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Kemiskinan Masyarakat Nelayan Ditinjau Dari Segi Budidaya Di Desa Raja Bejamu Kecamatan Sinaboi Kabupaten Rokan Hilir Provinsi Riau

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Kemiskinan Masyarakat Nelayan Ditinjau Dari Segi Budidaya Di Desa Raja Bejamu Kecamatan Sinaboi Kabupaten Rokan Hilir Provinsi Riau Berkala Perikanan Terubuk, November 2016, hlm 84–98 Vol. 44. No.3 ISSN 0126 - 4265 KEMISKINAN MASYARAKAT NELAYAN DITINJAU DARI SEGI BUDIDAYA DI DESA RAJA BEJAMU KECAMATAN SINABOI KABUPATEN ROKAN HILIR PROVINSI RIAU Supriadi1), Firman Nuhroho2), Viktor Amrifo2) Email : [email protected] Diterima : 17 Agustus 2016 Disetujui : 12 Septembar 2016 ABSTRACT This research was conducted in January 2016 on the Raja Bejamu Village Sinaboi District, Rokan Hilir Regency, Riau Province. The purpose of this research are: 1) To determine the looked of fishing communities in the Raja Bejamu Village the working spirit/ work 2) Fisherman community perspective of poverty in the Raja Bejamu Village against poverty 3) To know the state of poverty of fishing communities in the Raja Bejamu Village. The method used in this research is qualitative and quantitative methods are supported, with 10 informants composed of village officials, ninik mamak and youth. Results from this research that the working spirit is important for people fishing Raja Bejamu Village for work as praying and poverty is a gift from God that must still be lived as it does not disturbing with other people's lives as well as their cultural factors that cause poverty in the Raja Bejamu Village namely by relax in the coffee shop while gambling. Keywords: Working Spirit, Poverty, Culture 1 PENDAHULUAN pesisir Pulau Sumatera, sehingga sebagian besar wilayahnya perairan Kabupaten Rokan Hilir yaitu berada dipantai atau berbatasan merupakan salah satu kabupaten dengan laut. Salah satu wilayahnya yang terdapat di Provinsi Riau, adalah Desa Raja Bejamu Kecamatan Indonesia. Salah satu Kabupaten Sinaboi di sebelah timur kota yang pernah dikenal sebagai Bagansiapiapi. penghasil ikan Terbesar di Dunia. Desa Raja Bejamu Secara Geografis posisi Kabupaten merupakan Desa pesisir yang Rokan Hilir berada di sebagian besar penduduknya bermata pencaharian sebagai nelayan. Karakteristik masyarakat wilayah pesisir dan masyarakat nelayan adalah masyarakat miskin dengan 1) Alumni Fakultas Perikanan dan Kelautan Universitas Riau kata lain kemiskinan sangat akrab dengan masyarakat nelayan. 84 Kemiskinan Masyarakat Nelayan Berkala Perikanan Terubuk Vol 44 No..3 November 2016 Secara umum kemiskinan dan begitu seterusnya hingga semua disebabkan oleh menurunnya itu bermuara pada dampak atas produktifitas seseorang atau semua masalah kolektif yang disebut dengan kemiskinan. masyarakat yang pendidikan rendah Desa Raja Bejamu merupakan akibat dari merupakan Desa wilayah pesisir, pendapatannya yang rendah pula masyarakat di Desa Raja Bejamu ini (Mulyadi, 2005). Kabupaten Rokan terdapat bermacam-macam suku Hilir merupakan salah satu yaitu suku Melayu, Jawa, Batak, dan kabupaten yang terdapat di Provinsi Tionghoa. Masyarakat nelayan Desa Riau, Indonesia. Salah satu Raja Bejamu tergolong miskin Kabupaten yang pernah dikenal karena terlihat dalam kehidupan sebagai penghasil ikan Terbesar di sehari-hari baik itu dilihat dari