International Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences IJBAS-IJENS Vol:20 No:02 32

The Role of the Navy in Supporting the Natuna Government's Policy To Strengthen Maritime Resilience in

Cecep Hidayat, Z. Fanani, Setyo Widagdo, Fadillah Putra

 Subi Kecil Island, Senoa Island, Sekatung Island, Sebetul Abstract— The Natuna region is very strategic sea water, Island, Semiun Island and TokongvBoro Island. because it borders directly with several countries so that it creates Geographically the Natuna Islands are located around vulnerability because it could become the access to smuggling, the South Sea at coordinates 03 ° 55 '28.3 "U - 108 ° 10' illegal activities to steal natural resources and also terrorist 56.5" T. The Natuna Islands were originally the territory of the activities that enter Indonesian territory. To prevent the Peasant Kingdom and the Kingdom of in , but occurrence of vulnerability in the Natuna Regency, it must have eventually entered into the control of the Sultanate and strong maritime resilience. The as a means of defense of the sea dimension has the duty to uphold the law and become his territory. After 's independence, a maintain security in the sea territory of national jurisdictions in delegation from Riau ceded their sovereignty to the Republic of accordance to the provisions of national and international law, Indonesia, based in Java. On May 18, 1956, the Indonesian which has made a significant contribution in strengthening government officially registered the Natuna Islands as the maritime resilience in Natuna Regency. The research method used sovereign territory of the Republic of Indonesia to the United was descriptive with a qualitative approach. The purpose of this Nations. Natuna Regency has the following boundaries: study is to analyze how the conditions of defense and security 1. North side is borderedby Vietnam at the waters of the North aspects exist in Natuna and analyze how the role of the Navy in ; strengthening maritime resilience in Natuna Regency. 2. West side is bordered by and Index Term— Role of the Navy, Maritime Resilience, Natuna / West Malaysia; Regency 3. South side is borderedbyTambelan District and Bintan I. INTRODUCTION Regency; and Natuna Regency was formed based on Law of the Republic of 4. The eastern side is borderedby East Malaysia in the waters Indonesia Number 53 of 1999 concerning the Establishment of of the North Natuna Sea and West Province. , , , , As seen as these conditions, Natuna Regency is an area , Natuna Regency, KuantanSingingi Regency that is prone to threats and disturbances due to its strategic and City (State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia of position and the potential of its natural wealth. Based on the 1999 Number 151 Additional State Gazette of the Republic of results of research and observations carried out, it is known that Indonesia Number 3902), hereinafter referred to as Law of the Natuna Regency has a very large maritime potential that should Republic of Indonesia Number 53 of 1999 concerning the be managed optimally to improve the economy and prosperity Establishment of Pelalawan Regency, RokanHulu Regency, so that maritime security in the region becomes strong. It is RokanHilir Regency, Siak Regency, Karimun Regency, Natuna expected that when Natuna Regency is able to optimize the Regency, KuantanSingingi Regency and Batam City. The area existing maritime potential, the community will be more of Natuna Regency is 224,684.59 km2 with a land area of prosperous and various threats and disturbances can be 2,000.85 km2 and ocean area of 222,683.74 km2. Natuna prevented and dealt with quickly. In this discussion the Regency consists of 154 islands, with 27 islands (17.53 percent) researcher will explain comprehensively how Natuna Regency inhabited and 127 islands (82.44 percent) uninhabited. Of all should be able to optimize the management of its maritime the sub-districts, Serasan sub-district has the most uninhabited potential and be able to overcome the weaknesses and potential islands, namely 30 islands (23.62 percent) of the total threats that exist so that the maritime resilience conditions are uninhabited islands. The two largest islands are Bunguran strong. Island and Serasan Island. From the 2 (two) islands, there are 7 The source of fisheries wealth is one of the largest assets (seven) outer islands in Natuna Regency, such asKepala Island, that owned by Natuna Regency, but unfortunately the potential

This paragraph of the first footnote will contain the date on which you National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305 USA (e- submitted your paper for review. It will also contain support information, mail: author@ boulder.nist.gov). including sponsor and financial support acknowledgment. For example, “This S. B. Author, Jr., was with Rice University, Houston, TX 77005 USA. He is work was supported in part by the U.S. Department of Commerce under Grant now with the Department of Physics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, BS123456.” CO 80523 USA (e-mail: [email protected]). The next few paragraphs should contain the authors’ current affiliations, T. C. Author is with the Electrical Engineering Department, University of including current address and e-mail. For example, F. A. Author is with the Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA, on leave from the National Research Institute for Metals, Tsukuba, Japan (e-mail: [email protected]).

