash and gr ants, of .villages. Durin g th e rule of tht, :: Nawa ,b 0,£ Dadri' the Il)em,bers . Qf thi ~ , fam ily -had con siderable influence . and still, though not Oarbari s, they hav e entere d into allian ce s with the chi efs. , The da \lghter of Chaudhri jav ,-aha r Singh, sevent h in descent from Jharu, was married to H. H. Raja Ra ghblr Singh of lin~, C1J~udhri Kapur Singh, now (1903) 32 year :s old , is the r&pre s~n .tativ~ Q£ Jawah~r ~~ngh. 'fh~ follc;uving i.5 th~ p,edigree , of tb ,is , f9:~ilf :.:-'" . . ., JMr6 Sing h. - I Eobha Singh .• I Kus~1 Singh, I Sukhdm Singh . I lagan Nith . I , Bishen Singh. I . r ' I BallAl Sing ;h. Hfra Singla. Jaw~har Sing~. II "I' Kahnaya Lil . Khusj Singh. ~~~p)ir Singh . II Duryao Sing ,'l. Su\t5n S-ing, -h, RllligillUs .eeh I The Sik hs are 'confined tl .hn9 .~ e.nti rely to tahsiiSangr ur, being Sikh •. very few in Jfn -d arid Dc\dri, wh .ere they ar e generallx either in Sta1 ~service 01' recent settl er s. ' .• '- .' The ta9~ in the margin gh 'es the numberS .. of 1 Sing " Amr ityi or ., at I( halsa ... ' 3,15 2 . H) '51 Sikh Gur uke ox :;;a ,hajd h: t;:s . the Sikh ' ~~Ct5 ,~nd. •.•. 18, .345 or'20 , " - M3 ~nahL; , •. ",,:. :...• . 1., .022 3'41 the~rperoenta:ges . ~u!t:ih is ' .••• 6,974 23.27 N~ ttk Panth!s 805 ':L ~ on the total ~i .kll ' R ~rnd is's 29 2 ,98 , D"yj(}~ .ushis 41 '.13 .populatioil~ -Oth;--~lrs -',--'~---- - 15 5 '2:f -~ Tlw lJ(, Tb~ ':& aj4:1l Jf\h I! r~ ni~b. ,".pag~ ~7~ =aS~ "53~ ['P~~T A: . . The ' Singh :I{l i~ls~are the follo werS.of the tenth Gur'l Govind Singh ; CHAP. I. C. ": who are in iti ate d by taki :tg the p hut or ba pt ism in orde r to be admitted into the So ,lh : Ba:l~ Khals I. 1.he y ar edis tin gu is:led by the five k:lkkas: Descrlptlve~ (i) the 'kes or long 'l1 air unsh3 .vel hea d; !h')the k Ckl l or short drawer s POPU L" TIO ·t. in place of the dhotl of the Hind us, and the t.dzmat of Hie Muhammada ns; ~el il: i us sect. :: (, ii) the !la'a or ira :l b3ngle ; (Il» th, e kugha ~r,com b ; an j (I ') the k ', ad Kh~iS ol. or knife; an d are alsJ called p tlu tlu Or A Inntl iJ. They follow the Granth, are forb iddcli l to use toba cc o, bl,t ar e allowed to indulge in spi rits and dru gs. Th ey t elie ve . that Mah :i k" l. Mah Ik :Hi , , 1\ 'lahiVishnu, Mahi· Lak ..ihmiare but a Ilip or for m of (~e Ak Ulpurkh, and that the ten Gurus are , the A ns- auca' s or inc arnation of that rtip, and that both the a' and Dasam Gr anths are the embodiment or delz rupis1t of hiran Rup GurLl. The SJ.haj c!h id s are Sikhs. who are not initiated Sab" Fh~r~s. by the polzul or d'stin gu is hed by the five kakkas. The Sultani ~ikhs Sult~n: s. believe in Pir Sakhi Sarwa r Sult ~n Nigihiya. " Th ey distribute a large round flat cake eve ry '1hursday after having the k,J/a ma read Ly the Bhar The .Hindu customs a~e as a rule strictly adhered to in the State, even some Sikhs and Jains performing cert ;tin Hindu religious ceremonies, such as the Sh ,a, lh and worship of Durga and DevL Brahmans and Va isy as ar e often see n going to th e temples of Shi\a, Narain, Devi, ctc ., in ' the evening, where they worsbip with flowers and sandal, singing b/t ·1ian .\ ;or hymns, ring ing bells , and holding a lighted lamp with four Wicks in . their hands . This ceremony is called a" :; utd,rna . The wO 'rs hi ppers receive Ch arnatflll or holy water, leaves of the Iftt st plant a~d sOlne , pa fasM ,' , called a'ed ~a bh (J g or p1lrs r.al. In small villages~ ~here there are no temples, Brahmans and Va:syas go alJd bathe in the ta~lk :ill the morn ing , repea ting , the ' words. R:hu, Ra m NarJyana, SrI Krishna, . ,e.tc ., some ,also . taking , malJs (be:tds) in their hands. The Hindu religious reform mov€lment~such .as theA 'rya~amaj ·Deo San~ .ij, etc.; ",r.enot ye ry popular. The ordinary objecls of worship of this : ~laS:sare SitL~Mli\a, 'lhe godd ess of small-pox, wo rs~ljpped ,mostly by women; whQ offer water ill a ict •. I •. '. ',.. \ •• J " The.Da .. d.Jpa.nthts ar.e . a. Hin,dQsect which d~rives i's name from Da .dU\ a Gaur flrahman, who died on Phag~n ~9t~ lNd£, S.lmbat . 1760; at , Sa~bha r; ~'here ~ifi f.~h :~ .(~avc) W.il?, an,d~yvherehis h,\ir, ,his t4mba, ordrlflking v~e) , tf0f ": (g~~nJ . a.np ~hq1'atfn (sa!1?a~;;) are kep .t~ I?ad tJ was . b?,r~ ~~ !Abm~~a?'ldl!1 Fu~era.t. :wh~!l~e he .mlgr~t~d ~o ,Narama (abou ,t 50 ml~e~ so",th·we~~ 6f Jalpurh t,he .fle~~:qQa ,rter of tliepresent Mahant ' of the Dadu~ p.¥tthi~. "~Ih~~~ is , .~ ~,g~~~w ..~;~(~~p~?btir of !?adu h~r~, and .in P~agan the , pa~~~ntIil$ begIn it~ asselllQle.at It. Thel ,!' ,offew.mgs consI st on1i . C?f ~~~1' .> lJl ~~~~~ . ~~c i~t4Ifl~ ,~~ ~~~L~~~lJi ,. _ .f.fo,m . ~h ,lS. pIa ,ce. they ' ,i~ to. lZ5l~ Jl~~ .s':P~~E.] CHAP. I, C. Sambbar, . where - a- ' fair is held yearly on the gth of Phag.a .n_ -b'Zdi.!- - Uesc ri ptive: the offerings consisting of c;ocoanuts] sweetmeat (P:;Yi!utdl and money; ,:::: -- ' PO l'lJLATI()~. Dadu is saifl to have had 52 disciples, who establis!led 'de ' as I or resting . 1R ~!il!ious sech : places at dJfcreilt places. The D1Hpaathis are us -' JaITy divided into- Hi Hlu'. (I) The Nag4s \f.-om the Salls',rit Nang.i; The Sampel;s (froro Sanpl1'CUf1, a make keeper' are a ccste of infericr The Jog~s, They claim descent from Kaunhipa, fon of a Jhillwar "hd -caucrht the fish, out of which came Machhindar N ..;th. Kaunhipa -ant.\ achhindar Nath were brought up together, and I(; ;unl 'ipa became a chela of Jalandhar. The Sampel l5 are fecular (ghristij, and are les . particular than the Jog's, eating j~cka!s c:.nd taking fo~d from :Mllhammadan dishes. They bore : holes in their e<>.rsand wear large glass earrings (m;.ndr .z) and ochre-dyed clothes. They make their living by exhibiting snakes and playing on the gourd pipe 'bin), K lu, a Jhinwar sCl -int, is honoul '~rl among them. They rank below the ordinary Jog~s, but c.bove the I\anjals, and do not practise thievi ng as a profess:on. The~T a,void four gots in marriage. Some of their pi incipal gots arc Gadarye, Tank, Phenkre, Linak, Chauhlln, Tah illiwal, Athwal, Sohtre, BamnL . The Bair:ig:s have four !'l7m ,bard(£s, -Ra.nlnandC Vishnu-swftml, The 'I3:.\ir;l;~" Nim inandi and Madhoch3!"l . The first of these <'Outains 6 of the 32 du'aras of the order. 11iz, , the Aubhina ,[jdi, Dundunim, Agarji, Td ~ji, Kllb\: ;aji and RnmsalujL B< :oth Ri\manandis and \'ishnu~ sw i\ mis wear the t I1 'pundri or trident. They are devotees of l , . , Gil~~i~ or Gcslin j~ deriv~o from. tbp. Sansh!t, !ic5wr.ml (go, s- :nM'Si The Gedill an \! il?d ,J'lM ?1tZ, ffi'lster), Le., one who 15 ma:>ter 01 hiS senses or organs, r.r~"m,,(ht.l'i 1hell' usual aCCOU!lt is that Shankra-ach1rJa had four. disciples SadhUs. 'Sarupak, . Padma,L\aratroka and Pirthi Udra Ach iryas, and thfi::~ rou,n~t 'd tour .s 'I11tI)l,,,da~ with four mdhs (sacred hcuses) at various p1acfs: ,J. ~~.e Kanliwolsamparda was founded by Sanipak Achcl .rya, w}:o 'eStaollshed the Sacda Math at Dwarka. The sacred river of this s.~"!!aT~(J - is the G.Qmti. ~ CHA?~ ", 'Co ' 2. The B'hogwa .! samoa:-da W'lS founder -b" 'Pad1l1a . Achit)'a, ' who Descril;tive. established the Govardha3 M Ifh at Jaga:l Nith. Their chief sac ,e':! hoek i, .th€Rig Yeda .3' The Anandwlil . sampardawas founce tl f< .puL~Th)H. by Na :"akoka Ach ',rya, who es•abli3hd. the Jos1i Alatll at Badr .i :\l :ith. R.,lil;i Ullcets: Their chief sacred book is the Atharwa Veda. 4. 'I he Phuriwal Hinlu s'lmp'l--dl was lounded by PirJll _Udra Ach .;irya, ,who establisheJ the 'J ••P Gu ••.•in ~nd Shirl Nagri iWtlth at Rimeshwar. Their ~acred book is the Yajur Veda. Br"hrn~c;Ucil he Gusiins are further divided into ten sections, name'y, ([ I Tint'] ', :"il1louI, (3) Asrama, (3) Saraswatf, (4) Vana, is) Aranya. (6) Purl, (7) Bharti, (.,) Gi ri /9 · Parvata, (10) SagaI'a. The first three of these are cal !d Dandi SwamIs (from d ItIdi, rod, which they keep), .and are considered suo perior. The remaining 7 are inferior, arid are commonly called Gus lins . The Dai :.di Sw. im:s do not Wear sewnc10thes and their garments are d.1eel in ochre. They will not eat uncooked or cooked food at the hands of any caste except Brahmans, who cannot eat from the hands of the Dandi Swamis. 1hey may not pa ,s more than one night in an ordinary village, hut m:lYstay three nights at a regular place of pilgrimage. Their chief sacred pFaces arc Benares, Ajudhya and Mathura. They do not touch l, :ith their hands any kind of metal, nor do they cook their own fOJd, because they are prohibited from touching fire. They do not use int r,xicati :g liquors, fish or meat of any kind, but other Gus lins may co so, The Dandi Swamis admit none but Brahman initi ~tes, while the l.:lUS1insadmit all in:tiates of any Hindu caste. "J hey carry a begging bowl (karm'lltd ,I), wear a rosary (If rudraksha seeds, and smear their faces with asies (;It h'U). They bury their dead, A grave is dug with a niche towards the south. in which an alms bowl is pLlced. The face of t1e co :pse is tumed towards the niche and t~le body covered with an ochre-dyed cloth and placed in the samad d posture . The grave is filled up with salt, a pot and nad iflutel plac ed at the top, and it is then covered with an earthen mound and a samadh . is erected. There ~re no other death ceremonies except that after a year or two a fea!;t is given to the brethren . 'The Uandi S .rcl.mis are all acetic!', \\ 111le the Gus .tins are either 3scetics or secular. The head of thl ' ascetic branch is called mahant, and he is generally elected by the votes of his disciples (chelas). The Dandi Swamis are divided into three classes :- I. Those who t:ok the dtTna in their childhood without bei ~g marric:d and remained celibate through their whole life . They Jre considered Dd :ldis oi the first class. 2. Tho ~e who married as Brahmans. aband)ned their family ; adopted asceticism and took the dand, and are called ,zI :d class Dandis. 3. Those Brahmans who only take the dal% J some time before thd: death. The mode of .initiation i~ as follo,,'s :'7"'" The ca .ndid .:lte is generaliy :l boy, but ·m~y be: an a?ult. At '~h ·e· ~ hiva .:stri .'festival water, broug~t from a t ink 1U which a!11mage has be~n depOSited, IS poured on the novice S head, "hich is then ' shaved. The gu ' u or spiritual guide" hifpers to the d:sciple a sacred text (m.mtraL In honour pf the event all the Gusiins in the neiglibourhcod assemble, and SWeetmeat (sHrnl) is di,tributed among them. The novice is now , regarded as 'a 'Gus ',in, hut '1}e does not become a pe ,rfed one, until th~ vlj"aya homa ,·ha:s b~en 'p~rforri:led . ~fter perform· ini ~this ,he . i& removed : fr-om:6ther. p8tsoRs, and The full initiation is as follows:- The novice first performs sharadhs CHAP. I. C. to pay the debts of thr ee kinds of armas- Descriptive. POPULATION. Religious sects: Hindus. The Gus1in and BrahmaCllari Sadh ii s. 3. The Pitar Tin or debt of th e ka,mas incurred from the pitt'as or ancestors. His head lotk is then cut off, and the janeo taken from him. Next the vljaya homa ceremony is performeLi. Braham~charyas (Sanskrit Irahamcltary tJ, celib acy, or one who is Brahamacharyas. celibate), are of two kinds; 'I. The Math ke Bra hamacharyas : The Math Brahmacharyas belong to a certain Math, found ed by a c~rtain achdrya or s£dh (spiritudl guide). 2. 1 he De~i Braha.mach( tryas, who have no connection with any Math, but adopt any Brahama charya or any learned Brahman as their guru. ADes! Brahamachar ya puts on a white kopin (or loin cloth tied with strings in front), and a white kuti-bastor (a kind of waist cloth). He keeps hi s head bare, wears wooden sandals instead of shoes , and sits on an asan of deer skin or kusha gras s as a sea t cloth. Th e Math ke Braham ,,;chary as \\ ea r su ch baran (clo thes) as their Math allows. Both sections of the Bral zamacharya have as their head mark th e trikund tilok and worsl :ip Shlva. Some of them kee p their hair uncut (j(da ) , smear their bodi es with ash es , sit over a dhtbnz" (fir e) , and believe chiefly in Vedas. Others simply live on alms and resi de outside the village. The Brahamacharyas are often taken from the Br ahman ca~te and secular Brahmans and Brahamacharya s can eat tog ether, because the latter do not perfo rm the vlfa1 'a hama ceremony, but secular Brahmans do not eat from the hands of those Gusams who have performed the vilaya homa, whether taken from the Brahman or any other caste. The Brahamachiiryas who adopt the r~le of man (silence), a practice of yoga, £.e., those who never speak, are called moni. In the same way Brahamacharyas who perform different other practices of yoga ar e called by different names. The initia- tion rite is simple. The novice receives a guru upde:.h, which is a mantra (sacred text) from the Veda. The Muhammadans 'number 38 ,717, or 13'73 per cent. of the popula- tion of the State. Tahsll Jind has more Mussalmans than Dadri and Sangrur, and Sangrur more than Dadr! . The Muhammadans are almost all Sunnls, there being but few Shlas. Strictly orthodox , most of them have a fair knowledge of their religion. The towns and larg e vill ages have mosques, where a 'l/Zulld or afaq£r, often a Quraish!, is maintained by the village to perform religious duties and sometimes to te ach the village boys. For these services he receives a share of grain at harvest, and some fees at weddings and other ceremonies. The Jains are so called as being the followers of the Jinas, ArMts or Trfthankaras l who are 24 in number. They are also called Saraogfs . a corrupt form of Shrawaka. As a caste the Jains are recruited from various sub-castes of the Banias, such as the Aggarwal, Oswal, Srimal and Khandel- wal, the last three of which are also called Bluibhra,s, a corrupt form of Bhao~bhala (from bhao, motive, and bha~a, good), or' those of good motives, An account of the tbr ~c :!orm -~r 'Sub-cas~ es ••• ill. be found ·:.'.bcve unde r Tribes and Castes. As a religious community the Jains have a complicated grouping which appears to be as follows :- There are two main gro~ps- P()PUL"Tlv~ l. DhuDdia .and .MandarpanthL The former word means' elect, , and this Religious sects: grJup is also called Sadhu- :mfirgi or SadM.panthL Its followers have no The Jaills. idols, and their priests are par excell ence Jain Sadhs or Sadhus . There are two -schools of these priests, the Terah-panthi and the Balstola. The rest of the Jains are Mandarpanthrs, £.e., those who' worship in temples, and a,re of two sects, the Digambara or ' naked' so called be- ca .use their idols are naked, and the Swetambaras or white-clad, \'I'hose idols are so clothed. Th{ · priests of both these sects are called puj .) The Jaill prtellt- Both the Poj and the Sadhs are celibate, but the latter are stricter ill their ho() 'j. ~bservC! .nces and are regularly initiated into the order. They a.~e thus ini- tlateG. A man who wishes to be.:ome a Sidhu has first to lIve for some time with a Sadhu and become accustomed to austerities and hardshi ps. lJ iHlo ya Thus prepared he is initiated . Fi,st a short ceremony like a wedding is (-ci tI: ltio n). performed; then 'his body is plastered or ru 1)bed with blltna (a mie ~adhupanthJs have their o'wn sacred days , v£z., the pachusan, eIght ?ays from the beginning of Bh1 idor. (EMdon badi 12 to sudi 5). @e la!ter day, Bhadcn sud£ panchm£, is called ihf: bari- ,pan c:hm£ . or t:r.h~mac~hn. D~nng these days th ey spend much of their time in ~'eadlDg or lIstenmg to theIr scriptures, the Sutras, arid keep a fast, some fastmg one daY,,~ome for the two days calleu betfl, and some for all taeeight days called nth am .. , The ~Utras are read by Sadhus. Their chid reJ :gious aims are to prate pvM (lIves) and to kill desire, tr z'shna. On the other hand, the Man- darpanthls have ten sacred days, frLm Bhadon $ud£ 5th te · J4th, c"llled the das-!a~shan, during whi< ;h they fast, etc. , as described above. Tney also G1ng bhaJcms (hymns) aJ ;ld p2 .SS thro'.lgh the Maar in procession. ~59 L PAR T A. Th e Jains do.. no t prac tise ·rth e 1J£r£a, cerem ony at death , but in . this €HAP . I. C. ' Stat e the y observ e th e shradlt rite. Religi ous di ffere nces - are no bar' to , social in tercou rse, for the ~~ndarp a? thfs and Sadhd .ran thfs int~ rm ar ry , Desc rip tiv e .• eat and ' smo ke to gether - wI~hm th ei r su b- ca stes ; Moreo ver" Ja ms and ! POPU r.