ENGINEERING THE FUTURE OF Cardinal Glass Industries is a privately held, management- owned company headquartered in Eden Prairie, Minnesota, operating from five wholly owned subsidiaries with factories located across the United States. More than 7,000 employees serve a broad domestic and international customer base. ENGINEERING THE Plant #1 St. Louis Park MN. Circa 1962 FUTURE Founded in 1962, Cardinal Glass is a leading provider of superior-quality glass products. Architects, designers and manufacturers worldwide trust Cardinal for the glass technologies and OF energy-saving insulating glass designs they need to specify top-of-the-line residential windows and doors. Our extensive footprint and vertically GLASS integrated operations enable consistently high levels of manufacturing agility and fulfillment responsiveness for our customers.

Plant #45 BEIG. Buckeye AZ. 2020 CARDINAL OVERVIEW Introduction Locations

PRODUCTS: PAGES 5-11 Product Overview Loå Coatings Laminated Glass Insulating Glass Neat+ Naturally Cleaner Glass Preserve Protective Film

PERFORMANCE: PAGES 12-29 Energy Terminology Optical Properties of IG Units Center of Glass U-Factors of IG Units Overall Window U-Factors Heat Transfer: Winter Heat Gain Heat Transfer: Winter Heat Loss Heat Transfer: Summer Heat Gain Heat Transfer: Summer Night Outdoor Condensation Indoor Condensation Thermal Comfort Solar Energy Transmission Effects on Plant Growth UV Fading

DURABILITY/LONGEVITY: PAGES 31-37

TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE IQ - Intelligent Quality Insulating Glass Construction IG Testing

How to use this guide DESIGN CRITERIA: PAGES 38-46 This document is interactive. These Glass Types Heat-Strengthened and Tempered Glass tools are included throughout to help Glazing Considerations you navigate more easily and quickly Thermal and Glass Breakage find the information you need. Windloads and IG Size Limits Inert Gas Filling 1. Links in the Table of Contents Safety Glazing allow you to jump directly to any of the High Altitude seven sections or specific subject within each. LAMINATED GLASS: PAGES 47-56 Safety Glazing 2. External links Sea-Storm Windborne Debris Resistance take you to the Cardinal website for more Fallout Protection detailed information on specific subjects. Blast Resistance Security 3. Page navigation tools Decorative give you the option to print, go to last Energy Efficiency page, go back or forward one page, or Sound Control return to the Table of Contents from any page. UV and Solar Control Turtle Glass Interlayer Options

APPENDIX: PAGES 57-58 Certification Index Cardinal Glass Industries Eden Prairie, MN, USA Cardinal IG® Technology Center Minneapolis, MN, USA Cardinal CG® Technology Center Spring Green, WI, USA Cardinal LG® Technology Center Ocala, FL, USA

With Cardinal facilities and service teams nationwide, you'll receive the products and support you need, when you need it.

Cardinal IG® Co. Cardinal LG® Co. (Insulating Glass) (Laminated Glass) Buckeye, AZ Amery, WI Fargo, ND Jessup, PA Fremont, IN Ocala, FL Greenfield, IA Hood River, OR Cardinal CT® Co. Roanoke, VA (Custom Tempering) Spring Green, WI Adel, GA Tomah, WI Cardinal IG® Easton, PA Waxahachie, TX Technology Center Fort Worth, TX Wilkes-Barre, PA Minneapolis, MN Los Angeles, CA Mount Airy, NC ® Cardinal CG Co. Cardinal Glass Uitca, OH (Coated Glass) Industries ® Buford, GA Headquarters Cardinal FG Co. Galt, CA Eden Prairie, MN () Northfield, MN Durant, OK Spring Green, WI Menomonie, WI Tumwater, WA Mooresville, NC Waxahachie, TX Portage, WI (Tempered Only Production) Winlock, WA Casa Grande, AZ Cardinal CG® Technology Center (Tempered Only Production) Moreno Valley, CA Cardinal AG® Automation Group Chehalis, WA Loveland, CO ROTAR Rotation Cathodes Mazomanie, WI Spring Green, WI

4 Loå Coated Glass From Loå coated glass to Laminated Glass insulating glass units and Insulating Glass Neat+TM Glass naturally cleaner glass, Preserve® Film Cardinal is your one-stop partner for products that exceed your customers’ expectations, now and well into the future. PROD- UCTS SEC- TION

CARDINAL PRODUCTS 5 Far Beyond Ordinary Cardinal Loå glass sets Low-E Glass the industry standard for energy-efficient coated glass. Our patented, world-class sputtered PREMIUM PERFORMANCE ULTIMATE PERFORMANCE Loå coatings remain LOW SOLAR GAIN GLASS GLASS FOR ALL CLIMATES GLASS FOR ALL CLIMATES [Three silver layers] unmatched for their [Four silver layers] [Three silver layers] quality, aesthetics and performance. These Quad Loå-452+TM has superior Loå3-366® delivers the perfect Solar radiation and glare coatings are virtually solar control with SHGC balance of solar control and control (three silver layers), high visible light transmission. designed to be on surface #2 clear, blocking the heat (solar heat gain coefficient) of 0.22, best-in-class low This coating is designed to be in a double-pane or triple- and reducing solar gain emissivity, low exterior re- on surface #2 in a double- pane insulating glass unit. ® while optimizing light flection and 99% UV radiation pane or triple-pane insulating Loå³-340 provides an indus- transmission. This helps blocking which is the highest glass unit. It will provide try-leading Solar Heat Gain to reduce electrical loads among Cardinal coated comfort and energy savings Coefficient (SHGC) of 0.18 in a during hot weather days and double-pane insulating glass while protecting interior glass, to protect interior furnishings from fading. provide a great thermal unit. It also blocks 98% of UV furnishings from UV This coating is designed to insulating quality by preventing light infiltration. damage. be on surface #2 in a double- heat to conduct through the pane or triple-pane insulating insulating glass unit. It also blocks 95% of UV light infiltration. Options for Every glass unit. Application The vast portfolio of energy-efficient Cardinal Loå glass options includes one, two, three and now even four layers of per- 3 formance to keep rooms CLEAR | Quad Loå-452+ CLEAR | Loå3-366 CLEAR | Loå -340 comfortable, views glare- free and energy bills man- ageable for homeowners in any weather.

TRANSMITTED APPEARANCE TRANSMITTED APPEARANCE TRANSMITTED APPEARANCE

EXTERIOR APPEARANCE EXTERIOR APPEARANCE EXTERIOR APPEARANCE CARDINAL LoåCARDINAL GLASS COATED

CARDINAL PRODUCTS 6 ADVANCED PERFORMANCE ADVANCED PERFORMANCE HIGH SOLAR GAIN GLASS ENHANCED PERFORMANCE MOISTURE CONTROL GLASS FOR MOST CLIMATES GLASS FOR MOST CLIMATES [One silver layer] GLASS GLASS [Two silver layers] [Two silver layers] [One indium tin oxide layer] [One indium tin oxide layer]

Balanced solar control coating Balanced solar control coating Loå-180® and 180 ESCTM: High High solar gain coating Loå-x89® is a neutral color (two silver layers), provides (two silver layers), provides solar gain coating (one silver (Indium Tin Oxide), neutral exterior glass surface coating year-round thermal per- year-round thermal perform- layer), Loå-180 and Loå-180 in color and designed as a (indium tin oxide) which formance and comfort. ance and comfort. Filters more ESC are ideal for passive solar durable room side glass reduces outdoor glass Designed to be on surface solar radiation than the applications. They allow the coating, thus reflecting condensation. Designed for ® #2 in a double-pane or triple- Loå²-272 coating, which sun’s radiant heat to pass into escaping heat back into the surface #1 in a double-pane pane insulating glass unit. provides a slightly better solar the home while providing a room and lowering U-Fac- insulating glass unit to heat gain coefficient (SHGC) thermal insulating quality to tors. Loå-Di89TM is Loå-i89® reduce heat loss and the value. Designed to be on prevent conductive heat loss to coating sputtered onto both occurrence of the glass surface #2 in a double-pane the outside. Both coatings are sides of a single lite of glass. falling below the dew point" or triple-pane insulating designed for surface #3 It is designed to be used on sound better to me. This glass unit. placement in the insulating the indoor lite of an insulat- reduces the opportunity for glass unit. Because of the high ing glass (IG) unit. Loå-Di89 exterior condensation to visible light transmission, it is can be used to optimize occur. In addition, Loå-x89 the ideal coating for use in Canadian ER values to meet has a titanium dioxide coat- combination with Cardinal’s the Energy Star Canada ing which keeps the exterior low SHGC products in triple- building codes. glass surface cleaner for a pane windows. Loå-180 ESC longer period. was specifically engineered to meet the Energy Star Canada performance requirements.

CLEAR | Loå2-272 CLEAR | Loå2-270 CLEAR | Loå-180

Loå-i89 AND Loå-Di89 HAVE Loå-x89 HAS MINIMAL TO NO MINIMAL TO NO EFFECT ON EFFECT ON REFLECTED AND REFLECTED AND TRANSMITTED TRANSMITTED COLOR. THE TRANSMITTED APPEARANCE TRANSMITTED APPEARANCE TRANSMITTED APPEARANCE COLOR. THE ACCOMPANYING ACCOMPANYING LOE GLASS LOE GLASS SPECIFIED WILL SPECIFIED WILL DOMINATE THE DOMINATE THE COLOR PROFILE COLOR PROFILE OF THE IGU. OF THE IGU.

EXTERIOR APPEARANCE EXTERIOR APPEARANCE EXTERIOR APPEARANCE

CARDINAL PRODUCTS 7 Laminated glass remains a Facilitated by our defect-free to meet the American Cardinal laminated glass highly a popular option due float glass and stringent Society of Testing Materials has much higher STC/OITC to its unique combination quality control measures, standard for preventing ratings than monolithic of desirable performance Cardinal leads the market in forced entry (ASTM F1233) glass. When combined properties. Laminated premium laminated glass. and the burglary-resistant with an insulating glass (IG) glass is constructed with We offer multiple configura- guidelines issued by Under- unit, the rating increases two or more plies of glass tions for the full range of writers Laboratories even more. permanently bonded applications and building (UL972). Protects from Fading codes. Our vertical integra- together with one or more Exceptional Sound Control Fabric, furniture and other tion and vast manufacturing polymeric interlayers. Laminated glass offers an materials fade and become network ensure rapid order When breaking on impact, effective approach to discolored over time when fulfillment, from our factory portions of the solar energy the glass fragments reducing unwanted outside to yours. spectrum enter a room. adhere to the interlayer, noise. ASTM has developed the Sound Transmission Cardinal laminated glass keeping the glass intact Safe and Secure Class (STC) and Outdoor/ blocks over 99% of damag- and resisting penetration. If laminated glass is broken, Indoor Transmission Class ing UV energy while allowing This construction also the glass fragments adhere to the interlayer for a strong (OITC) rating systems to most of the visible light to offers an excellent buffer describe how well a building make it through. That’s against sound and harmful barrier against forced entry. It also cannot be cut with partition attenuates airborne significantly more fade UV radiation infiltration. glass cutters. Cardinal lami- sound. The higher the STC/ protection than ordinary nated glass can be specified OITC rating, the greater the glass to help keep your sound transmission loss. furnishings looking like new.

Glass Interlayer Glass

SAFETY SOUND UV PROTECTION

Certified Impact-Rated Glass for Hurricane Zones During windstorms and hurricanes, windows must resist penetration from windborne Impact-Rated Laminated Glass wreckage and remain in place to protect a home. Specially designed laminated glass products pass windborne debris impact tests because broken glass fragments remain integral and adhere to the plastic interlayer, helping to preserve the stability of the building envelope. Featuring a heavy-duty interlayer that is three times thicker than our standard high- strength laminated glass, Sea-Storm® Impact-Rated laminated glass meets the most stringent building codes in areas prone to hurricanes or other high-wind events such as tornados. Investing in windows and doors made with Sea-Storm laminated glass could save a home or even a life.

When a building envelope is breached through a broken window, wind can enter the building and Figure 1-1

CARDINAL LAMINATED GLASS create a sudden pressure increase that lifts the roof and pushes the walls outward, causing the building to collapse. Sea-Storm® Impact-Rated laminated glass helps preserve the building envelope, minimizing the damage from wind, rain and other elements.

CARDINAL PRODUCTS 8 Setting the Standard for Most glass manufacturers allowing us to offer the simulate worst-case, real- Long-Term Glass focus on U-Factor and industry’s leading compre- world scenarios: Constant Performance SHGC with their products’ hensive 20-year factory 140 ºF, water spray and UV performance. Durability, warranty. More than exposure. See Figure 1-2 which speaks to performance 350,000,000 Cardinal IG below. over the long term, is units are currently under Endur IG: Industry’s equally critical to these warranty. Specifying Endur IG helps Lowest Failure Rate other glass attributes. to mitigate risk and protect Endur IG glass is built on To validate this long-term your margins while also proven technologies that Cardinal insulating glass seal durability, Endur IG reducing your warranty help Cardinal IG units units are subjected to the service costs. (IG) units deliver the achieve a seal failure rate industry’s lowest failure demanding P-1 test of only 0.20% over 20 years, involving test critieria that rate and most compre- hensive factory warranty, plus superior thermal ACTUAL WARRANTY CLAIMS FOR INSTALLED CARDINAL IG UNITS DUE TO SEAL FAILURE performance and solar 10% control to handle both Organically Sealed (1976 Vintage) weather extremes. With Dual Seal Silicone / Aluminum Spacer (1978 Vintage) 8.4% 8% its proven seal durability, Dual Seal Silicone / Stainless Spacer (1993 Vintage) – XL Edge® Endur IG® will save heating and cooling energy for 6% years to come. 4% Cumulative Failures 2% 1.3%

0.2% 0% 012 46810214216180 Years Installed Following Production Year

Figure 1-2 Innovative Spacer is Key Endur IG incorporates a warm-edge, stainless steel spacer that improves sightline temperature by 1 to 2 degrees Fahrenheit compared to traditional Cardinal XL Edge®, and improves resistance to condensation. It is also more aesthetically pleasing. The spacer’s corrugated shape adds strength. Bent corners (not notched or open joints) create a continuous, impermeable metal barrier around the entire perimeter, keeping moisture out and argon in.

The end result is an IG unit that can improve overall window U-Factor, making Endur IG one of the warmest edge products on the market. CARDINAL INSULATING GLASS INSULATING CARDINAL

CARDINAL PRODUCTS 9 Naturally Cleaner Glass CARDINALPRODUCTS NEAT+ CLEANER GLASS Conductive Surface = 40% Less Dust Neat million windows with Since 2006, more than 50 naturally cleaner glass. technology that results in generation of coating Neat+™ glass, the next Now, Cardinal CG offers nance glass. product for low-mainte- sold, serving as the leading Dust attract dust particles. be statically charged and Regular glass surfaces can ® glass have been the window naturally. other pollutants to clean greenhouse gases and UV rays to break down chemically with the sun’s titanium oxide layer reacts window’s surface, as a the amount of dust on the static dissipation to reduce active than Neat. It uses Neat+ is 25% more photo- and easier. your glass, it will be faster And when you must clean glass stays cleaner longer. Neat+ glass, because the nance, but not so with require constant mainte- Exterior window surfaces Easy to Clean Less Dust, Fast and ing buildup. are notattracted, reduc- surface, sodust particles Neat+ isaconductive Figure 1-3 and titanium dioxide on permanently deposits silicon double-sputtering process efficiency. Our patented tribute to environmental tion methods also con- Cardinal’s Neat+ fabrica- ment. money andtheenviron- result, savingtime, cleaning chemicals asa ers use less water and cleaner longer. Homeown- glass, keeping the window compared to uncoated dust on the Neat+ surface lab showside 40% less Test results from an out- The Greener Choice buildup by 40%. reduces dust Neat+ surface 1. The anti-static tal impact. reducing environmen- time and money while ing chemicals, saving less water and clean- 3. Homeowners use in heating and cooling. comfort and annual savings provides year-round indoor coatings,Loå Neat+ glass Cardinal’s low-emissivity When fabricated with Efficiency Loå Comfort and to coat glassboth surfaces. amount of energy needed coatings, reducing the our energy-efficient Loå through the coater as during the same pass the bottom of the glass stays cleaner longer. means your glass regularly, Neat+ clean your windows 4. Even if you don’t pollutants. gases and other down greenhouse chemically break groups which produces hydroxyl surface actively sunlight, the Neat+ 2. When exposed to Figure 1-4 10 At Cardinal, our goal is to factory-applied in over- tion site debris. Preserve degredation rate of the ensure that glass leaves lapping layers, ensuring film saves you time, Preserve film, which our factories in perfect that the entire glass surface money and a lot of hassle. may lead to required condition. However, after is protected. It can be applied early film removal. Facts About it leaves the production to both the inner and outer Protective Film Preserve Film • Do not use razor blades facility, glass can be surfaces of insulating glass • Preserve film incorpo- or metal scrapers to damaged in shipping and (IG) units. rates a water-based remove Preserve film. handling. Glass can get After the job is completed, scratched or damaged on adhesive and is a low- • Preserve film is covered Preserve film easily peels the job site during con- density polyethylene by one or more of the off, taking all the accumu- struction. It can also get film. following U.S. patents: lated dirt and labels with spattered with materials • Preserve film should 5,020,288; 5,107,643; used in the construction it. There’s no need for be removed within nine 5,599,422; and process; i.e., paint, stains, razor blade cleanup, so months of installation. 5,866,260. you reduce the risk of stucco, spackling, etc. • Do not affix permanent scratched glass and the Glass is also exposed to grilles or external costly window replacement the dirty environment in fixtures directly to associated with it. construction that will Preserve film. leave mud, dust and dirt Because Preserve film on the glass. • Use of Neat+, highly contains no harmful absorptive coatings, or With Preserve® film, chemicals or byproducts, exposure to high- cleanup is a snap. it can be recycled or humidity and high- Preserve film is a clear, disposed of with the rest temperature locations protective film that is of the normal construc- may increase the