202202-3737- IJBAS-IJENS @ April 2020 IJENS I J E N S International Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences IJBAS-IJENS Vol:20 No:02 33 of existing fisheries has not been empowered and managed In general, the problem of border areas covers three aspects, optimally. Most local fishing communities only use the namely: fisheries sector to fulfill their daily needs, not for commercial 1. The socioeconomic aspects of the border area are less or industrial needs. This happens because the infrastructure of developed (backward) regions. That was caused by: ships and fishing gear is still limited and traditional, especially 1) A relatively isolated / remote location with a low fishing vessels in Natuna are mostly small (5 GT to 10 GT) so level of accessibility; that they are only able to catch fish in the territorial sea (12 Nm) 2) Low levels of education and public health; from the coastline, besides, the Natuna government program 3) The low level of social and economic welfare of has not been optimal in managing the potential of existing the border area communities (the large number of fisheries causing a lack of fisheries products obtained by fishery poor people and underdeveloped villages); and entrepreneurs and fishermen. In addition to capture fisheries, in 4) The scarcity of information about government Natuna Regency also developed marine aquaculture using and development which received by people in the cages on the coast and the bay. The types offish which border area (blank spots). cultivated aresonok and kerapu fish and a small portion of 2. The aspect of defense and security of the border region is napoleon fish. Most of the cage farming is exported to Hong broad territory with uneven population distribution Kong and . This fish farming business has received patterns. That makes it difficult for government control. In attention from the central government, as evidenced in 2017 addition, territorial supervision and guidance is difficult to that a marine and fisheries sector program has been held, such be implemented synergistically, steadily, and efficiently. as the construction of an integrated fishing pier and its facilities 3. The socio-economic aspects of the people in the border in the Lampa Strait, cage assistance, fish seedlings, seaweed regions are generally influenced by socio-economic seeds and inkamina ship assistance. This program is intended activities in neighboring countries. These conditions have for the people of Natuna Regency so that the prospect of the potential to invite vulnerability, both in the economic fisheries in Natuna can increase the income and welfare of the and social political fields. Natuna people. Natuna Islands, one of the islands that are the foremost Cases of illegal fishing, disputes between leading islands part of the Republic of Indonesia, has abundant natural resource and border conflicts with neighboring countries are the triggers potential and Natuna's very strategic position is located on the for the rise of nationalism in order to maintain national and state boundary of the nine-dashed line claim that is recognized by self-esteem.2 Conflicts that often occur at the border are neighboring countries as part of its country, leaving from here generally related to economic interests, natural, social and researchers have an interest in taking research sites in the area political resources as well as defense and security, which in turn is due to many problems arising from claims to the Natuna can affect national security and security stability and even the island. The problem in the is related to claims spirit of nationalism of the people who live in the border region. in territorial waters with the existence of a nine-dashed line map There are 3 (three) main issues in the border area:3 taken from historical or historical factors from traditional 1. The problem of setting boundaries (allocation, fishing areas of fishermen in the days of their ancestors, causing delimitation, and demarcation), both land (demarcation) illegal fishing activities carried out by foreign fishing vessels and sea (delimitation); (KIA). Based on claims made by China, it is known that the 2. The problem of securing the border area; and waters of the Indonesian (EEZ) are 3. The problem of developing the border area included. Border areas are "sexy" areas, both in internal and (administration), especially in realizing the border area as external (international) contexts. State borders are in many a front porch which is oriented to the aspects of welfare ways determined by historical, political and national and (prosperity) and security (security). international legal processes1. Some issues that have always been the subject of discourse in border areas are: Most of Indonesia's border areas are underdeveloped 1. Potential invasion of foreign ideology and culture; areas with limited social and economic facilities and 2. The potential for transnational crime; infrastructure. As a result, the border region becomes an area 3. Illegal logging; untouched by the dynamics of development and its people 4. Illegal fishing; become poor, so economically this region is oriented towards 5. Illegal exploitation of natural resources; neighboring countries. Border issues have a complex 6. Human trafficking, especially women and children; dimension, there are a number of crucial factors involved in 7. Illegal immigrants; them, such as state jurisdiction and sovereignty, political, 8. People smuggling; social, economic, and defense and security. Management of 9. Narcotics distribution; maritime potential is not only related to economic interests, but 10. The entrance of terrorists and pirates; and also relates to defense and security issues that are prone to 11. Socio-cultural conflicts. conflicts resulting from unfinished watershed issues, claims to certain waters by other countries, violations of sovereignty and

1Moeldoko, “Kompleksitas Pengelolaan Perbatasan: Tinjauan dari 2Caroline Paskarina, “Wacana Negara Maritim dan Reimajinasi Perspektif Kebijakan Pengelolaan Perbatasan Indonesia”, Makalah Seminar Nasionalisme Indonesia”, Jurnal Wacana Politik-Jurnal ilmiah Departemen “Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam dalam Perspektif Ketahanan Nasional” Ilmu Politik, vol. 1, no. 1, hal. 1-8. 3Charles O. Jones, “Pengantar Kebijakan Publik”, PT. Raja Grafindo Persada.

