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Working Mothers and the Postponement of Women's
SUK_FINAL PROOF_REDLINE.DOCX (DO NOT DELETE) 3/13/2021 4:13 AM WORKING MOTHERS AND THE POSTPONEMENT OF WOMEN’S RIGHTS FROM THE NINETEENTH AMENDMENT TO THE EQUAL RIGHTS AMENDMENT JULIE C. SUK* The Nineteenth Amendment’s ratification in 1920 spawned new initiatives to advance the status of women, including the proposal of another constitutional amendment that would guarantee women equality in all legal rights, beyond the right to vote. Both the Nineteenth Amendment and the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) grew out of the long quest to enshrine women’s equal status under the law as citizens, which began in the nineteenth century. Nearly a century later, the ERA remains unfinished business with an uncertain future. Suffragists advanced different visions and strategies for women’s empowerment after they got the constitutional right to vote. They divided over the ERA. Their disagreements, this Essay argues, productively postponed the ERA, and reshaped its meaning over time to be more responsive to the challenges women faced in exercising economic and political power because they were mothers. An understanding of how and why *Professor of Sociology, Political Science, and Liberal Studies, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, and Florence Rogatz Visiting Professor of Law (fall 2020) and Senior Research Scholar, Yale Law School. Huge thanks to Saul Cornell, Deborah Dinner, Vicki Jackson, Michael Klarman, Jill Lepore, Suzette Malveaux, Jane Manners, Sara McDougall, Paula Monopoli, Jed Shugerman, Reva Siegel, and Kirsten Swinth. Their comments and reactions to earlier iterations of this project conjured this Essay into existence. This Essay began as a presentation of disconnected chunks of research for my book, WE THE WOMEN: THE UNSTOPPABLE MOTHERS OF THE EQUAL RIGHTS AMENDMENT (2020) , but the conversations generated by law school audiences nudged me to write a separate essay to explore more thoroughly how the story of suffragists’ ERA dispute after the Nineteenth Amendment affects the future of constitutional lawmaking. -
Cultural Anthropology Through the Lens of Wikipedia: Historical Leader Networks, Gender Bias, and News-Based Sentiment
Cultural Anthropology through the Lens of Wikipedia: Historical Leader Networks, Gender Bias, and News-based Sentiment Peter A. Gloor, Joao Marcos, Patrick M. de Boer, Hauke Fuehres, Wei Lo, Keiichi Nemoto [email protected] MIT Center for Collective Intelligence Abstract In this paper we study the differences in historical World View between Western and Eastern cultures, represented through the English, the Chinese, Japanese, and German Wikipedia. In particular, we analyze the historical networks of the World’s leaders since the beginning of written history, comparing them in the different Wikipedias and assessing cultural chauvinism. We also identify the most influential female leaders of all times in the English, German, Spanish, and Portuguese Wikipedia. As an additional lens into the soul of a culture we compare top terms, sentiment, emotionality, and complexity of the English, Portuguese, Spanish, and German Wikinews. 1 Introduction Over the last ten years the Web has become a mirror of the real world (Gloor et al. 2009). More recently, the Web has also begun to influence the real world: Societal events such as the Arab spring and the Chilean student unrest have drawn a large part of their impetus from the Internet and online social networks. In the meantime, Wikipedia has become one of the top ten Web sites1, occasionally beating daily newspapers in the actuality of most recent news. Be it the resignation of German national soccer team captain Philipp Lahm, or the downing of Malaysian Airlines flight 17 in the Ukraine by a guided missile, the corresponding Wikipedia page is updated as soon as the actual event happened (Becker 2012. -
', :':':;"Texa's- Agricultural , Ex-Ten '