Preserve film peels off dirt, paint and stucco

Figure 1-5 Figure 1-6 PROTECTIVE FILM PROTECTIVE

CARDINAL PRODUCTS 11 From thermal performance to solar energy transmission to fading protection and more, this section contains technical data comparing the performance of Cardinal glass products with each other as well as with clear double-pane, Loå coated double-pane and Loå coated triple-pane, where applicable. PER- FOR- MANCE SECTION

12 Outdoor Visible Light Glass Surfaces Dimensionless and Ultraviolet Light Energy Reflectance The industry convention varying between 0 and 1, In a portion of the solar In the visible spectrum, is to label the outermost, the smaller the number, spectrum (300 to 380 nm), Terminology the percentage of light outdoors-facing surface the better the glazing is the energy that accounts Center of Glass that is reflected from the as #1 and then work at preventing solar gain. for the majority of fading Values that do not take glass surface(s) relative sequentially toward the of materials and furnishings. U-Factor into account the effects to the CIE Standard final indoors-facing surface. The heat flow rate through Visible Indoor of the window frame or Observer. Solar Radiation Reflected a given construction, Reflectance sash. Center of Glass Relative-Heat Gain (RHG) In the solar spectrum expressed in BTU/hr/ft2/°F The percentage of visible values are the properties The total amount of heat (300 to 2,500 nm), the (W/m2/°C). The lower the light that is reflected from of the glass or insulating gain through a glazing percentage of solar U-Factor, the less heat is the glass surface(s) to the glass unit only. system at NFRC (National energy that is reflected transmitted through the inside of the building. It is Condensation Resistance Fenestration Rating from the glass surface(s). glazing material. Values better to have a low visi- (CR) measures how well a Council) and ASHRAE given for summer day- ble indoor reflectance to en- Solar Radiation window resists the formation (American Society of time are calculated for hance visibility when Transmitted of condensation on the inside Heating, Refrigerating outside air temperature viewing objects outdoors In the solar spectrum surface. CR is expressed and Air-Conditioning at 89 °F (32 °C), outside in overcast or nighttime sky (300 to 2500 nm), the as a number between 1 Engineers) specified air velocity at 6.2 mph conditions. percentage of ultraviolet, and 100. The rating value summer conditions, (2.8 m/s), and inside air visible and near infrared Visible Light is based on interior surface incorporating the U-Factor temperature of 75 °F (24 energy that is transmitted Transmittance temperatures at 30%, and the solar heat gain °C), and a solar intensity through the glass. In the visible spectrum 50% and 70% indoor relative coefficient (SHGC). of 248 BTU/hr/ft2 (783 (380 to 780 nm), the humidity for a given outside The conditions are 230 Solar Heat Gain W/m2). Winter nighttime percentage of light that air temperature of 0 ° BTU/hr/ft2 (726 W/m2) Coefficient (SHGC) U-Factors are calculated is transmitted through Fahrenheit under 15 mph outdoor temperature of The fraction of incident for outside air temperature the glass relative to the wind conditions. The 89 °F (32 °C), indoor solar radiation that at 0 °F (-18 °C), outside CIE Standard Observer. higher the number, the temperature of 75 °F (24 enters a building as heat. air velocity at 12.3 mph better a product is able to °C) and 6.2 mph (2.8 m/s) It is based on the sum of (5.5 m/s) and a solar resist condensation. CR is wind (RHG = Usummer x the solar energy trans- intensity of 0 BTU/hr/ft2 meant to compare products (89-75) + SHGC x (230). mittance, plus the (0 W/m2). Unless other- and their potential for Expressed in terms of inwardly flowing fraction wise noted, all U-factors condensation formation. BTU/hr/ft2. of absorbed solar energy provided use winter on all lites of the glazing. nightime conditions. ISO-CIE Function R-Value A method for calculating The thermal resistance damage-weighted trans- of a glazing system ex- U.S. CUSTOMARY TO METRIC CONVERSION TABLE 2 mittance developed by the pressed in hr•ft •ºF/BTU. To Convert U.S. Customary Units To Metric Multiply By International Standards R-Value is the reciprocal Inches (in) Millimeters (mm) 25.4 Organization (ISO), which of U-Factor, R=1/U. The uses a weighting function higher the R-Value, the Feet (ft) Meters (m) 0.305 recommended by the less heat is transmitted Square inches (in2)Square millimeters (mm2)645 International Commission through the glazing Square feet (ft2)Square meters (m2)0.093 on Illumination (CIE). This material. R-Values are Pounds (lb) Kilograms (kg) 0.453 not listed in this document. method assigns a specific Pounds force (lbf) Newtons (N) 4.45 damage weighted trans- Sightline Pounds force/in (lbf/in) Newtons/meter (N/m) 175 mittance to each wave- The area of the IGU that is 2 2 length of UV and visible Pounds force/inch (lbf/in )Kilopascals (kPa)6.89 not transparent due to light according to its Pounds force/feet2 (lbf/ft2)Kilopascals (kPa)0.048 the presence of the contribution to the fading spacer and sealants. BTU/hr Watts (W) 0.293 of materials and fabrics. BTU/hr·ft²·°F W/m²·°C 5.678 Its spectral range is from BTU/hr·ft² W/m2 3.15 300 to about 700 nm. Figure 2-1

CARDINAL PERFORMANCE 13 Optical The Optical Properties data The visible data given below Solar heat gain coefficient the better the product is at shown below can be used to indicate the amount of visible (SHGC) data points indicate reducing solar gain, resulting Properties of compare performance data light transmitted and reflected the amount of solar gain in greater summer comfort on the insulating glass by the insulating glass obtained with the insulating and reduced cooling costs. IG Units constructions listed. construction relative to the glass construction. The CIE Standard Observer. lower the SHGC value,

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF INSULATING GLASS UNITS - DOUBLE PANE

Glass Thickness Visible Light Fading IG Configuration Outboard Lite / Inboard Lite UV Trans. ISO-CIE Trans. inches mm Trans. (%) Refl. Out (%) Refl. In (%) (300 to 380 nm) (300 to 700 nm) SHGC

1/8 3.0 82 15 15 58% 75% 0.78 Clear / Clear 1/4 5.7 80 15 15 48% 70% 0.72 1/8 3.0 79 15 15 29% 63% 0.69 Clear / Loå-180® 1/4 5.7 77 14 15 24% 60% 0.64 1/8 3.0 79 15 15 25% 61% 0.71 Clear / Loå-180 ESC™ 1/4 5.7 77 14 15 21% 59% 0.62 1/8 3.0 79 14 14 53% 70% 0.71 Clear / Loå-Di89™ (#3 & #4) 1/4 5.7 76 14 13 44% 66% 0.66 1/8 3.0 72 11 12 16% 55% 0.41 Loå²-272® / Clear 1/4 5.7 70 10 11 14% 53% 0.40 1/8 3.0 70 12 13 14% 52% 0.37 Loå²-270® / Clear 1/4 5.7 68 12 12 13% 50% 0.36 1/8 3.0 65 11 12 5% 43% 0.27 Loå³-366® / Clear 1/4 5.7 63 11 12 4% 41% 0.27 1/8 3.0 52 10 15 1% 33% 0.22 Quad Loå-452+™ / Clear 1/4 5.7 51 9 15 1% 32% 0.22 1/8 3.0 39 11 13 2% 27% 0.18 Loå³-340® / Clear 1/4 5.7 38 11 13 2% 26% 0.18 1/8 3.0 40 14 11 16% 35% 0.25 Loå²-240® / Clear 1/4 5.7 37 13 10 13% 32% 0.24 1/8 3.0 77 15 14 27% 61% 0.62 Loå-180® / Loå-i89® (#4) 1/4 5.7 75 15 13 23% 58% 0.58 1/8 3.0 70 11 11 16% 53% 0.41 Loå²-272® / Loå-i89® (#4) 1/4 5.7 68 10 11 14% 51% 0.39 1/8 3.0 68 12 13 14% 50% 0.36 Loå²-270® / Loå-i89® (#4) 1/4 5.7 66 12 12 12% 48% 0.35 1/8 3.0 63 11 12 5% 42% 0.27 Loå³-366® / Loå-i89® (#4) 1/4 5.7 61 11 11 4% 40% 0.26 1/8 3.0 51 10 14 1% 32% 0.21 Quad Loå-452+™ / Loå-i89® (#4) 1/4 5.7 50 9 14 1% 31% 0.21 1/8 3.0 38 11 12 2% 26% 0.17 Loå³-340® / Loå-i89® (#4) 1/4 5.7 37 11 12 2% 25% 0.17 1/8 3.0 39 14 10 15% 34% 0.24 Loå²-240® / Loå-i89® (#4) 1/4 5.7 37 13 9 13% 31% 0.23

1. Calculated values using LBNL Window computer program per NFRC environmental conditions. Figure 2-2 2. Double-pane IG construction: 1/2” (13.0 mm) airspace, 90% argon filled for Loå products, otherwise air-filled cavity. Coatings on surfaces #2, #3 and/or #4.

CARDINAL PERFORMANCE 14 OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF INSULATING GLASS UNITS - TRIPLE PANE

Glass Thickness Visible Light Fading IG Configuration Outboard Lite / Inboard Lite Trans. Refl. In UV Trans. ISO-CIE Trans. inches mm (%) Refl. Out (%) (%) (300 to 380 nm) (300 to 700 nm) SHGC

1/8 3.0 75 21 21 48% 67% 0.70 Clear / Clear / Clear 1/4 5.7 72 20 20 37% 62% 0.63 1/8 3.0 70 20 20 13% 50% 0.56 Loå-180® / Clear / Loå-180® 1/4 5.7 67 20 20 11% 47% 0.51 1/8 3.0 63 15 18 8% 44% 0.37 Loå²-272® / Clear / Loå-180® 1/4 5.7 60 14 17 7% 42% 0.35 1/8 3.0 62 16 19 7% 43% 0.33 Loå²-270® / Clear / Loå-180® 1/4 5.7 59 15 18 6% 41% 0.32 1/8 3.0 57 14 18 2% 36% 0.25 Loå³-366® / Clear / Loå-180® 1/4 5.7 54 14 17 2% 34% 0.24

Quad Loå-452+™ / Clear / 1/8 3.0 57 14 18 2% 36% 0.25 ® Loå-180 1/4 5.7 54 14 17 2% 34% 0.24 1/8 3.0 34 15 21 1% 23% 0.15 Loå³-340® / Clear / Loå-180® 1/4 5.7 33 14 20 1% 22% 0.18 1/8 3.0 35 16 17 7% 28% 0.22 Loå²-240® / Clear / Loå-180® 1/4 5.7 32 15 16 6% 25% 0.20 1/8 3.0 68 21 19 13% 49% 0.53 Loå-180® / Loå-180® / Loå-i89® 1/4 5.7 65 20 18 10% 46% 0.48 1/8 3.0 62 15 16 8% 43% 0.36 Loå²-272® / Loå-180® / Loå-i89® 1/4 5.7 59 15 16 6% 41% 0.34 1/8 3.0 60 16 18 6% 41% 0.32 Loå²-270® / Loå-180® / Loå-i89® 1/4 5.7 57 16 17 5% 38% 0.30 1/8 3.0 56 15 17 2% 35% 0.24 Loå³-366® / Loå-180® / Loå-i89® 1/4 5.7 53 14 16 2% 33% 0.23

Quad Loå-452+™ / Loå-180® / 1/8 3.0 45 12 19 1% 27% 0.19 ® Loå-i89 1/4 5.7 43 12 18 1% 26% 0.18

Figure 2-3 1. Calculated values using LBNL Window computer program per NFRC environmental conditions. 2. Triple-pane IG construction: 5/16” (8.0 mm) airspace, 90% argon filled for Loå products. Coatings on surfaces #2 and #5, or #2, #4 and #6.

CARDINAL PERFORMANCE 15 Center of Glass U- The following tables show U-Factor vs. shows that the optimum that increasing airspaces how Cardinal Loå coatings Airspace Thickness airspace thickness greater than 16.0 mm Factors of IG Units and argon filling improve In addition to showing the can range between increases U-Factor, center of glass U-Factors. benefit of Loå coatings and 7/16” (11.5 mm) and 5/8” thereby decreasing argon filling, this table (16.0 mm). This illustrates thermal performance.

CENTER OF GLASS U-FACTOR FOR DOUBLE-PANE IG UNITS

1/4 in 5/16 in 3/8 in 7/16 in 1/2 in 9/16 in 5/8 in 11/16 in 3/4 in Nominal Airspace (6.5 mm) (8.0 mm) (9.8 mm) (11.5 mm) (13.0 mm) (14.5 mm) (16.0 mm) (17.5 mm) (19.5 mm)

Gas Fill air argon air argon air argon air argon air argon air argon air argon air argon air argon

Clear / Clear 0.54 N/A 0.52 N/A 0.50 N/A 0.48 N/A 0.48 N/A 0.48 N/A 0.48 N/A 0.48 N/A 0.49 N/A BTU/hr·ft²·°F (W/m²·K) (3.07) (N/A) (2.95) (N/A) (2.84) (N/A) (2.73) (N/A) (2.73) (N/A) (2.73) (N/A) (2.73) (N/A) (2.73) (N/A) (2.78) (N/A) Clear / Loå-180® 0.40 0.33 0.36 0.29 0.33 0.27 0.31 0.26 0.31 0.26 0.31 0.27 0.32 0.27 0.32 0.27 0.32 0.28 BTU/hr·ft²·°F (W/m²·K) (2.27) (1.87) (2.04) (1.65) (1.87) (1.53) (1.76) (1.48) (1.76) (1.48) (1.76) (1.53) (1.82) (1.53) (1.82) (1.53) (1.82) (1.59) Clear / Loå-180 ESC™ 0.40 0.33 0.36 0.30 0.33 0.27 0.31 0.26 0.31 0.27 0.31 0.27 0.32 0.27 0.32 0.28 0.33 0.28 BTU/hr·ft²·°F (W/m²·K) (2.27) (1.87) (2.04) (1.70) (1.87) (1.53) (1.76) (1.48) (1.76) (1.53) (1.76) (1.53) (1.82) (1.53) (1.82) (1.59) (1.87) (1.59) Loå²-272® / Clear 0.39 0.32 0.35 0.28 0.32 0.26 0.30 0.25 0.30 0.25 0.30 0.26 0.31 0.26 0.31 0.26 0.31 0.27 BTU/hr·ft²·°F (W/m²·K) (2.21) (1.82) (1.99) (1.59) (1.82) (1.48) (1.70) (1.42) (1.70) (1.42) (1.70) (1.48) (1.76) (1.48) (1.76) (1.48) (1.76) (1.53) Loå²-270® / Clear 0.39 0.32 0.35 0.29 0.31 0.25 0.30 0.25 0.30 0.25 0.30 0.25 0.30 0.26 0.31 0.26 0.31 0.26 BTU/hr·ft²·°F (W/m²·K) (2.21) (1.82) (1.99) (1.65) (1.76) (1.42) (1.70) (1.42) (1.70) (1.42) (1.70) (1.42) (1.70) (1.48) (1.76) (1.48) (1.76) (1.48) Loå3-366® / Clear 0.39 0.31 0.34 0.28 0.31 0.25 0.29 0.24 0.29 0.24 0.30 0.25 0.30 0.25 0.30 0.25 0.31 0.26 BTU/hr·ft²·°F (W/m²·K) (2.21) (1.76) (1.93) (1.59) (1.76) (1.42) (1.65) (1.36) (1.65) (1.36) (1.70) (1.42) (1.70) (1.42) (1.70) (1.42) (1.76) (1.48) Quad Loå-452+™ / Clear 0.39 0.31 0.34 0.27 0.31 0.25 0.29 0.24 0.29 0.24 0.29 0.25 0.30 0.25 0.30 0.25 0.31 0.26 BTU/hr·ft²·°F (W/m²·K) (2.21) (1.76) (1.93) (1.53) (1.76) (1.42) (1.65) (1.36) (1.65) (1.36) (1.65) (1.42) (1.70) (1.42) (1.70) (1.42) (1.76) (1.48) Loå3-340® / Clear 0.39 0.32 0.35 0.28 0.31 0.25 0.29 0.24 0.29 0.25 0.30 0.25 0.30 0.25 0.31 0.26 0.31 0.26 BTU/hr·ft²·°F (W/m²·K) (2.21) (1.82) (1.99) (1.59) (1.76) (1.42) (1.65) (1.36) (1.65) (1.42) (1.70) (1.42) (1.70) (1.42) (1.76) (1.48) (1.76) (1.48) Loå2-240® / Clear 0.40 0.33 0.36 0.29 0.32 0.26 0.30 0.25 0.30 0.26 0.31 0.26 0.31 0.27 0.32 0.27 0.32 0.27 BTU/hr·ft²·°F (W/m²·K) (2.27) (1.87) (2.04) (1.65) (1.82) (1.48) (1.70) (1.42) (1.70) (1.48) (1.76) (1.48) (1.76) (1.53) (1.82) (1.53) (1.82) (1.53)

1. Calculated values using LBNL Window computer program per NFRC environmental conditions. 2. For double-pane IG units, the Loå coatings are on surfaces #2 or #3. 3. U-Factor calculated at Figure 2-4 center of glass. 4. Glass thickness is 3.0 mm. 5. Argon fill is 90%.

