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Downloaded from Manchesterhive.Com at 09/25/2021 08:21:30AM Via Free Access Chap6 28/5/02 13.33 Page 143 Chap6 28/5/02 13.33 Page 142 6 Centrumpartij’86 Reservoir of the fringe After the expulsion of the Janmaat group at the end of 1984 the troubles of the Centrumpartij were far from over. Party leader Konst was put under increasing pressure by his employer to resign as party chairman or lose his job as teacher at a state school; vice-chairman De Wijer had already been temporarily suspended as teacher at another state school (DNPP 1987; Schikhof 1998). Only a few months after the split Konst resigned and was succeeded by former party treasurer Albrecht Lier, (in)famous in the Nether- lands for his claim to be an illegitimate son of prince Hendrik.1 In the 1985 by-election the CP gained one seat in the new province of Flevoland and one in the new municipality of Leerdam. Despite the decreasing trend, the party contested the local election of March 1986 with moderate success (winning six seats). The last surge of optimism for the parliamentary election of two months later was shattered by the defection of party leader Lier to the CD (Lucardie and Voerman 1990). The eventual blow in winning just 0.4 per cent of the votes was softened only slightly by the 0.1 per cent won by its main rival the CD. Lier’s successor, former party treasurer Danny Segers, was unable to turn the tables for the rapidly disintegrating party. Since the split the membership of the CP had fallen back to merely 100. Moreover, almost the whole top echelons of the party had either left politics altogether or moved to the CD. The situation became even more devastating as the CP had become involved in a series of court cases as a consequence of its preparation for the local election. A group of people who had signed the CP electoral list in Heerlen later claimed to have been misled by the party, as they had been told that they signed for something else. The court acknowledged their complaint and fined the CP 50,000 Dutch guilders. As the party could not pay the fine, it 1 German-born Hendrik Wladimir Albrecht Ernst (1876–1934) became prince of the Netherlands after marrying Queen Wilhelmina in 1909. Hendrik’s only official child, Juliana, succeeded Wilhelmina as queen in 1948. Cas Mudde - 9781526137753 Downloaded from manchesterhive.com at 09/25/2021 08:21:30AM via free access Chap6 28/5/02 13.33 Page 143 Centrumpartij’86 143 was declared bankrupt on 13 May 1986 (DNPP 1988). The successor was founded exactly one week later, conveniently named Centrumpartij’86 (Centre Party’86, CP’86). Though its legal successor, the new CP’86 was no more than a weak copy of the old CP. From the approximately 3,500 members the CP had claimed in its heyday, only a mere fifty were willing to begin with the CP’86. Yet even within this small group the internal disputes continued. In 1987 chairman Segers withdrew from his position and was succeeded by Ema Bouman, a rel- atively unknown member until she was elected as a council member in Ams- terdam in 1986. At the end of 1988 she also suddenly left the CP’86, in protest against the radicalisation of the party (Schikhof 1997), and was replaced by Wim Beaux, then council member in both the municipality of Almere and the province of Flevoland and a long-time leading member of the CP. He was superseded shortly afterwards by another major driving force of the new party, Wim Wijngaarden, also a long-time activist within the CP. This time the succession was not the result of an internal dispute, and Beaux remained part of the party executive. Except for internal disputes, the CP’86 had several other problems to deal with. For instance, election material of the party was confiscated at its German printer (the same printer as was used by the North Rhine-West- phalian branch of the NPD). Moreover, it was involved in a legal battle with the CD over the legacy of the CP. The CP’86 won the case in the first instance and was appointed the sole legal heir to the CP. This meant it could profit from several publicity and electoral advantages, as the CP was rela- tively well-known and represented in several municipal and provincial coun- cils. However, the CP’86 could not make much use of it at the time, as internal difficulties and a general decline prevented it from contesting the 1989 parliamentary election. In the 1990 local election the CP’86 gained four seats, a disappointing result compared to the eleven seats of the CD. There was good news for the party as well, since it won its legal case over the heritage of the CP in the second instance too, despite