DOCSLIB.ORG

Courage Against Hate W

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Courage Against Hate W w JULY 2021 Courage Against Hate w Introduction The Courage Against Hate initiative has Hate and extremism have no place on Facebook and we have been brought together by Facebook for been making major investments over a number of years to improve detection of this content on our platforms, so we the purpose of sparking cross-sector, can remove it quicker - ideally before people see it and pan-European dialogue and action to report it to us. We’ve tripled - to more than 35,000 - the combat hate speech and extremism. people working on safety and security at Facebook, and This collection of articles unites European grown the dedicated team we have leading our efforts against terrorism and extremism to over 350 people. academic analysis with practitioners who This group includes former academics who are experts on are actively working on countering counterterrorism, former prosecutors and law enforcement extremism within civil society. agents, investigators and analysts, and engineers. We’ve also developed and iterated various technologies to make us faster and better at identifying this type of material automatically. This includes photo and video matching tools and text-based machine-learning classifiers. Last year, as a result of these investments, we removed more than 19 million pieces of content related to hate organisations last year, over 97% of which we proactively identified and removed before anyone reported it to us. While we are making good progress, we know that working to keep hateful and extremist content off Facebook is not enough, because this content proliferates across the web and wider society, often in different ways. That is why we also need partnerships to do this work well. In order to be truly effective in stopping the spread of terrorist and extremist content across the internet, we need to join forces with others. Four years ago, we started meeting with other technology companies to discuss the best ways to counter terrorists’ attempts to use our services through the Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism (GIFCT). We’ve subsequently also partnered with experts in government, civil society and academia to discuss and study the latest trends in terrorist and violent extremist activity online. Partnerships like this allow technology companies 2 | COURAGE AGAINST HATE w like us to see beyond trends on our own platform, and the Swedish Defence Research Agency further assesses better understand the interplay between online and the challenges and opportunities of automatic hate speech offline. They also help us build programs with credible civil detection including domain transferability, reliability, society organizations to support counter-speech at scale, languages and expressions, and how to avoid detection. and how best to deploy multi-sector efforts to challenge These expert briefings highlight once again that threats hate speech and extremism while respecting fundamental from the far-right need to be constantly monitored in principles of human rights. order to learn from emerging trends and develop nuanced Courage Against Hate is a strategic policy initiative successful countermeasures, in what is a fundamentally brought together with this goal in mind. We hope it will adversarial field. help us collectively develop a more holistic understanding about the diverse and evolving nature of the problem and prompt a multi-disciplinary conversation around what PRACTITIONER CASE STUDIES policies, further analysis and programs are needed for In order to showcase exemplary programmatic solutions and the fight against hate, extremism and terrorism to be best practices in counterspeech, we further commissioned truly effective. This publication highlights that we are by six case studies. The aim of these case studies was to map no means starting from zero. Substantial work has been how a selection of European practitioners are putting forth done in the last five plus years. New methodologies have efforts to strategically combat hate speech and extremism, been developed, tools have been tested, programs have as well as how tactics for preventing and countering violent launched innovative approaches to reaching at-risk and extremism, such as counterspeech/counter-narratives, are vulnerable audiences. We hope that this publication best deployed, and help a broader audience understand the shows how much technology companies, governments, interplay between online and offline interactions in this field. researchers and civil society all have very important roles to play, and how much partnerships are needed to tackle The resulting case studies presented in this report are the societal issue that hate speech represents. diverse and cover a range of focus areas and programmatic approaches. Sweden-based #iamhere speaks to their approach to counterspeech, specifically their method to RESEARCH BRIEFINGS reduce hate speech and misinformation online. Galop in the UK focuses on their approach to combating hate speech Right-wing extremism is constantly changing and adapting and extremism based on mutual support and cooperation. to global developments. Hope not Hate’s Joe Mulhall and Meanwhile, Moonshot, presents their work on the Redirect Safya Khan-Ruf text examine the trajectory of the rhetoric, Method, using targeted advertising to connect people tactics and direction of European far-right in the midst of searching the internet for violent extremist content with a global pandemic in 2020 and the rise of the International safer alternatives. The Institute for Strategic Dialogue (ISD) Black Lives Matter movement. But right-wing extremism sheds light on the Online Civil Courage Initiative (OCCI) is not only reacting to such developments: Matthias Quent, aimed at uniting a diverse set of actors, providing them Christoph