CENTER OF GLASS U-FACTOR FOR DOUBLE-PANE IG UNITS WITH Loå-i89® COATING

1/4 in 5/16 in 3/8 in 7/16 in 1/2 in 9/16 in 5/8 in 11/16 in 3/4 in Nominal Airspace (6.5 mm) (8.0 mm) (9.8 mm) (11.5 mm) (13.0 mm) (14.5 mm) (16.0 mm) (17.5 mm) (19.5 mm) Gas Fill air argon air argon air argon air argon air argon air argon air argon air argon air argon

Loå-180® (#2) / Loå-i89® (#4) 0.31 0.26 0.28 0.24 0.26 0.22 0.24 0.21 0.24 0.21 0.24 0.21 0.25 0.21 0.25 0.22 0.25 0.22 BTU/hr·ft²·°F (W/m²·K) (1.76) (1.48) (1.59) (1.36) (1.48) (1.25) (1.36) (1.19) (1.36) (1.19) (1.36) (1.19) (1.42) (1.19) (1.42) (1.25) (1.42) (1.25) Loå²-272® (#2) / Loå-i89® (#4) 0.30 0.26 0.28 0.23 0.25 0.21 0.24 0.20 0.23 0.20 0.24 0.20 0.24 0.21 0.24 0.21 0.24 0.21 BTU/hr·ft²·°F (W/m²·K) (1.70) (1.48) (1.59) (1.31) (1.42) (1.19) (1.36) (1.14) (1.31) (1.14) (1.36) (1.14) (1.36) (1.19) (1.36) (1.19) (1.36) (1.19) Loå²-270® (#2) / Loå-i89® (#4) 0.30 0.26 0.28 0.23 0.25 0.21 0.24 0.20 0.23 0.20 0.24 0.20 0.24 0.21 0.24 0.21 0.24 0.21 BTU/hr·ft²·°F (W/m²·K) (1.70) (1.48) (1.59) (1.31) (1.42) (1.19) (1.36) (1.14) (1.31) (1.14) (1.36) (1.14) (1.36) (1.19) (1.36) (1.19) (1.36) (1.19) Loå³-366® (#2) / Loå-i89® (#4) 0.30 0.25 0.27 0.23 0.25 0.20 0.23 0.19 0.23 0.20 0.23 0.20 0.23 0.20 0.24 0.20 0.24 0.21 BTU/hr·ft²·°F (W/m²·K) (1.70) (1.42) (1.53) (1.31) (1.42) (1.14) (1.31) (1.08) (1.31) (1.14) (1.31) (1.14) (1.31) (1.14) (1.36) (1.14) (1.36) (1.19) Quad Loå-452+™ (#2) / Loå-i89® (#4) 0.30 0.25 0.27 0.22 0.25 0.20 0.23 0.19 0.23 0.20 0.23 0.20 0.23 0.20 0.24 0.20 0.24 0.21 BTU/hr·ft²·°F (W/m²·K) (1.70) (1.42) (1.53) (1.25) (1.42) (1.14) (1.31) (1.08) (1.31) (1.14) (1.31) (1.14) (1.31) (1.14) (1.36) (1.14) (1.36) (1.19) Loå³-340® (#2) / Loå-i89® (#4) 0.30 0.25 0.27 0.23 0.25 0.21 0.23 0.20 0.23 0.20 0.23 0.20 0.24 0.20 0.24 0.21 0.24 0.21 BTU/hr·ft²·°F (W/m²·K) (1.70) (1.42) (1.53) (1.31) (1.42) (1.19) (1.31) (1.14) (1.31) (1.14) (1.31) (1.14) (1.36) (1.14) (1.36) (1.19) (1.36) 1.19 Loå²-240® (#2) / Loå-i89® (#4) 0.31 0.26 0.28 0.23 0.26 0.21 0.24 0.21 0.24 0.21 0.24 0.21 0.24 0.21 0.25 0.21 0.25 0.22 BTU/hr·ft²·°F (W/m²·K) (1.76) (1.48) (1.59) (1.31) (1.48) (1.19) (1.36) (1.19) (1.36) (1.19) (1.36) (1.19) (1.36) (1.19) (1.42) (1.19) (1.42) (1.25)

1. Calculated values using LBNL Window computer program per NFRC environmental conditions. 2. For double-pane IG units the Loå coatings are on surfaces #2 or #3. 3. U-Factor calculated at Figure 2-5 center of glass. 4. Glass thickness is 3.0 mm. 5. Argon fill is 90%.

CARDINAL PERFORMANCE 16 CENTER OF GLASS U-FAC TOR FOR TRIPLE-PANE IG UNITS

1/4 in 5/16 in 3/8 in 7/16 in 1/2 in Nominal Airspace (6.5 mm) (8.0 mm) (9.8 mm) (11.5 mm) (13.0 mm) Gas Fill air argon air argon air argon air argon air argon

Clear/Clear/Clear 0.37 N/A 0.35 N/A 0.33 N/A 0.32 N/A 0.31 N/A BTU/hr·ft²·°F (W/m²·K) (2.10) (N/A) (1.99) (N/A) (1.87) (N/A) (1.82) (N/A) (1.76) (N/A)

Loå-180® (#2) / Loå-180® (#5) 0.25 0.20 0.22 0.17 0.19 0.15 0.17 0.14 0.16 0.13 BTU/hr·ft²·°F (W/m²·K) (1.42) (1.14) (1.25) (0.97) (1.08) (0.85) (0.97) (0.79) (0.91) (0.74)

Loå²-272® (#2) / Loå-180® (#5) 0.25 0.19 0.22 0.17 0.19 0.15 0.17 0.13 0.16 0.13 BTU/hr·ft²·°F (W/m²·K) (1.42) (1.08) (1.25) (0.97) (1.08) (0.85) (0.97) (0.74) (0.91) (0.74)

Loå²-270® (#2) / Loå-180® (#5) 0.25 0.19 0.21 0.17 0.19 0.15 0.17 0.13 0.16 0.13 BTU/hr·ft²·°F (W/m²·K) (1.42) (1.08) (1.19) (0.97) (1.08) (0.85) (0.97) (0.74) (0.91) (0.74)

Loå³-366® (#2) / Loå-180® (#5) 0.25 0.19 0.21 0.17 0.19 0.14 0.17 0.13 0.16 0.13 BTU/hr·ft²·°F (W/m²·K) (1.42) (1.08) (1.19) (0.97) (1.08) (0.79) (0.97) (0.74) (0.91) (0.74)

Quad Loå-452+™ (#2) / Loå-180® (#5) 0.25 0.19 0.21 0.16 0.18 0.14 0.17 0.13 0.16 0.13 BTU/hr·ft²·°F (W/m²·K) (1.42) (1.08) (1.19) (0.91) (1.02) (0.79) (0.97) (0.74) (0.91) (0.74)

Loå³-340® (#2) / Loå-180® (#5) 0.25 0.19 0.21 0.17 0.19 0.14 0.17 0.13 0.16 0.13 BTU/hr·ft²·°F (W/m²·K) (1.42) (1.08) (1.19) (0.97) (1.08) (0.79) (0.97) (0.74) (0.91) (0.74)

Loå²-240® (#2) / Loå-180® (#5) 0.25 0.19 0.21 0.17 0.19 0.14 0.17 0.13 0.16 0.13 BTU/(hr-ft²-ºF) (W/m²·K) (1.42) (1.08) (1.19) (0.97) (1.08) (0.79) (0.97) (0.74) (0.91) (0.74)

1. Calculated values using LBNL Window computer program per NFRC environmental conditions. Figure 2-6 2. For double-pane IG units the Loå coatings are on surfaces #2 or #3. 3. U-Factor calculated at center of glass. 4. Glass thickness is 3.0mm. 5. Argon fill is 90%.

CENTER OF GLASS U-FACTOR FOR TRIPLE-PANE IG UNITS WITH Loå-i89® COATING

1/4 in 5/16 in 3/8 in 7/16 in 1/2 in Nominal Airspace (6.5 mm) (8.0 mm) (9.8 mm) (11.5 mm) (13.0 mm)

Gas Fill air argon air argon air argon air argon air argon

Loå-180® (#2) / Loå-180® (#4) / Loå-i89® (#6) 0.21 0.17 0.18 0.15 0.16 0.13 0.15 0.12 0.14 0.12 BTU/hr·ft²·°F (W/m²·K) (1.19) (0.97) (1.02) (0.85) (0.91) (0.74) (0.85) (0.68) (0.79) (0.68)

Loå²-272® (#2) / Loå-180® (#4) / Loå-i89® (#6) 0.21 0.17 0.18 0.15 0.16 0.13 0.15 0.12 0.14 0.11 BTU/hr·ft²·°F (W/m²·K) (1.19) (0.97) (1.02) (0.85) (0.91) (0.74) (0.85) (0.68) (0.79) (0.62)

Loå²-270® (#2) / Loå-180® (#4) / Loå-i89® (#6) 0.21 0.17 0.18 0.15 0.16 0.13 0.15 0.12 0.14 0.11 BTU/hr·ft²·°F (W/m²·K) (1.19) (0.97) (1.02) (0.85) (0.91) (0.74) (0.85) (0.68) (0.79) (0.62)

Loå³-366® (#2) / Loå-180® (#4) / Loå-i89® (#6) 0.20 0.16 0.18 0.14 0.16 0.13 0.14 0.12 0.14 0.11 BTU/hr·ft²·°F (W/m²·K) (1.14) (0.91) (1.02) (0.79) (0.91) (0.74) (0.79) (0.68) (0.79) (0.62)

Quad Loå-452+™ (#2) / Loå-180® (#4) / Loå-i89® (#6) 0.20 0.16 0.18 0.14 0.16 0.13 0.14 0.12 0.14 0.11 BTU/hr·ft²·°F (W/m²·K) (1.14) (0.91) (1.02) (0.79) (0.91) (0.74) (0.79) (0.68) (0.79) (0.62)

Loå³-340® (#2) / Loå-180® (#4) / Loå-i89® (#6) 0.20 0.16 0.18 0.14 0.16 0.13 0.15 0.12 0.14 0.11 BTU/hr·ft²·°F (W/m²·K) (1.14) (0.91) (1.02) (0.79) (0.91) (0.74) (0.85) (0.68) (0.79) (0.62)

Loå²-240® (#2) / Loå-180® (#4) / Loå-i89® (#6) 0.20 0.16 0.18 0.14 0.16 0.13 0.15 0.12 0.14 0.11 BTU/hr·ft²·°F (W/m²·K) (1.14) (0.91) (1.02) (0.79) (0.91) (0.74) (0.85) (0.68) (0.79) (0.62)

1. Calculated values using LBNL Window computer program per NFRC environmental conditions. Figure 2-7 2. For double-pane IG units the Loå coatings are on surfaces #2 or #3. 3. U-Factor calculated at center of glass. 4. Glass thickness is 3.0mm. 5. Argon fill is 90%.

CARDINAL PERFORMANCE 17 Overall Window Loå 3-366® DOUBLE-GLAZED UNIT WINDOW U-FACTOR U-Factors NFRC NFRC Sightline 0.28 Spacer Type U-Factor CR Temp °F U-Factor and Glass Frame Aluminum 0.28 56 30.8 0.27 Interface Temperatures Intercept 0.27 57 32.5

The tables here compare -ºF) Technoform 0.27 58 33.8 2 various spacer types in 0.26 the industry and their Duraseal 0.27 59 35.1 XL Edge® 0.26 60 35.9 effect on the overall BTU/ (hr-ft window U-Factor, NFRC Intercept Ultra 0.26 60 36.2 0.25 CR rating, and sightline Endur IG® 0.26 61 36.9 Alum Intercept Technoform Duraseal XL Edge Ultra Intercept Endur IG Duralife temperature. The simula- Super Spacer Premium Plus 0.26 61 37.7 SSPP 0.24 tions were made by a Duralite 0.25 63 39.0

Certified NFRC Simulator, 3 1. 3.1 mm Loå3-366® / 0.5" Argon / 3.1 mm Clear Figure 2-8 1. 3.1 mm Loå -366 / 0.5" Argon / 3.1 mm Clear Figure 2-9 using a wood or vinyl frame 2. Generic Wood / Vinyl Frame with sightlines of the spacer system equal in all cases. SIGHTLINE TEMPERATURE 40

35

30

25 Sightline Temperature (ºF) Sightline Temperature Alum Intercept Technoform Duraseal XL Edge Ultra Intercept Endur IG Duralife SSPP 20 Loå3-366 and 90% Argon

1. 3.1 mm Loå3-366 / 0.5" Argon / 3.1 mm Clear Figure 2-10 1. 3.1 mm Loå3-366 / 0.5" Argon / 3.1 mm Clear Figure 2-11 2. Generic Wood / Vinyl Frame 2. Generic Wood / Vinyl Frame

Effect of Spacer Systems Overall Window differences in the design on Overall U-Factors Comparisons simulated and a particular In most windows that exist Spacer choice is only one manufacturer's design. today, the rate of heat flow aspect of overall window Small variations in the through the frame and the performance. Frame modeling of the spacer and 1 2- /2” band of glass near material type (for example: window often have notable the frame is greater than wood, , aluminum, effects on simulated the heat flow through the steel or composite) plays a performance. Reach out to center of an argon-filled, major role in the overall Cardinal IG Technical Loå insulating glass (IG) window performance to a services for simulation unit. In addition, the U- degree that may be much information for Cardinal IG Factor of the edge, frame larger than spacer choice. spacer and design. Care and overall window are Consumers can refer to should be taken in making improved when using rating organizations like comparisons between Cardinal’s stainless steel NFRC to find overall window spacer and design to spacer over the typical performance for various ensure each is being aluminum spacer (Figure 2-9). brands and window types. modeled appropriately. In winter conditions, the The relative relationships Endur IG spacer will between spacer types, increase the glass/frame shown in the figures above, interface temperature re- should hold true regard- sulting in less opportunity less of a particular window for indoor condensation design. The absolute values around the periphery of the will not match directly to glass (Figures 2-10). those that are listed due to

CARDINAL PERFORMANCE 18 Heat Transfer: WINTER DAY TIME SOLAR HEAT GAIN COMPARISONS Winter Heat Solar Radiation Solar Radiation Total Energy Total Energy U winter Gain (Passive BTU/hr·ft2·°F Reflected Transmitted Rejected Gained Insulating Glass Unit (W/m2·K) SHGC BTU/hr·ft2 (W/m2) BTU/hr·ft2 (W/m2) BTU/hr·ft2 (W/m2) BTU/hr·ft2 (W/m2)

Solar) Clear / Clear 0.46 (2.61) 0.78 32 (101) 181 (571) 87 (274) 193 (609) Passive solar heating aims Clear / Loå-180® (#3) 0.26 (1.48) 0.68 52 (164) 149 (470) 97 (306) 169 (533) to maximize heat gain from Loå³-366® / Clear 0.24 (1.36) 0.28 116 (366) 62 (196) 196 (618) 69 (218) direct transmission of solar Loå-180® (#2) / Loå-i89® (#4) 0.21 (1.19) 0.62 52 (164) 136 (429) 109 (344) 154 (486) radiation and the inward Loå³-366® (#2) / Loå-i89® (#4) 0.20 (1.14) 0.27 117 (369) 60 (189) 195 (615) 67 (211) flowing fraction of absorbed Loå-180® / Clear / Loå-180® (#5) 0.17 (0.97) 0.56 62 (196) 117 (369) 121 (382) 139 (439) solar radiation while mini- Loå³-366® / Clear / Loå-180® (#5) 0.17 (0.97) 0.25 119 (375) 52 (164) 198 (625) 62 (196) mizing the outward flowing Loå-180® / Loå-180® / Loå-i89® (#6) 0.15 (0.85) 0.53 62 (196) 109 (344) 128 (404) 131 (413) energy from conduction Loå³-366® / Loå-180® / Loå-i89® (#6) 0.14 (0.79) 0.24 119 (375) 52 (164) 198 (625) 60 (189) and radiative heat loss 1. Calculated values using LBNL Window computer program with 248 Btu/(hr-ft2) solar radiation, 0°F exterior temperature an 70°F interior temperature. Figure 2-12 2. Double-pane IG construction: 1/2” (13.0 mm) airspace, 90% argon filled for Loå products, otherwise air-filled cavity. Coatings on surfaces #2, #3 and/or #4. from inside the house. 3. Triple-pane IG construction: 5/16” (8.0 mm) airspace, 90% argon filled for Loå products. Coatings on surfaces #2 and #5, or #2, #4 and #6. Passive solar products 4. All insulating glass systems contain 1/8" (3 mm) glass. balance high solar heat DOUBLE-PANE CLEAR UNIT WITH AIR (WINTER DAY) DOUBLE-PANE CLEAR/Loå-180 UNIT WITH ARGON (WINTER DAY) gain coefficient (SHGC) Outdoors Outdoors values with low U-Factors. Indoors Indoors 0 ºF 0 ºF Passive solar heating is 75 ºF 75 ºF intended only for climates Solar Radiation Direct Solar Radiation Direct 248 BTU/hr·ft² Transmission 248 BTU/hr·ft² Transmission with extremely high heating requirements and for 181 BTU/hr·ft² 149 BTU/hr·ft² buildings designed to take 32 BTU/hr·ft² advantage of passive solar Reflected Out 52 BTU/hr·ft² heating. Reflected Out 23 BTU/hr·ft² 12 BTU/hr·ft² Reradiated Reradiated 27 BTU/hr·ft² 20 BTU/hr·ft² Figures on the page illustrate Convected Out Convected In Reradiated Reradiated the high solar heat gain of Convected Out Convected In A I R S P C E products utilizing Cardinal A R G O N F I L Loå-180® and Loå-i89® 32 BTU/hr·ft² ∆TxU 18 BTU/hr·ft² ∆TxU while maintaining very low U-Factors. Total Rejected Total Gain Total Rejected Total Gain 87 BTU/hr·ft² 193 BTU/hr·ft² 97 BTU/hr·ft² 169 BTU/hr·ft²

