Koalisi Dan Konflik Internal Partai Politik Pada Era Reformasi

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Koalisi Dan Konflik Internal Partai Politik Pada Era Reformasi KOALISI DAN KONFLIK INTERNAL PARTAI POLITIK PADA ERA REFORMASI Coalition and Internal Party Conflicts of Reform Era in Indonesia Lili Romli Peneliti Utama Pusat Penelitian Politik LIPI dan Staf Pengajar Departemen Ilmu Politik FISIP Universitas Indonesia Alamat email: [email protected] Naskah Diterima: 14 Agustus 2017 Naskah Direvisi: 20 November 2017 Naskah Disetujui: 20 November 2017 Abstract In this era of reform, political parties have internal conflicts. Factors causing the internal conflict, among others, are caused by coalition and opposition choices. The political parties involved in internal conflicts, some sparked divisions that led to the birth of new parties and some gave birth to double stewardship. Often organized internal conflicts of these political parties look very weak cohesiveness in the bodies of political parties. Internal conflicts in political parties also indicate how minimal institutionalization in the party body is in resolving conflicts to reach consensus. The tendency of internal conflict is not caused by differences in vision, mission and platform, and ideological party but by pragmatism on the choice of coalition of political parties in support of the presidential candidate and vice president and / or government and as well as the interests of power. Keywords: political party, factionalism, internal party conflicts, political coalition, presidential election Abstrak Pada era reformasi ini, partai politik mengalami konflik internal. Faktor yang menyebabkan konflik internal tersebut, antara lain, disebabkan oleh pilihan koalisi dan oposisi. Kecenderungan yang muncul, partai-partai politik terlibat dalam konflik internal, sebagian memunculkan perpecahan yang berujung pada lahirnya partai-partai baru dan sebagian lagi melahirkan kepengurusan ganda. Kerap munculnya konflik internal partai-partai politik tersebut memperlihatkan betapa lemahnya kohesivitas di tubuh partai-partai politik. Konflik internal pada partai-partai politik juga menandakan betapa minimnya pelembagaan di tubuh partai dalam mengatasi konflik untuk menuju konsensus. Kecenderungan konflik internal bukan disebabkan perbedaan visi-misi, platform dan ideologi partai, tetapi cenderung disebabkan oleh pragmatisme atas pilihan koalisi partai politik dalam mendukung calon presiden dan wakil presiden dan/atau pemerintahan serta kepentingan kekuasaan. Kata Kunci: partai politik, faksionalisme, konflik internal partai, koalisi politik, pemilihan presiden PENDAHULUAN Begitu juga dengan berdirinya Partai Bintang Partai-partai politik era reformasi kerap Reformasi (PRB) merupakan akibat dari mengalami konflik internal yang berujung pada konflik internal dalam tubuh Partai Persatuan perpecahan dan menghasilkan kepengurusan Pembangunan (PPP). Sedangkan Konflik ganda. Kehadiran Partai Gerindra, Partai internal yang terjadi di Partai Kebangkitan Nasdem, dan Partai Hanura, misalnya, adalah Bangsa (PKB) melahirkan Partai Kejayaan produk dari konflik internal Partai Golkar. Demokrasi (PEKADE) Pimpinan Matori Abdul Djalil dan Partai Kemakmuran Bangsa Lili Romli: Koalisi dan Konflik Internal Partai Politik pada Era Reformasi 95 Nusantara (PKBN) Pimpinan Zarnuba Arifah dalamnya. Sedangkan konflik non-kekerasan Chafsoh (Yeni Wahid).1 adalah konflik karena perbedaan pendapat dan/ Pasca Pemilihan Presiden (Pilpres) atau gagasan. Dalam alam demokrasi, perbedaan 2014, konflik internal yang bermuara pada pandangan atau pendapat merupakan bagian terbentuknya kepengurusan ganda muncul dari dinamika demokrasi itu sendiri. di Partai Golkar dan PPP. Keberadaan Persoalannya adalah bagaimana agar kepengurusan ganda pada Partai Golkar dan konflik yang terjadi tersebut tidak sampai PPP, antara lain, disebabkan pengurus kedua menghancurkan sistem kemasyarakatan partai tersebut berbeda dalam mendukung (disintegrasi sosial) atau merusak kohesivitas koalisi pemerintahan JK-Jokowi. Konflik di (keutuhan) organisasi. Artinya, konflik Golkar antara kubu Aburizal Bakri, yang tidak bersifat destruktif, tetapi konstruktif. tergabung dalam Koalisi Merah Putih (KMP) Ini merupakan tantangan yang harus bisa versus kubu Agung Laksono, yang mendukung dijawab dan diatasi agar konflik (perbedaan Koalisi Indonesia Hebat (KIH) pada Pemilihan pendapat) yang terjadi memberikan energi bagi Presiden 2014. Begitu juga dengan konflik perkembangan dan kemajuan suatu organisasi. internal di PPP, antara kubu Djan Faridz atau Namun sayangnya, bila kita merujuk pada Suryadarma Ali yang mendukung KMP versus partai politik di Indonesia untuk melaksanakan Romahurmuziy yang tergabung dalam KIH. fungsi tersebut terlihat belum maksimal. Alih- Kecenderungan konflik internal partai- alih partai politik sebagai agent of conflict partai