Richter and Axel Salheiser from the Jena Institute with the latest research into hate and extremism online for Democracy and Civil Society showcase in their text and fostering a collaborative environment via conferences how the far-right is also adapting to subcultures and has and hackathons. Austria-based Zivilcourage und Anti modernized itself to fully embrace the digital space. Rassismus-Arbeit (ZARA) puts forward their practices Bethan Johnson (Centre for the Analysis of the Radical aimed at combating racism and online hatred and to Right) similarly explores the increasing trends of white promote, strengthen, and increase the value of civil courage supremacy across Europe and North America in her analysis within the Austrian society. Finally, Textgain and Media piece on Siege Culture - one of this subcultures’ original Diversity Institute look at how their respective projects publications which makes up the backbone of the modern Detect Then Act and Get The Trolls Out use AI and manual movement. She explores the increasing trends of white media monitoring to mitigate discrimination and intolerance. supremacy across Europe and North America, pointing to one of these subcultures’ original publications and texts that make up the backbone of the modern movement. Rearchers from Uppsala Univeristy and 3 | COURAGE AGAINST HATE w EXISTING GUIDELINES AND RESOURCES We understand that we are starting from a point where much has already been done in the last few years to fight against hate speech in all its forms and to ensure that multi-sector approaches evolve to effectively tackle adversarial shifts as they happen. For that reason, we want to highlight some of the existing toolkits and resources created to provide guidance, support and best practices for developing, launching, measuring and evaluating work that challenges hate speech and extremism online and offline. • Facebook’s Counterspeech Hub exists to support voices • ISD Global has developed a number of training that are engaged in counterspeech efforts. The site programmes and toolkits to help practitioners and provides overviews of a variety of counterspeech activists develop, launch and measure counterspeech. programmatic efforts that Facebook supports around These include the NGOs Counter Narratives Monitoring the world and links to open-access resources and analysis and Evaluation Handbook, their report about assessing to help guide practitioners. The hub helps promote the Impact of Counter Narratives and the Counter accessibility to Counterspeech tools, resources, and Narrative Handbook. guidance. Above all, it is there to elevate the dialogue • The Online Civil Courage Initiative Help Desk works with beyond the reach of fear, hate, and violence. civil society organisations to provide tailored support and • The Campaign Toolkit is a new and dynamic digital guidance on developing, managing and measuring online resource for educating, enabling, and empowering the counter-speech. Funded by Facebook and run by ISD next generation of activists and community organizations Global, the help desk can help civil society groups design as they mobilize to outcompete hate and to promote a campaign that meets specific needs and objectives, and community cohesion, inclusion and tolerance. Funded connects them with organisations who can fill any skills by the Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism and gaps that might be apparent. You can access this resource managed by ISD Global, the toolkit immerses you in the in English, French or German. journey of planning, producing and promoting campaigns for global audiences. It provides a step-by-step guide as well as resources from leading technology companies and civil society. Available in English, French, German
Load more

Recommended publications
  • CRITICAL THEORY and AUTHORITARIAN POPULISM Critical Theory and Authoritarian Populism
    CDSMS EDITED BY JEREMIAH MORELOCK CRITICAL THEORY AND AUTHORITARIAN POPULISM Critical Theory and Authoritarian Populism edited by Jeremiah Morelock Critical, Digital and Social Media Studies Series Editor: Christian Fuchs The peer-reviewed book series edited by Christian Fuchs publishes books that critically study the role of the internet and digital and social media in society. Titles analyse how power structures, digital capitalism, ideology and social struggles shape and are shaped by digital and social media. They use and develop critical theory discussing the political relevance and implications of studied topics. The series is a theoretical forum for in- ternet and social media research for books using methods and theories that challenge digital positivism; it also seeks to explore digital media ethics grounded in critical social theories and philosophy. Editorial Board Thomas Allmer, Mark Andrejevic, Miriyam Aouragh, Charles Brown, Eran Fisher, Peter Goodwin, Jonathan Hardy, Kylie Jarrett, Anastasia Kavada, Maria Michalis, Stefania Milan, Vincent Mosco, Jack Qiu, Jernej Amon Prodnik, Marisol Sandoval, Se- bastian Sevignani, Pieter Verdegem Published Critical Theory of Communication: New Readings of Lukács, Adorno, Marcuse, Honneth and Habermas in the Age of the Internet Christian Fuchs https://doi.org/10.16997/book1 Knowledge in the Age of Digital Capitalism: An Introduction to Cognitive Materialism Mariano Zukerfeld https://doi.org/10.16997/book3 Politicizing Digital Space: Theory, the Internet, and Renewing Democracy Trevor Garrison Smith https://doi.org/10.16997/book5 Capital, State, Empire: The New American Way of Digital Warfare Scott Timcke https://doi.org/10.16997/book6 The Spectacle 2.0: Reading Debord in the Context of Digital Capitalism Edited by Marco Briziarelli and Emiliana Armano https://doi.org/10.16997/book11 The Big Data Agenda: Data Ethics and Critical Data Studies Annika Richterich https://doi.org/10.16997/book14 Social Capital Online: Alienation and Accumulation Kane X.