•••TION '~. Vaish, nav a Agarwa ls interm a.rry in ,th is State , .t h~ lU gh.i n. some par ts, e.g., Religious soct !t. Ka!na l, ~he'y do not . Iam~; however j dlsll ke glv m~ daugh te;s: to - Th e .. ' •• Valshn avas - III fear- lest they wIll be un able to pur sue their own rehgJou s' hO Od!al D priest practices in Vais hna va families, but there is no ';lain sect. PerSOlls . h' .. pr o Ib ltlOn ag e>'us_ t such marriage s. Si milarly Dhundia Swetamba ra ~~~ . Vais hn avas di sliL giving daughte rs to Jains. In Di gambar a 40 IgOI th e Jain se cts were returne d as sho wn in th e mar gi n. The me tho ds of usi ng magic and ch arms are of va rio us' kin ds. .... M'agi c and' (I) Tawtz 0,. gf'.ndif,.. (2) 'lh ara; (3) Sukh sukhnu ,' or mannat charm s. man1llf (to take a vow); (4) Utara utarna ' (to transfer the ev il spir it to· the utaraJ " (51 Puchlta karana; (6) Grah , pacifying . with dan s, charity, . and jap s, hym lls of praise. The ttl,wfz or ganda is a pie ce of pape r or s-herd on whic h a magic ta bl e (jan tar) or a verse of the Q'uran is · wri tten. It is us ed in int ermittent fevers such as te iy£ (tert ian) and chaut haya (quart an) , the pa per or she rd wra pped in clo th being hung round the neck of the patient or ti ed on hi s arm be fore the attack comes on . 'Jhara dena or dam ka,.na (blowing as' a charm) is reso rted to for headac hes ', pasli ' kif, dard (ple ur isy ) and bo ils. A jJza,'a dene wala (magici an) takes a knife , a jlzaru (broom ) or som e ashes - and tou ches the part affec ted with it, . repea ting man tr as in th e .name of a _god or godde ss, suc h' as Hanum an or Devf -Shakt f. or a verse of th e Qur 3.n ea ch tim e, touch- ing the groun d with the knif e Qr broom: th is is done sev en ti mes. During ' sickness ' a vow of pilgrimage to a god or pi,' s shrin e or of an of fe ring, charh riwa is sometimes made. Ce rtain sh rines , are cons ·id ered pec ulia rly beneficial fo r certain di sea ses i the shr ine of Mira n Sha h at Maler Ko tl a is ·; res orted to by women and child ren, who ar e hy st er ica l' or under an evi l in- f.luence . Ut a:' tl,ut arna is ~spe ciall y reso.rt ed to fo r sick chil ?ren. - An ea rth. en , J vessel fil led WIth cooked nce cove red WI th su ga r and hav mg a lamp WIt h fo ur wick s· placed on it is ·pas sed ove r th e hea d of th e sic k child an d from ; its head to its feet seven ti mes, and is th en. put in th emi dc ll e of a ch ur aha (cro ss ro aels) by an aged mem ber of the sic k ch ild' s· family. Th is is , be lieve d to aver t the evil influ ence of th e evi l sp ir it over the child. This . pr ocess . is also re so rted to for chil dre n with fever. Grak d£Rh Una (consu lting the horos cop e of· a: sick pe rson) is performed - when he or sh e has . been suf fe ring for a long tim e; a Pandit is called in. and he consult s the patient's . horoscop e, and on det ecting the evil influen ce of l the grahs (planet s) he pacifi e5 . th e dev£s of the I!rahs under whose r.nflu ence th e pat ie nt is .by offerir ig ce rtain things . in dan (charit y) to the Br ah -rr.ans ; or to ' the poor, and cert ai n japs; hymns of pr aise to the gods of the grah, are recited; when the pa tie nt is on his death bed, the treatment is · given up, and a. cow, gra~nd oom e mon ey ar e giv .e n in charity with a.. vie w to· lesset t th e suffeting o£ the dy ing person. The ]a ts of. the SaogwMl got; who occupy 51 villages in B'adri'; are Tal1oes •. not a:llowe d to cul ti vate cotton , in consequence of the following tradition :- A ]:i !tof th is got kiUed Ban Deot aj a Brahman, in a quarrel, .and after- wards su ff~r ed misfortune whi €h he attribu ted to his , cr ime. He accord- ingly erected a tem pie to -the Brahman in Mahra villag e and proclaimed that in me mo rr y ot the murdere d man his descendantsshoul ci not culti .vate .- 26 0 JI ND STA TE. ] cotton (ba n). Henc e the San gw8 n Jats do not grow cott on; and if any on e doe s so , be rea ps no ben efi t fro m it . The inhabitant s of Sam var in tahsil Vadr f are forbidden to bu ild a chaubara (a cool ro om in the uppes st or ey) owing to the following tr aditio n :-Lekhan , a we al thy ma hajan or Magic and Sanw ar, had a so n at the Akbar's co urt, and he marrie d a gi rl from Papo n, charms . a vill age in tah sil Bhawa nl. One da y he had gone to his father- in ·la w's house to fetch his wife and on his way home was murd ere d by the people of Papor a and his wif e ro bbed. The bridegroom wa s accomp anied by his sist er' s so n, a Brahm an and a bar ber. Of thes e, the nephew and the barber fle d, whil e the faith fu l Brahman remained , bur nt the body , and with ashe s set out fo r Sanwar with the widow. On the bou ndary of Sanwa r he thr ew down the ashes. 1he widow became sati, and cursed her nephew, pr op hesying th at his dau ghte rs would nev er lea d a pea ceful lif e.The father of the murdpre d man summoned all the peDple of his vill age and attacke d the inhabitants of Pa por a, which he razed to the ground, removi ng all the bric ks an d ere cting a ch auMra in Sanw ar wi th them. He then made a rul e th at no reside nt of San war sho uld construc t a ch aubtir a exc ept wit h br ic ks brou ght f:"om P~pora , and so no body nol 'V build s a thauM1 ·u' , or if any one do es sc; he meets wi th bad luc k. Th e fe ud st ill surv ives betwe en the two vi ll agps, and th ey nev er int ermarry. The foll owin g tab oo is also ob served by the inh abit ants '" of Pa por a. The gen eral custom on tne birt h of a boy is to set up an iron bar pe rp endic ularly ne ar the door, bu t th e peo pl e of Papo ra alwa ys place it upside down until suc h tim e as they sh all con qu er Sanwar and bring ba ck thei r br icks. The foll owi ng tabo o is obser ved in Chiria, a vill age in tah si l Didrf :-No wom an may ca rry two wa ter p;tc hers, on e on to p of the othe r, fr om th e we ll to th e villa ge. Th e reas on is that some 35 yea rs ago a diseas e brok e out among th e cattle, and Kb ushal Sin gh, a jaq ir , exorci sed th e pla gue, but impose d thi s restr iction on them for ever. Temples and Th e pr incipa l temple s, and th e fa irs conn ected wi th th em, arc describe d fafrs. bclow :- ,'< v' '\ ... .~. Y·. Har! Kail ash (I) The temp le of Had Kailas hstand s in the centre of a large tank iai r at ] Ind. in Jlnd town. Tw o fair s are held he re, -olle on the 13th and 14th of Sawan '·' baai, the oth er on the sa me dates in Phag an.The name is deriv ed from . Hart, a titl e of Mah ade o, and Ka il as h, the mountai n ·w her e he resides . Forme rl y th e site on which the tem pl e now stands wa s occu pied by a ta nk, of an antique type, but in Samba t 1925 H. H. Raja Ragh btr Singh re bu ilt th e tem pl e afte r th e model of the Gol den Templ e at Amr itsar . On .the fair day s the. peop le fas t in honour of Shiv ji , ta king no fo od till evening, when ti leywo rshi p an d th en brea k the ir fa st . Th ere are, in this templ e, idols of Mah ad eo, Pa rbati , Gan esh, Som a Karta ka and Nandi Gan . These idols stand in the temple in a circ ul ar plac e called th ejale lzrf. The te mple is manage d by the St ate; and a head puja ri , with four sub ord ina te pujari s (al l of wh om are Bra hm an s of the Va shi sh t got), holds cha rge of it, being pa id by the Sta te. On the dea th of a puj arf. .hi s successor is appo inted by the Sta te. The hea d pu jari perf orm s special wor ship . The bhog (or food) offered consist s of pata sl tas (lum ps of suga r) or ilUchi -dana. The arti (a ce rem ony per for med in wo rship of a god by mo ving a pla tt er full -of burnin g wi cks round th e hea d of his im age ) is perform ed twice daily,~ .the morn in g by burnin g dh up and in th e evening with thr ee or five lighted cotto n-wicks sa tura ted in ghi. The pujari re cit es man tras in pr aise of Mahade o dur in g th e arti, and a bell, conch -s hell , drum , etc. , ar e sounded. Hindus mak e offer ings of gur, cocoanut s, seasonal fr uits , money, etc. ~61 [ PART A. The temp le of Mahadeo B hUtesh war, whic h is also within the town CHAP. T;C. of Jind, has been in existenc e sin ce the tii ne of the Panda vi s. It consists of DOt. -a~--quadrangle,,-~ - -. 111 whlc. h' IS a raI .se d p1atf arm a'b au tth ree yar ds h'19 han d on thO IS escnp Ive. the idols are 'placed. A fair is held ev ery Monday evening, and the Hin~ POPULATION . of the town, both men and wo men, - attend for wor ship. Another cel ebra- Temples and tion takes place yea rly on th e J 3th of Phag an bad; when Ma ha deo fairs: is ad o.r.edfro m mor ning to ev ening and for th e who le of the followi ng Mahadeo Bhli. ?!g ht. ,.The origin of t~e name is thus describ ed. In San skri~ th e word teshwar fa ir. blz ';'t mea ns a livi ng beIng and Ishwa r, 'mast er' or 'lord .' I Hence th e compound 'Bhut es hwar ' means (Lord of all living being s,' and th e temple wa s given this name. It contains images of Mahad eo (made of grey coloured stone) and of Parbat! (ma de of wh ite marb le) , both 9 inch es high and the former 4~ fe et in girth : also two small ima ges , ea ch of Gan esh, Soma Kartaka and Nand i Ga n. A Jogi of th e Tant sect , by got a Malan- bans, is in charge of the temp le.He is a gh ri sti or non- ce libate, and rec eive s Rs. 36 annual ly for its maint enan ce. He performs wor ship da ily. Water , flo we rs , blzojp attr(&, sand al, etc ., are offe red. Th e bho g consi st s of pat as}uis , milk, etc. Arti is per formed both mor ning and evening . The urs (or death anniversary) held annuall y at the shrine of Shih Shah Duja n's Dujan ~on Mu ha rram 1st take s the form of a fai r. Faq irs and darv eshes , shr ine. bo th Hindu and Muh amm adan , att end it and a haz ar is op ened. Shih Dujan 's fath er was ori gin al ly a na ti ve of Baghdad , who visited Sah ciranp ur on a ple asur e tr ip and ulti matel y se ttle d there. He wa s a cultiv ator and also rea red catt le, which in his youth he used to gra ze on the banks of the Jumna, and one day he met the five sa ints, Shah B6 -All Qalandar, Khwaja Khizr, Shih Bahlol Hissari, Shaikh Badar-ud -din Sulaimanl , and Shaikh Sadar-ud-din Mal eri. As he wa s terr ified by thei r sight, they comforted him, telling him that God had best owed upon him a high place among His saints .But as he was still very you ng their con solations proved ineff ectual and his fears in crease d. Kh waj a Khizr th en cau ght him by the hand and put his finger on his eyes . Shih Dujan rem ained with his eyes clos ed for a tim e while div ine sec rets were revealed to him, and having lo st all fear he knelt down and tou ched th e feet of th e saints , Khwaja Khizr then dire cted Bu-AH Qaland ar to instru ct him in all mysteries, and this he did. Khwaja Khizr th ereupon told SM? I?ujan that ~e knew his position and ra nk, and that he mu st become a dIscIple of ShaIkh Sadar-ud-dfn MiHerf, who gave him the Khirqa-khiUfat (a garment by wearing which a devotee is considered to be the successor of his predecessor) and appointed him SMh or spiritu al governor of Jind. He lived for about toO years and worked miracle s, dying in 964 A.H., and his shrine has been in existence ever since his death. There are two tombs, one of the Shah himself, the other of his wife. The shrine is now in charge of Pfrzada Ghulam Husain, a descendant of SMh Dujan, and its khalifa is a Shaikh by caste, the office being hereditary. The right of succession devolves upon lawful heirs of the Shah. The State allows Rs. 17 annually for the maintenance of the shrine. Darud (or blessings ~ent to the soul of Prophet) are recited every morning and evening and a lamp lighted every evening. The offerings consist of cash, li1u if. (quilts), laddu (sweet-balls), reori (a sweetmeat), malida (bread rubbed Illto crumbs and then mixed with sugar and butter, and again rubbed well together with the hands), etc . The said reods and laddus .are considered to become sac red and are distributed and used as such. 1 The sh;ine of Shah Walayat is also in Ji?p t~wn. A fair and urs are ~h~~~e.Wal~yat" .held here m the Muharr~m every year. ,Shah Walayat accompanied ' Shah3 .b-ud-din Ghori in hIs campaign against Rlii Pithora, and was killed 1 The ca pital of the State of Duj~na de rives its name from this shrine. 2th lIND STATE. ] CHAP. I, C. in battle at Jind, wher eup on a shrine wetS then E>uiTt to bilTf r The muj aw a'" who is a Sadfqi Shaikh, looks after its ma nageme~ .tr MatTr age is permitted ' Descriptive. to the mujaw ars and leg~dm ate heirs> sl1cceed ..to the lad dE: The Stat e' POPULATION. allows Rs . 22 an nu ally for its - mai ntenamcer DtlrUd ' is - repeated every ' morning and evenin g.. The offerings: mad 'e are q.uilts, reorij .laddu, Temples and fairs: maNd a, etc., whi ch are dist rib uted as sacred thing3~ . Sh~h Wal Mubi.i z Khan in 730 A.H .J' at the - head ' of a laTg~ army, ag ains t the rebel . Mubariz Khan was kf lled m. the battle that ensued, and a few y.ears after the occurr ence a cert ain banj(fra ,. OC ' travelling . grain -dealer , happ ened to pass the night in the Ga ni Shahidan or enclQ6ure where th e mart yrs were int err ~d. He wa,s. dh-; c~ejl !Il . 3; dream Y> erect tombs ' to all of the m with a shnne to Muban z }-~an . This he dI d,.and after the lapse f)f a century Mirza Bahar Beg, ruler of Dad'ri ,>added to the bu ilding a two-storey .ed house with a roof ed ga te way an d ~pa :cioug :aalrfns · ('Co urtyards) for the ' accommoda tion of st ramgers, The shrin e is ' half a mile north of Kali ana On . the side of a hi ll, and around is the Gani Shah ldan. It contains th e tombs . of Mubariz Kh an and of his df wa' 1f r b1 khsh f-. kl zaz (f; lZchfand oth er offi cials. An urs is held here yea rly on the 26 th of Zulhaj ,. the da te on which he was - killed, and people from far and nea-r attend it.. The ma nagem en t of the shrin e is in the hands - of Sunni mujiiwYlrs; who ar e Sad fo; Shaikhs. The y are IZ in number" a-nd ev er yone of them attend s fo'r a we ek in turn, ap pro priating all the offer in gs made durin g the week. Shaikh Kallu, he ancestor of the mujawa 'f s, was' to ld in a dream by Mub ariz Kh cl i to ass ume the of fice of muj awa r, and from that tim e the ' offi ce has bee n conf ined' to his ,famil y. Th e State pa ys Rs . 800 an nually ' for its ma inten anc e. Th e offeri ngs , consist of ' swee tm eats , liv ing ani mals, doshaUs or shawls, etc . Many people make vows ' at th e shrin e, and , when , ~heir requests are acc eded '- to, bring the off ering vo we d and distribut e it . jn the shrin e. On the urs day an illumin ation is -mad e, and rice coo ked and distributed amo ng th e poor . FAIRS AND FES :rIVALS. At Sangrur the Du sehra festival is, held every year, wrestlersl singer- Du sehra fest ival mus-icians .and others assembling am id a cr :owd of spectators. It is · en~ at Sangrur. couraged by th e State which giv.es ras ad (rations) to· the wrestlers, etc ." and ! the Raja atten ds the wrestling and oth er shows an d gives prizes to the' winners; On the Dus ehra day he visits' Gur dw ara N:anakyana 1 wi tIt , all his officials in the mo ming. In the eve ning he holds a public d"a,bar in . the Dlwan .-i-K han a, wh ere : all the State officials; ch auflhris, etc ., present . nasars and som eti mes Ram Li la ta -kesplace . At Jind towa a fair to Guga, cal led t1t .aryon-M-meta, is he ld on' Goga's fair at Bhiden bad£ 14t h. Guga's bhagati who are' JMnwars or Malis, wav e flags . Jf od . . caUed chhart s an d'iron chains, an d the ChUhnis beat dorus or small drums. They go first to Hind us' houses and are given c/ zarhawas. Then th ey. go to. Guga's s·hrine outside the Jhanjw .ila gate of the town and the re a me la is held ! Dev! fair at ' At DhfinUn tal!sll Didd a fair is hel~ twipe ay .earin hon ou r of Devi Dh4n£. ,Dhan i in Asauj , and Chai t. It lasts , Que 'day : and 'is attended by about 1',000 ' people from the adjCl:c cntvillages. 1Thi s gurucl""tS ra was a hatting ' place of Guru Nanak. It is als 'l visi ted by th e- R ija on . the Baisakhi and Basa n; Pall ch m,i. A. faifia held ther e yo•••rly oll 'the Bl\is4.kM de .Yi At the fourt h settlem en t in 18 97, I4 per cen t. of the cultivatio n was CHA P. II , A. 