politik tersebut disebabkan oleh management, gambaran yang kerap muncul: kepentingan politik elit-elit partai dalam partai-partai politik dilanda konflik internal memilih koalisi mengusung calon peresiden- sehingga abai melaksanakan fungsinya sebagai wakil presiden dan/atau bergabung serta tetap penyelesai konflik.2 dengan pemerintah yang berkuasa. Sehubungan Secara sederhana, makna konflik dengan itu, pertanyaan adalah: mengapa pilihan adalah karena adanya perbedaan-perbedaan koalisi dalam pemilihan presiden 2014 terjadi kepentingan antara individu yang satu dengan konflik internal partai? Apa yang menjadi individu yang lain atau kelompok yang faktor penyebab dari konflik internal partai satu dengan kelompok yang lain. Di antara tersebut? Ada pun tujuan dari tulisan ini adalah perbedaan kepentingan itu adalah perbedaan menjelaskan tentang faktor pilihan koalisi dan kepentingan politik, sehingga disebut juga kepentingan kekuasaan dalam konflik internal sebagai konflik politik. Ada tiga macam pertai politik di Indonesia era reformasi. konflik politik. Pertama, konflik politik karena memperebutkan jabatan-jabatan politik atau TEORI KONFLIK DAN KOALISI kekuasaan. Kedua, konflik politik karena Konflik merupakan suatu yang inheren kebijakan-kebijakan politik. Ketiga, konflik dalam setiap masyarakat atau suatu organisasi. politik muncul karena perbedaan pandangan Tidak ada satu masyarakat atau organisasi pun terhadap lembaga-lembaga politik.3 yang bisa lepas dari konflik. Konflik yang terjadi Motif seseorang untuk meraih dan dalam masyarakat tersebut bisa dalam bentuk mempertahankan kekuasaan, menurut kekerasan maupun non-kekerasan. Konflik penjelasan Maurice Durverger, bisa didasarkan dalam bentuk kekerasan adalah konflik yang oleh motif ekonomi dan motif altruistik. Duverger saling melukai atau saling menghancurkan satu mengemukakan bahwa ada dua doktrin terkait sama lain di antara pihak-pihak yang terlibat di 2 Lihat Lili Romli,”Reformasi Partai Politik dan Sistem Kepartain di Indonesia”, Jurnal Politica, Vol. 2 No.2. 1 Terkait dengan konflik internal partai yang berujung pada November 2014. perpecahan ini, lihat penjelasan Bestian Naingggolan, 3 Lihat Maswadi Rauf, Konsensus dan Konflik Politik: “Konsentrasi dan Dekonsentrasi Kuasa”, dalam Litbang Sebuah Penjajagan Teoritis, Jakarta: Direktorat Jenderal Kompas, Partai Politik Indonesia 1999-2019, Konsentrasi Pendidikan Tinggi, 2000. dan Dekonsentrasi Kuasa, Jakarta; Penerbit Kompas, 2016. 96 Politica Vol. 8 No. 2 November 2017 perjuangan untuk kepentingan politik. Pertama, tujuan tersebut. Tujuan faksi sangat beragam, doktrin liberal yang mengatakan bahwa motif termasuk: mempertahankan patronase dan perjuangan kepentingan politik ekuivalen dengan kontrol faksi atas partai, mempengaruhi strategi doktrin borjuis dari teori Charles Darwin tentang dan kebijakan partai, serta mengusulkan “struggle for life”. Atas dasar itu di dalam arena serangkaian nilai baru kepada partai. politik maka perjuangan itu menjadi “perjuangan Selanjutnya ia mengatakan ada dua elemen untuk posisi utama” dalam jabatan politik. Terkait penting dari faksi, yakni: (1) sub-kelompok dengan ini maka persaingan memperebutkan yang menjadi bagian dari kelompok yang lebih posisi politik tersebut didasarkan pada motif-motif besar, dan (2) sub-kelompok dipersatukan oleh ekonomi dan keinginan-keinginan sendiri. Ini identitas dan tujuan yang sama 5 berbeda dengan doktrin kedua, yaitu pandangan Sementara Ian McAllister mengatakan kalangan konservatif bahwa motif perjuangan bahwa faksi sebagai kekuatan-kekuatan yang untuk politik didasarkan pada pertimbangan- bersaing untuk mendapatkan pengaruh dari pertimbangan altruistik. Mereka yang berjuang institusi-institusi penting di dalam kepengurusan untuk kekuasaan sesungguhnya didorong untuk partai mengenai perumusan kebijakan partai mengabdikan diri bagi pelayanan masyarakat, dan penentuan kandidat untuk mengisi jabatan suatu bentuk pengorbanan bagi kepentingan politik di partai maupun pemerintahan.6 Sebagai umum.4 sebuah faksi politik, kelompok tersebut bersaing Apa yang dikemukakan Duverger tersebut dengan lawan-lawannya untuk memperoleh senada dengan pandangan Max Weber, keuntungan kekuasaan di dalam kelompok meski dengan bahasa yang berbeda. Weber yang lebih luas, di mana mereka menjadi menyatakan bahwa orang yang terlibat di dalam bagian di dalamnya. Sehubungan dengan itu politik, terbagi atas dua tipe, yang pertama, David Hine berpendapat bahwa faksi akan karena faktor panggilan hidup (calling), di menjadi faktor konflik internal partai manakala mana ia memasuki dunia politik sebagai ikatan antar faksi partai lebih dipengaruhi oleh bentuk pengabdian. Kedua, mereka memasuki kepentingan individu/kelompok dibandingkan dunia politik karena faktor mencari pekerjaan oleh adanya kesamaan gagasan.7 Faksi di dan penghidupan.
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