Figure 2-13 Figure 2-14

DOUBLE-PANE Loå-180/Loå-i89 UNIT WITH ARGON (WINTER DAY) TRIPLE-PANE Loå-180/Loå-180/Loå-i89 UNIT WITH ARGON (WINTER DAY)

Outdoors Outdoors Indoors Indoors 0 ºF 0 ºF 75 ºF 75 ºF Solar Radiation Direct Solar Radiation Direct 248 BTU/hr·ft² Transmission 248 BTU/hr·ft² Transmission

136 BTU/hr·ft² 109 BTU/hr·ft²

52 BTU/hr·ft² 62 BTU/hr·ft² Reflected Out Reflected Out

42 BTU/hr·ft² 18 BTU/hr·ft² 56 BTU/hr·ft² 22 BTU/hr·ft² Reradiated Reradiated Reradiated Reradiated Convected Out Convected In Convected Out Convected In A R G O N F I L A R G O N F I L A R G O N F I L

15 BTU/hr·ft² ∆TxU 11 BTU/hr·ft² ∆TxU

Total Rejected Total Gain Total Rejected Total Gain 109 BTU/hr·ft² 154 BTU/hr·ft² 128 BTU/hr·ft² 131 BTU/hr·ft²

Figure 2-15 Figure 2-16

CARDINAL PERFORMANCE 19 Heat Transfer: WINTER NIGHT TIME AIRSPACE HEAT TRANSFER Winter Heat

U winter Radiative Heat Loss Conductive Heat Loss Total Heat Loss Loss Insulating Glass Unit BTU/hr·ft²·°F (W/m2·K) BTU/hr·ft2 (W/m2) BTU/hr·ft2 (W/m2) BTU/hr·ft2 (W/m2) Heat transfer across the Clear / Clear 0.48 (2.73) 21 (66) 13 (41) 34 (107) cavity of insulating glass Clear / Loå-180® (#3) 0.26 (1.48) 3 (9) 15 (47) 18 (57) units primarily occurs by Loå³-366® / Clear 0.24 (1.36) 1 (3) 16 (50) 17 (54) two separate mechanisms: Loå-180® (#2) / Loå-i89® (#4) 0.21 (1.19) 2 (6) 13 (41) 15 (47) ® ® • Thermal radiation Loå³-366 (#2) / Loå-i89 (#4) 0.20 (1.14) 1 (3) 13 (41) 14 (44) ® ® 0.17 2 10 12 from glass surface Loå-180 / Clear / Loå-180 (#5) (0.97) (6) (32) (38) Loå³-366® / Clear / Loå-180® (#5) 0.17 (0.97) 1 (3) 11 (35) 12 (38) to glass surface Loå-180® / Loå-180® / Loå-i89® (#6) 0.15 (0.85) 1 (3) 10 (32) 11 (35) • Conduction through the Loå³-366® / Loå-180® / Loå-i89® (#6) 0.14 (0.79) 1 (3) 9 (28) 10 (32) molecules of air 1. Calculated values using LBNL Window computer program per NFRC environmental conditions. 2. Double-pane IG construction: 1/2” (13.0 mm) airspace, Figure 2-17 90% argon filled for Loå products, otherwise air-filled cavity. Coatings on surfaces #2, #3 and/or #4. 3. Triple-pane IG construction: 5/16” (8.0 mm) air- In a double-pane clear space, 90% argon filled for Loå products. Coatings on surfaces #2 and #5, or #2, #4 and #6. 4. All insulating glass systems contain 1/8" (3 mm) glass. unit, over 60% of the total heat transfer is by thermal DOUBLE-PANE CLEAR UNIT WITH AIR (WINTER NIGHT) DOUBLE-PANE CLEAR/Loå-180 UNIT WITH ARGON (WINTER NIGHT) radiation. Incorporating a low-emissivity coating on one surface facing the airspace blocks enough Outdoors Indoors Outdoors Indoors 0 ºF 70 ºF 0 ºF 70 ºF radiation transfer to re- duce the total heat loss from 34 to 17 BTU/hr/ft2 21 BTU/hr·ft² . 3 BTU/hr·ft² Radiative Heat Loss By adding the low emissivity Radiative Heat Loss coating, the heat loss by thermal radiation is now reduced to only 6% of the 13 BTU/hr·ft² 15 BTU/hr·ft² total heat transfer. The A I R S P C E Conduction Conduction A R G O N F I L Loå3-366® unit with argon In figure 2-17 shows this effect

The heat transfer charac- Total Heat Loss Total Heat Loss teristics of the Loå-180 34 BTU/hr·ft² 18 BTU/hr·ft² products with argon air- space vs. double-pane Figure 2-19 clear with air are shown at Figure 2-18 right. The lower thermal DOUBLE-PANE Loå-180/Loå-i89 UNIT WITH ARGON (WINTER NIGHT) TRIPLE-PANE Loå-180/Loå-180/Loå-i89 UNIT WITH ARGON (WINTER NIGHT) conductivity of argon lowers conductive heat transfer and reduces the Outdoors Indoors Outdoors Indoors heat loss to 18 BTU/hr/ft2, 0 ºF 70 ºF 0 ºF 70 ºF double the performance of standard double-pane 1 BTU/hr·ft² 2 BTU/hr·ft² insulating glass with air. Radiative Heat Loss Radiative Heat Loss

13 BTU/hr·ft² 10 BTU/hr·ft² A R G O N F I L A R G O N F I L Conduction A R G O N F I L Conduction

Total Heat Loss Total Heat Loss 15 BTU/hr·ft² 11 BTU/hr·ft²

Figure 2-20 Figure 2-21

CARDINAL PERFORMANCE 20 Heat Transfer: SUMMER DAY TIME SOLAR HEAT GAIN COMPARISONS Summer Solar Radiation Solar Radiation Total Energy Total Energy U summer Heat Gain BTU/hr·ft²·°F Reflected Transmitted Rejected Gained Insulating Glass Unit (W/m2·K) SHGC BTU/hr·ft2 (W/m2) BTU/hr·ft2 (W/m2) BTU/hr·ft2 (W/m2) BTU/hr·ft2 (W/m2) Summertime heat gain is based on all three heat Clear / Clear 0.50 (2.84) 0.78 32 (101) 181 (571) 55 (174) 200 (631) Clear / Loå-180® (#3) 0.23 (1.31) 0.68 52 (164) 149 (470) 79 (249) 172 (543) gain loads: Loå³-366® / Clear 0.20 (1.14) 0.27 116 (366) 62 (196) 181 (571) 70 (221) • Direct transmission of Loå-180® (#2) / Loå-i89® (#4) 0.18 (1.02) 0.62 52 (164) 136 (429) 94 (297) 157 (495) solar radiation Loå³-366® (#2) / Loå-i89® (#4) 0.16 (0.91) 0.27 116 (366) 60 (189) 181 (571) 69 (218) • Inward flowing fraction Loå-180® / Clear / Loå-180® (#5) 0.18 (1.02) 0.56 62 (196) 117 (369) 109 (344) 142 (448) of absorbed solar Loå³-366® / Clear / Loå-180® (#5) 0.17 (0.97) 0.25 119 (375) 52 (164) 186 (587) 64 (202) radiation Loå-180® / Loå-180® / Loå-i89® (#6) 0.15 (0.85) 0.53 62 (196) 109 (344) 117 (369) 133 (420) Loå³-366® / Loå-180® / Loå-i89® (#6) 0.14 (0.79) 0.24 119 (375) 52 (164) 188 (593) 62 (196) • Air-to-air heat gain 1. Calculated values using LBNL Window computer program per NFRC environmental conditions. Figure 2-22 from high outdoor 2. Double-pane IG construction: 1/2” (13.0 mm) airspace, 90% argon filled for Loå products, otherwise air-filled cavity. Coatings on surfaces #2, #3 and/or #4. 3. Triple-pane IG construction: 5/16” (8.0 mm) airspace, 90% argon filled for Loå products. Coatings on surfaces #2 and #5, or #2, #4 and #6. temperatures 4. All insulating glass systems contain 1/8" (3 mm) glass. The table and illustrations DOUBLE-PANE CLEAR UNIT WITH AIR (SUMMER DAY) DOUBLE-PANE CLEAR/Loå-180 UNIT WITH ARGON (SUMMER DAY) show the heat gain charac- teristics of double-pane Outdoors Outdoors Indoors Indoors 3 ® 89 ºF 89 ºF clear and Loå -366 75 ºF 75 ºF products. In using the Solar Radiation Direct Solar Radiation Direct Loå3-366 product, the heat 248 BTU/hr·ft² TransmissionTransmission 248 BTU/hr·ft² Transmission gain is reduced 65% 181 BTU/hr·ft² 149 BTU/hr·ft² compared with a double- 32 BTU/hr·ft² pane clear insulating 52 BTU/hr·ft² Reflected Out glass unit. Reflected Out

The data and figures 23 BTU/hr·ft² 12 BTU/hr·ft² Reradiated Reradiated 27 BTU/hr·ft² 20 BTU/hr·ft² illustrate that low solar Convected Out Convected In Reradiated Reradiated

A I R S P C E Convected Out Convected In

heat gain products have A R G O N F I L a distinct advantage over ∆TxU 7 BTU/hr·ft² other glass choices for ∆TxU 3 BTU/hr·ft² summertime performance. Total Rejected Total Gain Total Rejected Total Gain 55 BTU/hr·ft² 200 BTU/hr·ft² 79 BTU/hr·ft² 172 BTU/hr·ft²

Figure 2-23 Figure 2-24

DOUBLE-PANE Loå3-366/CLEAR UNIT WITH ARGON (SUMMER DAY) TRIPLE-PANE Loå3-366/Loå-180/Loå-i89 UNIT WITH ARGON (SUMMER DAY)

Outdoors Outdoors Indoors Indoors 89 ºF 89 ºF 75 ºF 75 ºF Solar Radiation Direct Solar Radiation Direct 248 BTU/hr·ft² Transmission 248 BTU/hr·ft² Transmission

62 BTU/hr·ft² 52 BTU/hr·ft²

116 BTU/hr·ft² 119 BTU/hr·ft² Reflected Out Reflected Out

65 BTU/hr·ft² 5 BTU/hr·ft² 69 BTU/hr·ft² 8 BTU/hr·ft² Reradiated Reradiated Reradiated Reradiated Convected Out Convected In Convected Out Convected In A R G O N F I L A R G O N F I L A R G O N F I L

∆TxU ∆TxU 3 BTU/hr·ft² 2 BTU/hr·ft²

Total Rejected Total Gain Total Rejected Total Gain 181 BTU/hr·ft² 70 BTU/hr·ft² 188 BTU/hr·ft² 62 BTU/hr·ft²

Figure 2-25 Figure 2-26 CARDINAL PERFORMANCE 21 Heat Transfer: SUMMER NIGHT TIME AIRSPACE HEAT TRANSFER

Summer Night Exterior Glass Temperature U Radiative Conductive Total Relatively small amounts summer (Surface #1) BTU/hr·ft²·°F Heat Gain Heat Gain Heat Gain of heat transfer occur in Insulating Glass Unit ºF (ºC) (W/m2·K) BTU/hr·ft2 (W/m2) BTU/hr·ft2 (W/m2) BTU/hr·ft2 (W/m2) summer night conditions Clear / Clear 82.8 (79.6) 0.51 (2.90) 3 (9) 4 (13) 7 (22) due to the lack of solar Clear / Loå-180® (#3) 83.2 (28.4) 0.24 (1.36) 0 (0) 3 (9) 3 (9) gain and the relatively Loå³-366® / Clear 83.2 (31.7) 0.21 (1.19) 0 (0) 3 (9) 3 (9) small indoor to outdoor Loå-180® (#2) / Loå-i89® (#4) 83.3 (31.7) 0.18 (1.02) 0 (0) 3 (9) 3 (9) temperature difference. Loå³-366® (#2) / Loå-i89® (#4) 83.3 (31.7) 0.16 (0.91) 0 (0) 2 (6) 2 (6) Loå-x89® (#1) / Loå-180® (#3) 87.2 (30.7) 0.21 (1.19) 1 (3) 2 (6) 3 (9) One phenomenon that is Loå-180® / Clear / Loå-180® (#5) 83.3 (31.7) 0.18 (1.02) 0 (0) 3 (9) 3 (9) commonly observed in Loå³-366® / Clear / Loå-180® (#5) 83.3 (31.7) 0.18 (1.02) 0 (0) 3 (9) 3 (9) summer time night con- Loå-180® / Loå-180® / Loå-i89® (#6) 83.3 (79.8) 0.15 (0.85) 0 (0) 2 (6) 2 (6) ditions is condensation Loå³-366® / Loå-180® / Loå-i89® (#6) 83.3 (79.6) 0.14 (0.79) 0 (0) 2 (6) 2 (6) forming on the outside 1. Calculated values using LBNL Window computer program per NFRC environmental conditions. Figure 2-27 2. Double-pane IG construction: 1/2” (13.0 mm) airspace, 90% argon filled for Loå products, otherwise air-filled cavity. Coatings on surfaces #2, #3 and/or #4. 3. Triple-pane IG construction: 5/16” (8.0 mm) airspace, 90% argon filled for Loå products. Coatings on surfaces #2 and #5, or #2, #4 and #6. surface of the glass. This 4. All insulating glass systems contain 1/8" (3 mm) glass. condensation forms when 3 the outside glass radiates DOUBLE-PANE CLEAR UNIT WITH AIR (SUMMER NIGHT) DOUBLE-PANE Loå -366/CLEAR UNIT WITH ARGON (SUMMER NIGHT) heat to the night time sky reducing its temperature below the air’s dew point. Outdoors Indoors Outdoors Indoors 89 ºF 75 ºF 89 ºF 75 ºF When this occurs dew will form on the glass sur- face. Reducing the emis- sivity on the surface of 3 BTU/hr·ft² Radiative Heat Gain 0 BTU/hr·ft² one of the insulating Radiative Heat Gain glass (IG) units minimizes heat transfer to the sky, 4 BTU/hr·ft² which reduces the likeli- A I R S P C E Conduction 3 BTU/hr·ft² hood of outdoor conden- A R G O N F I L Conduction sation forming.