202202-3737- IJBAS-IJENS @ April 2020 IJENS I J E N S International Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences IJBAS-IJENS Vol:20 No:02 34 law at sea, such as theft of natural resources at sea must be improve all existing weaknesses so that the potential of Natuna addressed integrally to support maritime resilience and realize Regency can be managed optimally. If this can be done, Indonesia as a maritime country. Increased military activity in maritime resilience in Natuna Regency will be strong and ready the Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean waters and conflicts in the to face various threats and disturbances. South China Sea related to Chinese claims to areas in the North There are many islands that are at the forefront of the Natuna Waters are important issues for Indonesian maritime Republic of Indonesia, one of which is the Natuna Islands. security. Managing maritime potential and safeguarding these Researchers have their own interests with the region because assets cannot only be carried out with a security approach but they see enormous potential and a very strategic position. In real, applicative policies, strategies and efforts are needed to addition, there are problems in the South China Sea because synergize relevant stakeholders and also involve the whole China has carried out claims in territorial waters with a nine- community to foster a sense of ownership and nationalism. dashed line map taken from historical or historical factors from With a sense of ownership and nationalism it is hoped that it traditional fishing areas in the days of its ancestors and the can accelerate the development of maritime aspects, increase rampant illegal fishing activities that conducted by foreign the economy and welfare of the community and ensure the fishing vessels (KIA) from Vietnam. Based on claims made by sovereignty and security of the territorial waters. To make this China, it is known that the waters of the Indonesian Exclusive happen, real work is needed step by step starting with the Economic Zone (EEZ) are included. The position of the Natuna construction of pillars/foundations followed by efforts to Islands which is the outermost island of the Republic of accelerate development in various key areas of the maritime Indonesia is also not far from the claim of the nine-dashed line sector. map. Seeing the condition of the defense and security aspects Basically, the Government, Ministries and Institutions that exist in Natuna today and faced with the development of as well as relevant stakeholders fully support the development the situation and conditions that exist at the national, regional of the Natuna region in order to overcome infrastructure and global level, the Navy is considered to have a very problems to strengthen maritime resilience. The Natuna significant role. The problem which is still continues to Regency Government has supported the development in its area originate from the sea, where China is carrying out claims through the neighborhood Association revision of the Natuna unilaterally through the nine dash line taken from a historical Regency number 10 of 2012 to synergize the Natuna Regency background. Then Vietnam, which continues to insist with strategic plan with the plan for defense and security space and different perceptions regarding the Exclusive Economic Zone structure patterns and to date which have not yet been (EEZ) line. completed because it is still in the stage of discussion between The nine-dashed line problem in the South China Sea the Natuna Regency Government and relevant ministries and involving several ASEAN countries, especially the Philippines, institutions. This was a form of response from the Natuna is currently growing. China officially rejects the verdict issued Regency Government after a follow-up coordination meeting by The Hague Permanent Court Arbitration (PCA). China on the regulation of the Spatial and Fisheries sector in Natuna continues to carry out the construction of artificial islands in the Waters at the Ministry of Maritime Affairs Office on April 9, . This is evidenced by the completion of the 2019. Based on the work program of the Natuna Regency construction of existing supporting infrastructure, such as docks Government, the main priorities to be achieved in infrastructure and airstrips capable of operating warplanes on the islands development are the opening of isolation between islands with created by the Chinese reclamation project in the Spratly connectivity between sub-districts or islands in Natuna Islands. In addition, China has also built an aircraft runway at Regency. The realization of this is through the construction and . This fact shows that China's seriousness to improvement of ports and sea transportation facilities such as control the area included in the Nine-dashed line claim in the ships, docks / ports and road access. The biggest opportunity South China Sea. China continues to improve its military that exists today is how the Natuna Regency Government can capabilities by increasing the allocation of defense budgets for make the concept of development planning that is appropriate, the modernization of its military capabilities and strength. comprehensive and integrated with the development of other Strengthening the field of defense and security carried out by sectors that become the central government program, such as the Government of the People's Republic of China is through the development of the defense, security and marine and modernization and increase in the military budget, this is fisheries sector, oil and gas exploration, sector development examined in line with China's economic growth. This is a tourism and the environment by optimizing the various warning for the to accelerate the potentials in Natuna Regency. One of the biggest potentials development of defense and security forces in the Natuna owned by Natuna is the marine and fisheries sector, which until Region. The expansion of military power towards the new base now the marine and fisheries potential in Natuna has not been that China has built in the Spratly Islands must be a reference explored optimally. The lack of facilities and infrastructure as to prioritize strengthening maritime resilience in Natuna. well as the ability of the Natuna community to carry out Because this could be a potential threat in the future that led to exploration in the maritime and fisheries sector is an obstacle the loss of potential natural resources in the North Natuna that impedes the process of strengthening the maritime sector, waters and regional conflicts in the South China Sea, this in addition to the large number of foreign fishing vessels resulted in Nine-dashed line claims by China and the actual conducting illegal fishing activities in the North Natuna Sea action of the title of its military power in the Spratly Islands. also creates fear for local fishermen to catch fish until to the The potential of fisheries owned by the Natuna Regency continental shelf area and the Indonesian Exclusive Economic is very large; it can be seen from the total potential in 2016 that Zone. This massive development plan must be fully utilized to was 1,143,340 tons. But in 2017 it has decreased where the total