    [Show full text]
  • Reactionary Postmodernism? Neoliberalism, Multiculturalism, the Internet, and the Ideology of the New Far Right in Germany
    University of Vermont ScholarWorks @ UVM UVM Honors College Senior Theses Undergraduate Theses 2018 Reactionary Postmodernism? Neoliberalism, Multiculturalism, the Internet, and the Ideology of the New Far Right in Germany William Peter Fitz University of Vermont Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/hcoltheses Recommended Citation Fitz, William Peter, "Reactionary Postmodernism? Neoliberalism, Multiculturalism, the Internet, and the Ideology of the New Far Right in Germany" (2018). UVM Honors College Senior Theses. 275. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/hcoltheses/275 This Honors College Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Undergraduate Theses at ScholarWorks @ UVM. It has been accepted for inclusion in UVM Honors College Senior Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ UVM. For more information, please contact [email protected]. REACTIONARY POSTMODERNISM? NEOLIBERALISM, MULTICULTURALISM, THE INTERNET, AND THE IDEOLOGY OF THE NEW FAR RIGHT IN GERMANY A Thesis Presented by William Peter Fitz to The Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of The University of Vermont In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements For the Degree of Bachelor of Arts In European Studies with Honors December 2018 Defense Date: December 4th, 2018 Thesis Committee: Alan E. Steinweis, Ph.D., Advisor Susanna Schrafstetter, Ph.D., Chairperson Adriana Borra, M.A. Table of Contents Introduction 1 Chapter One: Neoliberalism and Xenophobia 17 Chapter Two: Multiculturalism and Cultural Identity 52 Chapter Three: The Philosophy of the New Right 84 Chapter Four: The Internet and Meme Warfare 116 Conclusion 149 Bibliography 166 1 “Perhaps one will view the rise of the Alternative for Germany in the foreseeable future as inevitable, as a portent for major changes, one that is as necessary as it was predictable.
    [Show full text]
  • The Changing Face of American White Supremacy Our Mission: to Stop the Defamation of the Jewish People and to Secure Justice and Fair Treatment for All
    A report from the Center on Extremism 09 18 New Hate and Old: The Changing Face of American White Supremacy Our Mission: To stop the defamation of the Jewish people and to secure justice and fair treatment for all. ABOUT T H E CENTER ON EXTREMISM The ADL Center on Extremism (COE) is one of the world’s foremost authorities ADL (Anti-Defamation on extremism, terrorism, anti-Semitism and all forms of hate. For decades, League) fights anti-Semitism COE’s staff of seasoned investigators, analysts and researchers have tracked and promotes justice for all. extremist activity and hate in the U.S. and abroad – online and on the ground. The staff, which represent a combined total of substantially more than 100 Join ADL to give a voice to years of experience in this arena, routinely assist law enforcement with those without one and to extremist-related investigations, provide tech companies with critical data protect our civil rights. and expertise, and respond to wide-ranging media requests. Learn more: adl.org As ADL’s research and investigative arm, COE is a clearinghouse of real-time information about extremism and hate of all types. COE staff regularly serve as expert witnesses, provide congressional testimony and speak to national and international conference audiences about the threats posed by extremism and anti-Semitism. You can find the full complement of COE’s research and publications at ADL.org. Cover: White supremacists exchange insults with counter-protesters as they attempt to guard the entrance to Emancipation Park during the ‘Unite the Right’ rally August 12, 2017 in Charlottesville, Virginia.