'i"eturned as irri gated from cana ls, 3 per cent . fro m wells, I per cent. from the Cho~ , while 82 per cent . was wholly dependent upon rain. The Ec onom ic. summer rain s should begin towards the end of Ju ne. On the rainfall AGR ICU LTUR E, 'Of June and Jul y the sowing of all kha rlf crops depends, while that of GI. '. S b' . t f . d d I . . enera agrt cu l. Augus t and eptem er IS very Impor an t, or on It epe n t le npemng tural condition s 'Of the kha rlf and the sowings of the rabi on un irrigated land. ' Without fair sh owers in the winter, from December to February, the rabi will no t ripen well, and may even fail altogethe r. In the Jind .tah sil on ly ca nal-irrig~ted and bct rani la nd s are to .be . found, there being no wel l irri .The pr ioci~al soils 3; re dak ar, rausU ar;d bhud. cThe dJkar so il is a .ve ry Soils an d. ~heir stiff lo am) blac kl~h grey III co lo ur. It reqU Ires a great ma ny pl ough mg s, ,,~m po S Itl on : seve ra l wateri ogs and muc h la bour, and henc e is loca lly calle d bat"l nu ir Da kU1". ·dh ar ti, or 's oil whic h ex haus ts th e bul locks .'As it ta ke s tim e to absorb wa ter, th e surface mois tu re ev apo ra tes and a few light sho wer s of ra in are no t enou gh to fertil iz e it . Moi sture is us ually found 3 fee t below the su rface. Afte r rai nfa ll the ground · crack s, and wh en it is plou ghed, clo ds ar e fo rmed whic h have to be broken up by th e soha ga, or by a light coller, to make the surface co mpa ct and lev el. It requir es five or si x ploughi ng s and levell in gs , and gives a good yield of ri ce if abu ndantly wat ere d art ific ial ly or by const ant ra in. Generall y wheat, gr am, or jozt Jar are rai sed on it . Wh en the seasonal rain s are abun dant , eve n the Mran i dak ar produc e~ two crops in th e yea r j Mjra (mill et) bein g rea ped in As au j, and whea t and gram sown for the rabi . In wa st e la nds of this soi l the sama k grass , which is good fodd er, gro ws. Rausl i is RausU. -an interm ediat e quality of soil contain ing less sand than blu M, whil e it is not so stiff as daka r, It is grey on the surface, and bla ck at a depth of on e foot. Wh en ploughed, no clods are form ed but a fin e tilth, and so no great labo ur is req uire d to plough and level it . Henc e it is called rasiU dhart l (ea sy soil ) or thand i dhart t (cool soil). All crops except rice (dl tanJ can be rai sed on it , and it is a good produ ctive soil with seasonable, 26 4 JIND STATE, ] CHA . II. A. if occasional , rain. Moisture being abs orbed quickly is ve ry benefic ia l to it , and is usu all y fou nd two feet bel ow the surface. When this soil lies wast e, ·Ec onomic. it produc es th e sa mak, pali njf , takh aria an d du b grass es, which are us ed as fod der . BhUd is an uneven sandy so il consisting of tibb as or hillo ck s and Soils. level str etches of sand, The hillo cks shift under the high win ds in Eais akh and Jeth from one place to anoth er. It is generall y ver y unp roduct ive , and Rau sU. Bhud . is lo ca lly called dad lag[ huf, ' as troublesome as ring worm, ' and its ow ners oft en ha ve to pay reven ue when no crop is rais ed:' " If th er e 'are a good man y light sh ower s, it yields fine cro ps of Mjni and moth . Bh ud absorbs the rain as it falls , and moist ur e is usually found I~ fee t below the surface. It re quir es 110 gre at labour il l plou ghin g. Heav y rain destr oy s the se ed- lings , uprooti ng them an d coveri ng them with sand . Stro ng wi nds ha ve the same eff ect. Th e kans and duchab gr asses grow on this SOI.'\I, Local dis tribu . Jlnd tahsil is mainly a le ve l pl ain, unbroken by hillocks and contain ing tion of &Oil s. dakar , ra usl'f and bkud in termix ed. Its south ern part is baranf, but the remaind er is irrigated by the West ern Jumna Canal . Did ti tahsil has . an une ven su rface , in ter"p ersed with sandy hillo ck~ and arid hiils, ! Th e Ata ila and Kali ana hilL 'nay be taken as th e bou ndar y line dividing th e bet ter soil from the wo rse. 'Towards the south an d we st of the Atail a hill , boun ded by the Loharu Stat e and the Kana ud tahsil of Patial a, is a str etch of bMd cover ed wit h sandy hill oc ks, th oug h here and there patc hes of stiff so il, terme d tcUs, are met with No cul tiva tion is pos ~ible on th e' hill sid es and only a littl e gr ass grows on the m, The tract between th e' At ai la an d Kal iana hi ll s is most ly raus lf an d. bhU d wi th a very sm all area of dak ar. Th e tracts towards the east , south and north of th e Kalian a hill is chi efly rausl f and dakar , wi th ver y lit tle Mud soi Q Sangr ur tah sH may be divid ed into two tra cts as re ga rds physic al conf igurat ion. The San gru r and Kulii ran iUqas are a level plain , the soi l cons isting mostly of .ra usl f, with da~l. lr and Mud he re and th ere. Eala nw ali zUqa is an uneven su rfac e c~ ntaining rauslf and blzud. ~ Agric ultura l Tho ug h the Bi krami ye ar begins accordin g to the cale nd ar from Ch et ca lend ar, sud£ 8, the agr icul tural or fa sli on e co mm ences in the beg inning of Asarh , wh en ag ricu ltur al partnersh ips are formed , lea ses rene wed , etc. The year is di vi ded in to three sea sons,-the hot season, gar1 11i or kJwrsa from Ph agarT to Jeth, th e ra ins or clzauma sa, from ' Asarh · to Asa uj, and tn e col d sea sqn 'Or sardi, from IH tak to Magh . Work beg ins in Jeth , but when th e rains -are lat e .the crep s are !lot sown till Asarh. If . th e· rain s come tfairl y earl y, In the ' las t half of Jelh or in the beginning of As; hh, bajr a (spike d mille ~ and mun g will 'be first put in, and then if the rai ns cont in ue, jowa ,. (gre ~t mill et) and oth er puls es su ch as mo th and ma sh will be sown . If th e rains are dela ye d till the end of Saw an or the beginning of EM don, jo wdrJ moth and go 'W-lf ,rawill be sow n. If th er e is a fai rly good fall in th e middle of Asauj, a lar ge btf,rd mi area will be cultivate d for th e rab i, an d whe at, gram, barley and sarso n (r ape) sown . If the rain com es later, at the end of Asa uj or th e beg in nin g of Kat ak, th e yiel d on uni rriga ted lands will be scanty, but barle y, even if sown as late as Man gsir , will give a fair yi eld. All the unirr igat ed kharif crops rip en in Kat ak, and ar e th en cut . The fir st crop to rip en in the rab! is sa rson, whi ch is re ady fo r cutt ing, by th e end of Phaga n or the begin ning of-Ch "e t!' Gram is i:eady for cutti ng ' irt 'Ch et, a.nd ot her cr ops } su ch as barley and ·wh eat , ripen soon after ward s, to ward~ the en d of Chet or in Ba is akh r barley a little early than wheat . . - - ·· ~6 5 (1.grz "cu llU'ral .:al~ nda,.. [PA RT A. An agri cult ura l cal enda r is -gi ve n below: ..... • Ec on omic. AqRICU LTURE •. Agric ultura l calen dar , Suga rc ane plant ed in canal lands. The grou nd is prep ared for irrig ated cot ton and indig o, and these crop s are sown, as is als o ch art on irrigated lands. Sarson is cu t at the beginn ing of the mon th, gr am rea ped to- wards th e mid dl e, and barley toward s the en d. Wh eat is wate rc'd and al so tobacco. ,.. -- All rabi cro ps re aped and threshed , tobacco and ca ne water ed, cott on -s owi ng on irri gate d ,lan ds comp leted . and further sowings of ,ha rt made. Th resh ing co mpleted, gra in stored and tob acco cut . Kh arfr sowings on bel,an! lands commence with the first rain, Bair a and mung are sown first during the first half of the month. '}O'I!Jar, mofh and mash are sown, if the rains are favourable. If the rains have begun later jowor, Mjni and · pulses are sown mixed, in the first half of the month; irr igated jO'l!J t1r sown on canal lands and rice on floodM · lands. If rain continues favourable , rab l ploughings · on un irri¥ated lands commence; and in any case on irngated lands . Au Itu s t-Sep. If there is rain in the middle of the month, tember. jO'I!Jar will be .sown on unirrigated lands. Kharff crops weeded · and rabi ploughings ·con- tinued. ~66 JIND STATE. ] CHAP. II, A. Economic. AGRICULTURIt, A~rieultu [al calen dar. --·-Englis h. 1------ Sep t e m be r . If there is a fair ly good rai nfall in the ea rly part Oct ob er . of th e mo nth. gram mi xed with barle y will be sown on unirri gated lands. The same is th e case on flooded lands , if flood s are fav oura ble. Irrigat ed chari is cut on can al lands. I Oc tobe r .1 RaI Jj sowing1 com plete d on unirrigated and Novemb er. cot ton-picking begu n on irrigated lan ds. Harv es ting of all kha rff crop s, including- ri ce, b~gins , and thr esh ing is carr ied on. Wheat sowi ngs begun on irrigated lands . Whea t and gr am (gochani ) sow n in flo ode d lands. . 9 Mangsir N a v e m b e r· Th reshi ni! and s(o rin'" of kha rif crops and Decem ber . cott on- picking completed, wheat sowings co m. ple te d on cana l lands, cane cut, and irrigated I land pr epared fo r a tobacco crop . ., ( D e c e m b e r· Wheat water ed and to ba cco sow n. If there is January. fai r rain, late ba rley (Kanauj £ jau ) is sow n. .., Janua ry. Fe bru ar y. F e b r u a r y. Tobacco see 'dlings traDsplanted to the prepare d Mar ch. beds. _ 26 7 [PART A. The breaking up of was te land and bringing it under cultivation, CHAP. II,A. called nautor, is generally done in the ra iny season . The bushes and Ec - . small pl an s ar e upro ote d, and the land then broken --- tip and levelled, onomlc. an d so prepared for cul tivation . Nahr~ and chaM Lands, whether AGRiCULTURE. ploughed or not, are first watered before so wing ... This watering is Agricultural called palewar or raunt. After that they are ploughed and levelled as ' opera~ions : often as mai be necessary, to ena ble them to retain the moisture and ~re(r'l guJ: . then sown . When the seedlings app ear they ar e again watered. This e~~. I p oughmg, second watering is call ed kor .· Pl ou g11ing of da{fr and rausli land begin s 'in Phagan , about the middl e of February , and continue s'to the end of Jeth, the middl e of June, two ploughings at least being given in this interval . The result is that ra in being absorbed to a su fficient depth, the moisture is retained for a consid erable time, and ther e' is no need ' of rain it! this period. No weeds grow and so the produc. ' . tive pow-er of the soil is not decreased . The more dakar and rausti la dds are pl oughed , the great er th eir yield, and as the sa ying g.Qes Bi(JZ na hare kamm IJha zfJa n lotj aen , 'ploughing never fails to profit, th bugh ka rma (desti ny) may be 'unfortunate .' Bhu d soi l req uires only one plough ;ng; sugarcane, wheat and cotton require several plough· ings, and are gen erally sown 011 niai chaM land (called tidmi-m (tJ' dh arti or (m an·k iil ing land,' as it requires gre at lab our) and also on dJ,kar and rausli , and th e pr ove rb goes, B£Mn baMn gajr an sau bdh kamad, jltrE jun bri he kanak nun tztn tun lewe sazf Jlfd, 'if you giv e twenty ploughings for carro ts and a hundred for sugarcane, 'you will get an exce lle nt har vest , and the mo re you plou gh for wheat the gr eat er will be your profit .' It sometimes oc curs that after sowing a light shower of rain coagulates the to pmost layer of soil before the se edl ings have appe are d above ground. This coag ul ation is called ka1 >und or pri prf jam nib. In this cas e the soil has to be replough ed and res own . After the seedlings have appea red heavy showers of rain, . by fillin g the bed s of dak ar and raus ti for two or three days, destroy the seedlings, whil e in the blllid they cover the seedl ings with sand and thu s dest ro y them. • There are generally two or three prelimina ry ploughings and harrow· Ploughing and inO 's, but diff erent crops and soils require a varying number of sowing. pl~ughi ngs . Rabi crops on Mrani lands require the hardes t labour. Sowing is done in one of five ways acc or ding to circum 'stances :-,- \Vith the par or orna, a seed drill of hollow bamb oo attached to the uprigh t hand le of the plough with its lower ex tr emity just above the gr ound an d a wide mout h th rough whic h the seed drops into the fu rr ow s. (2 ) . By clzhZ71tJ or merel y scatterin~ the seed broadcast and then ploughing it in. With pod or seedlings, the seedl ings ,.when ,~or 2 mo nths old being planted out in the fields . ~68 JIND STATE. ] CHAP. II. A. Th e first me th od is employ ed for wh eat , gr am, ba rle y and pul se s, wh ich -require dense sowi~gJ th e secon d fot .cotton, hemy, paddy ~nd sesam um , Economic. which do not reqUire such clos e SO WIng , the thIrd for maIze only, the AGRICULTURB. fourth for tobacco and rice. Sugar can e is grown from cut ting s. The seed is generally so wn at a depth of about three inch es by each method . Ploughing and sowing. So win ,gs of both rabl and kharH cr ops, exc ept carrot s, radi shes, cott on, til, ind igo , and mal i/d, which are so wn broadcast (ch h£llta ), are done with the par or orn rJ. Aft er th e r~ ins variou s ki nds of weeds spri ng up in cul tiva te d lands, and all the kha rif cr ops are we ede d, but no ra bl crop is we ed ed exce pt well- irri gat ed ·wheat . We ed ing is call ed llaI ao or gu d, H, and it is ge ne rally done by wo me n and girl s, wi th the kasola or khztrp a .• Jo war and brJ jra only need one wee di ng, ma kH need s two or thr ee, co tton fo ur, and sugarcane six or seven. While the cr op s are rip ening, the y are watch ed by som e on e who sits on a thatched shelter, supp ort ed on four poles and call ed jondi in th e Ba gar an d Haria na and mO llah in th e San gru r tahS il . .•... Reap ing, ca lled !r fmni or kolai, is done 'w ith a drant f, or to oth ed si ck le. The mill ets, jo war and Mjra, are reaped, th eir ears or pods be in g, plu cked off and th e stalks tied into bun dles or p,;!is , whi ch are ma de int o stacks {chhoras). The pods are the n thr eshe d on the th reshi ng floo r (p ir or 7chal i(tn ). So much of the crop as is to be thres hed is made int o a heap round a stake (med) fixed in th e cent re of the thr es hi ng floor . Tw o, four or mO l-e bull oc ks are then placed abr ea st fastened to th e med and dr iven round it in a ci rc le {)ve r the grain or str aw. In San grur tahs J! the med is not use d_ In this wa y the pods, and al so th e stntw, if an y, are br oken up . Th i:. mi xture , ca IJ ee lpairi , is pla ce d in th e chhaj (w inn o'w ing bas ket), ·which is lift ed up an d slow ly inv ert ed, the hea vier " gra in an d the ligh ter pi eces of hu sk and straw be ing thu s separa ted. Whea t, gram, barl ey, sarson , mung and other pul ses , jowar, bajra , ri ce and in di go are thre shed by bul loc ks, an d th e ll Usk s separat ed fr om the grain, while til, ma kki and po pp y (p ost) are beaten with the so M, a long sti ck, and then se parate d from th e gr ain. Th e prep ar ed grain is th en di vide d amon g th e pa rt ners , an ea rt he n jar, ca lled nap, being take n as the unit of measuremen t. A po rt io n of the comm on heap , or sa njhi dhe ri, is reserved and given to the ka mins and !tigis to pay their du es. Th e nira or fodder is measu re d by the bundle. Agr icultu ral Th e wo rk of cult iv atio n fo r the kha rH lasts from th e middle of sea.slIns. Ph ag an to the mid dle?f BMdon, i.e.. from the beginning of Mar ch to the e~d of August, whIle th e rabl cultiva tion last s fro m th e beg inni ng of Asa uJ to the end of Ma ghar, i.e ., fr om th e middle of Se pt emb er to the middl e of Dec em,ber. .In th e kh ari f rea pin g an d thr eshing go on fr om As auj to the end of Katak, t e., from the mid dl e of Se pt emb er to th e middl e of Nove m- ber; but th e suga rc an e last s up to Ph Hga n or the midd le of Mar ch while the rabl ha rves tin g last s from Che t to th e end of Jet h:g , Th e ma teria ls us i~ ~s ma nu re are :-~ob~r, (cattl e-dung); mz'n gan (du ng of goat s) , gh or e kl hd (horse -dun g) , gaht nzra, (decay ed fodder), rakh (ash es) , and klL t'a kar kat (sweep in gs ). Manure is generally used in Jfnd and San grur fer nahr£ and eM ,hi la nds , and ve ry rarely in Dadri for chahi land. ~h; ~an ure he On baran£ lands lit tle attention is given to rota tion of crops or to Rot ll.tion of fallows . On irrigat ed lands ma iz e and jowdr are oft en followed by a rab! crops. crop, and wheat, gr <\ff i and co tto n by sugarc ane . which is also often sown aft er jow ar if man ure is available. Cotton and jow ar ar e very exh austing cro ps and are sel do m foll owed by a spring crop . Lan d where cotton and jo war have both been cu lt ivat ed is lef t fallo w for two harvest s, and th en a rab! crop is sown .Rice is always follow ed by gram and indi go or by gram and wh eat . Ind igo, gr am and moth do not exhaust the soil, as th eir leaves fall to the gr ou nd and act as manure. In the greater part of th e State, Jand may be divided int o two broad classes ;-(1) double-cropp ed (d o-fa sla) land sown season after sea son, generally with maize follvw ed by wh ea t; thi s is th e nid i-cMM 'Wh ich is close to th e village site and is wate red by well s: (2) si ngle-cropped (ek -fa sl a), th e baran£ land and more di sta nt nah r£ an d chaM rausli lan ds . In Sangrur tahsil a crop of tobacco is taken im me diat ely after whe at, mak ing three cr op s in the year, on m'(i£- cha M la nd. Fallows arc generally taken only on brlrdn£ land s, manured lands not being allow ed to lie fallow. Baird is so wn mixed with moth, mt tng and mas h, and gram wit h barl ey as th ey gro w tog et her easily. The sta lks of ba fnJ" jowar ~nd bar ley grow hig h eno ugh to allow the moth, mung , mas h and gra m to grow under them . Moreover , if the quantity of ra in is unfavo~rabl e. to one grain, the other will give a good yield. Agricultural im plements ?ave bef'n descr.ibed in the Patiala Gazette er, Agricultural (page 96). The on ly change II1 recent years IS the complet e supersession of implements . th e old sug ar -press (kOl/UL) with its crusher (fat), working in a hollowed tree- st ump, by the modern sugar-mill with iron rollers which can be hired for Rs. 23. Agricultural work is mainly done by oxen, and, in the sandy tracts of Well and plougb Dadri tahsil, by camels. Male buffaloes are occasionally yoked in carts in cattle. the Jangal tract. In the stiff soil of the Bangar in Jfnd tahsil strong plough cattle costing at least Rs. 40 or Rs. 50 each are needed, and where the wells are deep, as in the ]angaJ tract of BalanwaH an ox capable of doing a full day's work will cost over Rs. 60 . In the zUqas of Sangrur, Bazldpur- and Kularan, where the ,,'ells are not very deep not the soil stiff, oxen costing Rs. 30 each suffice fDr the work. An ox begins to work when rising; 4, and works for 10 or 12 years. The area which can be cultivated by one plough depends of course, to Area culti\'ated a great . extent, on tIle nature of the soil . .. A plough worked by two OXen can per plough or prepare for the kharlf- . .. wen. of canal land 20 bZgMs kMm or about 4 acres. of barani land 80 bighas kham or about 17 acres. of chrfJd land 20 bighas knam or about 4 ac~es. ':27° JIND STATE . ] CHAP. II. A. And for the ra bi- Economic. of nahri or cM,hi land 20 big hds Mam or 4 acres. AGR[CULTUKE. of barani land 30 bighas kha m or 6-7 acres. ' Ag riculturi sts The tabl e below gives th e number of agriculturis ts and their rat ios to and their depen· dents. th e total population at the censu s of 1901 ;- I ABOVE J4 YEARS OF I". AGE . ------i I 49,772 1 1,486 1 i 2,43 3 I 1 ------;-- - 53 ,6g 1 2,80 7 129 ,622 [86 ,120 I 660' 0 I Takin g the act ual worker s, with thei r depe ndents, ove r 62 per ren t. of the popul ation are dependen t on agri cultu re, whi le ag ri cultural laboure rs are nea rl y 4 per cent . of th c po pul ation . As a general rule, the kamas are Cha mars ,Chuhr as, Dhan aks or ]at.s, and the ir ea rni ngs vary fr om R5. 2-- 1-to Rs. 30 a year with dail y fo od an d clot hes for e;l ch sea son. Da y labo urers also mos tly Cham {irs, Chu hr as and Dhanaks, ear n fr om 2~ to 4 an nas a da y. Boy s are empl oyed on ligh t work, e.g. , as rahtis, or drivers of oxen on a Persi an wh eel, and gud ai -wcUus, or ·we ed ers. Wom en also help by car ry- in g food to the fields , picking cotton, reapi ng, weedi ng, cutting gr ass and carrying it home. Prin cipal The prin cipal revenue-payin g crop s ar e sugarcane, yvh ea t, cotton and staples. oil-seeds (rape, etc.), with indigo in ]in d and bajra in Dadrf . In the villages Table [9 of Part B. the cheap food- grains, called mota anaj , su ch as jowuY, bajra, ma ize , mi xe d gram and barley (berra) , are ge nerally kept and con sumed by th e cultivator r. The fodder cr op s so wn in the State are :-Chari (iowa r sown thick for fodder ), me th a, rz"z qa, ga far (car rots), gowa 1'a. In th e kharff khud rau or wil d veg etable s, such as karela , lindo , mat Zrtt , ka kaur a an d kachr£ or ch ibbhar grow in the jo wa r and bajr a fi elds and stra gg le over th e fences. The greater part of the ta hslls of Jlnd and Didr! is sown for the kharH, locall y can ed .sawani, whil e that of Sangrur is gen erally ~own for th e rab! or har i. The fonowin g ar e th e staples produ ced in the three tahsils:- . Tahs il Jind.-W he at, gr am, sugar cane, rice , jow ctl', baj ra, lflses (s uch 'as mung , 17'1otl l,~Iash ), sa rsol 'l,'c otton and indigo. r 27 ! [ PART A. Tahs fl Sangrur .- Wh eat and gr am both separa tely and mix ed, CHAP. II. A. sar son , jowa r, baf ra, pulse s, makH , or ma iz e, sugarcan e and co tton . Economic. AGRICULTURE . T'lh sil Dridr f.-Gr am, jowarf, baira, moth, mztng, gowara ; wheat and bar ley , the las t two espec iall y on we ll la nds. Pri nc ipal staples. Bltjra is mainly grown in Dadri tahsil , where it is the mo .st important stap le, and to a smal ler extent in Jin d, wh ile in Sangrur it is on ly grown on a very sm al l area. It is sow n on the first heav y rain in Asarh. Wh en rip e, the ear s are plu cked off an d threshed and th e st alk s cut do wn, ti ed into bundles and sta ck ed, Th ey su pply an in ferio r kind of fodd er. Jow ar is cultivated mu ch in th e sam e way as bet j1 a, but it is sown , as a rul e, a EttIe lat er an d also rip ens a litt le later. Th e ear ~ are gepe rally round in shape, first gr een , then they bec ome cover ed wi th a yellow pollen (bur ), and la stly , when th ey begin to ripe n, th ey ass tt me a wh,tt . col ou r. M ak kf (mai ze) is abun dant ly sow n in Sangro r tahsil . The pulses (moth and mung) ar e genera lly so wn mix ed with bajr a and iowa r and in the same way as th e la lt er cro ps .The pods are fi rs t separat ed fro m the st alks by hand-thr eshin g with a jelf, and th e grai n is then thr eshed out. Th e broken straws and pods ar e use d as fod der. Go wa ra is pr incipa lly grown as fod de r. While green, the stalks with the green pod s are us ed as fo dde r, and when ripe , the gra in also is given to the ox en. The bro ken pods make good fodder. Th e pri ncipa l irri gate d kh ar lf crop on the canal lands of Sangrur and Jiud is cotton (Mri ). Man ure is gi ven aft er the prelim inar y wa tering . Th e seed (bz "naula) mix ed with cow-dung is scat tered by hand .The plan t be ars a white or ye ll ow fl ower which sw ells , for ming a pod (ti nda ,) conta ining the co tto n. Cot ton is pick ed from Asa uj to Magh, eve ry fift h day at first, and then, as th e cotton gets less and les s, the int ervals incre ase. Ea ch field is pic ked 20 tim es ', so that the proc es s extends ove r a consi der able perio d. It is supposed to finish on th e Hindu festi val of the LorhL The work is gener ally don e by wom en. If the zam fnd ar has no women-kind ".,.ho work in th e field s, he emp loys Cham:irnfs , who get at first one-t enth of th e cotton the y pick , and an incr eas ing ratio as the cotton to be pi cked geh less. A woman can pic k from 6 to 8 sers a day and thus earns Ii to 2 an nas. The last glea ni ngs ar e left fo r th e poor. San and san! are usu ally so wn in Sangrar and ]fnd tahsils. San is San and san{ sown seed by seed, and sani broad cas t. Bath ar e sown in As arh and cut in fib res. Kat ak. Wheat forms the sta ple crop in th e irrigated parts of San grur and Jiud tahslls , and ver y little is cultivated in the cha M tracts vf DadrL It grows in almost any soil except th e very stiffes t, wher e barle y takes its "place, and if good mah aw at (rains) occur, there is a fair crop on btf "Yt inf lands also. It is generally sown after cane or maize, when no fresh manure is added. Gram is the principal unir rigated rab! crop in the Stat e. The soil is seldom harrowed . 1£there has been good rain for sowing , it only requires a good shower in Mangs ir and further showers in Poh and Magh. Jts flower is at first reddish blue and then the grain pods (tats) fonn . The broken pods are used as fod der (bh usa). . CHAP. iI,A. Sa'rso1Z (rape seed) is cbieBy sown mixed with gram and barl ey in Sangrur and Jind tahsHs, and sometimes separately. It has a yello w flower, Economic. and is reaped in Chet and Baisakh. The green plants are also used as a AGRICULTURE. , vegetable and as green food for cattle. Principal staples. Sa.,son. The production of tobacco is small in the State, and in Sangrur tahslt Tobacco. it is scarcely ever sown. Elsewhere the seed is sown in Katak and Phagan. Trenches about a foot wide are dug and the seedlings transplanted to them. The crop is cut in Jeth. Its yield varies from 5 to 20 maunds per bfgM ., /cham. This yield is reckoned on the wet crop, and after drying only 8 sers are obtained from a maund. Turnips, potatoes and arwts are produced in fair quantities in Sangrur and Jind tahsHs, and scantily in Dadri . The yield averages 40 maunds per bigha Ham . .Chillies are generally sown on canal and well irrigated lands. The land is divided into harts (beds) and the seedlings transplanted into them. It is chiefly produced in the Kularan tract of Sangrur and in some parts of Jind. Sugarcane is generally SOWfI on canal-irrigated lands in San grur and JInd tahslls. Bundles of cut sugarcane stalks are buried in the ground in LJecember, and meanwhile the soil in which the cane is to be planted is prepared. A pale7JJar is first given, and w hen the land is ready after the palewar and ploughings the sticks (ports) are placed lengthwise in thp. furrows and covered with earth. The crop requires constant watering and weeding. Numberor water· The minimum number of waterings, and the amount of seed required for lags and qUJ,ntity the principal crops, are shown by the table below ;- of ,eed. Numb er of water in gs Sc"s of seed per after sowing . acre . ------_._------Sugarcane 10 (Sown in slips). Rice •• . Constant watering 8 to 9 Indigo : ..• 5 Maize ••• 6 7 to 8 'jO'DJU' and Fulses 3 5 Wheat ••• 4 3° 3 :as 3 15 to 7.0 2 l>f to 2 4 2 to 3 Tobacco 4 Til (sesamum) :I Vegetables Constant moisture Gardens or fruit trees Otlce a month. 273 r PART A. Th e average yi eld of the principal crops in the different tahslls is given CHAP. II , A. below ;- Economic. AGRICULTURE, lind. Dadr!'11 Sangrur. --r-lDh~C:;--=----"-' --- -7- --:- --6 Kh adf. .. Mai~e •.• 11 yowar ••• 7 4 6 I Bdjr ti •• • 5 5 37 ' Food -gr ain s -< Wheat ... Rab!. .. Gram ••• I Barley ••• l lChina and kangn£ Khadf f Mung and urd 3 2 3 ... l .•• t Moth 2 Pulses 3 3 RaM •• • Masri 6 Kh arff ••• Ti t (sesamum) 5 5 7 Oil 'seeds ... r Rabf •• • Sarson (rape) and TaratniTa 4M 4 47' 1-- Fibres Khar'! ( Cot ton 5 47' I ,•• (Hemp 4 (Kharff Red peppe r 5 5 I Spices •.. -< f Sau nf ar .d Aj'IJJQin 6 6 LRab! ••• Kas hn{z ••• 10 10 Halon '" 9 9 Kharff . .. [Indigo 5 5 •• • l Sugarcane 20 217' Others Rabi ••• Tobacoo ••• 20 (Onions 80 80 80 Garl ic 28 28 28 I Cucum ber 50 50 50 I Mu sk me lon ••• 80 J Bai"gan. .. 30 I' 30 30 Petha (gourd) '" 80 80 IGhfya (bottle gou rd).. . 50 50 Veg t bl J Tori '" 22 22 e a es•••, Bh indi 20 20 I Tilldo 15 I 15 J Pot ato 80 I 80 ATWi 80 80 IKar ela :: : I 7 8 Radi sh '" 80 80 80 ICarrot and turni p 80 80 80 L Cabbag ~______..• 30 ~ The ar ea under cultiv ation was 86 '76 of the total area in J9U [ as ag ains t Exlen sion or de creas e of culli- 82'71 per cent. at settlement 20 years ago, an increase of 4'5 per cent., vation. but the prosp ects of furth er exten sion are poor, the culturable waste being only 7'94 per cent . of th e total area excluding the gra zing lands . No notice- able improvement has been made in the selection of vari eties of indigenous seed . In 1870 indigo cultivation was introduced in the ]fnd and Sangrur tahsfls by the late Raja Raghblr Singh, and it has greatly benefited the zamindars. Its cultivation is now carried on in Jfnd on a large scale, and 011 a small scale in Sangrur, Before the reign of Raja Raghbir Singh there were very few gardens in the State. He laid out gardens in several towns and large villages, and imported new plant~ for them, Agricultural advances (ta kdv£) are made on the first fall of rai n after famine . Advances are made by the St ate officials appointed for each tahsil . They ascertain the wants of the zamf nda rs through the headmen of each villa ge , and make 'advances to deservin g persons. The zamindars of Did ri Takdvi . and the baran£ villages of Jind are in great need of taka v£ advan ce s on Table 20 of such occasions. Grants are asked for to buy oxen and se ed grai n at the first Part B. fall of rain, and they are faithfully applied to thos e purpos es. If the next year is favourable, and harvests are good, th ere is no di ffi culty about repay- ment . If there is any balance, it is realiz ed in the followin g year, unless that year also proves unfavourable, when th e recoveries are suspend ed. I No Land Alienation Act is in force in the State, and alienations ar e made ac cording to the old Stat e Revenue Law . The agriculturists generally are in J' debt ewing to the su cces si ve famin es, and heavy expenditure on weddi ng s, i funerals, etc . Their cr editors are generally rich professional mon ey· lenders Each tahsil is provided with a State Loan Bank, to which the zam in- dars resort for loans and where the rate of interest is 10 annas per ce nt .1 while saf t'ukars charge from Re. 1 to Re .• -9 per cent. Very few agric ul- turists are money-lenders j those th ere are being bi g za mind ar s, wh ose or din ary rate of interest to borrowers is Re. 1-9 per cent . West erly winds (pachhwa) help th e ripening of th e crops , whil e ea ste rly winds (parwa) dry them and produc e a kind of insect in th e gr ass , which does much damag e. Rats and kungis (a kin d of ins ect) al so injur e the crop s, espec ially whe at . In Dadri tahsil locusts sometim es lay th eir eggs in the sand hilloc ks and cause great damage to the crop s when th ey invad e the surr ounding cou ntr y. 1 Irri gation. The Hansi Branch of the Western Jumna Canal runs from Munak in th e Kam al Distri ct, and ent ers th e Jind tahsil at Ant a, at which vill ag .e Ta ble 24 of 1 Part B. th ere is a fall, an d thenc e flows thro ug h th e tahsil from ea st to west, H~ n3 i Br anch , following the line of th e old Chaut an g no di, wh ic h is no w dry, past th e Western Jurr ;"' J, , towns of Safldon and Jind . It would ap pea r th at the canal was first take n Canal. ; to Hansi by Firoz Shah in 1355 A.D . and carri ed on to Hi ssar next year , i but it ve ry qui ckly ceas ed to run as a ca nal. In Ak bar 's ti me Shah ab-ud- din Ahma d Khan, gov erno r of Delh i, repai red it . In 1826.2 7 it wa s agai n set in ord er by th e British Gov ern me nt . In 1897 -98 the Ha ns! Bran ch ii l th is tah si l was re-al ig ned. 301'7 acres of th e St ate land were take n up for this purpos e, an d Rs. 19,65 2 wer e paid by th e Brit is h Gov ernm ent to th e land-o wner s as com pe nsation and th e Stat e re- mitt ed Rs . 274 in perpetuit y. Up to the yea r 1888 A.D. th e irrig a- tion of the State vill age s was carri ed on by the Britis h Can al auth o- riti es. Water-rates were realiz ed by the St at e pat wa ris and mad e over to th e British trea sury after ded ucti ng muqaddam £ or lam ba rda rs' fees . Pur suant to th e agreem ent of April th e 29th , 1875 , betw een th e British Gov ernment and th e Dar bar fo r the con stru cti on of th e main distributarie s from the Hansi Branch , 1I rUjb ahas 9 minors, a wat er-course for the garden at Jind, an d 3 exi stin g outl ets in the Buta na Branch were mad e over to the Stat e on the 31st March 1888 (v z'de lett ers No. 143, da te d 17th March 1886, and No. 2227 1., dated 7th May 1886 , from the Punjab Go vern me nt, to th e DarMr). Th e irrigab le ar ea allowed to the State was 59,640 acres from the Hansi Bran ch and 528 acres from the Butana Canal oufiets, 2 making a total of 60,16 8, or in round numbers 60,000 acres, of which 10,000 are to be irri ga t- ed free of water-rate if ther e is any water to spare and on condition that no ISee Karn<\j Gazetteer, pag e 10 . ~NOTI I.-The lands of the foHawin g villag es of tah sil .find are irr ig at ed from But::' ina Can al out!et sl~(I) Allchora Kalan, (2) Anchora Khu rd, (3) Bag ni Kal an, (4) Bagru Kburd, (5) Shar af· iib ad. ~ ~75 [PART A. complaint of shortag e be made in dry years. The amount payable by the State under clause 9 oEthe agre ement was fixed at Rs. 1,20,000 per annum , this amount bein g cal cula ted on the av erag e payments in the preceding yea rs subject to deduct ions on account of - (I) cost of maintenance and repairs; (2) saving on establishment. After th e ded uctions the net amount of water-rate payable to the British Go vernment stands at Rs. 1,05 ,500. In 1888, when the rctjbdhus , etc., were mad e ov er to the State, the area irrigated for the kharH crops was 29,78 5 ~ ac res, whil e for rabl crops it was 25,003 acres.