202202-3737- IJBAS-IJENS @ April 2020 IJENS I J E N S International Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences IJBAS-IJENS Vol:20 No:02 35 potential is only 767,155 tons. This shows that the potential of central government, the provincial government, relevant fisheries in Natuna Regency is very large, but due to the stakeholders, the private sector and the community and have the rampant illegal fishing in the Natuna waters, thus affecting the right concepts and strategies, especially to strengthen maritime revenue of the fishing sector in Natuna. This potential is not resilience which is the foundation of the Natuna Regency only used for capture fisheries, but in 2017 the Central government and the community in economic life, social, Government has developed it through an integrated fisheries cultural, defense and security. pier development program and its facilities in the Strait, cage The condition of maritime resilience in Natuna Regency rocks, fish seeds, sea mud seedlings and aid of inkamina as the foremost island of the Republic of Indonesia is still very vessels. Thus changing the pattern of fish search from dead fish minimal, especially when faced with threats. The number of fishermen to live fish fishermen by maintaining and incidents of territorial violations by aircraft and foreign ships developingsonok and kerapu fish in cages. This opens up the entering the Indonesian national jurisdiction is evidence of the opportunities for exports to be carried out in the field of lack of ability of the authorities to carry out surveillance and fisheries. But unfortunately this has not been felt significantly prevention. Another real fact is that there are still many foreign by the private sector and fishermen. The great potential of fishing vessels (KIA) entering the Indonesian Exclusive fisheries can be managed optimally by the Natuna Regency Economic Zone and even the Continental Shelf in the North Government by cooperating with the private sector to jointly Natuna Sea (especially Vietnamese fishermen) to carry out fish develop the fisheries business and the fish processing and theft. This happens as a result of the lack of numbers and canning industry and make Natuna fishermen as human cooperation that has not been synergistic between ships resources to manage the fisheries sector optimally to improve conducting patrols at sea originating from various agencies, in maritime resilience. addition to that the agreement on the exclusive economic zone The Natuna Regency Government already has a vision boundary line between Indonesia and Vietnam is also one of the and mission of the Natuna Regency development for the period causes of sovereignty and law violations in the North Natuna of 2005-2025. The direction of Natuna Regency's long-term Sea. If it is faced with the position of Natuna Regency which development policy is currently grouped into 4 (four) stages. borders several countries and the risk of escalation escalating in Based on the phases, Natuna Regency should now be in phase the South China Sea, military strength and capability in Natuna III by carrying out "Optimization of sustainable management of should be increased both in quantity and quality. With the local resources". However, this cannot be carried out due to the increase in facilitiesand infrastructure, it is expected that the fact that there are still many shortcomings in the field related to Natuna Islands will become an example of a maritime the condition of existing facilities, infrastructure and strengthening area in Indonesia. The average condition of infrastructure, which hinders the implementation of the next infrastructure and jetty facilities in Natuna Regency are in the stage of development. For example in the Natuna Regency condition of 60% - 80%. However, there is still 1 (one) dock Phase II Regional Medium Term Development Plan (2011- that is in a heavily damaged condition; the Navy Post Dock. In 2016) which is focused on improving the quality of basic addition, there are still a number of docks or port conditions that infrastructure and people's economic fundamentals, problems have many disadvantages such as, appropriate tuning to support that should be related to improving the quality of existing navigation security and several other facilities, namely filling infrastructure, infrastructure and facilities have been completed fresh water and fuel. Even though the vessels owned by Natuna in Phase II (2011 -2016), but until now the condition of the Regency fishermen are currently relatively small in size, which quality of basic infrastructure to support the economy of the are 5 GT and 10 GT and have not been able to support Natuna community has not been achieved. This shows that the fishermen operations optimally, but the government should policies and management implemented by the Natuna Regency have prepared infrastructure, infrastructure and jetty or port Government are still not optimal. facilities properly, because that will not using fishermen with Policies that should be made and implemented by the small boat capacity, but also the Indonesian Navy with its Natuna Regency Government are policies that prioritize the warships and also the shipping fleet or civil commerce with development of facilities and infrastructure needed to support passenger ships and their cargo. the process of managing the potential strengths and If you look at these aspects, the Navy does not only opportunities in the Natuna region. In accordance with the plan maximize its role in defense and security aspects, but also must in the Phase II Regional RPJP and the revision of the Natuna be able to synergize with relevant stakeholders to support Regency Spatial Plan No. 10 of 2012 to synergize the Natuna improvements in the socio-economic sector. In Law Number 34 Regency strategic plan with the plan for the Defense and of 2004 concerning the Indonesian National Army it has been Security spatial pattern and structure in Natuna, it should be explained that the Indonesian National Army was built and able to be the basis for formulating policies or regulations that developed professionally in accordance with the country's prioritize infrastructure development in Natuna Regency. political interests, referring to the values and principles of However, the existence of budget constraints is one of the democracy, civil supremacy, human rights, national legal obstacles in the development process in Natuna, which should provisions and international law ratified. Then in Article 1 it is get more attention from the central government, given the very explained that the national defense system is a universal defense strategic geographical position of Natuna Island as the system that involves all citizens, territories and other national outermost island which borders directly with several resources and is prepared early by the government and is carried neighboring countries and has a large potential of natural out in a total, integrated, directed, sustainable and sustainable resources. These problems can be overcome if the Natuna manner to uphold state sovereignty, maintain the integrity of the Regency Government can work together in synergy with the territory of the Unitary Republic of Indonesia and protect the

202202-3737- IJBAS-IJENS @ April 2020 IJENS I J E N S International Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences IJBAS-IJENS Vol:20 No:02 36 safety of all nations from any threat. Based on these 12) Helps cope with the consequences of natural explanations, researchers are interested in analyzing more disasters, displacement and the provision of comprehensively and in order to find out the role of the Navy humanitarian assistance; in strengthening maritime resilience in Natuna, so that several 13) Assist in search and rescue in accident (Search and problem formulations are established, there are: Rescue); and 1. What are the current conditions of defense and security in 14) Assist the government in securing shipping and Natuna? aviation against piracy and smuggling. 2. What is the role of the Navy in strengthening maritime resilience in Natuna? 3. These provisions are implemented based on policy and political decisions. II. MATERIAL AND METHODS Specifically, the duties of the Navy are explained in Article 9 A. Legal Material are; 1. Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 34 of 2004 1. Carry out the duties of the TNI sea dimension in the field of concerning the Indonesian National Army defense; 2. Uphold the law and maintain security in the sea territories The Indonesian National Army (TNI) is a defense tool of national jurisdictions in accordance to the provisions of of the Unitary Republic of Indonesia whose task is to carry out national law and international law which have been ratified; national defense policies to uphold national sovereignty, 3. Carry out Navy diplomacy in order to support foreign policy maintain territorial integrity and protect national security, carry set by the government; out military operations for war and military operations other 4. Carry out the duties of the TNI in the development and than war and actively participate in peacekeeping tasks regional development of the strength of the sea dimension; and and international. It is explained in Article 4 that the TNI 5. Carry out the empowerment of marine defense areas. consists of the Army, Navy and Air Force who carry out their duties in a metric or joint manner under the leadership of the 2. Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 23 of 2019 Commander in Chief, where each force has the same and concerning Management of National Resources for uniform position. Comprehensively, the function of the TNI as National Defense a means of national defense has been explained in Article 6, The universal defense system is the basis for the there are: issuance of this Act because the existing universe has involved 1. Antidote to any form of military threat and armed threats all national resources which prepared early by the government from outside and within the country against the and is carried out in a total, integrated, directed and sustainable sovereignty, territorial integrity and safety of the nation; manner to uphold state sovereignty, maintain territorial 2. Acting on every form of threat; and integrity and safety the whole nation from all forms of threats. 3. Restorer of state security conditions that are disturbed due Article 1 explains that what is meant by national resources are to security chaos. human resources, natural resources and artificial resources. The position of the Indonesian National Army is as the main Then in Article 7 (2) it is explained that the main tasks of the component that is ready to be used to carry out defense duties. TNI are carried out by: In addition to the main components, there are reserve 1. Military Operations for War (OMP) components, namely national resources that can be used to 2. Military Operations Other Than War (OMSP) to: improve the strength and capabilities of the main components. 1) Overcoming the armed separatist movement; Then, the two components are supported by supporting 2) Overcoming armed uprisings; components, namely national resources that can be used to 3) Overcoming acts of terrorism; improve the strength and capability of the main components and 4) Securing the border area; reserve components. 5) Securing strategic national vital objects; Article 2 explains that the management of national 6) Carry out the task of world peace in accordance with resources for national defense must be based on the following foreign policy; principles: 7) Securing the President and Vice President and their 1. Purpose; families; 2. Universality; 8) Empowering defense areas and supporting forces 3. Struggle; early in accordance with the universal defense 4. Togetherness and mutual cooperation; system; 5. Benefits; 9) Assisting the tasks of government in the regions; 6. Legality; 10) Assist the Republic of Indonesia National Police in 7. Selectivity; the framework of security and public order tasks 8. Effectiveness; stipulated in the law; 9. Efficiency; and 11) Helping to secure the level of heads of state guests 10. Proportionality. and representatives of foreign governments who are in Indonesia; Article 3 explains that the management of national resources for defense has the objective to transform human

