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Working Mothers and the Postponement of Women's
SUK_FINAL PROOF_REDLINE.DOCX (DO NOT DELETE) 3/13/2021 4:13 AM WORKING MOTHERS AND THE POSTPONEMENT OF WOMEN’S RIGHTS FROM THE NINETEENTH AMENDMENT TO THE EQUAL RIGHTS AMENDMENT JULIE C. SUK* The Nineteenth Amendment’s ratification in 1920 spawned new initiatives to advance the status of women, including the proposal of another constitutional amendment that would guarantee women equality in all legal rights, beyond the right to vote. Both the Nineteenth Amendment and the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) grew out of the long quest to enshrine women’s equal status under the law as citizens, which began in the nineteenth century. Nearly a century later, the ERA remains unfinished business with an uncertain future. Suffragists advanced different visions and strategies for women’s empowerment after they got the constitutional right to vote. They divided over the ERA. Their disagreements, this Essay argues, productively postponed the ERA, and reshaped its meaning over time to be more responsive to the challenges women faced in exercising economic and political power because they were mothers. An understanding of how and why *Professor of Sociology, Political Science, and Liberal Studies, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, and Florence Rogatz Visiting Professor of Law (fall 2020) and Senior Research Scholar, Yale Law School. Huge thanks to Saul Cornell, Deborah Dinner, Vicki Jackson, Michael Klarman, Jill Lepore, Suzette Malveaux, Jane Manners, Sara McDougall, Paula Monopoli, Jed Shugerman, Reva Siegel, and Kirsten Swinth. Their comments and reactions to earlier iterations of this project conjured this Essay into existence. This Essay began as a presentation of disconnected chunks of research for my book, WE THE WOMEN: THE UNSTOPPABLE MOTHERS OF THE EQUAL RIGHTS AMENDMENT (2020) , but the conversations generated by law school audiences nudged me to write a separate essay to explore more thoroughly how the story of suffragists’ ERA dispute after the Nineteenth Amendment affects the future of constitutional lawmaking. -
Cultural Anthropology Through the Lens of Wikipedia: Historical Leader Networks, Gender Bias, and News-Based Sentiment
Cultural Anthropology through the Lens of Wikipedia: Historical Leader Networks, Gender Bias, and News-based Sentiment Peter A. Gloor, Joao Marcos, Patrick M. de Boer, Hauke Fuehres, Wei Lo, Keiichi Nemoto [email protected] MIT Center for Collective Intelligence Abstract In this paper we study the differences in historical World View between Western and Eastern cultures, represented through the English, the Chinese, Japanese, and German Wikipedia. In particular, we analyze the historical networks of the World’s leaders since the beginning of written history, comparing them in the different Wikipedias and assessing cultural chauvinism. We also identify the most influential female leaders of all times in the English, German, Spanish, and Portuguese Wikipedia. As an additional lens into the soul of a culture we compare top terms, sentiment, emotionality, and complexity of the English, Portuguese, Spanish, and German Wikinews. 1 Introduction Over the last ten years the Web has become a mirror of the real world (Gloor et al. 2009). More recently, the Web has also begun to influence the real world: Societal events such as the Arab spring and the Chilean student unrest have drawn a large part of their impetus from the Internet and online social networks. In the meantime, Wikipedia has become one of the top ten Web sites1, occasionally beating daily newspapers in the actuality of most recent news. Be it the resignation of German national soccer team captain Philipp Lahm, or the downing of Malaysian Airlines flight 17 in the Ukraine by a guided missile, the corresponding Wikipedia page is updated as soon as the actual event happened (Becker 2012. -
News Release Michigan State University Commencement