    [Show full text]
  • Bill Analysis and Fiscal Impact Statement
    The Florida Senate BILL ANALYSIS AND FISCAL IMPACT STATEMENT (This document is based on the provisions contained in the legislation as of the latest date listed below.) Prepared By: The Professional Staff of the Committee on Infrastructure and Security BILL: SR 222 INTRODUCER: Senator Simpson and others SUBJECT: White Nationalism and White Supremacy DATE: January 9, 2020 REVISED: ANALYST STAFF DIRECTOR REFERENCE ACTION 1. Proctor Miller IS Pre-meeting 2. JU 3. RC I. Summary: SR 222 rejects white nationalism and white supremacy as hateful, dangerous, and morally corrupt, and affirms that such philosophies are contradictory to the values that define the people of Florida. Legislative resolutions have no force of law and are not subject to the approval or veto powers of the Governor. II. Present Situation: White nationalist groups espouse white supremacist or white separatist ideologies.1 The term “white supremacist extremism” (WSE) describes people or groups who commit criminal acts in the name of white supremacist ideology. At its core, white supremacist ideology purports that the white race ranks above all others. WSE draws on the constitutionally protected activities of a broad swath of racist hate-oriented groups active in the United States ranging from the Ku Klux Klan to racist skinheads. Some of these groups have elaborate organizational structures, dues- paying memberships, and media wings. Additionally, many individuals espouse extremist beliefs without having formal membership in any specific organization.2 1 Southern Poverty Law Center, White Nationalist, https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/ideology/white- nationalist (last visited October 11, 2019). 2 Congressional Research Office, Domestic Terrorism: An Overview, Report R44921, August 21, 2017, Jerome P.
    [Show full text]
  • Free, Hateful, and Posted: Rethinking First Amendment Protection of Hate Speech in a Social Media World
    Boston College Law Review Volume 60 Issue 7 Article 6 10-30-2019 Free, Hateful, and Posted: Rethinking First Amendment Protection of Hate Speech in a Social Media World Lauren E. Beausoleil Boston College Law School, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/bclr Part of the First Amendment Commons, and the Internet Law Commons Recommended Citation Lauren E. Beausoleil, Free, Hateful, and Posted: Rethinking First Amendment Protection of Hate Speech in a Social Media World, 60 B.C.L. Rev. 2100 (2019), https://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/bclr/vol60/iss7/6 This Notes is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at Digital Commons @ Boston College Law School. It has been accepted for inclusion in Boston College Law Review by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ Boston College Law School. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FREE, HATEFUL, AND POSTED: RETHINKING FIRST AMENDMENT PROTECTION OF HATE SPEECH IN A SOCIAL MEDIA WORLD Abstract: Speech is meant to be heard, and social media allows for exaggeration of that fact by providing a powerful means of dissemination of speech while also dis- torting one’s perception of the reach and acceptance of that speech. Engagement in online “hate speech” can interact with the unique characteristics of the Internet to influence users’ psychological processing in ways that promote violence and rein- force hateful sentiments. Because hate speech does not squarely fall within any of the categories excluded from First Amendment protection, the United States’ stance on hate speech is unique in that it protects it.
    [Show full text]
  • COVID-19: How Hateful Extremists Are Exploiting the Pandemic
    COVID-19 How hateful extremists are exploiting the pandemic July 2020 Contents 3 Introduction 5 Summary 6 Findings and recommendations 7 Beliefs and attitudes 12 Behaviours and activities 14 Harms 16 Conclusion and recommendations Commission for Countering Extremism Introduction that COVID-19 is punishment on China for their treatment of Uighurs Muslims.3 Other conspiracy theories suggest the virus is part of a Jewish plot4 or that 5G is to blame.5 The latter has led to attacks on 5G masts and telecoms engineers.6 We are seeing many of these same narratives reoccur across a wide range of different ideologies. Fake news about minority communities has circulated on social media in an attempt to whip up hatred. These include false claims that mosques have remained open during 7 Since the outbreak of the coronavirus (COVID-19) lockdown. Evidence has also shown that pandemic, the Commission for Countering ‘Far Right politicians and news agencies [...] Extremism has heard increasing reports of capitalis[ed] on the virus to push forward their 8 extremists exploiting the crisis to sow division anti-immigrant and populist message’. Content and undermine the social fabric of our country. such as this normalises Far Right attitudes and helps to reinforce intolerant and hateful views We have heard reports of British Far Right towards ethnic, racial or religious communities. activists and Neo-Nazi groups promoting anti-minority narratives by encouraging users Practitioners have told us how some Islamist to deliberately infect groups, including Jewish activists may be exploiting legitimate concerns communities1 and of Islamists propagating regarding securitisation to deliberately drive a anti-democratic and anti-Western narratives, wedge between communities and the British 9 claiming that COVID-19 is divine punishment state.