202202-3737- IJBAS-IJENS @ April 2020 IJENS I J E N S International Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences IJBAS-IJENS Vol:20 No:02 37 resources, natural resources and artificial resources as well as of the Republic of Indonesia of 2007 Number 84. Supplement national facilities and infrastructure into a state defense force to the State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia Number 4739), that is ready to be used for the benefit of national defense. Then hereinafter referred to as Law of the Republic of Indonesia Article 4 explains that: Number 27 of 2007 concerning the Management of Coastal 1. Management of national resources for national defense is Areas and Small Islands it has been explained that the prepared early to deal with threats. management of coastal areas and small islands is a process of 2. The intended threat consists of military threats, non-military planning, utilization, supervision and control of coastal threats and / or hybrid threats resources and small islands between sectors, between the 3. The threat can be tangible: central government and regional governments, between 1) Aggression; ecosystems land and sea and between science and management 2) Terrorism; to improve people's welfare. 3) Communism; On the other hand, it is explained that national borders 4) Separatism; are the main manifestation of the territorial sovereignty of a 5) Armed rebellion; country. The borders of a country have an important role in 6) natural disasters; determining the territorial boundaries of sovereignty, the 7) Environmental damage; utilization of natural resources, and maintaining the defense, 8) Border region violators; security and territorial integrity. State borders are one of the 9) Piracy and theft of natural resources; important aspects in geopolitics. History records that many 10) disease outbreaks; wars between nations and or between nations are caused by 11) Drug trafficking and abuse; border problems. The term border has two meanings, namely 12) Cyber-attack; boundaries and frontiers. In the context of boundaries, borders 13) Nuclear attack; are the dividing lines between regions. As for the frontier 14) biological attacks; context, the border refers to the path (zones) that stretch and 15) Chemical attacks; and separate the two regions of the country. Border lines are vertical 16) The form of threats that endanger the country's planes that pass through the soil surface, underground layers, sovereignty, the territorial integrity of the Unitary and air and limit the activities that take place within them. The Republic of Indonesia and the safety of all nations. area to the right and left of the border is called the border area. Most of Indonesia's border areas are underdeveloped areas with Furthermore, related to the management of national limited social and economic facilities and infrastructure. As a resources for national defense is explained in Article 5, namely result, the border region becomes an area untouched by the through national defense efforts, the arrangement of supporting dynamics of development and its people become poor, so components, the formation of reserve components, the economically this region is oriented towards neighboring strengthening of main components and mobilization and countries. Border issues have a complex dimension, there are a demobilization. number of crucial factors involved in them, such as state jurisdiction and sovereignty, political, social, economic, and B. Method defense and security. The research method used was descriptive with a qualitative approach, facts in the field and study of literature law of the Based on the results of research that has been carried out Republic of Indonesia. through observation, indept interviews and questionnaires, it is C. Results and Discussion known that the condition of the defense and security aspects in Natuna is quite good, but still requires a lot of improvement and 1. The current defense and security aspects in Natuna improvement of infrastructure conditions as well as improving In strengthening maritime resilience, our attention must the quality and quantity of the Navy in terms of strengthening not be separated from border areas and small islands, because in the field of defense and security in order to strengthen actually these islands have very strategic values both in terms maritime resilience. This is inseparable from the situation and of state sovereignty, national defense and security, economic, conditions that are developing in Natuna very dynamically, so social, cultural and environmental. The border area includes the the ability of the TNI as a means of national defense and the land border area and the sea border area, where the outer small main component must be really strong, especially the Navy islands are included. The breakdown of maritime identity because the geographical conditions in Natuna are 99.25% of causes the sea and small islands to be marginalized, among the territory Natuna is sea water. Following are the conditions others; it can be seen from the mention of "Outer Islands" which of the defense and security sector in Natuna Regency: implies as if the islands are outside the territory of Indonesia. 1) Army This view is contrary to the principle of the sea as a system that a. Kodim; integrates islands. It is undeniable that geographically, there are b. Koramil; difficulties in being able to reach all islands in the frontier areas c. Infantry Battalion; of Indonesia's territorial boundaries, but the lack of even the d. Arhanud Battalion; lack of transportation facilities that connect them is an e. Zeni Battalion; indication of how this problem is handled. Based on the Law of f. Rifle Company Battalion; and the Republic of Indonesia Number 27 of 2007 concerning g. Village Trustees Officer(Babinsa) Management of Coastal Areas and Small Islands (State Gazette

