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Fifty-One Photographic Illustrations " , • Taken by Order of the Government of India

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Fifty-One Photographic Illustrations • .' ,FIFTY-ONE PHOTOGRAPHIC ILLUSTRATIONS " , • TAKEN BY ORDER OF THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA " OF SOME SELECTED OBJECTS. SHOWN AT THE, THIRD' • "y ,,\;. EXHIBITION OF NATIVE FINE AND INDUSTRIAL ART OPENED AT SIMLA BY HIS EXCELLENCY THE VICEROY ON THE 24TH SEPTEMBER 1881 • 131 THE PHOTOGRAPHS ARE PERMANENT HAVING BEEN PRINTED BY THE WOODBURY PERMANENT PHOTOGRAPHIC PRINTING COMPANY 157 GREAT PORTLAND'STREET LONDON MDCCCLXXXIII :If: :If: • :If: , ' NATIVE INDUSTRIAL ART COMM"ITTEE, SIMLA. )j)atron. HIS EXCELLENCY THE MOST HONOURABLE THE MARQUIS OF RIPON, KG., G.M.S.I., G.M.I.E., Viceroy and Governor-General of India. Jl)jce-1Patron~. HIS EXCELLENCY SIR DONALD MARTIN STEWART, BART., G.C.B., C.I.E., Commander-in· Chief in India. HIS EXCELLENCY THE RIGHT HON. SIR JAMES FERGUSSON, BART., D.CL., F.RS., M.RAS., F.RI.B.A., KC.M.G., CI.E., Govenzor of Bombay. HIS EXCELLENCY SIR SALAR jUNG,G.C.S.I., Prime Minister to His Highness the/Vizam of Hyderabad. THE HON. SIR ASHLEY EDEN, KCS.l.i CLE., Lt'eutenant-Governor of Bengal THE HON. SIR GEORGE COUPER, BART., C.B., KCS.L, C.LE., Lieutenant­ Governor of tke North-Western Provinces and Oudlt. THE HON. SIR ROBERT EGERTON, KCS.I., C.LE., Lieutenant-Governor of the • Punjab. Jl1lemlter~. THE HON. JAMES GIBBS, C.s.L, CLE. (President of the Committee of Management). THE HON. MAJOR E. BARING, CS.I., C.LE. SIR LEPEL H. GRIFFIN, CS., K.CS.I. THE HON. CHARLES GRANT, CS., CS.I. T. C HOPE, ESQ., CS., CS.I. • MAJOR-GENERAL A. CUNNINGHAM, C:S.I., C.I.E., RE. MAJOR-GENERAL SIR CHARLES MACGREGOR, KCB., CS.I., CLE. MAJOR-GENERAL NAPIER G. CAMPBELL, RA. LUiUTENANT-COLONEL P. D. HENDERSON,' CS.I. CAPTAIN H. H. COLE, R.E., Honorary Secretar),. • 4 Third Exhz'bz"tz'on of Natz've Fz"n,e and 1 ndustrz'al Art. • J. H. MORRIS, ESQ., C.S.I., Chief Commz'ssioner of the Central Provinces. C. E. BERNARD, ESQ., C.S., C.S.I., Ojficiating Chief Commzssioner of Brilish Burma. SIR STEUART BAYLEY, C.S., K.C.S.I., Residenl at Hyderabad. C. A. ELLIOTT, ESQ., C.S., Ojficiating Chief Commissioner of Assam. LIEUTENANT-COLONEL C. K. M. WALTER, Ojficiating Agent 10 lhe Governor- General, Rajputana. THE HON. SYAD AHMED KHAN BAHADUR, C.S.1. THE HON. AMARAVATI SESHAYA SASTRI, C.S.I. SIRDAR PERTAB SINGH, SON OF SIR DEWA SINGH, K.C.S.I., President Council of Regency, Patiala State, OF PATIALA. KHALIFA SYAD MUHAMMAD HASSAN KHAN BAHADUR, Prime Minister to His Highness the Maharaja of Patiala. RAJENDRALALA MITTRA, RAI BAHADUR, LL.D., C.I.E. J. H. RIVETT-CARNAC, ESQ., C.S., C.I.E. E. FORSTER \VEBSTER, ESQ., C.S., Ojfici~tz'1tg Secretary to the Government of .Madras. H. B. GRIGG, ESQ., C.S. B.A., Director if Public Instruction, Madras. R. F. CHISHOLM, ESQ., F.R.I.B.A., Superintendent, School if Industria~ Arts, .Madras. J. L. KIPLING, ESQ., Principal, Mayo School of 4rt, La/tore. CAPTAIN W. LOCH, Prillcipal, Mayo College, Ajmere. • The object of the Committee is to encourage decorative industries which have a direct connection with the Oriental Fine Arts of India, Persia, Arabia, handed down by long tradition. Encouragement is felt to be required, since many of the Industrial Arts now practised in India have deteriorated through the influence of foreign ideas, both in ornament and shape. The Native Industrial Art Committee's medals in silver, bronze, and cer­ tificates of merit were awarded for specimens of Fine Art applied to industry, of the following classes :- A .-Carvings in ivory- (a) for adaptation in furniture, such as panels, carved or inlaid; (b) for ornamental purposes; (c) for application in objects of use. B.-Enamel painting on copper or gold­ (a) for jewellery; (b) for objects of use, such as caskets, salvers, arms, armour, &c. • Th£rdEzh£bitjon oj Native Fine and Industrial Art. 5 C.-Painting on wood or painting in lacquer- (a) for use in the decoration of houses, door panels, &c. ; (b) for application to objects of US6. D.