4> ~ -,' , :':':;"TEXA'S- AGRICULTURAL , EX-TEN ' . ... -:>-.~ -~•• ,....,~ hi.t~.' ~ ___ '>::"'" - 'J. E .. 'Hutchison, 'Director, College:.shlt~QP" Texas GRAHAM HARD NENA ROBERSON RHEBA MERLE BOYLES FANNIE BROWN EATON EXTENSION CLOTHING SPECIALISTS The A. and M. College of Texas THE CHARACTERISTICS OF FABRICS which . give 3. Fabrics made of chemically treated cotton, them the virtues of quick drying, crease re linen and rayon. The resin finishes are the most sistance, little or no ironing, keeping their orig commonly used. These finishes should last the inal shape and size during use and care, retaining normal life of a garment. a look of newness and fresh crispness after being worn and cleaned continuously also create sewing FABRIC SELECTION difficulties. The surface often is smoother and The best guides in the selection of quality harder which makes the fabric less pliable and fabrics are informative labels of reputable manu more difficult to handle. These qualities can facturers. Good quality finishes add to the cost cause seams to pucker. Even in the softest blends of fabrics, but compensate for the extra cost in there is a springiness which requires more care in durability and appearance. handling ease, as in the sleeve cap. Each fabric presents different problems. Look Wash-and-wear fabrics may be divided into at the fabric and feel it. Is it closely or loosely three groups: woven? Is it soft and firm, or stiff and wiry? 1. Fabrics woven or knitted from yarns of Will it fray? What style pattern do you have in 100 percent man-made fibers. These fabrics, if mind? properly finished, are highly crease resistant and The correctness of fabric grain is important keep their original shape and size during use and in sewing. -
Curtains and Draperies
Extension Bulletin 264 June 1951 BULLErJN HU()fvt liBRARY, Uf\WERC:ITY Fi>.P.M Selecting and Making CURTAINS AND DRAPERIES planning ideas buying guides construction aids Jfelen Jf. )Uatfteis WitcH Vou Select eurtnifiS and Vraperies ODAY'S homemaker has a world of new ideas and new prod T ucts to choose from when she plans window treatments for her home. She finds tremendous stress placed on the number, size, shape, and placement of windows in rooms in order that they may serve a number of purposes. Among these are, of course, the basic functions of windows-light, air, and vision. In addition windows often are the focal point, or gathering place for people in a room. All these points must be considered when planning windows and window decor. Whatever your light, air, vision, or by the store display of suggested room activity problems, remember that good settings. window treatment will be restful, it In addition, successful shopping calls will harmonize with the room, and lend for accurate information about your ·distinction to the furnishings used room requirements. You supply this by there. This means that good window carrying with you a sketch of your treatment will take its place as a sat room, preferably with wall and floor isfying part of the room furnishings and space indicated in %-inch scale. will also allow flowers, books,' works Salespeople count on this when they of art, and hobby interests of the family prepare merchandise for your selec to accent the character of furnishings tion. They must know about the archi in the room. -
Ultraviolet Blocking Material and Method of Making Same
Patentamt Europaisches ||| || 1 1| || || || || || || ||| || || 1 1| (19) J European Patent Office Office europeen des brevets (11) EP 0 807 708 A2 (12) EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION (43) Date of publication: (51) int. CI.6: D06N 3/00, D06N 7/00, 19.11.1997 Bulletin 1997/47 ^41 p 31/00 (21) Application number: 97109757.1 (22) Date of filing: 28.07.1989 (84) Designated Contracting States: (74) Representative: AT BE CH DE ES FR GB GR IT LI LU NL SE Dixon, Donald Cossar et al Gee & Co. (62) Document number(s) of the earlier application(s) in Chancery House accordance with Art. 76 EPC: Chancery Lane 89307704.0 / 0 41 0 055 London WC2A 1 QU (GB) (71) Applicant: Remarks: Goldenhersh, Michael A. This application was filed on 16 - 06 - 1997 as a Belleville Illinois 62223 (US) divisional application to the application mentioned under INID code 62. (72) Inventor: Goldenhersh, Michael A. Belleville Illinois 62223 (US) (54) Ultraviolet blocking material and method of making same (57) An ultraviolet blocking material (10) comprises a breathable fabric (12) defining porosity-creating aper- tures (14) and a coating (20) on the fabric (12) at least partially disposed in the apertures (14). The coating (20) contains an effective amount of at least one UV blocker. CM < CO o FIG. r»- I r»- o CO o Q_ LU Printed by Rank Xerox (UK) Business Services 2.14.23/3.4 EP 0 807 708 A2 Description The present invention relates to an ultraviolet blocking material, and more particularly to a breathable ultraviolet blocking material. 5 Ultraviolet radiation is to be credited with certain therapeutic applications -- for example, the treatment of psoriasis -- but is far better known for its harmful effect on skin ranging from the simple sunburn to a dried-out, prematurely wrin- kled skin, cataracts, and skin cancer. -