the fact that the CD had claimed before the Council of State that it should also be considered and treated as a successor to the CP (DNPP 1992). More important was the remarkable growth in membership which the CP’86 experienced, with an influx of between 50 and 100 youths. They originated predominantly from the Jongerenfront Neder- land (Youth Front Netherlands, JFN), at that time the largest right-wing extremist youth movement in the Netherlands with some 200 members. After a Breda court had labelled the JFN a criminal organisation (in a case against two of its members in May 1990), leader Stewart Mordaunt called upon his supporters to follow him into the CP’86, for which party he had been elected to the municipal council of The Hague earlier that year (FOK 1992). This expansion brought the total membership of the CP’86 to approxi- Cas Mudde - 9781526137753 Downloaded from manchesterhive.com at 09/25/2021 08:21:30AM via free access Chap6 28/5/02 13.33 Page 144 144 The Netherlands mately 300 at the end of 1991. In addition, the youth and activism of the new members gave the party a new impulse. In particular, following an almost hidden existence for five years the young activists brought the CP’86 back into the spotlight by distributing pamphlets. Favourite targets for the young militants were young people and inhabitants of areas with a high con- centration of foreigners and ethnic minorities or of areas where ethnic ten- sions had recently erupted. In addition to the people that were directly approached, the CP’86 also made its actions as provocative as possible in order to spread its message to other people through the consequent (large) media attention – a strategy that had already been the trade mark of the JFN. The revitalisation of the CP’86 did not bring an end to the internal dis- putes, however. After party secretary Egbert Perée had been ousted from the party leadership in August 1990, his successor Wim Geurts experienced the same fate in the beginning of 1991. The same year the party contested the provincial election in four provinces, all without success. Shortly thereafter, Wim Kock, who had been heading the election list in the province of South Holland and had been the assistant of Mordaunt in the council of The Hague, was expelled from the party. In most cases the veterans were replaced by members of the former JFN. In early 1992 the party executive included five people of which (the first) three came from the old CP and (the last) two from the JFN: Wijngaarden (chairman), Theo Termijn (council member in Rotter- dam), Beaux (vice-chairman), Mordaunt and Tibor Mudde (secretary). The next three years were characterised by a remarkable unity and growth. Through its large number of local actions the CP’86 was able to steadily increase its membership to some 500 at the end of 1994. Among the new members were former members of the CP (such as Segers), as well as small groups of (former) neo-Nazis. This latter group was partly attracted by the large autonomy the local branches of the party enjoyed. Especially in the area of Rotterdam the (former) neo-Nazis were able to put their imprint on the local party. The election year 1994 was approached with much optimism by the CP’86. Henk Ruitenberg, a relative newcomer to the extreme right and to the CP’86, had succeeded the ill Wijngaarden as party leader in early 1994. The party campaigned actively throughout the whole country, distributing thousands of pamphlets, mostly in so-called disadvantaged areas. Despite the fact that the CP’86 was overshadowed by the CD in the March local elec- tion it more than doubled its number of seats, from four in 1990 to nine in 1994 (see Mudde and Van Holsteyn 1994; Van Holsteyn 1995). Though the successes outside of the big cities were exclusively in municipalities in which the CD had not contested the election, the leadership saw the result as proof of the viability of their party (next to the CD) and anticipated its (re)entry into the Second Chamber. This optimistic view was supported by some opin- ion polls, which showed that the party was receiving sufficient support to win a parliamentary seat (Van Holsteyn 1995). Cas Mudde - 9781526137753 Downloaded from manchesterhive.com at 09/25/2021 08:21:30AM via free access Chap6 28/5/02 13.33 Page 145 Centrumpartij’86 145 The final result in the parliamentary election, when it won just 0.4 per cent, therefore signified a rude awakening. The party remained below the score needed for one seat (0.67 per cent) and well behind its main rival the CD, which increased its number of seats from one to three.
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