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2) Navy Based on Natuna Statistics data in figures compiled by a. Navy Base (Lanal); BPS stated that 99.25% of the Natuna area is a very strategic b. Navy Post (Posal); sea waters located on the ALKI I and IA lanes which are dense c. Navy Ships (KAL); and crowded international trade routes. In addition Natuna also d. Marine Security Patrol (Patkamla); and bordered directly with several neighboring countries. So that e. Marine Composite Company. makes Natuna vulnerable to the threat of conflict with neighboring countries, especially with the conflict in the South 3) China Sea which has recently been heating up because it was a. Indonesian Air Force Base (Lanud); triggered by China. From the aspect of maritime resilience in b. Radar Unit (Satrad); and the Natuna Regency, which is the foremost Regency of the c. Paskhas. Republic of Indonesia, faced with the current conditions in the field, it needs to be greatly improved. This is indicated by the When faced with the position of Natuna Regency which incidents of foreign aircraft and ships entering the Indonesian bordered by several countries, Natuna has the risk of escalation national jurisdiction. Another real fact that occurs is the escalating in the South China Sea, as yet the agreement on the frequent capture of Foreign Fish Ships (KIA) which entering boundaries of the Indonesia and Vietnam Exclusive Economic the Indonesian Exclusive Economic Zone and even the Zone has resulted in an increase in the number of illegal fishing Continental Shelf in the North Natuna Sea (especially Vietnam) cases in the North Natuna Sea. The strength and capability of to carry out illegal fishing. This is due to the lack of a degree the TNI and law enforcement officers in Natuna must be element and the lack of synergy between the cooperation of law increased, both in quantity and quality, by improving facilities enforcement officers at sea to carry out patrols, and the greater and infrastructure in Natuna. It is hoped that Natuna will problem is that the Exclusive Economic Zone boundary line become one of the forms of strengthening maritime resilience agreement has not yet been agreed between Indonesia and that can support economic, socio-cultural, political and defense Vietnam. If you look at the real conditions in the field, the and security aspects. On 18 December 2018, the government, existing facilities and infrastructure to support maritime in this case the TNI, had increased its power in Natuna, namely resilience in the vast Natuna region are still inadequate. the establishment of the "Natuna Integrated TNI Unit" by the Examples are the condition of public port facilities, facilities TNI Commander. Following are the facilities, infrastructure and infrastructure and loading / unloading of goods / containers and strength of the Integrated Military Unit in Natuna. that are still inadequate, facilities for warship port infrastructure 1) LanalRanai Port Facility; facilities are still limited, even up to now do not have submarine 2) Integrative hospital; docks, airport infrastructure is still limited, with runway status 3) Integrative hangar; owned by the Air Force and buildings owned by local 4) The Natuna TNI Integrated Unit Control System; governments that are only able to operate during the day and 5) Air radar; certain times, internet networks are still limited, road and bridge 6) Composite Battalion; infrastructure that is still not standard enough to be used as 7) Combat Engineering Company; and access to the movement of public vehicles and the Armed 8) Marine Corps. Forces because of the road still not wide enough. To prevent the occurrence of vulnerability in the Natuna By the development of the Natuna TNI Integrated Unit Regency, it must have strong maritime resilience by carrying in Ranai, the Natuna Regency will have the Defense and out the following matters. Security aspects strengthened in the context of facing 1) Legal standing (territorial integrity / boundaries) as a basis sovereignty and legal violations and can have a deterrence that must be recognized by neighboring countries and the effect for other countries in the Natuna Waters. However, the international world; quantity and quality of infrastructure, facilities, infrastructure, 2) Cooperating with neighboring countries (ASEAN) so that command and control (Kodal) as well as information and the neighboring countries indirectly become a fence for our detection technology must be further improved, for example: country against the threat of foreign attacks; 1. Air radar capability; 3) Strengthen defense and security forces and capabilities, 2. Maritime surveillance radar capability; especially the maritime sector in the Natuna region by 3. Air base and fighter aircraft increasing the quantity and quality of facilities, port 4. Special berths of warships with tonnages above 2500 GT, infrastructure, upgrading of the Indonesian Armed Forces depths above 10 meters and can be propped up by defense equipment and other relevant law enforcement submarines; and officials, such as large tonnage (KRI) warships (KRI) 5. Beaching jetty for Landing Ship Tanks (LST). and class) capable of operating up to ZEEI, ships of the Marine Security Agency (Bakamla), Water It is expected that this capacity building can be known Police ships, fleets of Ministry of Maritime Affairs and quickly and accurately for various violations that occur in the Fisheries ships, beach watchdogs, and local fishing fleets Natuna Region so that preventive and anticipatory actions can that are fishing daily in the Natuna Sea; be immediately implemented. 4) Improvement of information technology, where the development of digital-based information technology is 2. The role of the Navy in strengthening maritime resilience currently very rapid. The Natuna Regency Government in Natuna must use information technology that is able to access all