    [Show full text]
  • Identity & In-Group Critique in James Mason's Siege
    A Paler Shade of White: Identity & In-group Critique in James Mason’s Siege J.M. Berger RESOLVE NETWORK | April 2021 Racially and Ethnically Motivated Violent Extremism Series https://doi.org/10.37805/remve2021.1 The views expressed in this publication are those of the author. They do not necessarily reflect the views of the RESOLVE Network, the U.S. Institute of Peace, or any entity of the U.S. government. CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 2 HISTORY AND CONTEXT ...................................................................................... 4 METHODOLOGY: LINKAGEBASED ANALYSIS ............................................... 6 OVERVIEW OF CONTENT ..................................................................................... 7 INGROUP CRISIS: A PALER SHADE OF WHITE .............................................13 INGROUPS IN CRISIS ........................................................................................20 THE OUTGROUP IN THE INGROUP ...............................................................23 CONCLUSION: INSIGHTS & RECOMMENDATIONS .....................................25 BIBLIOGRAPHY .....................................................................................................28 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Discussions of extremist ideologies naturally focus on how in-groups criticize and attack out-groups. But
    [Show full text]
  • Nonprofit Security Grant Program Threat Incident Report
    Nonprofit Security Grant Program Threat Incident Report: January 2019 to Present November 15, 2020 (Updated 02/22/2021) Prepared By: Rob Goldberg, Senior Director, Legislative Affairs [email protected] The following is a compilation of recent threat incidents, at home or abroad, targeting Jews and Jewish institutions (and other faith-based organization) that have been reported in the public record. When completing the Threat section of the IJ (Part III. Risk): ▪ First Choice: Describe specific terror (or violent homegrown extremist) incidents, threats, hate crimes, and/or related vandalism, trespass, intimidation, or destruction of property that have targeted its property, membership, or personnel. This may also include a specific event or circumstance that impacted an affiliate or member of the organization’s system or network. ▪ Second Choice: Report on known incidents/threats that have occurred in the community and/or State where the organization is located. ▪ Third Choice: Reference the public record regarding incidents/threats against similar or like institutions at home or abroad. Since there is limited working space in the IJ, the sub-applicant should be selective in choosing appropriate examples to incorporate into the response: events that are most recent, geographically proximate, and closely related to their type or circumstance of their organization or are of such magnitude or breadth that they create a significant existential threat to the Jewish community at large. I. Overview of Recent Federal Risk Assessments of National Significance Summary The following assessments underscore the persistent threat of lethal violence and hate crimes against the Jewish community and other faith- and community-based institutions in the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • How to Get the Daily Stormer Be Found on the Next Page
    # # Publishing online In print because since 2013, offline Stormer the (((internet))) & Tor since 2017. is censorship! The most censored publication in history Vol. 97 Daily Stormer ☦ Sunday Edition 23–30 Jun 2019 What is the Stormer? No matter which browser you choose, please continue to use Daily Stormer is the largest news publication focused on it to visit the sites you normally do. By blocking ads and track- racism and anti-Semitism in human history. We are signifi- ers your everyday browsing experience will be better and you cantly larger by readership than many of the top 50 newspa- will be denying income to the various corporate entities that pers of the United States. The Tampa Tribune, Columbus Dis- have participated in the censorship campaign against the Daily patch, Oklahoman, Virginian-Pilot, and Arkansas Democrat- Stormer. Gazette are all smaller than this publication by current read- Also, by using the Tor-based browsers, you’ll prevent any- ership. All of these have dozens to hundreds of employees one from the government to antifa from using your browsing and buildings of their own. All of their employees make more habits to persecute you. This will become increasingly rele- than anyone at the Daily Stormer. We manage to deliver im- vant in the years to come. pact greater than anyone in this niche on a budget so small you How to support the Daily Stormer wouldn’t believe. The Daily Stormer is 100% reader-supported. We do what Despite censorship on a historically unique scale, and The we do because we are attempting to preserve Western Civiliza- Daily Stormer becoming the most censored publication in his- tion.