Dunia. Secara Geografis posisi tempat tinggal nelayan disini maupun Kabupaten Rokan Hilir berada di alat tangkap yang digunakan dalam pesisir Pulau Sumatera, sehingga menangkap ikan yaitu masih sebagian besar wilayahnya perairan menggunakan alat tradisional. Ini yaitu berada dipantai atau berbatasan menunjukkan bahwa masyarakat dengan laut, yaitu Desa Raja Bejamu nelayan di Desa Raja Bejamu itu Kecamatan Sinaboi di sebelah timur miskin. Adapun tujuan dari kota Bagansiapiapi. penelitian adalah Untuk mengetahui Desa Raja Bejamu pandangan masyarakat nelayan di merupakan Desa pesisir yang Desa Raja Bejamu terhadap etos sebagian besar penduduknya bermata kerja/karya, untuk mengetahui pencaharian sebagai nelayan. pandangan masyarakat nelayandi Karakteristik masyarakat wilayah Desa Raja Bejamu terhadap pesisir dan masyarakat nelayan kemiskinan, untuk mengetahui adalah masyarakat miskin dengan keadaan kemiskinan masyarakat kata lain kemiskinan sangat akrab nelayan di Desa Raja Bejamu dengan masyarakat nelayan. Secara Kecamatan Sinaboi Kabupaten umum kemiskinan disebabkan oleh Rokan Hilir Provinsi Riau. menurunnya produktifitas seseorang atau masyarakat yang pendidikan METODE PENELITIAN rendah merupakan akibat dari Waktu Dan Tempat pendapatannya yang rendah pula. Penelitian ini telah Seseorang yang tidak dilaksanakan pada bulan Januari memiliki pendapatan/ penghasilan yang cukup, maka dalam konsumsi 2016, di Desa Raja Bejamu atas barang dan jasa yang dibelinya KecamatanSinaboi Kabupaen Rokan juga rendah. Jika tingkat konsumsi Hilir Provinsi Riau. rendah,gizi tidak tercukupi sesuai standar kebutuhan tubuh, tingkat asupan gizi yang rendah mengakibatkan kesehatan rendah, 85 Kemiskinan Masyarakat Nelayan Berkala Perikanan Terubuk Vol 44 No..3 November 2016 Metode Penelitian (RT). Desa Raja Bejamu memiliki batas-batas dengan wilayah lainnya, Metode yang dilakukan yaitu : sebelah utara berbatasan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode dengan Selat Malaka, sebelah selatan kualitatif dan didukung metode berbatasan dengan Bukit Kapur, kuantitatif. Objek dalam penelitian sebelah barat berbatasan dengan ini adalah seluruh masyarakat Desa Sei- Nyamuk, sebelah timur nelayan miskin di Desa Raja Bejamu berbatasan dengan Desa Sei- Bakau. Kecamatan Sinaboi Kabupaten Secara administratif Desa Rokan Hilir Provinsi Riau.Penelitian Raja Bejamu termasuk dalam ini didasari oleh orientasi teoritisnya wilayah Kecamatan Sinaboi dan memanfaatkannya dalam Kabupaten Rokan Hilir Provinsi pengumpulan data dan analisa data. Riau. Jarak Desa Raja Bejamu dari Penentuan Responden Ibu Kota Kecamatan sejauh 15 Km, Dalam penelitian kualitatif ini jarak ke Ibu Kota Kabupaten (Rokan dibutuhkan informan sebagai sumber Hilir) 27 Km, jarak ini dapat informasi yang berkenaan dengan ditempuh dengan transportasi darat. etos kerja dan kemiskinan. Informan Berdasarkan data yang dalam penelitian ini adalah 10 orang, diperoleh dari kantor Desa Raja yaitu terdiri dari masyarakat nelayan Bejamu keadaan iklim di penghuluan yang miskin, pemuka masyarakat tersebut tidak jauh berbeda di Desa yang mengerti dengan pandangan lainnya di Kabupaten Rokan Hilir etos kerja dan kemiskinan nelayan yaitu beriklim tropis dengan curah seperti ninik mamak, penghulu dan hujan 1.808,5 mm/tahun dan pemuda. temperatur udaranya berkisar pada 24oC-32oC. Musim hujan terjadi 