Total Heat Gain Total Heat Gain 7 BTU/hr·ft² 3 BTU/hr·ft²

Figure 2-28 Figure 2-29

DOUBLE-PANE Loå-x89/Loå-180 UNIT WITH ARGON (SUMMER NIGHT) TRIPLE-PANE Loå-180/Loå-180/Loå-i89 UNIT WITH ARGON (SUMMER NIGHT)

Outdoors Indoors Outdoors Indoors 89 ºF 75 ºF 89 ºF 75 ºF

1 BTU/hr·ft² 0 BTU/hr·ft² Radiative Heat Gain Radiative Heat Gain

2 BTU/hr·ft²

2 BTU/hr·ft² A R G O N F I L A R G O N F I L

A R G O N F I L Conduction Conduction

Total Heat Gain Total Heat Gain 3 BTU/hr·ft² 2 BTU/hr·ft²

Figure 2-30 Figure 2-31 CARDINAL PERFORMANCE 22 Outdoor the dew point of the • Open drapes to maximize Indoor Condensation ambient air. When this heat transfer through Condensation occurs, moisture from the glass. Maintaining a Desirable Humidity Level the air condenses on the People are most comfortable when relative humidity • Plant trees to block the glass surface. Only when ranges between 20% and 60%. In the home, an average radiation view to the sky. the glass temperature relative humidity of 35% to 40% is appropriate when the rises above the dew point • Remove shrubbery outside temperature is 20 °F (-7 °C) or above. However, will the condensation immediately adjacent during cold weather, higher humidity ranges may cause evaporate back into the to the glass. indoor condensation on windows. air. Dew formation on The table below shows recommended indoor humidity grass, car hoods and • Add exterior solar Condensation on the levels in relation to outdoor temperatures. roofs, building roofs and screens, insect screens outdoor surface of an and/or awnings. insulating glass unit (IG) is walls is common and Outdoor Temperature °F Recommended Relative Humidity not an indication that the accepted as a fact of nature. The outdoor surface of the insulating glass unit is The presence of moisture IG unit will warm and the 20° and Above 35% to 40% defective. Under the right condensation will evapo- indicates that a specific +10° 30% set of atmospheric condi- set of atmospheric condi- rate when the wind picks tions, it is possible to get tions exists and the up or sunlight is absorbed 0° 25% condensation on the insulating glass unit is on the glass surface. -10° 20% exterior glass surface of indeed doing its job of If condensation on the -20° 15% an IG unit. Specifically, insulating the building exterior of the window is these conditions are as from the environment. a concern, the use of Figure 2-33 Figure 2-34 shows the relationship of condensation to indoor follows: In this case, that insulation Cardinal’s Loå-x89® coating glass and room relative humidity. If glass conditions are • Glass temperature below capability is what retards should be considered. above the red line in the chart, expect to see condensation. dew point temperature the flow of building heat The Loå-x89 coating is If they are below the line, you won’t see condensation. • Clear night sky through the glass and an indium tin oxide based • Still air prevents warming of the coating sputtered onto • High relative humidity outdoor glass surface the outdoor surface of the above the dew point. • Well-insulating glazings IG unit designed specifi- If outdoor condensation cally for the reduction of Exposed to these conditions, occurs on an IG unit, there outdoor condensation. the outdoor surface of the is little or nothing that This coating reduces the glass can radiate heat can be done to prevent heat loss from the out- away to the night sky its recurrence. board keeping it warmer such that the glass Here are some measures and reducing the chance temperature falls below that may help: of the glass temperature falling below the outside dew point. In addition, the Loå-x89 coating has all the same “stay clean longer” properties of the 1. Indoor Air Temperature = 70°F (21º C) Figure 2-34 Neat+TM coating.

IG Unit Outdoor Glass Temperature Falls Below the Dew Point of the Indoors Ambient Air

Figure 2-32

CARDINAL PERFORMANCE 23 INDOOR CONDENSATION PREDICTABILITY FOR DOUBLE-PANE IG UNITS

-20 ºF (-29 ºC) 0 ºF (-18 ºC) +20º F (7 ºC) Airspace U-Factor Outdoor Air Temperature Outdoor Air Temperature Outdoor Air Temperature

BTU/hr·ft²·°F Tcog RH Tcog RH Tcog RH Outdoor Glass inches mm (W/m2·K) ºF (ºC) % ºF (ºC) % ºF (ºC) % 1/4 6.5 0.54 (3.07) 34 (1) 26 41 (5) 34 48 (9) 46 3/8 9.8 0.50 (2.84) 36 (2) 29 43 (6) 38 50 (10) 49 Clear / Clear 1/2 13.0 0.48 (2.73) 37 (3) 30 44 (7) 39 51 (11) 51 5/8 16.0 0.48 (2.73) 37 (3) 29 44 (7) 39 51 (11) 51 1/4 6.5 0.28 (1.59) 33 (1) 26 40 (4) 34 45 (7) 45 3/8 9.8 0.24 (1.36) 37 (3) 30 44 (7) 39 50 (10) 50 Clear / Loå-Di89™ (#3 & #4) 1/2 13.0 0.23 (1.31) 37 (3) 30 44 (7) 40 52 (11) 53 5/8 16.0 0.24 (1.36) 36 (2) 29 44 (7) 39 52 (11) 53 1/4 6.5 0.33 (1.87) 47 (8) 44 52 (11) 52 56 (13) 62 3/8 9.8 0.27 (1.53) 51 (11) 50 55 (13) 59 59 (15) 69 Clear / Loå-180® (#3) 1/2 13.0 0.26 (1.48) 50 (10) 49 55 (13) 60 60 (16) 71 5/8 16.0 0.27 (1.53) 50 (10) 48 55 (13) 59 60 (16) 71 1/4 6.5 0.33 (1.87) 47 (8) 44 51 (11) 52 56 (13) 62 3/8 9.8 0.27 (1.53) 50 (10) 44 55 (13) 59 59 (15) 68 Clear / Loå-180 ESC™ (#3) 1/2 13.0 0.27 (1.53) 50 (10) 49 55 (13) 59 60 (16) 71 5/8 16.0 0.27 (1.53) 50 (10) 48 55 (13) 58 60 (16) 70 1/4 6.5 0.32 (1.82) 48 (9) 45 52 (11) 53 57 (14) 63 3/8 9.8 0.26 (1.48) 51 (11) 50 55 (13) 59 59 (15) 70 Loå²-272® / Clear 1/2 13.0 0.25 (1.42) 51 (11) 51 56 (13) 61 60 (16) 72 5/8 16.0 0.26 (1.48) 50 (10) 49 55 (13) 60 60 (16) 71 1/4 6.5 0.32 (1.82) 48 (9) 45 52 (11) 53 57 (14) 64 3/8 9.8 0.25 (1.42) 51 (11) 52 56 (13) 61 60 (16) 70 Loå²-270® / Clear 1/2 13.0 0.25 (1.42) 51 (11) 51 56 (13) 61 61 (16) 73 5/8 16.0 0.26 (1.48) 50 (10) 50 55 (13) 60 61 (16) 72 1/4 6.5 0.31 (1.76) 48 (9) 46 52 (11) 54 57 (14) 64 3/8 9.8 0.25 (1.42) 52 (11) 55 56 (13) 61 60 (16) 71 Loå³-366® / Clear 1/2 13.0 0.24 (1.36) 51 (11) 51 56 (13) 62 61 (16) 73 5/8 16.0 0.25 (1.42) 51 (11) 51 56 (13) 61 61 (16) 73 1/4 6.5 0.31 (1.76) 48 (9) 46 53 (12) 54 57 (14) 64 3/8 9.8 0.25 (1.42) 52 (11) 53 56 (13) 61 60 (16) 71 Quad Loå-452+™ / Clear 1/2 13.0 0.24 (1.36) 51 (11) 52 56 (13) 62 61 (16) 73 5/8 16.0 0.25 (1.42) 51 (11) 51 56 (13) 61 61 (16) 73 1/4 6.5 0.32 (1.82) 48 (9) 46 52 (11) 54 57 (14) 64 3/8 9.8 0.25 (1.42) 52 (11) 52 56 (13) 61 60 (16) 70 Loå³-340® / Clear 1/2 13.0 0.25 (1.42) 51 (11) 51 56 (13) 61 61 (16) 73 5/8 16.0 0.25 (1.42) 50 (10) 51 56 (13) 60 61 (16) 72 1/4 6.5 0.33 (1.87) 47 (8) 45 52 (11) 53 57 (14) 63 3/8 9.8 0.26 (1.48) 51 (11) 51 55 (13) 60 60 (16) 69 Loå²-240® / Clear 1/2 13.0 0.26 (1.48) 50 (10) 50 55 (13) 60 60 (16) 60 5/8 16.0 0.27 (1.53) 50 (10) 49 55 (13) 59 60 (16) 71 1/4 6.5 0.26 (1.48) 35 (2) 28 42 (6) 36 49 (9) 47 3/8 9.8 0.22 (1.25) 39 (4) 33 46 (8) 42 52 (11) 53 Loå-180® / Loå-i89® (#4) 1/2 13.0 0.21 (1.19) 39 (4) 33 46 (8) 43 54 (12) 56 5/8 16.0 0.21 (1.19) 39 (4) 32 46 (8) 42 53 (12) 56 1/4 6.5 0.27 (1.53) 35 (2) 27 41 (5) 35 49 (9) 47 3/8 9.8 0.22 (1.25) 39 (4) 33 45 (7) 41 52 (11) 53 Loå-180 ESC™ / Loå-i89® (#4) 1/2 13.0 0.21 (1.19) 39 (4) 32 46 (8) 43 53 (12) 55 5/8 16.0 0.22 (1.25) 38 (3) 32 46 (8) 42 53 (12) 55 1/4 6.5 0.26 (1.48) 36 (2) 28 42 (6) 37 49 (9) 48 3/8 9.8 0.21 (1.19) 40 (4) 34 46 (8) 43 53 (12) 54 Loå²-272® / Loå-i89® (#4) 1/2 13.0 0.20 (1.14) 40 (4) 34 47 (8) 44 54 (12) 57 5/8 16.0 0.21 (1.19) 39 (4) 33 47 (8) 43 54 (12) 57 1/4 6.5 0.25 (1.42) 36 (2) 29 42 (6) 37 49 (9) 48 3/8 9.8 0.21 (1.19) 40 (4) 35 47 (8) 43 53 (12) 55 Loå-270® / Loå-i89® (#4) 1/2 13.0 0.20 (1.14) 40 (4) 34 47 (8) 44 54 (12) 58 5/8 16.0 0.21 (1.19) 39 (4) 33 47 (8) 44 54 (12) 57 1/4 6.5 0.25 (1.42) 36 (2) 29 43 (6) 37 50 (10) 48 3/8 9.8 0.20 (1.14) 41 (5) 35 47 (8) 44 53 (12) 55 Loå³-366® / Loå-i89® (#4) 1/2 13.0 0.20 (1.14) 41 (5) 34 48 (9) 45 55 (13) 59 5/8 16.0 0.20 (1.14) 40 (4) 34 47 (8) 44 54 (12) 58 1/4 6.5 0.25 (1.42) 36 (2) 29 43 (6) 37 50 (10) 48 3/8 9.8 0.20 (1.14) 41 (5) 34 48 (9) 44 53 (12) 55 Quad Loå-452+™ / Loå-i89® (#4) 1/2 13.0 0.20 (1.14) 40 (4) 34 47 (8) 45 55 (13) 59 5/8 16.0 0.20 (1.14) 40 (4) 34 47 (8) 44 55 (13) 58 1/4 6.5 0.25 (1.42) 36 (2) 29 42 (6) 37 49 (9) 48 3/8 9.8 0.21 (1.19) 41 (5) 35 47 (8) 44 53 (12) 55 Loå³-340® / Loå-i89® (#4) 1/2 13.0 0.20 (1.14) 40 (4) 34 47 (8) 45 54 (12) 58 5/8 16.0 0.20 (1.14) 39 (4) 32 47 (8) 44 54 (12) 58 1/4 6.5 0.26 (1.48) 35 (2) 28 42 (6) 36 49 (9) 47 3/8 9.8 0.21 (1.19) 40 (4) 34 46 (8) 42 52 (11) 54 Loå²-240® / Loå-i89® (#4) 1/2 13.0 0.21 (1.19) 39 (4) 33 47 (8) 44 54 (12) Figure57 24-1 5/8 16.0 0.21 (1.19) 39 (4) 32 46 (8) 43 54 (12) 56

1. U-Factor: Winter night time conditions with outdoor air temperatures shown. 12.3 mph (19.8 kph) outdoor wind velocity with indoor air temperature = 70 °F (21° C). 2. Tcog: Indoor center of glass Figure 2-35 surface temperature (rounded to nearest degree). Calculated using LBNL Window program. 3. %RH: Percent relative humidity at indoor temperature of 70 °F (21 °C). Maximum indoor relative humidity before condensation starts to appear. 4. Double-pane IG construction: 1/2” (13.0 mm) airspace, 90% argon-filled for Loå products, otherwise air-filled cavity. Coatings on surfaces #2, #3 and/or #4. 5. All insulating glass systems contain 1/8" (3 mm) glass. 6. U-Factors are based on a 0 °F (-18 °C) outdoor air temperature.

CARDINAL PERFORMANCE 24 INDOOR CONDENSATION PREDICTABILITY FOR TRIPLE-PANE IG UNITS

-20 ºF (-29 ºC) 0 ºF (-18 ºC) +20 ºF (7 ºC) Airspace U-Factor Outdoor Air Temperature Outdoor Air Temperature Outdoor Air Temperature 2 BTU/hr·ft ·°F Tcog RH Tcog RH Tcog RH Outdoor Glass inches mm (W/m2·K) ºF (ºC) % ºF (ºC) % ºF (ºC) % 5/16 8.0 0.35 (1.99) 46 (8) 43 51 (11) 51 56 (13) 61 Clear / Clear / Clear 7/16 11.5 0.32 (1.82) 48 (9) 46 52 (11) 54 57 (14) 63 5/16 8.0 0.17 (0.97) 58 (14) 65 60 (16) 71 63 (17) 78 Loå-180® / Clear / Loå-180® 7/16 11.5 0.14 (0.79) 60 (16) 70 62 (17) 76 64 (18) 82 5/16 8.0 0.17 (0.97) 58 (14) 66 60 (16) 71 63 (17) 78 Loå²-272® / Clear / Loå-180® 7/16 11.5 0.13 (0.74) 60 (16) 70 62 (17) 76 64 (18) 82 5/16 8.0 0.17 (0.97) 58 (14) 66 60 (16) 73 63 (17) 78 Loå²-270® / Clear / Loå-180® 7/16 11.5 0.13 (0.74) 60 (16) 71 62 (17) 76 64 (18) 82 5/16 8.0 0.17 (0.97) 58 (14) 66 60 (16) 72 63 (17) 78 Loå³-366® / Clear / Loå-180® 7/16 11.5 0.13 (0.74) 60 (16) 71 62 (17) 77 64 (18) 83 5/16 8.0 0.16 (0.91) 58 (14) 66 60 (16) 72 63 (17) 78 Quad Loå-452+™ / Clear / Loå-180® 7/16 11.5 0.13 (0.74) 60 (16) 71 62 (17) 76 65 (18) 83 5/16 8.0 0.17 (0.97) 58 (14) 66 60 (16) 72 63 (17) 78 Loå3-340® / Clear / Loå-180® 7/16 11.5 0.13 (0.74) 60 (16) 71 62 (17) 77 64 (18) 82 5/16 8.0 0.17 (0.97) 58 (14) 65 60 (16) 71 63 (17) 78 Loå²-240® / Clear / Loå-180® 7/16 11.5 0.14 (0.79) 60 (16) 70 62 (17) 76 64 (18) 82 5/16 8.0 0.15 (0.85) 48 (9) 47 52 (11) 54 57 (14) 63 Loå-180® / Loå-180® / Loå-i89® (#6) 7/16 11.5 0.12 (0.68) 51 (11) 51 55 (13) 60 59 (15) 68 5/16 8.0 0.15 (0.85) 49 (9) 47 53 (12) 54 57 (14) 64 Loå²-272® / Loå-180® / Loå-i89® (#6) 7/16 11.5 0.12 (0.68) 52 (11) 53 55 (13) 60 59 (15) 63 5/16 8.0 0.15 (0.85) 49 (9) 47 53 (12) 55 57 (14) 64 Loå²-270® / Loå-180® / Loå-i89® (#6) 7/16 11.5 0.15 (0.85) 49 (9) 47 53 (12) 55 60 (16) 64 5/16 8.0 0.14 (0.79) 49 (9) 48 53 (12) 55 57 (14) 64 Loå³-366® / Loå-180® / Loå-i89® (#6) 7/16 11.5 0.12 (0.68) 52 (11) 53 56 (13) 61 59 (15) 69 5/16 8.0 0.14 (0.79) 49 (9) 48 53 (12) 55 57 (14) 64 Quad Loå-452+™ / Loå-180® / Loå-i89® (#6) 7/16 11.5 0.12 (0.68) 52 (11) 53 55 (13) 61 59 (15) 70

1. U-Factor: Winter night time conditions with outdoor air temperatures shown. 12.3 mph (19.8 kph) outdoor wind velocity with indoor air temperature = 70 °F (21 °C). Figure 2-36 2. Tcog: Indoor center of glass surface temperature (rounded to nearest degree). Calculated using LBNL Window program. 3. %RH: Percent relative humidity at indoor temperature of 70 °F (21 °C). Maximum indoor relative humidity before condensation starts to appear. 4. Triple-pane IG construction: 5/16” (8.0 mm) airspace, 90% argon filled for Loå products. Otherwise air-filled cavity. Coatings on surfaces #2 and #5, or #2, #4 and #6. 5. All insulating glass systems contain 1/8" (3 mm) glass. 6. U-Factors are based on a 0 °F (-18 °C) outdoor air temperature.