    [Show full text]
  • Cyber Laws for Dark Web: an Analysis of the Range of Crimes and the Level of Effectiveness of Law Over It
    An Open Access Journal from The Law Brigade Publishers 1 CYBER LAWS FOR DARK WEB: AN ANALYSIS OF THE RANGE OF CRIMES AND THE LEVEL OF EFFECTIVENESS OF LAW OVER IT Written by Sanidhya Mahendra 5th Year B.A.LL.B.(Hons.) Student, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India ABSTRACT In the 21st century, when we say “The future is now”, we mean that everything is possible, everything is accessible, everything is on our fingertips. This is because our entire world today is connected and controlled by the internet. This world wide connectivity offers us everything to use, like from shopping to travelling, from eating to feeding, and even for connecting to the people virtually, however the internet is not just limited to the millions of websites available for our daily use, rather it is far beyond that. We just access the 5 per cent of the entire internet and the rest of it is what may be a true horror for those who have been affected by it. This domain of internet is popularly known as the Dark Web. In this article the author has described the disturbing truths of the Dark Web. The author has described about its history and has pointed out the usage of the same by the criminals. The author further discusses the types of crime that are committed behind the veil of internet. The article thereafter defines the remedies available in various laws of India for the victims of cyber crimes. The author concludes the article with suggestions of improvement in the present laws. KEYWORDS: Dark Net, Dark web, Deep Web, TOR, Onion, Cryptocurrency, privacy, anonymous, VPN, ARPANET, Crawlers, Silk Road, Phishing INTRODUCTION Today the most significant invention is the invention Internet, and it has taken the eyes of all the generation in one go.
    [Show full text]
  • M&A @ Facebook: Strategy, Themes and Drivers
    A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Master Degree in Finance from NOVA – School of Business and Economics M&A @ FACEBOOK: STRATEGY, THEMES AND DRIVERS TOMÁS BRANCO GONÇALVES STUDENT NUMBER 3200 A Project carried out on the Masters in Finance Program, under the supervision of: Professor Pedro Carvalho January 2018 Abstract Most deals are motivated by the recognition of a strategic threat or opportunity in the firm’s competitive arena. These deals seek to improve the firm’s competitive position or even obtain resources and new capabilities that are vital to future prosperity, and improve the firm’s agility. The purpose of this work project is to make an analysis on Facebook’s acquisitions’ strategy going through the key acquisitions in the company’s history. More than understanding the economics of its most relevant acquisitions, the main research is aimed at understanding the strategic view and key drivers behind them, and trying to set a pattern through hypotheses testing, always bearing in mind the following question: Why does Facebook acquire emerging companies instead of replicating their key success factors? Keywords Facebook; Acquisitions; Strategy; M&A Drivers “The biggest risk is not taking any risk... In a world that is changing really quickly, the only strategy that is guaranteed to fail is not taking risks.” Mark Zuckerberg, founder and CEO of Facebook 2 Literature Review M&A activity has had peaks throughout the course of history and different key industry-related drivers triggered that same activity (Sudarsanam, 2003). Historically, the appearance of the first mergers and acquisitions coincides with the existence of the first companies and, since then, in the US market, there have been five major waves of M&A activity (as summarized by T.J.A.
    [Show full text]
  • Confronting Antisemitism in Modern Media, the Legal and Political Worlds an End to Antisemitism!
    Confronting Antisemitism in Modern Media, the Legal and Political Worlds An End to Antisemitism! Edited by Armin Lange, Kerstin Mayerhofer, Dina Porat, and Lawrence H. Schiffman Volume 5 Confronting Antisemitism in Modern Media, the Legal and Political Worlds Edited by Armin Lange, Kerstin Mayerhofer, Dina Porat, and Lawrence H. Schiffman ISBN 978-3-11-058243-7 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-067196-4 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-067203-9 DOI https://10.1515/9783110671964 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. For details go to https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Library of Congress Control Number: 2021931477 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2021 Armin Lange, Kerstin Mayerhofer, Dina Porat, Lawrence H. Schiffman, published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston The book is published with open access at www.degruyter.com Cover image: Illustration by Tayler Culligan (https://dribbble.com/taylerculligan). With friendly permission of Chicago Booth Review. Printing and binding: CPI books GmbH, Leck www.degruyter.com TableofContents Preface and Acknowledgements IX LisaJacobs, Armin Lange, and Kerstin Mayerhofer Confronting Antisemitism in Modern Media, the Legal and Political Worlds: Introduction 1 Confronting Antisemitism through Critical Reflection/Approaches
    [Show full text]