-Inlaid metal work made at Moradabad. ~ • CARVED IVORY. NDIA has always been famed for ivory carvings, which are applied to furniture and to all descriptions of useful and ornamental objects. I The modern work is produced mostly at Mursheda.bad in Bengal, and at Shah,Pur, Amritsar and Delhi in the Punjab, at Bhurtpur, Jodhpur and Udaipur in Rajputana, in Bombay, in Assam, ,and in Burma, and at Vizagapatam and Travancore in Madras. Small statuettes, models of elephants and other animals, carved paper-cutters, chowris or fly whisks, sword and 'knife handles, chess-boards and chessmen, tankards, combs, and all descriptions of boxes, are among the most commonly produced articles. Carving in ivory produced in India is done for the most part by hand, and is much to be admired for elaboration of detail and for picturesque grouping of figures and animals. The geometrical and foliated ornament is always first-rate, and the production of carved ivory· suitable for the application to furniture and to useful objects should be developed and encouraged. European furniture-makers would doubtless be glad to get into communication with the ivory-carvers of this country. Some will no doubt remember the ivory throne and foptstool exhibited in 1851, the gift of the Raja of Travancore to Her Majesty the Queen." It is a remarkable specimen of carved ivory, displaying skill in the design and execution . • The ornament of the back and sides is very elaborate, and consists of bands and compartments of conventional foliage, human figures and animals, the style and arrangement of which derives its character from the carved architectural ornament of Dravidian art. ~ ENAMEL WORK. NAMELLING, or the art of fixing colours by melting in fire, is of very ancient date; it was practised by the Egyptians and carried to a high Edegree of perfection in Persia, in China, and in Japan. The art is known in many parts of India; it was originally employed. in ornamenting arms and, for jewellery, not only on gold, but on silver and on copper. • 6 Third Exhibition oj Native Fine and Industria! Art. Now the art is applied principally to personal ornaments and to salvers and vessels of all kinds. Nearly all the Indian enamels being embedded in the metal employed are of the champ/eve class, and the mos~ perfect Indian work is that of Jaipur, which is on gold. The enamel work on silver of Kashmir and· of Lucknow is often beautiful, but lor lustrous and transparent colours Jaipur bears away the palm. A translucent enamel is made at Partabgarh, and is effective, with delicate gold forms representing hunting scenes and floral and scroll patterns. ~ LACQUER-WARE. HE possession of the substance "lac" and of vegetable oils, which furnish natu! al varnishes, has given dse in Japan, China, Burma, and T India to "lacquer-work." The term however is vague, ~ince under it are comprehended not only objects in the production of which many vario\ls processes of the application of "lac" are involved, but many otHers in which .. lac" plays no part at all. In the Kashmir lacquer-work only a small quantity of "lac" is used. Wood or papier mache is the basis upon which the painted patterns are executed, and a coating of lac dissolved in spirit is applied in the first instance over plaster ground, then the painting is executed, and finally coats of clear varnish are applied in order to produce a fine hard polish. In one variety of Indian work a kind of sealing wax is spread over wood. and the" polished by turning. Patterns are then worked on the surface by incising .the external coating.. The mode of manufacturing Burmese lacquer-ware is thus described in the British Burma Administration Report for 187<)-80:- " Drinking cups and boxes for carrying the necessary ingredients for betel­ chewing are made of lacquered-ware, principally in Upper Burma, Lacquer-work. but also in different places in the province. A box of the required size and shape is prepared of exceedingly fine bamboo wicker-work. On this is evenly applied a coat of a vegetable oil known as thitsee, and obtained from the Afelattoorr/uxa usilalissima (once largely exported to China vid Ba-mo, and when cleaned and purified known as "China varnish "). 'When this is dry, a paste of fine sa"wdust, thitsee, and rice-water is thickly and evenly laid on; and as soon as this has set, the box is fastened to a rude lathe, and carefully smoothed with a piece of silicIOUS bamboo, which is used in the place of sand-paper .. The next coat consists of a coat of finely powdered bone dust and thitsee, which when dry is Third Exhibitz'on 0/ Native Fine and Industrial Art. 7 smoothed in the same way, and the grounding is complete. In colouring the boxes three colours only are used, but of different shades. For Jel/ow, yellow orpiment is carefully pounded and washed several times, being allowed to dry between each washing until a pure and impalpable powder remains, reduced three parts in bulk from the raw powder: with this is intimately mixed a small quantity of a kind of "tragacanth, and the whole is dried in the sun. This is tvorked up to the proper consistency with a vegetable oil called shansee, and a little thitsee is added, but not enough to injure the colour. For green, finely ground indigo is added to the orpiment in a sufficient proportion to give the required shade, and the rest of the process is the same.
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