--total 54 ,788~ acres. 110 villages in tahs11Jlnd are irrigated at present from the Hansl Branch. The averag e irrigation for the ten years 1891-1901 was 53,673 acres, but since Igo1 it has decreasd. The tabl e below shows th e details of rajbOJ zas and minors from this Branch: ------~-_ ·- I 1 LE NGTH ONIS'( I 1 I Dischar ge I RE ACH . To in cubic I fee t per Miles Depth BeJ se cond . anti in wI ,tlth feet. feet. f:~t. ------"'M:R ---- 1 jind R(l jb(lh:1No.1 Ahov c Mo r M,jr~ Fa ll,IHns ! Chhap ur houn· 8S'70 ,2 0 4'0 '2'0 Branch . Jary, J 2'00 4 2,400 3'0 3'0 2,700 3 \" 1'0,2 6'00 0 2'5 3'0 4! If NO. 3 6'00 4 4,5 00 2'0 2'0 0'45 2 1,910 2·0 3'0 40'9 1 6 4,20 0 3'5 0'5 ,S'oo S 3,950 J'o 5'0 H"t Br anch R. D. 22,000. Rajbuha No.3... H ari garh 2'5 3'0 9 jinJ RujMh " No, 4 R. D. ]06,0 50, Mile No. 22. J3arar Khera ••• 3'9I "' 5 Han sl. Bran ch. II j (,mn! Br a n c h (jind). 12 Manoharpur Branch Mile No. ". (}ind;. 13 Khokhri Branch Khokri .. , i (jind). '4 jind Branch jind ••• 1 5"6 3 2,9'2 2'0 3'5 15 "RujMh" No, 5 22, jind lUjbah fl 3S' 24 17 1,333 2'51 10 '0 No. 706, 16 Former IUjb(,hu Mile No, I. Rajb uh:\ No, 5 •. , I jamni 7'S6 5 4.147 2'0 4"0 No, 6. I 17 Barsana Branch "'II~'0, 4'7,000. Mile No. 10. Raj· KandeJ a bah: , NO.5. ,S Rupgarh •• ••. , Mile NO.5. Rajb ,M No. 5, 1 Jhanj Kalan •., 4 R. D. 7',62'. 19 jind Rajbahu No, 6 Mile No. 37. HUllS' Canal Gunkoli ••. i 2 ::: II: No , '7 1 Mile No,3S, Pokar Kheri .. • j 19',6 1 S ... ,B :'iaanwala ••. 10'40 14 ••. \ ji:d ... 6'00 14 ~76 JIND STATE. ] , The remodelling operations of 1900-01 gave the State 8 distributary heads in the Hansi Branch and 3 outlets (as before) on the Butana Branch. Economic. A new agreement was drawn up, but in consequence of a disagreement in AGRICULTURE. views as to the full area to be irrigated, the volume of water to be supplied Irri gat ion : and the method of supply, that agreement was not signed by the H~ns! Branch, Darbar and was subsequently put in abeyance. The contentions of the Western ]umna Darbar have been acceded to by the Punjab Government . Automatic Canal. module gates have been fixed at the heads of distributaries Nos. I to 7. They were arranged to give the full supply formerly considered to be the State's share according to the agreement, but one of them, NO.3, is now being altered and enlarged to pass the additional discharge which it has lately been decided to allot to the State under the proposed new agreement. Rhe Bhawlinf The Bhawani Rajbaba of the Western Jumna Canal, which is under RdjMM of British management, also passes through tahsil Jind. This distributary Butdna Main Distri butary, was carried through the State in 1895 A.D., when Rs. 183 were paid to Hans! Branch. the land-owners as compensation for 3i acres of land taken up for a portion of the main line. In 1897 a request was made by the State to allow the irrigation of a certain portion of the Jlnd territory from the Bhawani dis- tributary, and to permit the Darbar to acqu,ire ownership in one-tenth of the rdjbd!uJ, but owing to the limited supply of water and the conditions under which the rdjbdha was constructed, the request was not granted. The Punjab Government, however, proposed to supply water for the annual irrigation of 2,300 acres of land belonging to the villages of Bhamewa, Maharra, Lajwana Kalan, Akalgarh, Hathwala Poll, Zafargarh and Devr.lr of tahsil Jind, on the condition that the water-rates to be charged should be the same as those from time to time in force for British villages irrigated by this distributary, together with an addition of 50 per cent . in lieu of owner's rates, so long as that rate continues to be levied from British villages. The statement below shows the outlets approved by the Irrigation Department, Punjab, for the irrigation of Jind villages from the Bhawani distributary :- -- ~ .. ,, _-.-' ------~ :; ~c ::; .~ ~ 0 Q.l 0 ~ '"'~ '0 ~ :§ ~ ~ bJJ Q) ~ 0. .0.] g ; ~_~ ~ ~B -t; a ~ «l oci 0 ~ ;0 8 ~., o 0- QS ~~ '"d o ~ ~ C'$:::f .. 0 a (l) «' m a eu ~ 8.~ g...; QJ Q) cd o..clj ::::sro 11~ .< .< (l; Z 0:: ----,------Bhamewa 1,3 29 366 60 6 29,100 Command above aver- age. Maharra 49 8 137 I 70 2 59 ,500 High command . Lajwdna Kalan 3°7 85 65 I 66,100 Very good command. S AkAlgarh 1,120 6 High command; one { HathawAla ~~:!75 f : J7 7 ,800 outlet for both vil. lages. J Hathawala 7 6 Very high command j {Polf :~: f 80 f : J 93,39 one outlet for both villages. ~ Polf 4 278 } 603 }7 7,000 Good command; One {Zafargarh 174f outlet for both villages en Mahem Branch . 571 1 40 4 17,500 Command not very 157 _ good. Total -s.~-;:;;;-:----;- ... _ (Vt'de letter No. 684, dated 25th August 18g8, from the Punjab Gov- ernment) to the Darb The Sirh in d Drainage cros sed by Sirhind Drainage Syphon at R. D, mile 26-159° , Feed er Line, which flo ws only in the rainy season, rises near Kalk a, and after fl ow in g ac ro ss Pa tial a territory enters the St ate near Economic, the vi llage of Gh abd an. Pa ssin g the Jind vi lla ge s of Balwahar, Sajuman, Gaggarpur, Kular an Khurd , etc ., th e nata ent ers Pati ala State near AGRICULTURE , Sunam. Near th e vi llag es of Ghabdan and Ku1 Another stream flowing only in the rains is the Jhamb owali , £.e, Choi The }hambowaH drainage which flows across the St ate for fiv e miles, pa st the villages of Cho l. Bazfdpur and Muhammadpur . Th ence, after trav ers ing the interv ening Patiala territory, it flows past th e Jind villag es of Dharam ga rh, SaMjpura and Bazurg, where it re-enters Pat iala. Its great est br ead th in th e rainy season is 12 feet . The lands on th e bank of the na ta be nefit by the flood. The Ghaggar rises in the hills of Nahan Sta te, and, after flowina' through Ambala and Patiala, travers es th e villages of Saparheri, Usmanpur, Ratanheri, Nanhera, Harchandpur a, Gurdialpura and Masor! of Sangrur tahsil for a distance of about fiv e or six miles. Near Saparheri and Ratanheri th e Ghag gar widens out to an extreme breadth of three miles in the rainy season. When it is in full flood the water lies on the fi elds for days together and damag es th e crops, but an ordinary flood benefits them. There is a ferry ne ar the bound ari es of Usmanpur an d Ratanh eri , whence an unmetall ed road leads to Gohla in Kamal . In th e rainy season ferry boats pl y under the manage- ment of the State. Th ere is another ferry at Ra nhera, where the Gh aggar passes into Patiala territory. The CMf Branch of the Sirhind Canal enters the State at the village of Sirhind Canal Dhan eta, 24th mile from Sangrur . It flows througl1 the State for four or five (Chor Branch). miles and then falls into the Ghaggar near Mardanheri, 20 feet fall, at mile 25 + 1,580" Chaf Branch. In 1886 the Stat e RajbaMs were completed, and began to irrigate th e lands of 82 villages in Sangrtir tahsil . The manage- ment of the Stat e Rajbahas and Minors was then put under the State officials. The following table gives th e Rajbahas and Minors with other details :_ Table 01 Mileage Rajbrihas and Minors, 'lind State . .. . LEN GTH ON 1ST REACH. No. Name of Rajbahas and Fr om To I\ 'linors, Miles Depth ' ~ed and in w~dth feet. III ------feet. feet, ------M. F. -- - I Saagrli r R~jbah a,KoB. Mil e No. '7, Kalla Branch. B' arw al Kularaa ViIJage , ao 3,0 00 4'2 7'0 Villa ge. .. 2 Minor No. I, Sangrur Saran Vil lage, Mile No. 6~ •. • Saran Vi lla ge ... J 2,000 2'4 2'0 Rajbah~ . Baliaa Village, Mile No. 3 . Minor NO.2, Saagrlir 91 ... Kalandl Vil lage ... S 2,000 2'6 3'0 Raj b~h A. 4 Minor No, 3, Sangrlir ...... No. lo t ... Man gwaJ Village ... 3 1. 000 2'4 2'0 R~ jbaM. Bhindar Village, Mil e No. S Minor No, 4, San grlir 12 ... Ramnagar Village •.. S 3,000 2'4 4'0 R~jMb a. Khur~na Village, Mile No. 14 L .•• 6 Minor No,S, SaDgrl1r Ghaggarpur Village 3 SOo 3'0 2'0 R~j b~h a. No, 14 R .•. 7 Minor No.6, Sangrur ...... Elew al VllJage .., 3 3,500 2'3 2'0 RijMh a. Kheri Village, Mile No, Faizgarh Vi llage 8 Minor NO.7, Sangrt"lr 1st ...... 5 2,200 2'3 3'0 Ra ·baba. [PART A. Tabl e of Mz' leage RdjMhas and Uz"no rs , J£nd State-c onclu ded. Economic . RICULTURK. I AG I Name of Rajb {lh a. anu I Irrigati on: Minnrs. eed Miles Depth wi dth SirbiDd Canal anu in in (Char Branch). f«t. fee t. feet . ------_._------~-;.----- 9 Baurukh !l u Br anch , Balian Vi lla ge, Mil e No. 9~ Bauruk Mn Villag e .. , S 0 3'3 4'0 Sangrur Rhjh:\ha. No . z San gr"r Villa ge Th ales Villa ge, Mile NO.4 Chan ga l Villa ge 6 2,000 2'5 NO .3 Sang rur Villag e, Mile No. 511 L. San grur Village I 3,800 1'9 NO .4 " No , 511R. ., Badr ukh an Vi lIa ge .•• No.5 Bad rukMn Vill ag e, 111ile No.8... Bh amma·wad d! Vii. lag e. 15 Guj ran R{,jb :, ha, G. B. Mile N 0. 23~. Ghaggar Bran ch, Maru Khe; a Vill ag e Naga r! Vil lage. Maur{,n Vill age 4 4,000 2'7 Ditt o 1,000 :2'3 ,3 Dhaneta R{, jb :\h{l, C.B. Mil e No. 20 ~, Choi Branch, Dha ' Bazur g Vill ag e neta Vi lI ag e. Sah{ljpu ra Vill ag e. No. '11 Chupki Vi llage 4.5° 0 3'0 Maw ! Villag e. Mil e No. 2t Dhar amga rh Village 2 ',000 3'1 Kakr al a Village 2 4,000 2'6 Prem garb Vill age .Mile 111o.4~ Baznrg Villa ge I 1,000 24 " No.6 Baz urg Village, Mile No. 6lj I 27 Challk ! Br anch Ch auk! Vil lall e, Mile NO.9 Bh en! Chuhar Viila ge 2, 50 0 28 Khokar Branch Khokar Vill ag e. Mile No. 12~ Kutt lwaI Khurd Vii· 0 lag e. Dh adda Vill ag e, Mile No. 16t ••. Mand!Khuru Villa ge No . 17 Bhund ar Villa ge .. , 31 No.3 Balanw ali Village. Mile No. 21 Mansa Khu rd Vi lIage 3' Ba z[upur Mino r II I F. Mile No. 40, 3rd Feede r. lnd erpur Ba z! dpur Vi llage Vill ag e. Mi le 34t. 3rd Feeder ,Rak hra VB· Bhunk! Vill age lage. 34 Maro r! RajbahiL. C. B. Mil e No . 20, Ch o! Branch , Dhane ta Dh ane! a Village Vi llag e. 36 I Rajgarh Minor 4.000 •• Mardanh er! Vill ag e 37 I Rain Majra Bra nch, Mi le No. 21, Cho! Branch R~!n Majra Villa ge I C.B. From the t'a;bands water passes by heads (outl ets) to th e minor channels (or wat er-c our ses) and thence to th e fi eld s. Each ma in chann el supplies many villag es with wat er and each villa ge has its turn of cert ain days. The zamindars have their own warba ndi system i each biswaday 27 9 [PART A. has his shar e accor di ng to hi s hold ing and ge ts his sha re of wat er appor- tion ed int o pahars (3 hours) and fhar is (24 minut es). Th e irrigation is Economic. ma inly by fio" Y,a ver y small area bein g irri ga tf; .d by lift . AGRIGULTURE . On th e Wes tern Jumna and Sirhind Ca nals the reven ue is co llected by Irrigation : the Stat e pa tw ar is . The British Can al rules ar e in forc e, and wat er-rat es Canal revenues. are levi ed on ea ch crop at so mu ch ~n acre. The amount due to th e British Govern ment as water-ra tes all th e \iV estern Jumn a Canal is paid at each harv es t. Th e rev enu e on the Si r hi nd Ca nal be lon gs to the State , as th e Sta te shared in th e cost of its con stru ction . No water· rat es ar e realiz ed for cro p, irri gat ed by th e Ghagg ar an d Sirhind Nd ta s. An exte nsion of the Wes tern Jumna Canal would benefit both Pati ala and Prospects of Jind , but it is ver y doubtful whether such an extensi on is possibl e. Pandit canal extensi cn. La khmi Chand l suggested that part of the Jind tah si l might be irrigated by ex tendin g th e Butana or Sav ana Branch, and ta kin g a mino r through the villa cres of Markhi, Bhartan a, Lalat Khera, Dhingan a an d Ram Kali. For the Dadd tahsil the Pandit thi nks tha t the Pato was Mi nor and the Baml a, Na urangabad and Kharak Minors of the Bhaw ani di stributary, if extend ed, could irrigate Amranat, Sanga, Bauncl Kalan, Baun d Khurd, etc. j and th at the Rewari Branch, which run s at a distance of 18) 000 feet on th e left of the Bhawani Rajbaha, and the Minor of Kharak Kalan , if extended as far as Dadri, could supply water for 31 villag es of th e Panwar tappa in this tahsil. As to the remaining portion of Dadri th e Darbar proposes to appro- pr ia te th e whole of the ta kavi which is annu ally provided for in the Stat e budg et to th e Dadri tahs il, and thirty wells will be built annually for irri- gation in the villages at proper places. Hitherto the money given for wells has not been recovered , but in future th e advanc es will be in large sums, to be rec ov ered by sma ll ins talm en ts, an d th e term s of such recove ry will be ver y easy. Thus III a ie" , yea rs a good number Df wells will be car re structed for prot ecti ve purpos es . Rs. I S, OOO will ann uall y be provid ed in th e State Budg et for ta M'II i in th e Da dri tahsiV Wells ar e generally wor ke d with a bu cke t and rop e (charsa and lao) , but occa sion ally (in Baz idpur ita qa) by th e Per sia n wheel (rahat). In tahsil Jind th ere is no well irri ga ti on, excep t in th e towns of Jind and SaHdon. The estim ated ar ea irri gab le by a well in Dadri is 8 acres, and in Sangrur 16 acres. Well s are work ed by shareholders according to their barf. (turn ), ea ch well having a nu mber of sharehold ers, who are eith er desc end ants of th e man who cons tructe d th e well or themselv es shar ed th e cost of its construction. The shar ehold ers work a well jointly or separat ely as the case may be, and the syst em is call ed accordingly l(tna or sdjha. Th e well irrig ated ar ea in th e St ate is 23 ,33 3 acres. Th e following fi gure s show the number of irrigating wells in that State , with certain statistics re garding th em ;-- --:======--=-=-= '------"--_.------. , DE PTH TO \\ '} l,TE:R I Dl ,;L LOC I\~ PER WH EEL OR \ I CO ~T I: \' Rr"E E~. ' ! IN !'EET . __ I BL:Cr :!::T , Ar ea Irri . ______--- I ga ted pe r NllmbC r!{ \Vlth. I \\ hee l or ! ot IF rom Tu [\lasoIU Y. out ma-Numbe r of Cos t m Cost of buc ke t. ____ .:.II.:.__ I,I'::: ' pairs . rupec~. ge ar . _ I 'Fe et. iFc ct. TI 5, 1<5 . I 1.:, 5. ' I .' Ro. 1 NUMBER OF WKLLS'l From From I Irrigation. Drinking. State Village Total. Funds. Funds. 1891-92 189293 1893-94 1894 '95 920 Itl95'90 1,685 1896'97 1897'98 18g8-99 1899 -1900 Constru~tio D of The methods of well sinking and the religious ceremonies con- 'oVells. nected with them are as described in the Bissar and other District Gazetteers. In tahsil Dltdri unbricked wells are made by digging out the sand and lining the jha'! or parchha with Hep, tree branches. Such wells are made when the rains come too late to sow the kharif crops. They are made in a few days and cost Rs. 8 to 10. They fall in during the ensuing rainy season. Working of Wells are generally worked as we have seen with a lao (a strong rope) well!o and charas (leathern bucket) or a buffalo-hide bag swung on an iron ring and handle (mandt"l), the rope passing over a small strong wheel (bhon) fixed over the well. A charsa costs from Rs. 5 to Rs. 6, and a !t1(} if made of hemp Rs. 7, or if made of hide Rs. IS. The oxen which draw it run down an inclined plane (guun) dug out by the side of the well, the driver (kiUa) sometimes sitting on the rope. When the bucket reaches the top the man who stands at the mouth of the well (bari ci) seizes the rope, pulls the bucket on the platform, and empties it into the parch/za, bidding the driver unloose the rope, crying BeU Ramlo. There should be four yoke of oxen, two pairs working at once, with a change at noon. If the well is deep and the work goes on all day four . yoke of oxen are essential . Four yoke will water about! of an acre in a day, but the area depends on the depth of the well. A man a::ranges the flow of water from the channels (khat) on to the beds (Harts) into which the field is divided. 