News Release Michigan State University Commencement
NEWS RELEASE MEDIA CONTACT: Kristen Parker, University Relations, (517) 353-8942, [email protected] MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY COMMENCEMENT/CONVOCATION SPEAKERS 1907 Theodore Roosevelt, U.S. president 1914 Thomas Mott Osborn 1915 David Starr Jordan, Chancellor, Leland Stanford Junior University 1916 William Oxley Thompson, president, Ohio State University 1917 Samuel M. Crothers 1918 Liberty H. Bailey 1919 Robert M. Wenley, University of Michigan 1920 Harry Luman Russell, dean, University of Wisconsin 1921 Woodridge N. Ferris 1922 David Friday, MSU president 1923 John W. Laird 1924 Dexter Simpson Kimball, dean, Cornell University 1925 Frank O. Lowden 1926 Francis J. McConnell 1931 Charles R. McKenny, president, Michigan State Normal College 1933 W.D. Henderson, director of university extension, University of Michigan 1934 Ernest O. Melby, professor of education, Northwestern University 1935 Edwin Mims, professor of English, Vanderbilt University 1936 Gordon Laing, professor, University of Chicago 1937 William G. Cameron, Ford Motor Co. 1938 Frank Murphy, governor of Michigan 1939 Howard C. Elliott, president, Purdue University 1940 Allen A. Stockdale, Speakers’ Bureau, National Assoc. of Manufacturers 1941 Raymond A. Kent, president, University of Louisville 1942 John J. Tiver, president, University of Florida 1943 C.A. Dykstra, president, University of Wisconsin 1944 Howard L. Bevis, president, Ohio State University 1945 Franklin B. Snyder, president, Northwestern University 1946 Edmund E. Day, president, Cornell University 1947 James L. Morrill, president, University of Minnesota 1948 Charles F. Kettering 1949 David Lilienthal, chairperson, U.S. Atomic Commission 1950 Alben W. Barkley, U.S. vice president (For subsequent years: S-spring; F-fall; W-winter) 1951-S Nelson A. -
Chiffon Taffeta, 69C
of over the svork of Euro- The woman was about twenty-lire to the in Vtichi Indiana hold that all that is it« eighteenth annual convention In way« taking delay aprita their pursuit Zionists becauae of the war. wore a dark dress and of the dead m»n. it Is to have a pregnant wom¬ ZIONISTS TO AID JEWS! Itostnn June 28 to Julv 1. pean years old and Be Naturally, takes neceassry of ' AT them ao an the fitted that lone to work their wav SUMMER SCHOOLS encircle goal from all part« of th« coat. The description JARS all "These rules are based on an «ver¬ Delegation«, Bodies Washed at Yonkers. Orchard through the hole«, that the man la Plans to Relieve War Suffer country will he sent to formulate ae Up Lucy Seilet, missing- from 32 safely huried before arrive at sion of the primitive mind which many of the, 1'. of Yonker» Yonker«. The man had a mus¬ they to Im¬ tion to assuage the condition Coroner Jame«. Dunn Street, TONG WAR the grave of us find it impossible justify. ing on for Boston. is one of a serge with END BE Programme «lews In the wsr regions and Palestine trying to identify two bodies, tache and wore blue suit, MAY CLOSED even to feel These were the enncessions to possible executive a other of a middle- a black and white shirt- Peter only for an un¬ A demonstration of Zionist strength Louia Lipaky, chairman of the young woman, the striped I hinea» tradition which were "To make others auffer will a discovered the ted pnrmit aversion, to make them auf and enthuaiasm «»¡Il b* held when the committee of the federation, pre- aged man, washed up in the Hudson Pen«en, barge captain, by Mr. -
Jjjlvjc QUADRANGLE ! NOTES