CARDINAL PERFORMANCE 25 Thermal COLD WEATHER COMFORT Comfort Northern U.S. Central U.S. Southern U.S. ASHRAE Standard 55 Approximate Typical Large Typical Large Typical Large Window Window Window Window Window Window Window suggests that thermal Insulating Glass Unit Gap U-Factor Area Area Area Area Area Area conditions are acceptable Clear / Clear 9.8 mm, Air 0.50 until more than 10% of the NR NR NR NR NR NR Clear / Clear / Clear 8.0 mm, Air 0.50 room occupants are Clear / Loå-180® 13.0 mm, Argon 0.50 uncomfortable. This can Loå²-272® / Clear 13.0 mm, Argon 0.50 be somewhat subjective as COLD WEATHER COMFORT Loå²-270® / Clear 13.0 mm, Argon 0.50 +2+3+1+2Okay +1 it depends on the person’s Loå³-366® / Clear 13.0 mm, Argon 0.50 activity and clothing Quad Loå-452+™ / Clear 13.0 mm, Argon 0.50 insulation levels, but most Loå³-340® / Clear 13.0 mm, Argon 0.50 building comparisons Loå-180® / Loå-i89® (#4) 13.0 mm, Argon 0.27 assume sedentary with Loå²-272® / Loå-i89® (#4) 13.0 mm, Argon 0.27 seasonally appropriate attire. Loå²-270® / Loå-i89® (#4) 13.0 mm, Argon 0.27 +1 +2 Okay +1 Okay Loå³-366® / Loå-i89® (#4) 13.0 mm, Argon 0.27 Comfort near a window Quad Loå-452+™ / Loå-i89® (#4) 13.0 mm, Argon 0.27 varies with season of the Loå3-340® / Loå-i89® (#4) 13.0 mm, Argon 0.27 year. Winter comfort Loå-180® / Clear / Loå-180® 8.0 mm, Argon 0.20 depends on where the Loå²-272® / Clear / Loå-180® 8.0 mm, Argon 0.20 Okay +1 Okay Okay building is located: northern Loå²-270® / Clear / Loå-180® 8.0 mm, Argon 0.20 latitudes have more extreme Loå³-366® / Clear / Loå-180® 8.0 mm, Argon 0.20 cold temperatures and the Loå-180® / Loå-180® / Loå-i89® (#6) 8.0 mm, Argon 0.18 winter season is longer. Loå²-272® / Loå-180® / Loå-i89® (#6) 8.0 mm, Argon 0.18 Okay Okay Okay Summer locations have Loå²-270® / Loå-180® / Loå-i89® (#6) 8.0 mm, Argon 0.18 little impact on comfort; Loå³-366® / Loå-180® / Loå-i89® (#6) 8.0 mm, Argon 0.18 the primary issue for Figure 2-37 summertime is exposure dominates the comfort North America can be in heating thermostat NR Not recommended orientation (east/west space and the more considered to have needed for acceptable +1 Raise Heating by 1° versus north/south). important U-Factor approximately 3 zones comfort per ASHRAE Spring and fall comfort improvements are. in terms of cold weather Standard 55. +2 Raise Heating by 2° problems stem from window discomfort. +3 Raise Heating by 3° building design: Too much In most instances, the When it comes to winter solar gain without a call roomside glass surface • North. Winter design comfort, look to the best for heat or cool can lead temperature can be used temperatures are below regional selection of to building overheat. for guidance on comfort 0 °F (-20 °C). Cardinal’s insulating glass expectations (warmer = products with a glass. Winter Cold Weather better). Loå-i89 is a • Central. Winter design Comfort special case, because the temps are about 10 °F In general, the lower the infrared reflectance of (-10 °C) U-Factor the more com- Loå-i89 will generate fortable the glass will be comfort conditions more • South. Winter design on a cold winter night. like that of an insulated temps are near freezing Double- to triple-pane wall. Mean Radiant Tem- (30 °F, 0 ° C) glass, Loå coatings, gas perature (MRT) is used to fill and Loå-i89® all lower account for roomside Figure 2-37 shows what the U-Factor and improve glass surface temperature, product options will de- winter comfort. The other window size and the IR liver acceptable comfort consideration for cold is reflectivity. MRT is a better as a function of geo- window size: The larger overall comparator than graphic location and win- the window the more it roomside temperature for dow to room size ratio. decisions relating to glass The plus values (e.g., +1, and comfort. +2, +3) indicate an increase

CARDINAL PERFORMANCE 0026 HOT WEATHER COMFORT

Approximate Window Typical Window Large Window Insulating Glass Type Loå Type SHGC Area Area

Clear / Clear 0.60 NR NR Clear / Loå-180® 0.50 NR* NR* Loå²-272® / Clear 0.30 HOT-1 WEATHER -2COMFORT Double Pane Loå²-270® / Clear 0.30 Loå³-366® / Clear 0.20 Quad Loå-452+™ / Clear 0.16 Okay Loå³-340® / Clear 0.16 Clear / Loå-180® 0.50 NR* NR* Loå²-272® / Clear 0.30 -1 -2 Loå²-270® / Clear 0.30 Double Pane w/i89® Loå³-366® / Clear 0.20 Quad Loå-452+™ / Clear 0.16 Okay Loå³-340® / Clear 0.16 Loå-180® / Clear / Loå-180® 0.45 NR* NR* Loå²-272® / Clear / Loå-180® 0.27 Triple Pane -1 -2 Loå²-270® / Clear / Loå-180® 0.27 Loå³-366® / Clear / Loå-180® 0.18 Okay Loå-180® / Loå-180® / Loå-i89® (#6) 0.45 NR* NR* Loå²-272® / Loå-180® / Loå-i89® (#6) 0.27 Triple Pane w/i89® -1 -2 Loå²-270® / Loå-180® / Loå-i89® (#6) 0.27 Loå³-366® / Loå-180® / Loå-i89® (#6) 0.18 Okay

Figure 2-38 area. Clear double or triple Hot Weather Comfort Solar heat gain coefficient NR Not recommended Direct solar gain onto the (SHGC) includes both direct pane is not recommended NR* Requires design guidance occupant is the primary gain and re-radiated gain anywhere as the solar gain -1 Lower cooling by 1° concern for hot weather from hot glass. A lower is too high for comfort. discomfort. Across North SHGC value implies less The required design guid- -2 Lower cooling by 2° America, this means east- gain and/or less impact ance (NR*) assigned to facing windows in the from mean radiant temper- Loå-180® options covers morning and west-facing ature (MRT). While Loå-i89® questions surrounding windows in the afternoon can provide some relief passive solar building will be of concern. Of the from the absorption heating designs. While Loå-180 can two, west is the biggest that is typical of high solar provide winter passive solar concern as max solar gain gain products, it does little energy saving on the south is coincident with max tem- to limit solar gain and the façade, there is substantial perature. Summer sun ex- risk of overheat discomfort. risk of swing season posure on north and south Figure 2-38 illustrates the overheat unless overhang elevations are minimal. If summer comfort character- shading or massive thermal the occupant is in direct sun, istics of insulating glass (IG) mass is included in the the window size does not products. Like the cold building design. really affect discomfort weather chart, it relates (presuming air conditioner glass choice and SHGC to is adequately sized to the needed adjustment to handle window area load). the thermostat to maintain comfort based on window

CARDINAL PERFORMANCE 0027 Solar Energy Solar energy can be • Visible, 380 to 780 nm – Depending on the applica- gain coefficient (SHGC), broken down into the UV, Visible light tion, the best glass heat loss (U-Factor), Transmittance Visible and Near Infrared • Near Infrared, 780 to 2500 product would have a low comfort, visible light Comparison spectrums. Characteris- nm – Solar energy that UV transmission, a high transmission, etc., should tics of these energy we feel as heat visible light transmission be taken into account on spectrums are as follows: and a low near infrared any application. A comparison of the • UV, 300 to 380 nm – transmission. Considera- performance of Cardinal’s Can cause fading of tions of outdoor aesthet- Loå products is shown below. furnishings ics, color, glare, solar heat

Loå LIGHT TRANSMISSION COMPARISON (3mm Loå / 13.0mm airspace / 3mm Clear)

UV Visible Light Near Infared (Heat) (300-380 nm) (380-780 nm) (780-2,500 nm) 90%

Clear/Clear 80% Loå-i89®/Clear

Loå-Di89®/Clear

Loå-180 ESC™/Clear 70% Loå-180®/Clear

60%

50%

Loå-272®/Clear 40% Loå-270®/Clear Light Transmission

Loå-366®/Clear 30% Loå-Quad 452+™/Clear

Loå-240®/Clear 20% Loå-340®/Clear

10%

0% Figure TBD 300 400 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500

PAR Spectral Region Wavelength (nm)

ISO-CIE Damage Function Region Data generated from LBNL program

Figure 2-39

CARDINAL PERFORMANCE 28 Effects of Glass The most important effect length of exposure to Figure 2-40 below lists amount of light produced of a glazing system on direct sunlight, time of the percentage of photons during a bright overcast and Coatings on plant growth is its influ- day of direct exposure, transmitted in the PAR day. Therefore, on cloudy Plant Growth ence on photosynthesis. light reflection from interior region per Cardinal Loå days the rate of photosyn- Light which drives and exterior surfaces, coating. The majority of thesis could fall to levels photosynthesis is called average ambient temper- the listed coatings will which would noticeably photosynthetically active ature, temperature fluc- have minimal effects on slow plant growth. If in- radiation (PAR) and falls tuations, relative humidity, plant growth. A small ternal light intensities are in the spectral range air circulation patterns, number of coatings cause marginal, then the use of from 400 nm to 700 nm watering, and perhaps the level of photons in the this coating in an (IG) unit (see Figure 2-39). In most important of all, the PAR spectrum to fall to or could result in the inability essence, the higher the cleanliness of the windows, below 50% of the light to to grow some house plants. light transmission in the all have potential impact be transmitted through an spectral range from 400 on plant growth. Dirty insulating glass IG unit, to 700 nm, the better the windows can be a significant which is equivalent to the glass product is for plant problem in greenhouses growth. due to the reduction in IG Unit Percentage of Photons Transmitted light transmission. The House plants often grow (3 mm glass) in PAR Spectral Region same is undoubtedly true under conditions which for other buildings in Clear / Clear 83% are marginal for adequate ® which plants are grown. Clear / Loå-i89 81% growth, and are primarily ™ Light supply problems are Clear / Loå-Di89 80% selected because of their most apt to be observed Clear / Loå-180 ESC™ 80% ability to grow in relatively in November, December Clear / Loå-180® 80% low light. Not all house and January, when the 2 ® plants are equally well Loå -272 / Clear 73% days are short and cloud 2 ® adapted to low light Loå -270 / Clear 71% cover is prevalent. conditions; however, Loå3-366® / Clear 67% some will be stressed by Unlike field crop plants, Quad Loå-452+™ / Clear 55% reduced light environ- house plants have the Loå3-340® / Clear 50% ments. Factors such as ability to grow in relatively Loå2-240® / Clear 45% distance from windows, low light conditions. Figure 2-40

CARDINAL PERFORMANCE 29 The energy from UV light fading of materials such as In addition to the light very low levels of UV trans- UV Fading causes most fading dam- fabrics. See table below for sources, the materials mission. This will contribute age. As a result, many more detail. It should be themselves will have to relatively low weighted people use the classical noted all materials fade at different resistance to damage functions as well. UV transmittance (300 to different rates and no glass fading. Some fabrics, As noted above, even though 380 nm) as an indicator of choice will completely woods, paints and other most laminated glass allows fading potential to compare eliminate fading. In order interior finishes are signifi- virtually no UV transmis- glass products. It has been to see through the window, cantly more susceptible sion, the visible light that is shown that experimentally all glass options will allow to fading. Manufacturers of transmitted will contribute fading damage can also some visible light through the interior finishes should to fading of finishes within occur from light in nearly the glass and therefore be consulted for both a building. In glass con- the entire visible light cause some level of fading. recommendations and structions where the Loå spectrum. The ICO-CIE Additionally, in the absence expectations as it relates already blocks the vast Damage Function attempts of natural light, artificial their products and fading majority of UV, the addition to quantify the risk of dam- light will be used within the caused by sunlight and of the laminate will only age from the full spectrum building that will also interior lighting. provide a small increase of light (UV and visible). It contribute to fading in a in fading protection. uses system of weighting significant way. Laminated glass is often the amount of light trans- used in situations where a mitted at a wavelength The way a particular object low amount of fading is desired. based on its contribution to may fade is highly variable. Most glass laminates have

Interior UV Fading Interior UV Protection from from Uncoated Glass Low-Transmission Coating

Uncoated glass allows abundant amounts of UV light to reach a home’s interior, which can damage furniture, carpets, wood floors and artwork. Laminated glass blocks most of this UV radiation, helping to protect interior furnishings from fading.

GLASS UV FADING PROTECTION COMPARISON

Glass SHGC UV-Trans ISO-CIE

Clear / Clear 0.78 58% 75% Clear / Lami 0.75 1% 56% Clear / Loå-180® 0.79 29% 63% < Lami / Loå-180® 0.64 1% 52% Loå²-272® / Clear 0.41 16% 55% < Loå²-272® / Lami 0.41 1% 47% Loå³-366®/ Clear 0.27 5% 43% < Loå³-366® / Lami 0.27 1% 40% Quad Loå-452+™ / Clear 0.22 1% 33% < Quad Loå-452+™ / Lami 0.22 1% 31% Loå³-340® / Clear 0.18 2% 27% < Loå³-340® / Lami 0.18 1% 26%

1. Data was calculated using the LBNL Window computer program per NFRC environmental conditions. < Figure 2-41 2. 90% argon/10% air fill is used for insulated glass (IG) units with Loå coated glass, otherwise 100% air fill is used for uncoated units. 3. The UV Transmittance is determined as an average for wavelengths 300 - 380 nm. 4. UV Damage Weighted Transmittance (ISO-CIE) is the weighted average for wavelengths 300 - 700 nm (based on CIE 89/3). 5. UV transmittance is never 0%, but for any construction with a laminated layer, it is very close to 0%. 6. Airspaces are 1/2" (13.0 mm) wide.

CARDINAL PERFORMANCE 30 In laboratory testing for durability and long-term performance, our results exceed industry standards. Our experience in the field provides the ultimate proof: Cardinal IG® units have the lowest failure rates in the industry. We also offer an industry-leading 20-year comprehensive warranty. Cardinal IG units stand the test of time. DURA- BILITY LONG- EVITY

31 FLOAT GLASS COATED GLASS CUSTOM TEMPERED GLASS INSULATING GLASS

Float glass is the foundation Cardinal employs Cardinal tempering in- Cardinal IG® units deliver of all Cardinal products, and patented, state-of-the-art creases the glass strength outstanding thermal it is where our quality com- sputter coating processes to at least four times that performance and extremely mitment begins. that are unmatched by any of ordinary glass, while low failure rates. other glass manufacturer. distortion remains mini- - By providing a mal and color is virtually Vision-Based Inspections - Ensuring Quality from uniform glass temperature, Exterior Color - Exterior unnoticeable. Similar to the systems Start to Finish this cooling process helps color is validated in process incorporated on our create the inherent as well as off-line. This Vision Inspection Systems tempering lines, this is Cardinal maintains the uniformity of the glass specific technology ana- These high-resolution, where scratches, coating highest quality standards and maximizes the ability lyzes how the final product high-speed camera systems faults and debris on the through industry-leading to cut the finished product. will appear in its final are used to detec scratches, glass surface are detected. installation. Production coating faults and debris The systems accurately inspection processes. Strain Measurements - measurements enable us on the surface. characterize defects by Our Intelligent Quality Three different strain to statistically control the size and sort them accord- (IQ) Assurance Program measurements are taken existing process and use Tempered Distortion ing to specifications to help is our signature seal for to precisely control the the data as benchmarks Our state-of-the-art camera prevent defective glass quality, with every piece strain on the ribbon which for continuous improve- systems measure the entire from proceeding to high- of glass thoroughly also affects the cuttability ment efforts. glass, focusing on a series value operations. checked from start to finish. of the glass. of circles (similar to pixels). IQ systems are in place Room-Side Color and The results represent what Edge Thickness - Our for everything from float Thickness Profile - By Visible Transmission/ the human eye sees. press equipment ensures glass manufacturing to gauging the thickness Reflection - This Cardinal- the precise thickness of producing all types of across the entire ribbon, specific technology provides Defect Detection - This each IG unit to within coated, tempered and we can determine if any continuous load-to-load system accurately charac- thousandths of an inch. portion is out of specification. monitoring to validate film terizes defects by size and insulating glass. stack construction. sorts them according to Argon-Fill Levels - Our Defect Detection - Our our specifications, helping unique inline system laser system inspects IR Reflection - This to prevent defective glass measures the argon-fill 100% of the glass, detecting measurement validates from proceeding to levels of Cardinal IG units defects as well as ribbon and ensures coating high-value operations. and verifies initial fill rates. edges, knurl marks and performance by measuring Our IG units have been distortion. infrared reflection. Tempered Conformance - tested to meet the U.S. In some Cardinal temper- standards for argon total Optimization System - This Performance Testing - ing facilities, a photoelastic fill and argon loss per process arbitrates the best R&D conducted evaluations stress measuring system ASTM E2190. cut for the ribbon, which consider every potential identifies areas of non- helps maximize production variable that can arise uniform stress in the glass, Coating Color - A spec- and efficiency to reduce along the way. Customized highlighting areas with trophotometer checks waste. for production, in-process inadequate tempering. color intensity and hue. testing is continuous and The system also allows us Each unit must meet Emissions Conformance - recorded into our elec- to reconfigure procedures specific color values prior The Cardinal environmen- tronic Quality Manage- as necessary to obtain better to being accepted. tal commitment includes ment System. heating and quenching, equipping all facilities with further ensuring high- Center of Glass Unit the latest technologies to quality tempered glass Thickness - We measure reduce emissions. every time. all units for center dimen- sion online. This is a critical parameter for reducing unit stress and reducing distortion in the glass.