128 1 [PART A. Littl e ha£ bee n don e to impr ove the br eed of ho rses in the .S tate. Th ere are st allions at the tahsil head- quart ers and a donk ey st alho~ at Sang rur. In 190 1-0 2, 108 mares we re co ve red by the Stat e stalhon s. The figures in the AOR ICULTURE. margin show the Agri cuI tural actual numbers of stoc k. Table 22 of hors es and mules in Pa1't B. ____ ------1--- ·------the Sta te in 1903. Horse breedin S Th e best oxen are found in Jlnd tahsil, lyi ng as it does al- most entirely in the great cattle-breeding tr act of Ha ria na. A good co w gives 8 se rs of milk, calve s 7 or 8 times , and is worth Rs. 30 to 40. A young st eer will fet ch Rs. 40 to So. Thos e that ar e not sol d are geld ed wh en about two ye ars ol d and tr ained for th e plough. Th e average price of a pair of plough oxen is Rs. 100, but a good pair will fetch Rs. 125. Two or three bulls is th e average number to a villag e. They ar e allo wed to roam about at will at cert ain seasons, and this total abs enc e of all selection does not improv e th e br ee d. The best buffaloes ar e also found in Jlnd tahsil and the next best in Sangrur . A sh e-buffalo will giv e 10 to 15 ser s of milk in a day-produ cing about 18 cMtanks of butter-and will calve about 10 tim es. Pric es rang e from Rs. 30 to 125. Small ring ed horns and a long tai l are mark s of bre eding in a buff alo. Buffalo es ar e rarely us ed for the plough ; they dra w small carts and ca rry pakh rIIs of wat er. Indi sc riminate br ee din g goes on in their cas e also. Cdmel-breeding is carri ed on by rah bo As in th e sandy tra ct of Did d and th e Bilan wa ll £taqa of San gr6r. In Sangrur cam els ar e chi efly used fo r rid ing and draught, but in Didri the y draw the plough. Prices vary from Rs. 50 to 125. Sh eep and goats ar e kept by butchers, and by Dhtinaks and Cat tle . Buff aloes. Cam els . Sheep and Chuhras. In the goats . BalanwalJ £t aqa sheep do well and -- 1------goats :fl 0 u r ish 26 ,634 9,85 6 424 J7 ,922 t h r ° u g hout th e State. The numb er 32 ,2 41 27 ,133 I 289 22 ,717 of stock in th e vari- 20,2 44 \ 1, 23 9 4,556/ 15,328 ous tahsil s of the -;;,;;; -38,;;8 --5 ,;; -5~ State is shown in th e margin . The figures are for 19°3· Cattle fairs are comparatively num erous . They are held annually at San grur, BalanwaH and KakraJ a in tahsH Sangrur, at Jlnd , SaHdon , Ram Rai and Jul ana in tahsH Jind, and at Dadri , Kadrupa, Amlota and Budhwana in tahsH DadrL Th e State manages th e fairs , charging 4 annas a head on all sto ck br ought in, and a pic e per rupee on th e pur- chase mon ey. The seller pays th e first tax and the buyer the second . In 1901-02 the number of animals sold was 19,562 and the income R". 18,606. ~8~ JIND STATE. ] CHAP. 11.A. Prizes are given by the State to exhibitors of the best cattle and to th e largest purchasers. These prizes cost Rs. 3,990 in 1901-02. Economic. Fodder is generally called n£r lh. That of the autumn crop consists of jowar and maize stalks, which are stacked in ckhor or stacks, and of hhusih or the broken stalks of the pulses. The only spring fodder is the straw of wheat or barley (bh2ts lh or !2lr£) and that of barley and gram mixed (missa). Bhusa is stored in heaps or high circular stacks, which are thatched when finished. The stalks of great millet and maize are chopped into small pieces (sannf) with a gandasa and then given to the cattle. The supply of fodder varies according to the season; but th e zam£ndars arrange so that it costs them very little, sowing metha, rape and carrots for fodder in the cold weather . In seasons of scarcity the poorer zam£ndars have great difficulty in finding food for their cattle. A rich man keeps a store of fodder in reserve, and when that fails he can buy from others, but the poorer people have to struggle on with branches of kikar, ja!, ber; or jhar, which they chop up and give to the cattle. Some- times a man will take his cattle away to a more favoured tract where good rainfall or the presence of a canal has rendered conditions more favourable. This is called goljam/'. State relief in this respect extends only so far as to allow the cattle to graze in the State birs on payment of grazing fees (ang churai) . The birs are watered by the canal and there is plenty of grass . The rates of rent and baldf realized by owners vary according to the ------~ soil and the crops raised and are Rent·rates I per acre. -----,-- 1--- the itaqas of Hnd Rs. A. P. and ]ind jsaHdon, . The State demand (muamla) is paid by the rent-rates are the owner and water· rates by culti vator. usually th e same, Do. Bar{ (cot · 4 12 9 Ditto. and are ordinarily ton) and vegetables those shown in the Do. Other crJpsBoMt.t{th I Ditto. margin. In the two of the pr o' I duce. ilaqas, Didri or Rs. A. P. Haridna and Dakar- bar Ii n I 1 9 6 State demand payab le Badhri or Bagar, and Ram/(. by biswad ars. of Dadri tahsil, the r 3 3 Ditto. owners usually re- Not fixed .•• I Only ang charal (cattle'Rrazing fee) ceive cash-rents is levied as circum- stances require. (chakota), batcH being very rarely 28 3 [PART A. RENTS , WAGRS AND PRICES. Rents . Kind of soil . llaqas . Rent ·rates per acre. REMARKS. - -- --.------ Rs. A. P. { Hari 5 Hariana ... 3 0 0 Dakar and RausU·bd,dn{ I { Bagar ... 2 0 0 ... 1 0 0 Bh ud·!Janja1 ' ••• \{ Ha riana Bag ar ... 01 2 9 In KuIaran and Sangrur itaqas of Sangr6r tahsil the landlords generally ",- realize haM ,£ at the • rates shown in the margin. The landlord takes !th or .g.thof the pro- du ce of chillies and raw cotton and ---..----1---·---- pays the muamla himself . As r e - ith and -tth of the I·~ gards sugarcane produce . The State demand is payable and dhan (coars e by land·owners . Dit to ••• rice) , he gets Rs. 9"9-6 per acre in some places, and !rd and -lth of the State demand payab le by the pr oduce. land-owner, and water· rates pays the muamla, by cultivator. and in others he gets ith bolai and -lr d of th e produce The State dem an d is paid by pays muamla in the land-owner. corr e s p 0 n din g shar es, i.e., th e land-owner pays .g.thand the tenant !ths. In BaLlnwlill, the third £taqa of Sangrur, the State is owner of the land , and the cultivators are its tenants. In this iUqa - the haM ,£ system formerly prevailed, but at the current settlement a cash assessment was fixed . If the tenants sub-let land to other cult ivators, they generally take tth !lata£ and pay th e muamla themselves, the cultivators pay- ing water-rate. Ser£na and kamins' du es are paid out of the shamiUt dher£ or common heap. Serina goes to the biswad ar and the rate · is 2 sers per maund. The kamzns or tagis are four in number, 1Jz·s., the NaI, Jhinwar, Kumhar andCh6hra. The othe r lcigts are paid separately by the oiswa,Urs and tenants. 284 JIND STATE. ] CHAP. II, B. The average prices (in sers per rupee) of the chief staple food-grains for the 10 years ending i903 Economic. at each tahsil are shown in RENTS, WAGES the margin. All grains ex- AND PRICES. cept dhan (coarse rice) and bdjra are cheapest at Sangr6r, Prices. as they are produced exten- sively in this tahsil, whereas . 14 rice is largely grown in the 19 canal-irrigated tracts of )fnd and bajra in the sandy soils of 20 Dadrf. In villages prices are 10 somewhat lower than they are in the neighbouring to wn s. 21 The zamf,ndars often hand 20 over nearly all their produce to mahaJans, only keeping 13 enough for one year 's con- sumption. Sometimes, when Mun g 14 Pulses in need of mon ey for wed- f Urd II dings and to pay the revenu e, they sell their standing crops . The prices for the quinquennia since 188] are shown in the margin. Sang- rur has a large market wh ere ::J: .:- Barley. ~ JOWd~ ::! .ra. ~ wheat, gram, etc., are collect- sangrur •••I 15 2-2 23 23 23 20 ,•• 1881 -88Ii~d{ • n' IS 24 - 20 ••• :JI '0 ••• ed from the Dadn 14 '3 19 19 18 neighbou r i n g sangrur ~~ villages for ex - 189 2'93{ Jind Dadd port. The rail- sangrur 13 ways running 1897 -98{ J!nd Dadr! 17 through the sangrur towns of San- 1901'03 { Jind 10 grur, Jind and Dadr i Dadri have done much to equalize prices. Wages of arti· Artizans are only paid in cash in the towns and some of the lar ge r zans. villages, and their wages vary. At Sangrur a mason Feceives from 8 to 10 Price of labour. annas, a carpent er or blacksmith from 6 to 8, while coolies are paid from 3 Table 25 of Par~ B. to 5 annas a day . The rates at JInd , Dadrf, Safidon, etc., ar e low er. At Sangrllr, which is a great grain mart, th ere is good demand for cooly labour for hand carts , and their wages som etimes rise to 6 or ev en 8 annas a day. Chamars and other meni als , who work as cutters of grass and wood or seek employment at the market , earn 3 or 4 annas : if employed on plastering houses they ge t only about 2 annas a day. In villages carpenters and masons get their food and 3 or 4 annas a day. p.•. . ~j clrvest time the lab ourers employed in the fields receive a eerte -i ,1quantity of grain, as do the li gi s. Weavers in villages get the following wages, raw material being supplied to them :- Rs. A. P. Khes (wrap) I 0 0 per piece. Dot{(,f, I 8 0" 1I Chautha£ 2 0 0 " " Khaddar (coarse cloth) I 0 0 " 40 yards piece. Besides this a little grain and oil is also give n. 28 5 [PART A. The amount of grain paid ' at each harvest from the undi vided grain heap to the village menia ls is ca ll ed zanga. It is not , as a rule, a fixed Economic. amount, and in additio n to the Zanga, som e menials ge t a fixed , others a RENTS , W AGBS variable, allowanc e of gr ain, as is shown in the table belo w :- AND PRICES. Ldnga at harvest time . To WHOM PA ID. In ta hsil In tahsl l In tahs!! Jind. Sangrur. Dadr!. ••• Per maund one Per maund one Per maund one The Cha ma I' is the leather ' se r, tog e- ser, toge , ser, tog e- wor ker of the village , and also ther wit h ther wit h ther wit h gen erall y per forms bega •• work skin of all the ski n ofall skin of all for the vill age, an d assists in cloven hoo f- clo ven hoof- cloven hoof· cu Itiva .Uo r~. ed cattle . ed cat tl e. ed cattl e. ..• Per plough Per plou gh The Cku kra is the sweeper five .ers, one ser. He is also often employed as with skin of with the skin s the village dauf'a (or mes c a m e I s, of camel s, senger ). h'orses and horses and donkeys. donke ys. KJr ati or Per plough Per plo ugh % ser per The Khat{ is the village car Tarkhan. thirty serl. t h i r ty- two maund. penter . He makes all the sers. wood-work required by the vil)ager and aU ordinary re pair s. Th e ,r aMr is the village black smIth, and also does all repairs to ir on works. Kumhtir ••• 5 se"s per 5 scrs per J4 SCr per Th e K umh ar is the village potter plough. plough. maund . and manu factures the house- hold earthen utensils required. In addit ion to this he keeps donkey s and carries grain from the threshing floor to the vill age. Jhi1l' war supplies water. He makes all the baskets and serves as utensil cleaner at the wed. dings. ~:::--=- ':::~J{ =-:I:-:=~-n:-: maund . gu ests, He is als o sent on messages, and enjoy ~ large perqu isites at betrothals and weddings. Dhabi_------_-_Di tt o... Ditto ••• Unfixed 1... He washes the village clothe s. Chhim p£ or Ditto ••• He is the clothes printer of the Chhimb ti. village, st amping and dyeing all the villag e clothes • ...... / N01E .-The above allowanc es are fixed to be paid to the meni als for their ordinary works according to the Wajib.ul·Arz of Settlement, but in some villages they get a less amount ac. cording to their mutual agreement. 286 JIND STATE'. ] CHAP. 1'1,·B. When a new village was settled, the founder, his relations, and childre n Eoonomic. who broke up the land for cultivation naturally had gr eat influ ence and authority. The revenue was imposed in a lump sum on the tappa, of which REH'tS.W AGBS they formed the heads, and its distribution rested with them. Gradually AND PRICES. they became headmen, and the St ate looked to them for the realization of f.iI1age headmen. th e revenue, their numbers increasing with th e population. At the first regular settlement they were allowed packotrei or 5 per cent . on the revenue collected, and the collections bega n to be made by tahsils through them (instead of in a lump sum from the tappa). The office of headman is deemed to be hereditary, and during th e minor ity of an heir a sarbarah· Mr is appointed. When a village has be en divided into panas or thulas one or more headmen are appointed to each pana or thul a, but the revenue of the whole village is collected by all the headmen separately from their panas or thulas, and they receive the pachotra on the revenue colle cted by ,them respectiv ely. Large villages have 7, 8 or more headmen apiece j small ones less . Material condi· The remarks as to the relative prosperity of the various Jat tribes in tion of the people. Patiala (page 130) hold good for lind. The Sikh Sarda .rs are the wealthl- est people in the State, frequently o' ''''ning two or three villages. They live well and are well clothed and housed. Ne xt come th e maha,jans and other commercial castes, who ar e well off and live with less display than the Sardars. Section C.-Forests. The only forests in the State are the reserves, Birs) , which are three in numb er, nam ely, Aish Ban, Bazfdpur s~~~s~ and Barah Ban Bin The figures in the I. .Aish Ban Bir 1'54 margin show their areas in square miles. 2. Bazldpur Sir 021 On the 1st of Augu st 1901 a Forest 3.6arah Ban Bir 2'35 Departm ent was est ab lished for the ••• 4'10 managem ent of the Bi"s. Previous to - tbis they were und er th e Barah (Forage and Wood Godown). The Forest Department also looks after arboriculture and the trees on · the road-sides. The statement below shows the receipts and expenditure on the Bit's for 1895-96 and 1900-01 :- ~•.. ~ YEAR S. '"'" I oJ ~ ,; ••" J! ." E !dl 0 ~~ .,; ~ Ii -;;; 'N ~ :€ .5 ~~"" " 0 ;; ,,~ -5 '" 0 2 -.; :: .;: "0 " r! -"5 0 0 f-< 0 t:l ~ " 0 I-< Z ------1------'" -- - Rs. Ro. Rs. Rs . Rs. Rs. Rs. Bs. Rs. RS'I SgS -96 M' 3,664 ... 3,664 1, 645 248 374 goS 3.020 15,'92 2,528 goO-OI ... ', 5J4 197 '.731 1,177 71 2,20 9 35 298 3,790 2,112 -- --- '-- Oi!":erenc. •••I--~ - 2.130 +1 97 - J,933 - 468 -::;;;- + 1,835 l--:s;-:-;;;; ~ 2,402\ - 416 The Aish Ban Bir lies some two miles east of Sangrur tQwn and has an area of 984 acres. It is irrigated from the Choa. A portion of this Bir is used for raising fodder crops for th e State animals. Pig, deer, and an occasional welf are found in it. The Bazldpur Bi", also called t~ 1e Phis Ban, is about Ii miles to the nOFth-east of Bazidpur village. Dlf.f£k trees, !as :, [PA RT A. }bcall yknow n as plas ) abQu nd in it. The Bar ah Ban Bir lies 2' miles sbut h of the to~n of Jl?d on the banks . of the Western Jumna Canal l" The catt le Ec onomic. of the nelghbo ur mg towns and villag es ar e allowe d to graz e In th e Sirs Buffal oes ••• Rs . 3'0 ~er head. on pa.ym en,t of the annual graz ing fee FO RESTS, Bu ll ocks ••• "2 '0, , (ang chara z) sho wn in the margin. Th e State forests . Cow s. '" Re. J.g ". Bi rs produce a pl ent if ul supply of the Young stock "'" o-.I 2" 'sam ak, pali nji, pat wa; hhab bal ,du b, pan ni and pa ta gra ss es and aff ord wel come relief to the ca ttle in time of drought. Various ki nds of tree s su ch as t;le fal, hair , fa nd, kZ ka r (a cacia) and beri gr ow in them . Jrt! trees arc mor e comm on in the Ba ra h Ba n; The fr uits of the jil, hair, jand and be r are ea ten by th e poor in time of famin e) when als o the bark and leav es of these tre es are us ed as fodder. The fruit of. the fat tree is called pi ll i, and that of the haz'r Hnd . Both these are pic kl ed whe n young and gre en. Wh en ripe the fru it of th e haz 'r is calle d pinju and tha t of the jand sanga r. Th ey are eaten as vege tabl es. The be r tree fruit is ca lled ber . Wood cut fr om th ese Bir s is sto red in , the State Wood an d For age Godow n (Sa rah) and used as tim be r fo r St ate bu ildi ngs and also as fu el. The Forest Depar tment also sell s th e fuel. The mi nera l prod uc ts in the Sta te ar e salt petr e, kanka r and st one. MIne raI product s. Salt pet re is obtained in the Ji nd tahs il and Dlidrl . H. H.Raja Rag hbfr Singh opened three State refi neri es (sh ora ko this) at Ji nd, Sa fido n an d Dlidrf, and from these refi ne d sa ltp etre is sent for sale to Cal cutt a. Ea ch refiner y is manage d by a munsar£ m or manag er who is assisted by a gu- mu.slda (Hi ndi acco unt an t), a muh arrz'r (Urdu clerk) , a tolla (wei ghm an) , two cha prrf.sis an d about 8 workmen . Att ac hed to th ese re fineries are about 74 crude saltpetre factor ies where crude salt petr e is prep ared by worke rs wh o wor k as asamis (co ntr act ors) for the ref ineries. Th e worker s in th e refinerics for pr eparing crude saltpetr e are give n Crud e saltpetre. contra ct s throu gh th e ma nag er in Kat ak (Octob er) , with an advance of money . Th e wor kme n pr epare crude sal tpetr e and bring it to their res- pectiv e refin eri es. Th ey are pai d on an ave rage Re. 1-3 per maund. To prepa re crude ~a ltpetre shora mz't tt . (~ar~h conta.i~i~g saltpetre, w~ich is cre nera lly fou nd III greater or les s quantItIes III th e VICIllltyof every VIllage) is scraped up an d brou ght to th e factories, which are generally located near tanks or wells . Noth in g is paid for the material if it is scraped from common land, bu t a small roy alty is paid on private land. Each factory is provid ed with a kundt , a br ick- lined sloping channel about 10 yards long with a reservoir at the lower end . The kundt has wooden poles on aU sides and is thatched with panni grass. Th e roof is coped to a height of one MUsh! on both sides, and the coped roof is filled with shora m#N and ~ wat er. The wa ter , impregn ated with saltpetre leaks down through the thatch and collects in the reservoir. It is of a reddish colour. This pro- cess is carrie d on every day until a sufficient quantity of saltpetre has been colle .cted, wh en th e water i. sbo~led in an iron cauldr0D;till .it becomes syrup, and IS then spread ov er bri ck- lm ed beds plastered WIth hme. When : hard . saltpetre is scraped off with a spade, crude saltpetre is brought to the re finery in loads of 15 to 20 maunds. The crude saltpet re thus co llected is next buried in undergroundcelh Processofrefin. (khattts) for a year and then taken out, 25 maunds at a time, boilyd in an iog. iron cauldron, and cl ea ned in an iron sieve called jharna. It is then poured into a wooden box with a vess el (dohra) shaped like a spoon or an iron pan (ckhai). After some time the sediment settles and the COIOUT of ~88 JIND STATE. ] the liquid become s white. Thi s is then put in sm all bo xes , provide d wit h a mac M (wooden frame) , for cry stallization. Af te r 6 or 7 day s the Economic. crystals are taken off the machis , colle ct ed in bask ets and sprin kled with MI NES AND alu m and indigo wa ter to colour th em. Th en they are sp read on dot ara s MI NEIlALS. (s hee ts of coars e country cloth) to dry. Thi s compl ete s the pro ce ss. Crude sa ltoetre : During the ten ye ars ending Igo l the averag e outtu m of salt petre cryst als Process of refin- was 4,756 maund s out of 14 ,07 0 maunds of crud e saltp etr e, giv ing an ave ra ge ing . net income of Rs. 14 ,922. The fig ures giv en be low show the quan tity of saltpetre crys ta ls in maunds prepared in the ref in eri es an d their earn ings and expe nditur e for 18 95-9 6 and 1900-01 , as sh own in the Admini str ati on Report s of th e St ate for tho se ye ars . In i 900 -0 [ out of [6 ,381 maunds of cr ud e saltpe tre, 6, 039 maunds of cry stals were obtain ed and sold for Rs. 39 ,93 6 :- ouantity J ~ It t G ross earn Net sa .pe re in gs. Cost of ea rni ngs. pre;;a red. Salaries . crude sa lt. Total . petre . 