69 Analisis Data hari dan musim kemarau pada bulan Analisis data yang dilakukan Februari sampai bulan Agustus. dalam penelitian ini yaitu deskriptif. kecepatan konstan yang diiringi oleh HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN arus dan gelombang yang sangat Keadaan Geografis Pada musim utara terdapat angin Desa Raja Bejamu yang terus menerus dengan merupakan Desa yang terletak di kecepatan konstan yang diiringi oleh Kacamatan Sinaboi Kabupaten arus dan gelombang yang sangat Rokan Hilir. Secara geografis Desa kuat. Pada umumnya kondisi ini Raja Bejamu berada pada posisi membuat nelayan tidak dapat 1014’00”LU-2045’00”LU dan melakukan penangkapan ikan pada 100017’00”BT-101021’00”BT. Desa perairan yang lebih jauh, sedangkan Raja Bejamu memiliki luas wilayah pada musim barat kecepatan angin 9200 km2yang terdiri dari 4 Rukun hanya pada saat tertentu yang bisa Warga (RW) dan 17 Rukun Tetangga disiasati oleh nelayan. 86 Kemiskinan Masyarakat Nelayan Berkala Perikanan Terubuk Vol 44 No..3 November 2016 Tabel 1. Jumlah Penduduk di Desa Raja Bejamu Kecamatan Sinaboi Kabupaten Rokan Hilir Provinsi Riau Berdasarkan Jenis Kelamin Tahun 2015 Jenis Kelamin Jumlah (orang) Persentase Laki-laki 2.497 50,70 Perempuan 2.429 49,30 Jumlah 4926 100 Sumber : Kantor Desa Raja Bejamu 2015 Pada Tabel 1. Menunjukkan 2.429 jiwa (49,30 %) sehingga di bahwa penduduk laki-laki lebih dapat Sex Rasio adalah 102,8 %, banyak dibandingkan jumlah artinya setiap 100 penduduk wanita penduduk perempuan, dimana berbanding dengan 103 penduduk jumlah penduduk laki-laki sebanyak laki-laki. 2.497 (50,69 %) dan perempuan Tabel 2. Jumlah Penduduk di Desa Raja Bejamu Kecamatan Sinaboi Kabupaten Rokan Hilir Provinsi Riau Berdasarkan Tingkat Pendidikan Tahun 2015 Tingkat Pendidikan Jumlah (orang) Persentase Tidak Sekolah 4560 92,57 Taman Kanak-kanak 20 0,40 SD 116 2,35 SMP 95 1,92 SMA 75 1,46 Pondok Pesantren 12 0,24 Madrasah 8 0,16 Pendidikan Keagamaan 25 0,50 Akademi/D1-D3 9 0,18 Sarjana 6 0,12 Jumlah 4926 100 Sumber : Kantor Desa Raja Bejamu, 2015 Pada Tabel 2. Dapat dilihat %), ini merupakan salah satu faktor bahwa sebagian besar tingkat yang mempengaruhi kemiskinan pendidikan masyarakat Desa Raja masyarakat nelayan di Desa Raja Bejamubanyak yang Tidak Sekolah Bejamu. yaitu sebanyak 4560 orang (92,57 Mata Pencaharian Mata pencaharian penduduk dan lain-lain. Untuk mengetahui Desa Bejamu terdiri dari bidang jumlah penduduk di Desa Bejamu perikanan, pertanian, perdagangan, dapat dilihat pada Tabel 3. 87 Kemiskinan Masyarakat Nelayan Berkala Perikanan Terubuk Vol 44 No..3 November 2016 Tabel 3. Jumlah Penduduk di Desa Raja Bejamu Kecamatan Sinaboi Kabupaten Rokan Hilir Provinsi Riau Umur > 15 Tahun Berdasarkan Mata Pencaharian Tahun 2015 Mata Pencaharian Jumlah (orang) Persentase Perkebunan 275 33,05 Perikanan 245 29,44 Buruh Tani 230 27,64 Bangunan 20 2,40 Pedagang 40 4,80 PNS 20 2,40 TNI 2 0,24 Jumlah 832 100 Sumber : Kantor Desa Raja Bejamu, 2015 Pada Tabel 3. di atas demikian mata pencaharian sebagai menjelaskan bahwamata pencaharian nelayan juga merupakan pekerjaan yang dominan pada masyarakat di yang banyak dilakukan oleh Desa Raja Bejamu yaitu perkebunan masyarakat nelayan di Desa Raja yaitu 275 orang (33,05 %), walaupun Bejamu Gambaran Masyarakat Nelayan tionghoa nelayan
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