CARDINAL DURABILITY 32 3 Essentials of Material Selection Surface #1 #2 #3 #4 The sealant(s) used to Manufacturing bond glass to the spacer Long-Lasting system is the most important material used in IG unit Desiccated Airspace

IG Units Outdoors Indoors construction. The sealant(s) (Air or Argon) What makes a long- must resist temperature lasting IG unit? extremes, UV radiation, moisture ingress into the airspace and retain any inert gas in the airspace; i.e., argon. Cardinal has chosen a dual seal system with polyisobutylene [PIB] as the primary seal and silicone as the secondary seal. In addition to sealant Sightline choice, spacer design and processing are also impor- tant. Cardinal uses four bent corners in our construction which requires Double-Pane Figure 3-1 only one joint in the spacer. Many other IG units use notched corners. Each Surfaces: The industry convention for labeling of glass surface is to notch is a potential leak start with the outdoor surface and count the surface toward the inside into the system, significantly of the structure. increasing the potential for moisture ingress or argon Sightline: The industry convention for labeling of glass surface is to start with the outdoor surface and count the surface toward the inside loss from the IG unit. of the structure. Workmanship Critical to IG unit longevity is fabrication consistency. stressed, there is no unit materials that will be in and 3-2). Spacer corners Cardinal’s unique Intelligent construction that will direct contact with the IG are bent to be air/gas Quality Assurance Program deliver long-term perform- unit. These material inter- tight. The spacer contains virtually eliminates anom- ance. Cardinal believes our actions with the IG unit can desiccant which adsorb alies in the fabrication dual seal construction is potentially degrade unit the moisture vapor within process. All inspections rely the most versatile IG seal longevity to a significant the airspace. on carefully calibrated system because of its degree. Cardinal offers its The dual seal construction instrumentation, so results excellent weatherability. customers expert guid- has a primary seal of poly- are objective. In addition, In fact, in both real-world ance on assessing the risk isobutylene (PIB) and a Cardinal manufactures its and simulated weathering of material incompatibility secondary seal of silicone. own production equipment conditions, Cardinal’s dual with Cardinal’s products. Cardinal certifies all units to ensure that units are seal system outperforms Cardinal IG® Unit through the IGCC (Insulat- fabricated with consistent other IG unit constructions. high quality. Construction ing Glass Certification Compatibility Cardinal IG units consist of Council) Program, and has How the Units Are Glazed Extra care must be taken two or three lites of glass met the requirements of If an IG unit sits in water or in choosing window separated by an inorganic the IGMA (Insulating Glass the seal system is over- sealants and glazing metal spacer (Figures 3-1 Manufacturers Alliance) Certification Program.

CARDINAL DURABILITY 33 3 Surface #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6

Desiccated Airspace Desiccated Airspace

Outdoors (Air or Argon) (Air or Argon) Indoors

Sightline

Triple-Pane Figure 3-2

A Primary Seal: Polyisobutylene (PIB) minimizes C Spacer: Our stainless steel spacer features a roll moisture permeation and provides one of the lowest formed design providing maximum area for primary argon permeation rates of all known sealants. and secondary sealant coverage. It provides increased resistance to condensation and less stress on IG seal B Secondary Seal: Specially formulated silicone for IG system. Bent corners completely seal the spacer units provides long-term adhesion. Silicones, due to periphery to eliminate moisture vapor transmission into their non-organic nature, are the most resistant the airspace through joints and notches. sealants in the window industry to the negative effects of UV and moisture. Silicone is recognized as the best D Desiccant: Molecular sieve creates a low frost point sealant for resisting weathering and adhering to glass below -85 °F. Cardinal’s 3 angstrom desiccant assures substrates. Because of its structural properties, optimum moisture adsorption while minimizing the silicone provides the structural integrity of the IG units. effects of temperature-related pressure changes.

CARDINAL DURABILITY 34 3 Testing and Cardinal Exceeds Industry Standards Cardinal IG Units Excel in Rigorous P-1 Test ASTM International has developed a testing protocol Cardinal subjects IG units to the more demanding and Field Experience (E2190 Standard Specification for Insulating Glass Unit industry-accepted P-1 test, which determines long-term Confirm Cardinal Performance and Evaluation) to determine the weather- seal durability. Test conditions simulate worst-case, real- IG® Durability ability of insulating glass constructions. Passing this world scenarios: 140 ºF (60 ºC), constant UV exposure and standard is considered a minimum requirement for 100% humidity. Results show that competitive seal systems insulating glass durability. This protocol exposes the fail within eight to 22 weeks of testing. However, Cardinal samples to high humidity, thermal cycling and UV. The IG units still have a dew point below 0 ºF (-18 ºC) after 80 samples are evaluated for chemical fogging, elevated weeks of the test. dew points and argon fill/retention. The standard is used as the basis for IGCC/IGMA certification. All Cardinal IG production facilities are IGCC/IGMA certified.

Thermal Cycling Cardinal subjects IG units to more severe thermal cycling exposures than the E2188/2190. Our testing immerses the entire sample in an environment that cycles from -27 ºF to +160 ºF (-32 ºC to -71 ºC) five times per day. Full immer- sion, as opposed to single-sided exposure of the ASTM test, along with the wider temperature range, significantly increases the severity of the test. Although the ASTM 2188/2190 standard requires only 250 cycles while main- taining a low unit dew point in this environment, Cardinal units are built to last more than 1,000 cycles.

P-1 Test Chamber: 140°F, constant UV, 100% humidity

AVERAGE P1 LONGEVITY OF VARIOUS IG SYSTEMS 50 Single Seal – PIB 40

30 Single Seal – Silicone 20 FAIL Single Seal – Butyl Spacer 10 Single Seal – HM, PS, PU 0 -10 Dual Seal – PIB/HM, PIB/PS, PIB/PU PASS -20 Dual Seal – PIB/Silicone, Open Corners -30 Dual Seal – PIB/Silicone

Dew Point (ºF) -40 -50 -60 -70 Cardinal IG Units -80 -90 0 8162432404856647280 Weeks in Test

Figure 3-3

CARDINAL DURABILITY 35 3 ACTUAL WARRANTY CLAIMS FOR INSTALLED CARDINAL IG UNITS DUE TO SEAL FAILURE

10% Organically Sealed (1976 Vintage)

Dual Seal Silicone / Aluminum Spacer (1978 Vintage) 8.4% 8% Dual Seal Silicone / Stainless Spacer (1993 Vintage) – XL Edge®

6%

4% Cumulative Failures

2% 1.3%

0.2% 0% 0 2 4681012 1421618 0 Years Installed Following Production Year

Figure 3-4

Cardinal Seal Failure that year. As can be seen Experience by the data, the cumula- WARRANTY COSTS VS. FIELD FAILURE RATE tive seal failure rate of the Figure 3-4 shows Cardinal stainless steel spacer field failure rate comparing product is 0.2% after 20 $50 failures to industry-wide years of field service. failure rates, Cardinal Currently, Cardinal has Dual Organic Seals with $40 approximately 500 million Aluminum Spacers, Dual IG units under warranty. Seal Silicone with Alu- $30 minum Spacers and Dual What this means to the Seal Silicone with Stainless window manufacturer is Steel Spacers. Cardinal’s shown in Figure 3-5. $20 20-year failure rate with our Assuming a $500 service Cost Per Window Per Cost products are as follows: call to replace a failed IG $10 • Dual Organic Seal/ unit under warranty, and Aluminum Spacer – 8.4% with an 8% seal failure rate, the window manu- • Dual Seal Silicone/ $ – facturer would need to Aluminum Spacer – 1.3% 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% add $40 to the cost of • Dual Seal Silicone/XL the window to cover IG Failure Rate Edge (SS Spacer) – 0.2% warranty costs. With a The graph shows Cardinal’s 0.2% seal failure rate, 1. $500 Replacement Costs Figure 3-5 2. 100,000 Units/Year actual failure rates for the window manufacturer three different IG unit would only need to add constructions. In 1993, $1.25 to the window to Cardinal introduced cover warranty claims. a stainless steel spacer with a poly isobutylene (PIB)/Silicone seal system and four bent corners. We produced approxi- mately 8 million IG units

CARDINAL DURABILITY 36 3 Edge Deletion Assures Method for Testing Stainless Steel Spacer Argon Gas Measurement Technical Service Proper Sealant-to-Glass Resistance to Fogging in Minimizes Seal Stress Bulletins Bonding Insulating Glass Units) and Argon Loss Cardinal provides an By deleting the edge of was designed to screen Using computerized finite extensive library of Technical Loå coatings, Cardinal for this potential. Cardinal element analysis (FEA), Service Bulletins (TSBs) at provides the added safety has developed its own more Cardinal determined that cardinalcorp.com. These rigorous version of this test. that the IG unit sealants the stainless steel spacer TSBs describe in great Cardinal’s chemical fog test are bonded to glass introduced in the early detail use and perform- exposes units to higher rather than a coating. 1990s did not stress the ance of Cardinal IG units. temperatures and utilizes Without edge deletion, IG seal system to the same a more demanding in- all Loå coatings extend to spection criteria. Cardinal’s degree as previously used the edge of the glass, and test is approximately four aluminum spacers. corrosion of the coatings times more demanding Excessive stress on the can propagate past the than the ASTM test. poly isobutylene (PIB) seal system when the IG sealant can cause argon unit is exposed to high Desiccant loss. The analysis showed Cardinal maintains a state- humidity conditions or is that the stainless steel of-the-art facility for the sitting in water. spacer system reduces measurement of IG argon Chemical Fog PIB shear strain (parallel and krypton gas concentra- to glass surface) anywhere tion and permeation. from 1.5 to 10 times Cardinal has developed depending on outdoor and patented methods to conditions. PIB extensional assure that the spark strain (perpendicular to emission spectroscopy glass surface) was one to used to measure argon gas three times less compared concentration is accurate to the aluminum spacer and repeatable. All of Cardinal fills all four legs system, depending on the Cardinal’s production lines of its spacer with pure 3A conditions studied. have the ability to measure molecular sieve beaded Quick and Easy IG Unit online the units produced for desiccant. The use of only Identification argon or krypton fill level. 3A molecular sieve ensures the desiccant only absorbs Material Compatibility Cardinal has devoted a Any material used in an moisture, not nitrogen gas. significant amount of insulating glass unit; e.g., Desiccant with pores larger research to identify sealants, grilles, spacer than 3A can absorb nitro- systems, desiccant, etc., gen and other gases, materials that are com- can produce a fog in the causing the glass to be patible with our IG system. unit. ASTM International nonparallel and stressing We work with component test E2189 (Standard Test the seals. This can poten- suppliers to help ensure tially decrease unit Laser Logo shows certification their products work with Cardinal Fog Box longevity. Cardinal’s four- our design. We can offer Knowing the IG unit man- 140°F, Constant UV, Cold side fill means Cardinal IG input into customers’ Plate at 70°F, 1-Week Test ufacturer is essential for units will have twice the material choices to help any warranty claim. But desiccant capacity of most them get the longest life not all insulating glass metal spacers, and up to out of a Cardinal IG unit. manufacturers identify four times as much their units. Cardinal laser desiccant as a typical engraves a logo and flexible spacer system. date code on all units so Desiccant amount can be the homeowner, window directly related to IG unit manufacturer and Cardinal longevity. know when and where the IG unit was fabricated.

CARDINAL DURABILITY 37 3 This section is designed to assist in the design of windows, offering data and information to help design professionals make the best decisions possible for their intended applications. DESIGN CRITE- RIA

38 Glass Types strengthened glass should recommends that the use of glass is approximately distorted reflected images be used in all applications of tempered glass in two to four times stronger under certain viewing Annealed Glass where annealed glass will commercial construction be than a piece of annealed conditions and will be more Annealed glass can be used not meet thermal or restricted to applications glass. This increased noticeable as the outdoor for vision applications where windload requirements. where codes require safety strength is the result of reflectance of the glass clear, tinted and Loå Heat-strengthened glass glazing, fire knockout panels permanently locking the increases. are specified, provided they can be used for all tinted, or in non-hazardous appli- outer surface molecules Strain/Pattern meet the windload, thermal Loå and reflective vision cations where glass fallout of the glass in compression A visible phenomenon of stress and building code applications. It is the potential is not a concern. and the center portion in tempered and heat- requirements of the project. recommended choice for compensating tension. strengthened glass is a all spandrel applications. Heat-Strengthened Glass Heat-Strength- Bow/Warp strain pattern that might Heat-strengthened glass is Tempered Glass ened and Since the glass is reheated appear under certain approximately two times Tempered glass is at least Tempered Glass to its softening point and lighting conditions, as strong as annealed glass four times as strong as then rapidly cooled, a especially if it is viewed of the same thickness in annealed glass of the same Manufacturing certain amount of warp or through polarized lenses. resisting windload. If it thickness in resisting bow is normally associated The strain pattern can ap- fractures, it usually breaks windload. If fracture occurs, Heat-strengthening and with each piece of heat- pear as faint spots, blotches into large sections (similar it will break into very small glass tempering are treated glass. Generally or lines; this is the result to annealed glass) and particles which usually will processes of heating this warp or bow is not a of the air quenching (cool- usually remains in the evacuate the opening and annealed glass to approx- significant factor to the ing) of the glass during the opening. If it meets all could cause damage or imately 1,200 °F (650 °C) design professional. On strengthening process and requirements, codes and injury to people below. and then rapidly cooling it occasion, it shows up as is not a glass defect. specifications, heat- Because of this, Cardinal with air. The resultant piece

STRESS PROFILE FOR HEAT-STRENGTHENED GLASS

Compression Tension (3,500 - 7,500 psi) (2,200 - 3,300 psi)

0.21T

Glass Thickness 0.58T (T)

0.21T

Figure 4-1 Figure 4-2

STRESS PROFILE FOR TEMPERED GLASS HEAT-STRENGTHENED AND TEMPERED GLASS COMPRESSION AND TENSION ZONES Compression Tension (10,000 psi minimum) (4,500 - 7,000 psi)

0.21T 0.21T Compression 0 Stress

Glass Glass Thickness 0.58T Thickness 0.58T Tension (T) (T)

0.21T 0 Stress 0.21T

Figure 4-3 Figure 4-4

CARDINAL DESIGN CRITERIA 39 4 Distortion g. Insulating glass air- Glazing than 2” (51 mm) in length. design loads must not Distortion can occur in all space fabrication Setting blocks need to be exceed the length of the glass products (i.e., annealed, pressures Considerations of sufficient width to fully span divided by 175. Hori- heat-treated, monolithic, support both lites of the zontal member deflection In every process under our The glazing system should insulating, coated or non- insulating glass unit, yet due to the glass weight control, we always strive to provide recommended face coated). These sometimes still allow water to pass by should be limited to 1/8” control and minimize dis- and edge clearances and visible phenomena are the and drain from the glazing (3 mm) or 25% of the design tortion levels as much as bite to retain the glass in direct result of light being channel. Setting block edge clearance of the glass possible. The glazing system, place under windload. reflected and refracted at thickness is recommended or panel below, whichever temperatures and pressures It also should thermally different angles and speeds to be 1/8” (3 mm) or greater is less. In dry glazed gasket greatly influence the and mechanically isolate through uneven glass to provide sufficient glass systems, compressive amount of distortion. It is the glass from the framing surfaces. edge clearance. pressure exerted at the members to prevent glass recommended the design glass edge should be 4 to to metal contact. Sealants Mirror-like images should professional responsible Setting blocks should be 10 pounds per lineal inch or gaskets should provide a not be expected from glass for glass selection view a low in or free of migrating (700 to 1750 N/m). that has been tempered or mock-up of the intended watershed with an approxi- organic plasticizers, which heat-strengthened. Quality glass choice in an environ- standards for various sizes ment as close as possible and thicknesses of heat- to the actual building site Specific Metric Target Glass ASTM Traditional treated glasses are detailed to determine if the glass Thickness Thickness Designation Designation in ASTM Specification product meets the aesthetic C1048. Some glass products objectives of the project. 2.2 mm 0.087 inches 2.5 mm Single-Strength

1 will tend to accentuate 3.0 mm 0.117 inches 3 mm Double-Strength, ⁄8 inch distortion levels if they have Soft Center Glass 1 a relatively high outdoor Tempered and heat- 3.1 mm 0.122 inches 3 mm Double-Strength, DST, ⁄8 inch

strengthened glass can 5 reflectance. Viewing angle, 3.9 mm 0.152 inches 4 mm ⁄32 inch glass type, sky condition, exhibit conditions known 3 4.7 mm 0.182 inches 5 mm ⁄16 inch time of day, glass orientation as soft-centered, bistable 1 and the type and amount of and oil canning. 5.7 mm 0.221 inches 6 mm ⁄4 inch reflected images all affect 5 Bistable glass exhibits two 8.0 mm 0.310 inches 8 mm ⁄16 inch the perceived degrees of stable bow positions. If you distortion in any glass prod- press on the glass, it can Figure 4-5 mate height of 1/16” (1.6 uct. Causes of distortion move and stay in another should be confirmed with Glass Thickness mm) above the edge or can be attributable to one stable position until acted the block supplier. Some Nomenclature sightline of the glass framing or a combination of the fol- upon and it moves back to organic plasticizers have The glass industry has members. The bite plus lowing factors: its original stable position. the potential to migrate used a soft conversion 1. Roll Ripple watershed should be large into and damage the insu- method to designate flat Oil-canned glass is very enough to cover the insulating lating glass sealants. glass product thickness in a. Heat treatment similar to bistable glass, glass sightline. Some block materials can metric. To more accurately process for heat- but has one stable and one discolor other insulating describe the actual glass strengthened and Setting Blocks semi-stable position. The glass components. If thickness for products tempered glass Setting blocks are required glass can be moved from discoloration is a concern, presented in this brochure, for successful glazing of in- 2. Bow or Warp (either its stable bow position to ASTM C1087 can be used the specific metric thickness sulating glass units into the positive or negative) its less stable position, to screen components. The will be used. This does not window frame. When a. Heat treatment process before it pops back to its compatibility of the setting represent a change in glass properly used, setting b. Differences between stable position after a block should be verified thickness, but a more blocks provide the neces- insulating glass air- period of time, similar to with the block supplier accurate depiction of the sary weight distribution, space pressure and an oil can. and Cardinal IG. thickness traditionally cushioning, and clearance barometric pressures used. Listed below (Figure Centered glass is glass that needed for long-term caused by weather Weep Systems 4-5) is a comparison of feels softer than expected, durability of the IG unit. or altitude Water should not be per- specific metric thickness, sometimes described as Glass lites should be set c. Difference between mitted to remain in the the nominal glass thick- wobbly glass. on two silicone or other insulating glass air- glazing rabbet. A weep ness in inches and the compatible elastomeric system should incorporate space temperature All of these conditions are traditional designation. setting blocks having a enough weep holes to and outdoor temperature more prevalent on larger Shore A Durometer hard- ensure adequate drainage; d. Static or dynamic pieces of glass, thinner ness of 85 +10/-10. Setting usually this consists of pressure differences glass substrates and units blocks should be positioned three 3/8” (9.5 mm) diameter from indoors to out- with small aspect ratios at the quarter points. When holes or equivalent, equally doors (i.e., windload, (nearer to square). Cardinal this is not practical, setting spaced at the sill. building’s internal limits them by enforcing blocks can be installed to pressure, etc.) our size guidelines, specifi- within 6” (152 mm) of the Framing e. Glazing stop pressure cally the short side dimen- vertical glass edge. Length Recommendations f. Framing manufactur- sion limits. However, the of the setting blocks should The framing system should ing and erection presence of any of these be 0.1” (2.5 mm) in length provide structural support tolerance conditions does not affect for each square foot of for the glass and under glass safety rating, strength glass area, but no less or wind resistance.