NEWS RELEASE MEDIA CONTACT: Kristen Parker, University Relations, (517) 353-8942, [email protected] MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY COMMENCEMENT/CONVOCATION SPEAKERS 1907 Theodore Roosevelt, U.S. president 1914 Thomas Mott Osborn 1915 David Starr Jordan, Chancellor, Leland Stanford Junior University 1916 William Oxley Thompson, president, Ohio State University 1917 Samuel M. Crothers 1918 Liberty H. Bailey 1919 Robert M. Wenley, University of Michigan 1920 Harry Luman Russell, dean, University of Wisconsin 1921 Woodridge N. Ferris 1922 David Friday, MSU president 1923 John W. Laird 1924 Dexter Simpson Kimball, dean, Cornell University 1925 Frank O. Lowden 1926 Francis J. McConnell 1931 Charles R. McKenny, president, Michigan State Normal College 1933 W.D. Henderson, director of university extension, University of Michigan 1934 Ernest O. Melby, professor of education, Northwestern University 1935 Edwin Mims, professor of English, Vanderbilt University 1936 Gordon Laing, professor, University of Chicago 1937 William G. Cameron, Ford Motor Co. 1938 Frank Murphy, governor of Michigan 1939 Howard C. Elliott, president, Purdue University 1940 Allen A. Stockdale, Speakers’ Bureau, National Assoc. of Manufacturers 1941 Raymond A. Kent, president, University of Louisville 1942 John J. Tiver, president, University of Florida 1943 C.A. Dykstra, president, University of Wisconsin 1944 Howard L. Bevis, president, Ohio State University 1945 Franklin B. Snyder, president, Northwestern University 1946 Edmund E. Day, president, Cornell University 1947 James L. Morrill, president, University of Minnesota 1948 Charles F. Kettering 1949 David Lilienthal, chairperson, U.S. Atomic Commission 1950 Alben W. Barkley, U.S. vice president (For subsequent years: S-spring; F-fall; W-winter) 1951-S Nelson A. -
Than a Congressional Joke: a Fresh Look at the Legislative History of Sex Discrimination of the 1964 Civil Rights Act
William & Mary Journal of Race, Gender, and Social Justice Volume 3 (1997) Issue 1 William & Mary Journal of Women and Article 6 the Law April 1997 More Than a Congressional Joke: A Fresh Look at the Legislative History of Sex Discrimination of the 1964 Civil Rights Act Robert C. Bird Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmjowl Part of the Civil Rights and Discrimination Commons Repository Citation Robert C. Bird, More Than a Congressional Joke: A Fresh Look at the Legislative History of Sex Discrimination of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, 3 Wm. & Mary J. Women & L. 137 (1997), https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmjowl/vol3/iss1/6 Copyright c 1997 by the authors. This article is brought to you by the William & Mary Law School Scholarship Repository. https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmjowl MORE THAN A CONGRESSIONAL JOKE: A FRESH LOOK AT THE LEGISLATIVE HISTORY OF SEX DISCRIMINATION OF THE 1964 CIVIL RIGHTS ACT ROBERT C. BiRD" INTRODUCTION The Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Act) represents one of the most significant milestones of the twentieth century.' Title VII of the Act prohibits discrimination in employment on the basis of "race, color, religion, sex, or national origin."2 The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) was subsequently created to 8 define and enforce the Title VII provisions. Conventional wisdom holds that Congress added a sex 4 discrimination provision to Title VII as little more than a "joke" or a political ploy. Many authors dismiss the legislative history of the sex discrimination prohibition as aberrant congressional behavior, which is largely to be ignored. -
Transition (1974) - Possible Candidates for Appointment to Positions (1)” of the Richard B
The original documents are located in Box 12, folder “Transition (1974) - Possible Candidates for Appointment to Positions (1)” of the Richard B. Cheney Files at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. Copyright Notice The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Gerald Ford donated to the United States of America his copyrights in all of his unpublished writings in National Archives collections. Works prepared by U.S. Government employees as part of their official duties are in the public domain. The copyrights to materials written by other individuals or organizations are presumed to remain with them. If you think any of the information displayed in the PDF is subject to a valid copyright claim, please contact the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. Digitized from Box 12 of the Richard B. Cheney Files at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library