---m THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN LAW SCHOOL VOLUME 35, NUMBER 4 JJjlVJc QUADRANGLE ! NOTES : Law School Campaign 1992 - 1997 DEVELOPMENT AND ALUMNI RELATIONS ANNUAL REPORT Cover is a rendition of the Law School Campaign poster (photograph by Batthazar Korab). To obtain a commemorative poster (14 x 24) please contact die University of Michipn Law School, Development and Alumni Relations, 721 South State Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48104-307 1,3 13/998-6132. The University of Michigan $75 Million Law School Campaign 19921997 2 The Lazt~School Campnign The Law School Campaign n the weekend of September 17-19, The Law School is proud to an- THE CAMPAIGN GOALS 01992, the Law School celebrated nounce this Campaign in which all the public announcement of the $75 alumni, faculty, and friends are invited to Enhum' Faculty Support.. $1 5 M~lliun million Law School Campaign. The Law participate. The leadership gifts featured Erdcwvd Studrnr Support ................... .. $15 Million School Campaign constitutes part of the in the pages that follow illustrate the University of Michigan's $1 billion extraordinary generosity of Law School Endowed Progmm Suppm t . $15 M111lon Campaign for Michigan, the largest fund- graduates and friends who have contrib- raising effort ever undertaken by a public uted to the Campaign's two-year advance Lnw School F~cndUnresmct~.d G~ia . $15 blilLoti university. Nucleus Fund effort. In addition to hkw Beqtcest Comm~mena. $15 Million The Law Quadrangle, resplendent responding to reunion, bequest, and with a large blue and white tent, was the other special giving programs, all setting for the reception and announce- graduates have the opportunity to ment dinner on Thursday evening, support the Campaign through their September 17. -
Window Treatment
Extension Bulletin No. 451 August 1951 Window Treatment Extension Service. Institute of Agricultural Sciences The State College of Washington. Pullman. Washington Function of Window Treatment Well-planned window treatment Controls the quantity of the light. Gives privacy. Frames a beautiful view or shuts out an unpleasant one. Decoratiue Use of Window Treatment Well-planned window treatment- Adds beauty through color, texture, and pattern. Harmonizes the colors in the furnishings with the background of a room. REFERENCE: How to Make Curtains, Michi gan State College Extension Service. Window Treatment By Lila B. Dickerson. Extension Home Management Specialist* Just as you consider a davenport or rug as an out-of-place piece of furniture, can spoil when refurnishing a room in your home, you the effect of an otherwise well-arranged room. should also plan your curtains or draperies Simple window treatments that are useful as carefully. Poorly used window treatment, just well as decorative are always a good choice. Choose Your Window Treatment The best window treatment for a room de The Size of a Room pends on the size, shape, and arrangement of If the room is small and you want it to ap the windows as well as the general character pear larger, choose draperies that blend with or of the room and its furnishings. match the color of the walls. Too much design In a room with elaborate furnishings you'll or color contrast divides the walls into small want to use more formal window treatment. areas and makes the room seem smaller. Choose lightweight, fine-textured, plain or small-pat For a room with simple furnishings, choose terned fabrics. -
Fabric Swatch Book
Fabric Swatch Book Swatch Name # Fiber Content Yarn Structure Coloration Finishes Uses Osnaburg 45 Family: Cotton Usually carded only Drapes, slipcovers, Present: cotton, rayon, Coarsely woven plain mattress ticking, work- cotton blends, usually polyester weave wear Unbleached muslin sheeting w/cotton 'trash' still in it Muslin 46 Family: Cotton Usually carded only Sizing Casual wear; trial garments Present: cotton, rayon, Plain weave cotton blends, usually polyester Percale 47 Family: Muslin, percale: cotton; Combed yarns; plain weave Usually piece dyed Durable Press Sleepwear, shirts, holland: flax dresses, sportswear, Present: cotton, rayon, sheeting, drapes cotton blends, usually polyester Crinoline 48 Horsehair Carded only; plain weave Heavily stiffened Underslip to hold out full skirts Burlap 49 Coarser plant fibers: Jute, Hemp Coarse, uneven Hangings, inexpensive Fairly