19°0'01 Difference Kan ko r or argillac eou s lime ston e is worked near a goo d many towns and vi llag es . It is used for ro ad-metalli ng and for bui lding s. Th e Public \Vorks Departm en t either ge ts the kanka r from co ntra ctors or emp lo ys laboure rs to excava te it . In the form er cas e the contr actor s are ge neral ly pa id Rs. 4 per 10 0 cubic fee t, and th ey deli ve r th e kan kar with in a dis tance of a mil e. Th e ow ner of the land from wh ich th e kankar is dug is pa id 4 annas per 100 cubi c fe et. In th e other ca se the labour ers ar e paid Rs. 2 per 100 cubic fe et, and th e owner of th e land gets th e same roya lty. The labourer s are generally menial s, Chuhras, Chamar sj etc ., who earn on an average 4 an nas a day . Kankar is of two sorts- bz' chhw a and sz'll£. Bz 'chhwa kankar is so ca lled because its nodul es are supposed to resembl e scorpioRs (bichhu) in shape. It is hard, bluish grey in colour , and is us ed for metalling roads. s.mi kankar is brittle and a whitish grey in colour. It is burnt to make lime and mix ed with Pinjauri lime for build ing purposes . Stone is blasted at several points in th e Kaliana an d Kap6ri hill s in tahsil Didrl, the chief bein g th e Kumhc1 rquarry near KaHana town. Th e stone obtain ed is of two sorts , hard and sa nds ton e. Th e hard ston e is bluish grey in colour and is . mad e into many articl es, such as ukhals and kund is (large and sm all mor tars), cha kHs and khar as (sm all and large mill s), pillars , etc. It is al so us ed for building .At the Kumhar mine about 26 familie s of KumMrs, commo nly called Sangtani shas, 'work in ston e and earn about 5 annas a day. It is said that about Rs . 5,000 worth of stone and stone arti cles are work ed yea rly , of which Rs. 2,000 worth ar e exported. Stone obtained from the Kapuri hill is whitish gr ey and only us ed for building . Fl ex ible sand-sto ne (call ed sa ng-z'-la rza n, th e sand parti cles being loose)l has no comm ercial im portance, but is exp orted as a curi osity. 28 9 (PART A. Sect ion E.-Arts and Manufactures . Th e gold an d si lv ersmiths of Sang ru r, local ly call ed Sun ars, owe their Economic. unusual proficien cy to Raj a Ra ghbfr Sin gh! who sent a number of them to Cal cutt a to le arn thei r tr ade . Th ey make orn am ents of all kinds, ~:TNSU ~~~TURES. espe ciall y nos e ring s (nat h or rna chhli) ; nose stud s set with jewels (lau ng) ; ornam ents for the hea d (kauda and chak ); for the for ehead (chand); Gold and silver- neckla ce s (h ar Ol ju gni ) ; ankle ts (paze b), etc. Besides the jewels th ey make smithing. gold and silver pl ates, vesse ls for attar, fl a..sks, sce nt-b ottles , ut ensils, etc., of exquisite work ma nship an d lo ca ll y cail ed sad akars . Th e pur est gold sof te ned for sett ing is ca ll ed kundan and costs abou t Rs. 27 a tala. It is alloyed with silver or coppe r or both , ab out 2 rattfs of alloy going to a tala. Th e gene ral pr actice is to give th e gol dsmith his material and pay him so much per tal a for hi s work-I- pice in fo ur anna s for silver work and anythin g from 2 allnas to 2 ru pee s a tal a fo r work in gold . Cotton -ginnin gl or clea ni ng is don e both by mac hine and by Co tton / hand. In Jfnd th ere is a factory co nta ining 50 mac hin es) which attra cts clean ing . the cotton fr om all th e ne ighbouring vil lag es. Sangrur tahsll, in defa ult of mac hines, uses hand-m ills (ca ll ed beln i in th e Punj ab and cha rkM in th e Bangar). The mill consists of tw o roll er s, one of iron and one of wo od. Th e cot ton is passed be tween them an d the seed s (bz'1t olas) thus separated from the co tt on. The wor k is general ly don e by women , who if the y are work in g for hir e ge t th e see ds, whole or part, in lieu of wages . Ung inne d cot ton is tw o- thi rds se ed. Ten to 20 sers of raw cotton is a day 's work for the ginn er, the se ed "" hi ch result s being worth 2 or 2! ann as. The nex t pr oces s is scu tchin g (p in na) , ,yhich is done eith er Scutc hing by women or prof es sional co tton- cleaners (Pi nja s). The wom en use • a sma ll bamboo bow (dllllnki ) tig ht ly str ung. Pin jas us e a large dou ble - str ing ed bow (pinj an). The av era ge ear nings are It annas per ser, or about 6 annas a da y.In villag es the cotton cl ean er is often paid in grain, getting twice th e weight of th e cotton. Scutched cotton is wound in to rolls (p un is) round pie ces of stick. Spin ni ng is no t a menial oc cup ation. "Vo me n of th e mi ddl e and Spinn in g. even the hi gher cla ss es do it . Girls make it an ex cuse for a merry eveni ng. Th ey mee t to ge the r, sp in , sing, and talk the whole night lo ng. Thi s is ca ll ed ratbhi ana or rat au ra. The seve n rl~ taur as in the month of Magh , before the Sh ank rant, are consider ed propitious . vVhen these gatherings take place by day th ey are called clzhopa in the Punjab or dhupia in th e Bangar. The Muhammadan wom en of Kaliana spin very fine thr ead (barik sut), which sells , at 1i s!!rs per rup ee , the average price being I! sers. The ginning factory at Jlnd owned by Magnl Ram and Jai Narayan Ginning factory was established in 1902. It contains 50 mills; of which only 30 are ordi- at Jind. narily at work, about 100 maunds of cotton being ginned daily. Work is "not carried on throughout th e whole year, but only after the cotton harvest. In 1903-04, 39,200 maunds of cotton were ginned, giving 12,865 maunds of cleaned cotton, which was export ed to Delhi, Rohtak and Lahore, while Gro ss Net the seed (binola) was sold to the earnings. earnings. neighbouring villagers and shop· Wages. Other. Total . keepel's. The average number of workmen employed in 19°3-04 here -" Rs.-/--Rs. -----Rs." Rs.-- Rs. was about 120. The figures in the margin show the expenditure and 39,43 8 3,651 33 .594 37,245 2,193 earnings in 1903-°4. 1 For a detailed acc~unt of the various processes which cotton goes through see Monograph on Cotton Manufacture In the runjab,~LahQre, !i Civil and Military Gazette" PresSj 188:;. ~9° JIND STATE. ] CH AP. 11,E. From Jfnd tahsH wo ol is exported be fore cl eaning to Pa nlp, at and . Delhi. In Sangrur tahsH it is sold to the blanket-w eavers of BalanwaH, Economic. who make a profit of 8 ann as _or a rupee on each blank et. Scarc ely AR TS AND ' any sheep are kept in Dadri tahsil . With the exception of the se blankets, ' MA NUFACTURES. weaving is limited in Jind to coars e cou ntry cloth, such as khaddar, gaj£n, Weaving. Madd£, khes, dot ai , sus£ and sat ar £. It is done by the JulaMs (weavers) , of whom 1,184 were enumerated at the census of Igo I. A khaddar c oth, 50 yards long and 10 girahs wide, re quires 2! sers of bar£k sut (fin e thr ead) , a gajin , 50 yard s long and 9 girahs wid e, requires thr ee sey s 2 chat cinks of mota sut (coa rse thread), and a Maddi, So yards long and 8 girahs wide, 3 sers of mota, sut. A full piece of khes , dotai, sus; , or satari is 20 yards long , and hal f a yard wid e, and requir es I ser of thre ad. A pi ece of clot h is wo ve n in 4 or 5 days, and the pr ic e paid for the work is generally one rupee , so that a, we aver earn s from 3 to 4 annas a day. ' A yeing is done by nil gars. They dye women's cloth es such as the la nga, kurt a, pa£ja ma (or suttlzan) an d sirka (or orhna) , beside s men 's turbans. The nflga rs of Sangrur are noted for their light dy es. They ge ne rally us e pur ia ke la ng or dy es sold in th e bazar , in plac e of th e indig eno us dyes .The dye is dissolv ed in wat er in a kund a (ea rthen or br ass vesse l). Th e clo th to be dy ed is then dipp ed into it, ru bbed, wrung ou t and starch ed, an d th en dri ed an d gla ze d, Certain indig enous dyes are , how ever , still in use , especi all y indig o. Th e powdered indigo is put in a lar ge pit cher full of water in which lime, saj}; (alkali) an d Kis hmisM dye . gtty ar e mixed , and becomes fit for use aft er eig ht days. Kish mislz i dye is pr epared by mixing wat er with brui sed kaththa (a drug) and lim e. Kas ZIIllblui dye. J(asumbl u( , dy e is put in water, "h ich is allowed to strain through a pi ece of cloth in to anot he r pitcher. When all the wat er has straine d through the ka su mb ha is bruised, alkali added to it , and the mixture again all owed to strain. This pro du ••es a fa st colour. Th e ka sum bha dy e was forme r!; in gr eat deman d, but now it is only us ed at we ddings for dyeing na/a s (w aist str ings) , etc. It is a fast red dye. Prices vary according to the quality of the dye. For nim (light) shades the charges per turban are from a ! to 1 anna .A piece of cloth (than) 20 yards lon g is dyed fo r 4 annas. Th e dai ly earnin gs of a dyer vary from 6 to 8 annas. Th e Chh imbas (st am pers) in Jind and Safidon stamp coarse country cloth such as ra zrf,is (quilts) , toshaks (bed cloths), jajam (floor cloth) and nativ e chintz. The cloth is dipped into water mixed with camel-dung to wash out the starch. Next day and the day after the cloth is again washed and soaked in water mixed wit h sajj£ and then dri ed in the sun. On the third day the cloth is put into boiling water with a kind of seed called main. Lastly, the cloth is dried, pressed and stamped with wooden stamps called c1zMpas. A ChJlimb .i can stamp a piece of 50 yards in two days, and is paid 4 pice per yard. l Silkembroidery. Silk is not produced in the State. Silk of different colours, called pat, is imported from Jullundur and Amritsar to make phulkar£s and chops. This industry is only carried on in the Sangror tahsil. A piece of tul (red cloth or red muslin) 3~ yards long and Ii yards wide, embro idered with fancy designs (bel bUla), in star and other patterns, is called a phulM,z, wh ile a' piec e of coarse or fine red cloth of the same dimensions, embroidered with bel buta on the borders, and with -stars of different colours in the inside, is called a chop. A phulkar£ takes 6 or 7 days to make and 1The cos t of mat er ials requ ired fo r sta mpi ng So yards of cloth is as follows :- M&fn 6.pi es; alka!i and coarse soap ann ~ 1.6 ; alum 3 pies; dye 4 annas; fuel 6 pi~. Thus bls net earnlllgs amount to an Oa8 ~ !? les4 a day. ~9 1 [PART A. fetches from Rs. 2 to 5, while a chop takes a mont h or two and fetches from Rs. 5 to 20. Thes e ga rments ar e worn mostly by th e peasant wom en, esp ecially at weddings and oth er festive occasions , and are often given as a wedding pre sent to the brid e. They are also expor ted to Ludh iana and ARTS AND Amritsar in small quantit ies, but chint z and ca li coe s are tak ing th ei r pl ace, MAN UF ACTURES. and so this industry is rapidl y dyi ng out . Silk embroidary. Carpentr y rec eived an imp et us from th e late RHja Raghbf r Si ngh, who Carpentry , sent some Tar khans from th e St ate to be tr ain ed at Rurkf . Thes e skill ed workmen liv e at Sangrur and earn 8 or 9 ann as a day . Th eir work is goo d, bu t th ey follow th e ordin ar y patterns and ha ve not st ruck out any sp ec ial line . They mak e tabl es, chai rs , almirah s, wr iting -cas es, etc. Th e vill age Tarkhan is paid in kind for ordinary work, but fo r spe cia l work, such as making carts, well-g ear, etc., he gets 5 or 6 ann as a day. The outf it of an ordinary carp enter cos ts from Rs . 15 to 30. English files , sa ws, and pl anes are slowly coming into use. Dad ri town is fam ous for tur nery . Th e impl e- ments used by th e turners (kharadf s) and th eir method s are de scr ibed in the Monograp h on Woo d Carvin g in th e Punj ab, 188 7- 88 , page I [. Th ey ear n from 5 to 8 annas a day . Th e fol low ing ar e th e chi ef artic les manuf actur ed by th e turn er s of D:idri with the range of pri ces for eac h ar ticle :- Pr ice. Rs. A. P. Rs. A. P. Bed legs (lacquered ) 200 to 5 a 0 Do .