THE WHITE HOUSE T WASHINGTON A • B A ww w DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT Gaylord Freeman Chairman of the Board First National Bank of Chicago John Robson Sheldon Lubar Resigned as Assistant Secretary, HUD for Housing Production and Mortgage Credit (old FHA job) . Policy differences with Lynn over regional offices. Former Chairman Mortgage Association, Inc. Milwaukee, Wisconsin (mortgage banking company). Rocco Siciliano President, Title Insurance in Los Angeles (lent money to buy San Clemente) . Former Commerce Undersecretary. Thomas Moody Mayor, Columbus, Ohio {Rep.) Moon Landrieu Mayor, New Orleans (Dem.) Louis Welch Houston. Retired as Mayor. Dem. conservative. Helped Nixon Administration push revenue sharing, etc., with Mayors. -
IN THIS ISSUE the Two Crops the Standard of the Lord Lifted Up
Quaker Thought and Life Today VOLUME 7 JUNE 15, 1961 NUMBER 12 ~OLOGY ha, been described as the grammar of IN THIS ISSUE the language of 1·eligion. If it be so, that grammar is ten tative and experimental, be cause our knowledge of the language itself is limited. Yet The Two Crops we have the key words: among by C. Burnell Olds them, most outstandingly, "love" and "trust." If we have these in only the smal lest measure, or even have got The Standard of the Lord Lifted Up scarcely beyond wanting them by Alary lloxie Jones in our lives, God can work in them and will work for our aid. A nd whether we fee l the tide of the spirit running in Letter from Paris us strongly, or are bruised and bewildered in still wa by Wolf Jlendl ters, let us humbly and learn ingly believe this, for it is in this way that we begin to p,-ove it, in day-to-day experi Friends and Population in 1960 ence. by Kenneth Ives -HORACE B. POINTING TWENTY CENTS $5.00 A YEAR Books 250 FRIENDS JOURNAL June 15, 1961 FRIENDS JOURNAL Books TOLERANCE AND THE INTOLERABLE. By RrcHARD K. ULLMAN. The 1961 London Yearly Meeting Swarthmore Lecture. George Allen and Unwin, Ltd., London. 74 pages. 8s. 6d. The annual Swarthmore Lecture at the opening of London Yearly Meeting is an event of the first order in the life of British Friends. Although the lecture may not intend to be Published semimonthly, on the first and fifteenth of each a keynote address, it is, nevertheless, likely to give to the think month, at 1515 Cherry Street, Philadelphia 2, Pennsylvania ing of Friends a sense of direction that might otherwise be (LO 3-7669) by Friends Publishing Corporation missing. -
Martha Wright Griffiths
Martha Edna Wright Griffiths (Jan. 29, 1912 – April 22, 2003) Martha Griffiths was born and raised in Pierce City, Missouri. She was a champion debater and was part of the debate team while attending the University of Missouri, from which she graduated in 1934 with a B.A. in Economics. She and her husband, Hicks, graduated from the University of Michigan law school. They then both worked in an insurance company and later practiced law together in their own firm. Martha Griffiths’ first attempt at running for public office in 1946 ended in defeat. Just two years later, however, Martha was elected to the Michigan House of Representatives where she served two terms. She ran for Congress in 1952 but the bid was unsuccessful. The following year, Martha became the first woman to serve as the Judge of Recorders Court in Detroit. In 1955, she was elected as the first Democrat woman from Michigan to Congress. She was reelected 9 times, serving ten terms in Congress, until 1974. Martha was the first woman to serve on the powerful House Committee on Ways and Means. During Griffiths’ long career in the U.S. House of Representatives, she was a tireless and effective advocate for the rights of women. Her crowning legislative achievements were her successful advocacy for the inclusion of women in the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and the later passage of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) by both the House and Senate. (The ERA did not make it into the U.S. Constitution because it later fell three states short of the 38 needed for ratification.) She also worked successfully for the passage of Title IX, a law which protects against sex discrimination in education, and for positive changes to social security, education and people with disabilities. -
• United States Court Directory