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territorial waters and clusters of islands so as to overcome impact of the loss of some territorial waters in the North the isolation of the majority of people living on the islands Natuna Sea; and and facilitate and accelerate the process of governance, 5) Fishing boat infrastructure assistance provided by the communication and electronic transactions, in addition to Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries has not yet that more efficient and effective in cost and time because it played a maximal role due to its size which is too small. So can reduce transportation costs. In the maritime aspect, this it is not suitable for use up to continental shelf even to ZEEI information technology is also very necessary, especially in North Natuna Sea. maritime radar technology, communication satellites and other surveillance technology; The synergy between the Natuna Regency Government 5) Quality Human Resources (HR) in all fields, both in the and the Navy as the main component as well as a means of fields of technology, governance, economy, law, defense of the sea dimension is very important. One concrete diplomacy, military and so on, so as to be able to manage a example that can be an example is the concept of development variety of potentials owned optimally and be able to that is applied in Hawaii and Guam. Both are areas that have overcome various maritime problems well ; and excellent maritime resilience capabilities because they have the 6) Educate and train fishermen to be able to carry out their composition and infrastructure of the Navy's military to support work optimally with the support of modern infrastructure the social and economic life of the country. In addition to the and fishing equipment, so they can catch fish up to the good infrastructure and synergy conditions between the waters of EEZ and can be an asset of the nation in Indonesian Navy and the Natuna Regency Government, another supporting the economy and monitoring the sovereignty of important thing that must be optimized is the condition and the waters of Indonesia's National jurisdiction. capability of the Human Resources in Natuna, because indirectly, the human resources in Natuna must be prepared as Natuna Regency should have strong maritime resilience, a backup component which later will add strength to the main where its great potential is able to be managed optimally, to face components. all forms of threats that disturb the sovereignty of its territory. The current policy direction in Natuna Regency has Because maritime resilience can be interpreted as the resilience shown the seriousness of the Natuna Regency Government to and tenacity of a nation in warding off all challenges, threats, strengthen maritime resilience. This can be seen from the obstacles and disturbances in the maritime sector of a region or explanation given, are: nation whether ocean, sea, strait and bay. Facts and data 1. A follow-up coordination meeting regarding the spatial obtained from the above description researchers have analyzed and fisheries sector regulation in Natuna Waters was held that one way to strengthen maritime resilience in Natuna is to on April 9, 2019 at the Maritime Affairs Ministry Office strengthen defense and security aspects and strengthen the main which was attended by the Ministry / Agency (KL) and components that exist, especially the Navy. With the from the Navy. The meeting was chaired by the strengthening of the main components, especially the Navy, it Coordinating Minister for Maritime Affairs and he will indirectly facilitate one of the tasks of the Navy to carry out directed that Natuna be built on a large scale by the empowerment of the sea defense in Natuna. Based on the synergizing between Defense and Security, Fisheries and facts and data obtained, it is known that one of the Tourism. In the 3rd follow-up meeting the gathering of infrastructures that strengthen the economy of the Natuna input materials from Natuna Regency and KL was also people is the pier. The pier is the main facility and need of the sought and a bona fide Planning consultant was drawn up Natuna people to lean their ships because most of the Natuna to prepare the planning documents. people's livelihood is as fishermen, so the presence of the 2. Natuna Regency Government has the support of the Indonesian Navy is expected to help the local government to Central Government and stakeholders related to the plan strengthen maritime resilience in Natuna in terms of security to implement the acceleration of development in 5 (five) and to protect the Natuna Sea from the disruption of foreign pillars, such as: ships neighboring countries. Here are some of the problems in 1) The acceleration of development in the field of defense Natuna Regency: and security has been running and there is already in 1) The condition of transportation and port facilities and the Ranai airport, the Navy dock in Lampa Strait, infrastructure in Natuna is still limited, causing the wheels several Navy posts, but the conditions are still minimal of economy, trade and development to be less than optimal; and limited. 2) Defense Security and supervision of sea areas are still not 2) The acceleration of development in the field of optimal so that illegal fishing activities still occur in the fisheries and maritime affairs has been carried out with North Natuna Sea; the existence of the Integrated Fisheries Center Port in 3) There is no agreement on delimitation of the boundaries of the Strait of Lampa which was built by the Ministry of the Indonesian Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) with the Maritime Affairs and Fisheries, but the conditions are country of Vietnam; still limited, capital loans to fishermen are still difficult 4) Chinese claims and rejection of South China Sea (LCS) and the selling price of fish is still low. conflict arbitration decisions can trigger regional conflicts 3) Accelerating development in the field of tourism plans in the LCS Region involving several neighboring countries, to manage local potential in Natuna but is still not especially claim states such as the Philippines, Vietnam, optimal. Brunei, Malaysia, Taiwan and China and Indonesia as a non-claimant country (non-claim state) but will get the