(plain ) to 3 0 0 ptra legs o 4 Q to o 10 0 Te1'1" as of KaUs (pipes) 016 to 0 4 0 KhunUs (wooden pegs) to 0 I 6 SU1'mad an{s and kar e/4s (coll yr ium bo xes ) to 0 I 6 Chessmen to 0 8 0 to 0 2 (} Oil-pressing is don e by th e teli s, who number ed 3,454 in 1901 . One Oil.pressjn~ . gh an£ (10 to 13 sers) of rap e (sarson) is put into th e hollow part of the press (kolhu) and work ed with a wood en pestl e (l ath) , which is driven by a singl e bullock. Half a ser of hot wat er is mi xe d with th e rap e, and when it is well press ed, a hole is mad e at the bottom of th e pr es s and th e oil beg ins to com e ou t. This oil is heated and ag ain pour ed on to th e rap e, while th e kol hu is kept warm with torch es (mas Ml) unt il all th e oil is extra cted fro m the rap e. On e maund of rape giv es 12 sel' S of oil and 28 ser s of kha t '(rap e cakes) . A man and woma n work th e press ; byo gh al/is of rap e is a fair day's work for on e pr ess and th e work er s ea rn from 4 to 6 annas. Other oil-seeds such as sesamum , alsi, etc. ) are press ed to order. There were 3,874 leath er workers in the St ate according to the census Tanning and of 1901 . They may be divided into thr ee ma in divisions, (z') the KhaHks who leath er work ing. prepare nar£ leather from sh eep and goat skins , while dhaur £ is tan ne d an d prep ared by the Chamars thems elves; (it) th e Ch amars wh o make shoes and well-gear; (iii) the Mochis and Sarnljis who make j;ur ga bf and oth er kind of shoes. The Chamars of Sangr6r and I)idri tahsils makt : good des£ shoes, which are light and flexible. The Mochls of Sangrur town onl y make red ~92 JIND STATE. ] gurgah£ heeled shoes. Both the dest shoes and gurgabt heeled shoes are ex- ported, but only in small quantities. Many kinds of shoes are prepared by the Chamars and Mochis of the State. The shoes prepared in Dadri tahsil are ARTS "ND Sol£m-ShaM, desw';'U, munda (with a chaura pattja} and zenuna juta (with got MANUFACTURES. chhota panja and without heels). Others are quite plain, sad&. These are Tanning and generally made of sheep or goat §kin dyed red or black with an inner lining of leather working. dhaurZ; some are ornamented at the toe and round the sides; others are com- pletely covered with embroidery. The price of a pair of shoes varies from 8 to 12 annas for an ordinary pair for hard rough use, or one rupee for a slightly better quality, to as much as Rs. 5 to 10 for an embroidered pair. The ornamental work is generally done by Chamar women. The Chamars of tahsil Sangr6r make plain Punjabi shoes of nJ,,£ dyed red. Those of Sangrur town ornament them with embroidery ,, ,ork. An embroidered pair costs from Rs. 4 to 8, while a plain light pair costs one rupee, and a hard rough pair from 8 to 12 annas. The Sarrajfs of Sangrur town make many kinds of gurgabis, half and full boots, of different skins, for which they ask from Re. 1.8 to 10. Besides shoe-making they repair carriage harness and saddlery. The Chamars of tahsil Iind are not skilled in shoe-making": They prepare Ill-shaped Hindustani and munda shoes. Laced shoes are not as a rule kept in stock, but are made to order. It is the custom when ordering a pair to be made to give an advance to the Sarraj, the rest of the price being paid on delivery. The average period for which a strong shoe will last is from 4 to 7 months, and if repaired, it ext .ends to nine months. The boots and gurgabis generally wear out in three or four months. Chamars earn from 2 to 3 annas a day at shoe-making, Mochis and Sarraj from 5 to 8 annas. Pazawas or brick kilns are worked by Kumhars. This work includes the preparation of the kachclui or unbaked bricks, and the collection of waste fodder, straw and sweepincrs (kura karkat) for baking the bricks and stack- ing them in the pasawa. t> The patheras or mud brick-makers, who are generally Chamars or Chuhras, but sometimes the Kumhars themselves. prepare the clay, working it with a spade. Large. bricks are moulded m a mould of wood or iron callfd a sanclza beanng a trade mark and tap with wooden thapir (tops). Small bricks are only made in qatz "bs or sanchas (moulds). These bricks are burnt in the kiln. In Sangrur tahsIl large bricks are made weighincr three sers each; while in Jind tahsil they average ! Ur. For larget>bricks the patheras are paid Rs. 100, and for small bricks Rs. 14 per 100,000. A pathera c,an make 400 large and 1,5 00 small brick ;; in a day. The Kumhars collect straw, fodder-sweepings, etc., for the plLzawa on their asses, ge~erally without charge, and also uplas (dried cak.es of cowdu~g) ~hlch cost Rs. 600 for a pazriwa of 300,000 large bncks. !' p~zawa IS th~s arranged :-A layer of sweepings about a foot ~eep IS laId on the SIte, and on it the sun-dried bricks are arranged WIth a space be- tween every two layers which is filled with sweepings and upUs. Holes ar~ left in the covering. Fire is appli ed from below. A kiln f~r large b:lck '5 holds 300,000 bricks and requires four months b~rlllng. A kIln for small bricks only holds 200,000 bricks, but reqUIres to be burnt for the same period. Large bricks are generally sold at Rs. 800 per 100,000 and smll.lI ones at Rs. 100 per 100,000, while the actual cost of large bricks is Rs. 380 and of small ones it is Rs. 56 per 100,000: In t.he town of Sangrur contractors have recently begun to prepare bncks ,nth (c chimney" kilns, where Purbfas and Chamars are employed. In the Jind tahsil 30 pazuwas and in Sangrur tahsil 24 are made yearly. In Dadr! tahsil pazawas are not common, as stone is generally used for building purposes. ~93 [ PART A. 6,393 Kumhiirs were returned in the St ate at the census of 19°1. In CHAP. II, G. the towns and large villages they gen erally work at brick-making, but sometimes make pot tery , toys, etc. In villages they generally make Economic. earthenware. ARTS AND MANUFACTURES. The metho d of manufacturing earthen vessels is describ ed on Brick ·making. pag es 2-11 of the "Monog raph on the Pott er y and Gl ass In dus tries of the Pottery . Pun jab , 1890-91 ./1 In this St ate two potters , jo intl y, can prepare 25 vessels da il y, and thu s in J 5 days they can prepar e 375 ve ss els as det ailed below burnt in an uw£ (small kiln) which requires thr ee day s' fir in g :- Rs. A. P'l 175 8 0 0 9 pie s each. o 4 0 2 annas per I 00. I In this work a family of five persons can earn 9 annas on an average per day. Besides working in pot tery they supply clay for building purposes, and carry grain and other arti cles on asses from vil lage to village. They also carry the corn from the fields at harvest time. A Kumhar with eight donkeys can earn 12 annas daily. Section F.-Comme rce and Trade. i '- /No statistics for the general trade of the State are available. SanO'rur, Export 's and im~ Jind and Dadrl are the local centres Of the grain trade, and Messrs. Ralli porh. Brothers and other fir ms send agents th ere. {Refined sugar and rice are imported from Muzaffarnag ar, Bareilly and FyzaMd; cloth from Delhi and Ludhian a j bronz e and bra ss vesse ls from MuradaMd, Rew arl, Patiala and Jagadhri; gold and sil ver lace from P atiala and Delhi; and gla ss bracelets (churis) from Pati ala and Ludhiana. Cotton is export ed from the town of Jfnd to Rohtak and Hansf, ghi to Sunam and Tohana, sarson and indigQ to Delhi . From the town of Dadri Mjru is largely exported with a small er qu antity of barley and gram. l . Section G.-Means of Communications. The Ludhiana-Dhurf-J akhal Railway passes through tahsfl Sangrur Railways. and has a st ation at Sangrur town. This railw ay, 79 miles in length, wa s con structed at th e expen se of the Jfnd and Maler Kotl a Darbar s, who contribut ed tths and ith of the cost resp ectiv ely. It was opened on the loth of April Igol and is worked by th e North-West ern Railway for 55 per cent . of the gr oss earnings. The 1 The method s of sk in ning buf fa loe s, bulls , sh eep and goats , and th e pr ocess of tannin g, dyein g and preparing hide s are de scr ibe d in the Mono graph on the Le ath er Industry of the Pu nja b, 189 1°92, pag es 16-20. Th e me th od of prepar ing differ e,nt ki?d s of sho es, gurg abi boot s, and th e tools and instrum ents used in the works are also de scnb ed In the Monograph. 194 JIND ~STATE. ] CHAP. n. G.• capital outlay to the end of June 1903 was Rs. 42,73,166, which gives an . -. average cost of Rs. 54 ,325 per mile. The following statement shows the Ec. onoml'C. genera 'IIresu ts 0f th e wor k' mg :- MEANS OF COM. ;p lIilNICATIONS. 1st half 1St half Railways. 19°2. 19°3 · ~.--- Miles.------Miles. Miles . ---Per cent. Mean mileage worked 78,66 78'66 Train mileage 68,960 67,225 - 1,735 - 2'52 Rs. Rs. Rs. Gross earnings . 1,97, 843 1 1,49 ,428 48,415 - 24'47 Working expenses at 55 1 per cent. 1,08,814 82.185 26,629 - 24'47 Nett earnings 89,029 67,243 21,786 - 24'47 capi. Percentage of return t:l Darb.hs on 2'°3 1'57/ - '46 tal outlay. The percentage of nett profits on the capital outlay for the year 1902-03 was thus 3'60. The figures in the margin show the gross earnings, Gross Number of Tonnage of earnin~s. passeng .ers. goods. the number of passengers of the various classes ___ _ carried, including police and troops, and the ton- nage of goods for the 1st half year of 1903. The Coaching 82,389 Goods 65.934 total number of passengers Telegraph 54 0 (256,590) consisted of 483 Sundries 565 1st class; 1,322 2nd class; 4,156 intermediate, and 250,629, 3rd class, and the tonnage of goods of 42,719 tons of merchandise; 358 tons of railway material; _8,398 tons of ordinary and 17 tons of military stores, The Southern Punjab Railway passes through the Jind tahsil for 25 miles, with stations at Jind, Kinana and Julana. This line was opened OR the toth of November 1897. The State has no share in it . The Rewari-j Feroz-epore Railway runs through tahsil Dlidri for 14 miles, with stations at Charkhi-Dadri and Manheru. In this line also the State has no share. Results of rail- The railways have been effectual in diminishing the hardships of way extension. famine, especially in the insecure tract of Dadrf. Grain is easily transport- ed and the facility of transport tends to equalise prices. The construction of the Ludhiana-Dbt1ri-Jakhal line afforded great relief to the famine- stricken population of the State in 1899- I900. The other lines have develop- ed trade in the towns of Sangrur and Jind. At Sangrur a grain-market has been opened where wheat, gram, etc., are collected from the neighbouring villages for export, and since the opening of the Southern Punjab Railway." cotton mills have been started at Jind. Dadri, ho·wever, has suffered, as its trade has gone to Bhawa :ni since the opening of the Rewari-Ferozepore line 1 The share of total receipts to be paid to the North. Western Railway for working the line has lately been reduced to 52 per . cent. --95 [ PARTA. The table belo w shows the principal roads in the State together with CHAP .•II, G. the halting plac esl en ro ute :- MEANS OF COM' MUNICATIONS. Sangrur tahsll- Sangrur to Patiala... Bhawanigarh 35 Metalle d. Lies in IInd territory State). for 7 miles and then enters Pa tiala State. 'Constructed in 1867-7°. Sangrur to KotIa ••• Dhurf (Pati ·Jla State) ... Sangrur to N<1bha .•. I Bhalwnn and Chhfntawilla I (Patiala State). Sangrur to Kuhl.ran.... Balwahar 6 Partly metalled Sangrur to Badrukhan 5 U nmetalled. Kh erf , Mahhin and 69 Metalled fo r 12 miles beyond Mauran. which th ere is ortly a kachchti path . Constructed in 1870-73- Station road fr om .Met alled. Sangrur town to the railway station. ]fnd tahsfl- I Station road from] fnd 2 Me talled . town to the rail- way station. Jind to Saffdon Jamnl, Budha Khera ... 24 Unmeta lled. ]ind to Hans i Ram R:H, Ra gthaJ Nar· 27 Do. naund. Kan ana, Julan a, Zaf ar- 32 Do. ga rh. Samar, Kh arentl (British). Jind to Mahan Malwi, ]hamol a 24 Do. ]ind to Kaithal ••• Kandala , Nagora, KatM· 40 Do. na (British). D5 .drf tahsfl- Dadrf to ] haj jar Didr f to Kanaud St ation road from Met a I le d. Cons tructed ii l Dadrf town to the 1896-97 . ra il way stati on. IMost of the halt ing places noted are mere village s without any sa,df or dik bunga- low. !: 3g6 J IND STATE. ] The metalled roads which are under the State Public Works Depart- ment (Garh KapUni) are generally good, but the unmetalled roads are bad. Econ omic. The unmetalled roads in tahsil Jind and in the canal-irrigated areas of MUNS OF COM- Jind and Sangrur become swampy during the rainy season, and bullock MUNiCA tiONS. carts have great difficulty in getting through, even with twice the ordinary Road,. number of bulloc ks. The village paths are narrow and in some places run between hedges. In t'ahsil Dadrf, and especially in the BalanwaH ildqa (tahsil S~ngrur) the roads are sandy, and during the hot weather the drifted sand makes the road hard to distinguish from the surrounding country. There are two ferries on the Ghaggar in tahsil Sangrur,-one at Usmanpur and the other near the village of Nanhera on the Kaithal road. These are maintained by the State during the rainy season, and managed •.in the months of Slbyan and BMdo n by malUhs, who charge 2 annas a pe rso n. The State guest-house at Sang rur, called the Krishan Bagh Kothi, lies in the Kr ishan Garden. It is under the management of the Superintend- ent of the Reception Depar tmen t, assisted by a staff of servants. There is als o a re st -h ou se at Sang ru r bu ilt this yea r. At Jind, Safidon and Dadri ce rt ai n portions of th e forts are used for the accommodation of St~~~ ' guests. Bri tis h Canal Depa rt ment res t-ho uses have been built at Jind, Sa lidon and Ram Rai. There are hafhais in the larger villages and s~rais at th e towns of Ji nd , Sangrur and Didri. // ""= ,' Post Offices. Prior to 18 85 the State maintained 8 post offices at Sang rur, Balan- Tables 31 an d 32 waH, Ku laran, Jind , SaHdon, Zafargarh, Dcidri and Badh ra. The se were of Part 8. ma na ged by a Mun sar im attac hed to the Deodhi Mual la, and Jind stamps and i'o st-c ar ds we re used within the State limits. There were also British post off ices at Jind and Dadrf. On the 15th July 1885 a postal convention was effected between the Imperial pos t off ice and the State, to facilitat e the mutual exc hange of correspondence, parcels, insured articl es and money orders. The British post offices at Ji nd and Dcidri were abolished and the management of the State post offices placed under a State Postmaster- General, two post offices of exchange, the Imperial post office at Ambala and the State office at Sangrur being authorized to deal with articles giving rise to acco1}nts. Postage stamps, post-cards and envelopes, sur- charged" Jind State" are supplied by the Imperial Government to the State at cost price. There are now 8 post offices located as follows :- J Ind (2nd Class) ••• Saffdon "'1 J ulan~. DMd (3rd t::l~ss) I Badhra. Telegraph lines run along the ra ilways and there is a Government tele- graph office at Sangrur, which wa s opened on the 1st September 1893. It belongs to the State, but is under the management of the British Government. ~97 [ PART A. Economic. With the rest of the Punjab the St ate suffered from the famines FAMINe:. of 1783, 1803 , 18 12, 1824 and 1833. That of 1860 -61 also affected th e Stat e, esp ecial ly Dadri tahsil , and half a year's revenue was remitt ed, Fttmines. whil e advan ces fo r the purchas e of cattl e and see d were made in Dadrf. In 1869-70 a fodder-famin e caused great loss es of cattl e, a fifth of the rev enue was remitted in Jind tah si l, and advan ce s were ma de again in Dadr! . In 1877-78 the scarcity wa s mor e severe and was met by lo ans and advan ce s fr om th e Stat e banks. In 1883- 84 a fodder-famine caus ed great losses of ca~tl e and the revenue was larg ely su spend ed . In 1896 fami ne re-appear ed and Rs . 27,500 were allotted for relief works, 7,000 mau nds of grain dis- tributed as advances for seed , and Rs. 3,000 sp ent in cha rit ab le relid, and though th e scarcity was intensified in 1897 ) the losses wer e not sever e. In 1899 the crops failed again, befor e the peopl e had time to recover from the effects of the pre ce ding famines and th e Stat e expe nd ed Rs. 50 ,000 on relief works , of which three-fifths we re allotted to lJadri . Thes e works only employ ed some 2,000 souls, and it was ac cordingly resolv ed to concentrate the famin e-stricken people on the Ludhiana-Dhuri- Jakhal Ra ilway, wh ere nearly 7,000 were employ ed for 17 months at a cost of over Rs. 40,000. Poor-houses were also opened and relief given privately at a cost of nearly Rs . 16,000, excluding th e ex pendi tur e on addition al dispen- sari es and the relief of immigrants. On the conclusion of the famine Rs. 1,58,000 were advanced to th e peopl e for the purchas e of cattle and seed, bringing up the total expenditure incurred by the State to Rs. 'Z ,27 ,000. Details of these various famines and the measu res taken to cope with them are given below. Tahsil Dadri, th e arid and sandy tr act on th e borde rs of Rajputana, has Famine history. suffered more than any other part of the St ate fr om th e famines which have from time to time afflict ed th e country , and it s people (th e Bagri's especi al- ly) are often obliged to leave their homes owing to th e sc arcity of wat er and food. In experienc e of the acuter evils of famine , Jind tahslI, which adjoins the Hissar and Rohtak Dis tric ts, comes next to Didri, while Sangrur, wl1ich lies in the Malwa , has suffer ed least. Although the construction of railways , roads and ca nal s has lessened the risk of whol esale starvation, the chances of famine have still to be reckoned with. .:rhe first Ch~Iis~. famin e, of which we hav e much information, is that of 1783 A. D' J known as the cMU sa kal or famin e of Samb at 1840. A larg e part of the State was depopulated. Th e previous years , Sambats 1838 and 1839 , had been dry and the harv est s poor, but in 1840 th ey fail ed entir ely . The tanks and ponds (johars) ran dry, thou sands of cattl e di ed of st ar vation an d thirst, and most of the vill ages were dese rt ed, only th e larg er one s here and there retaini l1 g a few inhabi tants. Th e peopl e liv ed on kair fruit (tind) and a fruit called bti rwa in lieu of grain, an d the cattl e were kept aliv e on the leaves and bark of th e jat, ka ir, berz and oth er trees. Dadri tahsi'l Set's pe 'Y t' upee. suffe re d mo st and Jind som ewh at les s. Wheat •• .. 5 to 6 Pric es ros e to the rates not ed in th e Gram 5 to 6 margin. In Sambat 1841 th ere was Barley ••• 6 to 7 rain and th e eff ects of th e famine be- Pulses n. 5 gan to di sappear . In Sambat 1860-61 r803 "04 A. D. there was insufficient rain for the kharif and rab! crops, both of which failed entir ely. Th e cultiv ators, mostly Ba grfs and Bangrus , emigrated to th e Mal wa or ac ross th e Jumna. Th e remainde r kept body and soul tog eth er by eat ing tind and bri rwa , but many of th e