If you have issues viewing or accessing this file contact us at NCJRS.gov. .f'"'" '''\ '. • UNITED STATES COURT DIRECTORY JULY 1,1979 • • UNITED STATES COURT DIRECTORY July 1, 1979 Published by: The Administrative Office of the United States Courts Contents: Division of Personnel Office of the Chief (633-6115) • Publication & Distribution: Administrative Services Division Management Services Branch Chief, Publications !1anagement Sectiom (633-6178) ". "!01 t' ",; "" t~ ~. ':"; t."l. t..:'r", / ERRATA SHEET • UNITED STA'IES COURT DIHECIDRY July 1, 1979 Page Change 2 D.C. Circuit -- Judge David L. Baze10n has taken senior status. 4 Second Circuit -- Judge William H. Mulligan, ~om 684, One Federal Plaza, New York, New York 10007. Add Judge Jon O. Newman, U. S. Courthouse, 450 Main Street, Hartford, CDnnecticut 06103 (FTS-244-3260). Add Judge Ama1ya Lyle Kearse, 1005 U. S. Courthouse, Foley Square, New York, New York 10007 (FTS-662-0903) (212-791-0903). 10 Fifth Circuit -- Judge Irving L. Goldberg (FTS-7~9-0758) (214-767-0758). 16 Eighth Circuit -- Judge M. C. Matthes, Box 140BB, Route 1, Highway F, Wright City, Missouri 63390. • 33 Arizona -- Add Judge Valdemar A. Cordova, 7418 Federal Building, phoenix, Arizona 85025 (FTS-261-4955) (602-261-4955). 34 Arkansas, Eastern -- Add Judge William Hay Overton, Post Office Box 1540, Little Rock 72203 (FTS-740-5682) (501-378-5682). 44 Connecticut -- Delete Judge Jon O. Newman. 46 District of Co1unbia -- Add Judge Joyce Hens Green, ?''Washington, D.C. 20001 CFTS-426-7581) (202-426-7581). 64 Iowa, Southern -- Add Judge Harold D. Vietor, 221 United States Court- house, Des MOines 50309 (FTS-862-4420) (515-284-4420). -
In Memoriam: the Honorable Cornelia Groefsema Kennedy
IN MEMORIAM: THE HONORABLE CORNELIA GROEFSEMA KENNEDY The editors of the Ohio State Law Journal respectfully dedicate this issue to the Honorable Cornelia Groefsema Kennedy. Cornelia Kennedy was born on August 4, 1923, in Detroit, Michigan.1 After receiving her undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Michigan, she became one of the first women to clerk for the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.2 Judge Kennedy was the first woman named to the federal district bench in Detroit and the first woman to become chief judge of a federal district court.3 In 1979, President Jimmy Carter nominated her to the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit in Cincinnati.4 She retired as a senior judge in 2012.5 Judge Kennedy passed away on May 12, 2014, in Grosse Pointe Woods, Michigan.6 She will be remembered as the “first lady” of the Michigan judiciary7 and a leader who paved the way for women in the legal field. TABLE OF CONTENTS JUSTICE JOHN PAUL STEVENS ............................................................... 1009 JUSTICE SANDRA DAY O’CONNOR ....................................................... 1010 JUDGE DAMON J. KEITH ........................................................................ 1012 JUDGE NATHANIEL R. JONES ................................................................ 1013 JUDGE DANNY J. BOGGS ....................................................................... 1015 JUDGE ALICE M. BATCHELDER ............................................................. 1015 JUDGE LAURIE J. MICHELSON ............................................................... 1018 Thank you to Professor Marc Spindelman for helping put together this In Memoriam. 1 Derek J. Sarafa, Judge Cornelia G. Kennedy: First Lady of the Michigan Judiciary, MICH. LAWYERS IN HISTORY, http://www.michbar.org/journal/article.cfm?articleID=105& volumeID=9 (last visited Nov. 13, 2014), archived at http://perma.cc/B329-C5R2. -
Ford, Betty - Equal Rights Amendment” of the Sheila Weidenfeld Files at the Gerald R