open, drapes, upholstery, sacking Balanced plain weave linoleum backing Batiste 50 Family: Flax Fine yarns Mercerized Blouses, shirts, Present: Cotton or blends Combed cotton dresses, underwear, Wool batiste and silk batiste (rare) Balanced plain weave nightwear, handkerchiefs Ninon 51 Family: Silk Fine, high-twist filament yarn; Lingerie, party and bridal Present: Silk, MF filament, usually balanced plain weave; open wear, neckwear, trim polyester for apparel, nylon meshlike appearance, crisp hand curtains Organdy 52 Family: Cotton Fine, combed yarn, may be Crisp finish by acid treatment or Blouses, dresses, evening and bridal Present: Best quality is 100% high -
The BG News October 30, 1974
Bowling Green State University ScholarWorks@BGSU BG News (Student Newspaper) University Publications 10-30-1974 The BG News October 30, 1974 Bowling Green State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/bg-news Recommended Citation Bowling Green State University, "The BG News October 30, 1974" (1974). BG News (Student Newspaper). 3023. https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/bg-news/3023 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 License. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the University Publications at ScholarWorks@BGSU. It has been accepted for inclusion in BG News (Student Newspaper) by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@BGSU. An Independent Bawling Oreon, OKI* Student Wednaaetay, Ottioor 30. If 74 Voice -me BG news Velum* M/NBMIH JO Doctor puts Nixon on critical list LONG BEACH. Calif (API-Former Nixon had been taking anticoagulant Lungren's statement was read by a THE SURGEON said Nixon had the The clip permits blood to pass but not NIXON WILL continue to receive President Richard M Nixon went into drugs which left him prone to hospital official usual postoperative effects-he was dangerously large clots anticoagulant drugs to combat ihe ihock alter phlebitis surgery and is in uncontrolled bleeding Lungren had called the operation a still groggy from general anesthesia After such surgery most patients phlebitis, a vein inflammation, and will' critical condition, his doctor said last Lungren said after the surgery that success and said that hopefully there and was being fed intravenously experience some temporary swelling be examined periodically to insure night there was no excessive bleeding would be no more complications from Nixon's doctors sidestepped of the leg. -
Than a Congressional Joke: a Fresh Look at the Legislative History of Sex Discrimination of the 1964 Civil Rights Act
William & Mary Journal of Race, Gender, and Social Justice Volume 3 (1997) Issue 1 William & Mary Journal of Women and Article 6 the Law April 1997 More Than a Congressional Joke: A Fresh Look at the Legislative History of Sex Discrimination of the 1964 Civil Rights Act Robert C. Bird Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmjowl Part of the Civil Rights and Discrimination Commons Repository Citation Robert C. Bird, More Than a Congressional Joke: A Fresh Look at the Legislative History of Sex Discrimination of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, 3 Wm. & Mary J. Women & L. 137 (1997), https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmjowl/vol3/iss1/6 Copyright c 1997 by the authors. This article is brought to you by the William & Mary Law School Scholarship Repository. https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmjowl MORE THAN A CONGRESSIONAL JOKE: A FRESH LOOK AT THE LEGISLATIVE HISTORY OF SEX DISCRIMINATION OF THE 1964 CIVIL RIGHTS ACT ROBERT C. BiRD" INTRODUCTION The Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Act) represents one of the most significant milestones of the twentieth century.' Title VII of the Act prohibits discrimination in employment on the basis of "race, color, religion, sex, or national origin."2 The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) was subsequently created to 8 define and enforce the Title VII provisions. Conventional wisdom holds that Congress added a sex 4 discrimination provision to Title VII as little more than a "joke" or a political ploy. Many authors dismiss the legislative history of the sex discrimination prohibition as aberrant congressional behavior, which is largely to be ignored.