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4) Accelerating development in the oil and gas sector defense and security aspects in Natuna is still not optimal, plans to manage the potential of oil and gas in Buton because the TNI's strength as a means of national defense and Bay but are still not optimal. the main components can still be built and improved in quality 5) The acceleration of development in the environmental and quantity, especially the Navy, because 99.25% of the field has proceeded after Natuna was designated as a Natuna area is strategic waters. Besides, the strengthening of National Geopark area aimed at conservation, the main components in this case the Navy is very important education and the economy of the people on because in fact and the data obtained, the Navy has a very November 29, 2018. In addition, the Ministry of important role in strengthening the maritime resilience in Foreign Affairs and the Coordinating Ministry of Natuna. Based on these conclusions, the researchers suggest Maritime Affairs tried to encourage, the National that the Central Government can support the strengthening of Geopark became Global UNESCO Geopark. defense and security aspects in Natuna by increasing the quality and quantity of the TNI, especially the Navy as a means of The stakeholders strive to work together in synergy starting national defense in the sea and the main components that can from planning to encourage the acceleration of development help local governments to form components especially and infrastructure in accordance to their respective authorities. fishermen reserves. But the private sector has not been much involved because there are still not many investors who entered Natuna. While the REFERENCES community, community leaders and Alim Ulama, youth and all [1] Jones, Charles O., “PengantarKebijakan Publik”, PT. Raja parties strongly support the development of maritime resilience Grafindo Persada, 1996. in Natuna Regency through socialization both by the Natuna [2] Marwasta, Djaka, 2016. Pendampingan Pengelolaan Regency Government and socialization from the TNI itself. Wilayah Perbatasan di Indonesia: Lesson Learned dari KKN- PPM UGM di Kawasan Perbatasan, Indonesian Journal of Some priority acceleration of development in Natuna Regency Community Engagement, vol.01, no. 02, has led to development in the field of defense and security as [3] Moeldoko, 2014. Kompleksitas Pengelolaan Perbatasan: well as in the field of fisheries and maritime affairs. This has Tinjauan dari Perspektif Kebijakan Pengelolaan Perbatasan given a positive signal that plans to strengthen maritime Indonesia, Makalah Seminar “Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam dalam Perspektif Ketahanan Nasional”, resilience in Natuna Regency can be realized soon. [4] Paskarina, Caroline, 2016. Wacana Negara Maritim dan The Natuna Regency Government must start planning to Reimajinasi Nasionalisme Indonesia”, Jurnal Wacana build ports in every major island in Natuna Regency as a Politik-Jurnal ilmiah Departemen Ilmu Politik, vol. 1, no. 1, supporting facility so that it can be propped up by submarines hal. 1-8. ISSN 2502-9185, [5] Tangkilisan, Yuda B., 2013. “Indonesia dan Masalah and warships of various sizes, from types of , Perbatasan: Beberapa Masalah dalam Perkembangan Daerah and destroyers, in addition to being able to be used for Tapal Batas sebagai Bagian Perekonomian Nasional dari passenger and freight mobilization. Infrastructure development Perspektif Sejarah”, Jurnal Kajian Sejarah dan Pendidikan and development must go hand in hand through efforts to Sejarah, no. 1, vol. 1, Edisi Maret [6] Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 34 Tahun 2004 increase the ability of Human Resources (HR). Then provide tentang Tentara Nasional Indonesia counseling / socialization to fishermen as the main weapon of [7] Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 23 Tahun 2019 the government to explore fisheries and marine resources about tentang Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Nasional Untuk the importance of national sovereignty. This is very important, Pertahanan Negara First A. Author (M’76–SM’81–F’87) and all authors because fishermen as human resources can be categorized as a may include biographies. Biographies are often not reserve component that can increase the strength and ability of included in conference-related papers. This author the main components, so that there is a mutual relationship or became a Member (M) of IEEE in 1976, a Senior symbiosis of mutualism. Next is the role of the Navy in assisting Member (SM) in 1981, and a Fellow (F) in 1987. The first paragraph may contain a place and/or date of the Natuna Regency Government in strengthening maritime birth (list place, then date). Next, the author’s resilience in Natuna. educational background is listed. The degrees should 1. Guarding border areas from illegal fishing activities be listed with type of degree in what field, which carried out by Chinese and Vietnamese Foreign Fish institution, city, state, and country, and year the degree was earned. The author’s major field of study Ships; should be lower-cased. 2. Conduct training for fishermen in improving their The second paragraph uses the pronoun of the person (he or she) and not the livelihood; author’s last name. It lists military and work experience, including summer and 3. Protecting fishermen who are fishing in the Territorial fellowship jobs. Job titles are capitalized. The current job must have a location; previous positions may be listed without one. Information concerning previous Sea, Additional Zones and Exclusive Economic Zones; publications may be included. Try not to list more than three books or published 4. Assisting the Natuna Regency Government and Luat articles. The format for listing publishers of a book within the biography is: title Transportation Office to regulate sea lane traffic and dock of book (publisher name, year) similar to a reference. Current and previous security; and research interests end the paragraph. The third paragraph begins with the author’s title and last name (e.g., Dr. 5. Maintain the national vital object in this case the oil Smith, Prof. Jones, Mr. Kajor, Ms. Hunter). List any memberships in refineries located in the Natuna Block. professional societies other than the IEEE. Finally, list any awards and work for IEEE committees and publications. If a photograph is provided, it should be of good quality, and professional-looking. Following are two examples of an III. CONCLUSION author’s biography. Based on the analysis that has been carried out by researchers, it can be concluded that the condition of the

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Second B. Author was born in Greenwich Village, New York, NY, USA in 1977. He received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in aerospace engineering from the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, in 2001 and the Ph.D. degree in mechanical engineering from Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, in 2008. From 2001 to 2004, he was a Research Assistant with the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory. Since 2009, he has been an Assistant Professor with the Mechanical Engineering Department, Texas A&M University, College Station. He is the author of three books, more than 150 articles, and more than 70 inventions. His research interests include high- pressure and high-density nonthermal plasma discharge processes and applications, microscale plasma discharges, discharges in liquids, spectroscopic diagnostics, plasma propulsion, and innovation plasma applications. He is an Associate Editor of the journal Earth, Moon, Planets, and holds two patents. Dr. Author was a recipient of the International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy Young Scientist Award for Excellence in 2008, and the IEEE Electromagnetic Compatibility Society Best Symposium Paper Award in 2011.

Third C. Author, Jr. (M’87) received the B.S. degree in mechanical engineering from National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan, in 2004 and the M.S. degree in mechanical engineering from National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, in 2006. He is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree in mechanical engineering at Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA. From 2008 to 2009, he was a Research Assistant with the Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Tapei, Taiwan. His research interest includes the development of surface processing and biological/medical treatment techniques using nonthermal atmospheric pressure plasmas, fundamental study of plasma sources, and fabrication of micro- or nanostructured surfaces. Mr. Author’s awards and honors include the Frew Fellowship (Australian Academy of Science), the I. I. Rabi Prize (APS), the European Frequency and Time Forum Award, the Carl Zeiss Research Award, the William F. Meggers Award and the Adolph Lomb Medal (OSA).

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