The original documents are located in Box 37, folder “Ford, Betty - Equal Rights Amendment” of the Sheila Weidenfeld Files at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. Copyright Notice The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Gerald Ford donated to the United States of America his copyrights in all of his unpublished writings in National Archives collections. Works prepared by U.S. Government employees as part of their official duties are in the public domain. The copyrights to materials written by other individuals or organizations are presumed to remain with them. If you think any of the information displayed in the PDF is subject to a valid copyright claim, please contact the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. Digitized from Box 37 of the Sheila Weidenfeld Files at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library THE WHITE HOUSE WASHINGTON February 6, 1975 TO: ALL WHITE HOUSE/EOB STAFF FROM: MBS. FORD I hope you will reserve a half hour tomorrow (Friday, February 7) at either 11:00 a.m. or 11:45 a.m. --and plan on joining me in the Family Theater of the White House for an update on what is happening with the Equal Rights Amendment. An excellent slide presentation on the ERA has been made available to us. Two experts on the subject --John Deardourff and Doug Bailey--will bring us up to date on the Amendment's status and are well equipped to answer our questions. I plan to be on hand to meet you and hope you will bring co-workers for this important briefing. -
LSF.0013.001.Pdf
CONTENTS law quad notes 1 Reading Between the Sheets by Roy F. Profitt 2 Letter of transmittal from the National Chairman 3 Letter of acceptance from the Dean of the Taw School 4 1973 Law School Fund Report 8 1972-73 Comparison by Regions 9 Law School Fund Contributors 22 Class Summary of Gifts 24 Growth Chart of the Law School Fund 25 Michigan Income Tax Credit 27 Corporate Matching Gift Program 27 The Hundred Club 28 The Presidents Club 32 In Memoriam About this issue: This issue of the Law Quudrangk Notes is the thirteenth annual report of the Law School Fund. The Fund is under the direction of Professor Roy F. Proffitt; Mrs. Lois A. Richards is supervisor of the Fund and is responsible for gathering the name and data used in this report. Law Qd- rangk Notes Publications Chairman is Professor Yale Kamisar; Notes is edited and designed in the University Publications Office, printed by University of Michigan Printing Services. On the cover: Another of the many picturesque parts of the Law Quadrangle was photographed by an unknown photographer and turned into a cover by Graphic Designer Art Spinney, with special photomechanical techniques supplied by Printing Services Cameraman Tom Wanzeck. - - Voi. 17, No. 4 summer, 1974 Law Quadrangle Notes, issued quarterly by The University of Michigan Law School. Second-class postage paid at Ann Arbor, Michigan. OBtice of publication, 409 East Jefferson, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104. Send Form 3579 to: Law Quadrangle Notes, Law School, Hutchins Hall, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104. Malcolm L. -
State.S Court Directory
If you have issues viewing or accessing this file, please contact us at NCJRS.gov. .,-----, - -------- t...' .... ,.* ,~/~ .., " • \.-,' UNITED· STATE.S COURT DIRECTORY FEBRUARY 1, 1980 ' , , ' ., • ' I • ",' , t " ~ UNITED STATES COURT DIRECTORY • February 1, 1980 Published by: The Administrative Office of the United States Courts Contents: Division of Personnel Office of the Chief (633-6115) Publication & Distribution: Administrative Services Division Management Services B.ranch Chief, Publications Management Section (633-6178) • , 1- ~ .... • ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES COURTS WASHINGTON, D.C. 20544 .~ WILLIAM E. FOLE' R. GLENN JOHNSON DIRECTOR CHIEF OF THE DIVISION OF PERSONNEL JOSEi"H F. SPANIOL, JR. DEPUTY DI RECTOR April 7, 1980 MEM)RANDUM '10 AIL lNITED STATES JUDGES, lNITED STATES MA.GLSTRATES, CIRCUIT EXECUl'IVES, FEIERAL PUBLIC DEFENDERS, CLERKS OF CDURT, PROBATION OFFICERS, AND PRE'l'RIAL SERVICES OFFICERS SUBJECl': February 1, 1980 Issue of the thited States Court Directory Enclos(!d you will f:ind a copy of the current issue of the thited States Court Directory which includes listings for U'lited States Magistrates. Listed below are changes which have occurred in the F'ebruary 1, 1980 directory which should be corrected. In order to keep this publication as current as possible, we ask that court officials notify the Division of Persormel of any other changes that should be corrected or whEnever there is a m:ri.ling address or telephone change. Change 2 District of Colunhia Circuit -- Add Judge Harry T. Ed-lards, ~\Washington, D. C. 20001, (202-426-7493). fulete Michael Davidson as SEnior Staff Attorney and add Christine N. Kohl. 4 Second Circuit -- fulete Senior Judge Paul R.