CARDINAL DESIGN CRITERIA 40 4 Thermal Stress and Glass Breakage When window glass is warmer at the center relative to the edge as shown below (Figure 4-9), the expansion of the central zone places a tensile stress on the glass edge. Based upon the coefficient of thermal expansion for soda lime glass, a 1 °F (0.5 °C) temperature difference creates 50 psi (345 kPa) mechanical stress in the glass edge. When the stress exceeds the strength of the glass edge, a thermal fracture can occur. Low stress fractures; i.e., less than 1,500 psi (10,335 kPa) stress, can be characterized by a single fracture line perpendicular to the glass edge. Typically, a flaw or chip can be found at the edge (origin) of this type of fracture. Higher stress fractures can be characterized as having multiple vent lines running into the daylight opening. Please see Cardinal’s TSB for Thermal Breakage Prediction. There are three worst case conditions in which to evaluate the stresses in glass and the impact on breakage expectations. The conditions are: cold winter night, cold winter day with high solar load, hot summer day with high solar load. Each of these conditions creates the following responses in a sealed, double glazing unit.

1. Cold Winter Night 3. Hot Summer Day with • Heat trap caused by closed of shadow pattern, outdoor Heat-strengthening or Under these conditions, the High Solar Load blinds or draperies temperature extremes and tempering of the glass may interior lite of glass will be Clear glass with its low solar • Amount of solar radiation time of the year all influence be necessary to offset the exposed to the maximum absorptance is not affected • Outdoor-indoor temperatures the amount of thermal edge effects of a lack of adequate by these conditions. Absorb- stress. If thermally induced ventilation. thermal stress. The thermal • Framing material resistance of the IG unit ing glasses (i.e., Loå coated stress is high enough, glass • Glass size The following are recom- keeps the central glass and/or tinted) can see a fracture could occur. In most mendations for blinds and • Solar absorptance of the region relatively warm. At greater heat buildup under applications, thermal draperies to reduce glass glass the edge of glass, however, these conditions. If the glass stresses caused by the above thermal stress: the thermal conductivity of edge is shaded due to a are not high enough to cause 1. Vertical blinds are recom- the IG edge seal and the window or building projec- breakage of heat-treated Outdoor Shading mended over horizontal frame design will reduce tion, the non-uniform glasses but could cause Static and moving shadow blinds. this glass edge temperature heating of the glass surface patterns on glass from breakage of annealed glass. 2. Dark blinds are recom- significantly. This warm then can lead to thermal building overhangs, Cardinal offers a glazing mended over light blinds. center/cold edge condition stresses. Factors that can columns, trees and shrub- review on projects to recom- now creates tensile stresses affect thermal stress on bery and other buildings mend specific glass types 3. Open weave draperies are and increased breakage glass are: create varying degrees of and treatment to reduce the recommended over potential. • Glass type (thickness, tint, thermal edge stress on the potential of thermal breakage. continuous material. coating type) 4. A closure stop is recom- 2. Cold Winter Day with glass. The glass type (clear, Indoor Shading mended on horizontal or High Solar Load • Glass edge quality tinted, Loå), glass size and Draperies, venetian blinds thickness, degree and type vertical blinds to prevent Solar absorptance in the • Shadow patterns on glass or other interior shading them from closing interior lite of glass will devices must be hung to completely. increase its central tempera- provide space at the top ture and the resulting and bottom or one side and 5. A natural air vent is thermal stresses. In addition, bottom to permit natural air recommended across the any shading devices used on movement over the room- head of the horizontal detail. the inside of the window will COLD RESISTING EXPANSION side of the glass. The follow- trap and/or reflect heat back ing criteria must be met to at the glass, further increas- avoid formation of a heat trap: 1 1/2” ing the glass temperatures. 1. Minimum 1.5” (38 mm) (38 MM) In either case, the effect of clearance required at the GLASS MINIMUM solar loads on the edge top and bottom or one CLEARANCE temperatures is minimal. side and bottom between This may lead to higher shading device and stress potentials than the surrounding construction, winter nighttime conditions WARM or a closure stop of 60° if the solar absorptance of from horizontal for VENETIAN the interior lite is greater TRYING TO horizontal blinds. BLIND, DRAPERY than that of clear glass. 2. Minimum 2” (51 mm) EXPAND 2” OR clearance between glass (51 MM) ROLLER and shading device. MINIMUM SHADE 3. Heating/cooling outlets CLEARANCE TENSILE STRESS TENSILE must be to roomside of shading device. 1 1/2”

Figure 4-7

Figure 4-6

CARDINAL DESIGN CRITERIA 41 4 Windloads and Insulating Glass Size Guidelines Using the Tables The user of the attached tables needs to first know the design The windload data presented below is based on ASTM Standard E1300 (Standard pressure (DP) rating required. Then choose either Annealed Glass Practice for Determining Load Resistance of Glass in Buildings). or Heat Treated Glass table (fully tempered or heat-strengthened The tables may be used by the design professional to choose the appropriate glass) depending on the glass type. Determine the square footage glass product to meet the windload criteria specified. The tables are for insulating and Aspect Ratio. The Aspect Ratio is the long dimension divided by glass (IG) units and assume four-sided support with support deflections not the short dimension. In the table, find the glass thickness which is greater than L/175 of the span at design load, and a uniform 3-second load duration. less than or equal to the square footage listed under the appropri- Breakage probability for IG is 8/1,000 units. By definition, breakage of either lite in ate column for DP and Aspect Ratio. Example: A two-pane IG with an IG unit constitutes unit breakage. The 8/1,000 unit breakage probability is the a dimension of 24” x 48” (8 square feet) with annealed 3.0 mm combined probability for both lites when the unit is exposed to design load. glass will meet a DP60 design pressure rating.

DOUBLE-PANE DESIGN PRESSURE LIMITS – ANNEALED GLASS

Maximum Area in Square Footage

DP80 DP60 DP50 DP40 DP30 Recommended Glass Thickness Aspect ratio Aspect ratio Aspect ratio Aspect ratio Aspect ratio Aspect ratio Aspect ratio Aspect ratio Aspect ratio Aspect ratio Maximum Length (mm) ˜2 2 ˜2 2 ˜2 2 ˜2 2 ˜2 2 (inches)

2.2 4 37596106 8 106 106 70 > > > > > 3.0 76 118 1510156 13 156 156 80 3.9 10 9 16 13 21 15 246 20 246 246 90 4.7 14 13 20 18 27 21 336 27 336 336 100 5.7 18 18 27 24 35 29 45 37 506 506 120 8.0 29 28 41 39 52 47 72 726 726 726 144

Figure 4-8

DOUBLE-PANE DESIGN PRESSURE LIMITS – HEAT TREATED GLASS

Maximum Area in Square Footage

DP80 DP60 DP50 DP40 DP30 Recommended Glass Thickness Maximum Length (mm) HS/HS FT/FT HS/HS FT/FT HS/HS FT/FT HS/HS FT/FT HS/HS FT/FT (inches)

2.2 8NA156 NA 156 NA 156 NA 156 NA 70 3.0 13 204 206 206 206 206 206 206 206 206 80 3.9 20 306 306 306 306 306 306 306 306 306 90 4.7 27 506 37 506 506 506 506 506 506 506 100 5.7 37 606 606 606 606 606 606 606 606 606 144 8.0 83 966 966 966 966 966 966 966 966 966 144

Figure 4-9 1. Limitations are based on wind load, manufacturing and safe handling limits. 2. The ASTM E1300 “Standard Practice for Determining the Minimum Thickness and Type of Glass Required to Resist a Specified Load” was used for determining the design allowance. 3. DP Rating-Design Pressure in pounds/ft². 4. Limits shown do not apply to the IG units fabricated with mismatched glass. 5. Limitations on square footage are based on design pressure and the maximum length factors. Both factors must be considered. The maximum length tolerance cannot be exceeded regardless of the square footage. Exceeding maximum tolerance could result in design pressures less than the values shown. 6. Limitations based on safe handling and manufacturing tolerances. 7. Weight limits may restrict square foot limits. Check with Cardinal IG fabricator for possible weight limit restrictions. 8. Tables do not restrict dimensions for glass deflection. Center glass deflections may exceed 1 inch at maximum wind load. 9. HS = Heat Strengthened and FT = Fully Tempered.

CARDINAL DESIGN CRITERIA 42 4 TRIPLE-PANE DESIGN PRESSURE LIMITS – ANNEALED GLASS

Maximum Area in Square Footage

DP80 DP60 DP50 DP40 DP30 Recommended Glass Thickness Aspect ratio Aspect ratio Aspect ratio Aspect ratio Aspect ratio Aspect ratio Aspect ratio Aspect ratio Aspect ratio Aspect ratio Maximum Length (mm) ˜2 2 ˜2 2 ˜2 2 ˜2 2 ˜2 2 (inches)

2.2 75 106 75 106 95 106 106 106 106 70 > > > > > 3.0 1185 156 125 156 145 156 156 156 156 80 3.9 16135 246 195 246 246 246 246 246 246 90 4.7 20185 32255 336 335 336 335 336 336 100 5.7 27245 416 335 506 406 506 506 506 506 144 8.0 41 39 60 53 726 725 726 725 726 725 144

Figure 4-10

TRIPLE-PANE DESIGN PRESSURE LIMITS – HEAT TREATED GLASS

Maximum Area in Square Footage

DP80 DP60 DP50 DP40 DP30 Recommended Glass Thickness Maximum Length (mm) HS/HS/HS FT/FT/FT HS/HS/HS FT/FT/FT HS/HS/HS FT/FT/FT HS/HS/HS FT/FT/FT HS/HS/HS FT/FT/FT (inches)

2.2 156 NA 156 NA 156 NA 156 NA 156 NA 70 3.0 206 206 206 206 206 206 206 206 206 206 80 3.9 306 306 306 306 306 306 306 306 306 306 90 4.7 506 506 506 506 506 506 506 506 506 506 100 5.7 606 606 606 606 606 606 606 606 606 606 144 8.0 965 966 966 966 966 966 966 966 966 966 144

1. Limitations are based on wind load, manufacturing and safe handling limits. Heat Treated Triple Panes wind load values assumes all three lites are Heat Treated. Figure 4-11 2. The ASTM E1300 “Standard Practice for Determining the Minimum Thickness and Type of Glass Required to Resist a Specified Load” was used for determining the design allowance. 3. DP Rating-Design Pressure in pounds/ft². 4. Limits shown do not apply to the IG units fabricated with mismatched glass. 5. Limitations on square footage are based on design pressure and the maximum length factors. Both factors must be considered. The maximum length tolerance cannot be exceeded regardless of the square footage. Exceeding maximum tolerance could result in design pressures less than the values shown. 6. Limitations based on safe handling and manufacturing tolerances. 7. Weight limits may restrict square footage limits. Check with Cardinal IG fabricator for possible weight restrictions. 8. Tables do not restrict dimensions for glass deflection. Center glass deflections may exceed 1 inch at maximum wind load.

CARDINAL DESIGN CRITERIA 43 4 IG UNIT SIZE LIMIT GUIDELINES

Weight at Max Weight at Max Max Short Side Glass Thickness Annealed Annealed Size Annealed Max HS Max Tempered Tempered Size HS and Temp Dimension (mm) Max Size (ft2) Dual / Triple (lb) Length (in) size (ft2) Max Size (ft2) Dual / Triple (lb) Max Length (in) Temp (in)

2.2 10 24 / 36 70 15 NA 36 / 54 70 36 3.0 15 47 / 72 80 20 20 62 / 96 80 36 3.9 24 98 / 146 90 30 30 123 / 183 90 48 4.7 33161 / 2411005050245 / 36510060 5.7 50295 / 4451206060354 / 53414472 8.0 72598 / 9071449696797/ 121014496

1. Not all glass thicknesses, unit sizes, and coating options are available from all Cardinal IG locations. Figure 4-12 2. Glass sizes do not take into consideration windload requirements; see TSB IG03 for more information. 3. Use of 8 mm glass may be limited to use as the clear/interior lite of a IG unit due to the availability of Loå coated 8 mm glass. 4. Not all production facilities have the capability of producing maximum sizes listed above. 5. Some sizes may be further limited due to weight limitations of particular plants and/or production equipment. 6. Weight assumes 0.1 lb/ft2 for spacer, sealant, and desiccant per airspace, and equal thickness lites of glass. 7. Production of all unit sizes may not be practical or possible in all airspaces. 8. Further restrictions on size may be needed for particular applications.

Inert Gas Filling Improved Thermal Conductivity IG UNIT MAXIMUM DIMENSION PER AIRSPACE Inert gases; i.e., argon and The principal reason for Airspace Dimension Maximum Long Dimension Maximum Area krypton, have been used using argon or krypton in inches (mm) inches (mm) ft2 (m2) in insulating glass (IG) the airspace of an IG unit units to enhance the ther- is because the thermal 1⁄4 (6.5) 80 (2032) 20 (1.9) mal performance of the IG conductivity of these inert 5⁄16 (8.0) 90 (2286) 30 (2.8) unit and window by reduc- gases is significantly ing the U-Factor. Argon lower than that of air. 3⁄8 (9.8) 100 (2540) 50 (4.6) and krypton are colorless, This lowers the conduc- •7⁄16 (•11.5) 144 (3658) 60 (5.6) odorless, non-toxic, non- tive heat transfer across corrosive, nonflammable, the cavity of the IG unit, Figure 4-13 chemically inactive gases improving the center of Argon and Krypton krypton gases are inert specific argon fill levels in and are parts of the at- glass U-Factor and overall Because of its large and very pure in commercial IG units, Cardinal has also mosphere. Argon is ap- window U-Factor. The natural abundance, argon grades, there is no concern installed online argon proximately 1% of the lower conductance of is inexpensive compared over chemical reactions measuring equipment atmosphere and krypton these gases is due to the to krypton. Krypton is with other materials used using Spark Emission is approximately fact that their molecular approximately 600 times in an insulating glass unit Spectroscopy (SES) or 0.000001% or 1 part per mass is greater than that the price of argon and or window. Tunable Diode Laser million of the atmosphere. of air. With a larger mass, fluctuates significantly absorption spectroscopy In 1988, Cardinal developed these inert gases move with market conditions. on all our production lines. and patented a state-of- slower than air, and there That is the main reason the-art process for argon are fewer molecular why krypton is used filling of insulating glass collisions per unit of time. sparingly compared to units. Recognizing the Fewer collisions result in argon. Since argon and less heat transfer. need to determine the

CARDINAL DESIGN CRITERIA 44 4 Gas Fill Levels experience, we can confi- cation Council). To certify Since argon is approxi- In Europe, EN1279 part 3 The insulating glass (IG) dently assert that Cardinal that it meets argon fill mately 1% of the earth’s is the governing standard unit size, geometry and IG units will have an level requirements, a atmosphere, there is a on gas filling. This specifi- addition of internal grilles, average initial argon fill manufacturer must have driving force for the argon cation requires that tested etc., influence the effec- level of 90% or greater. an average initial argon to permeate through all specimens demonstrate a tiveness of the argon filling fill level of 90% for test IG edge seals to the am- leakage rate of <1% per Cardinal certifies that its process. For instance, specimens, along with bient atmosphere. Like- year after weather cycling. insulating glass products grilles inside the airspace an average of 80% after wise, there is a similar Cardinal’s IG units have are constructed similarly contain air, and the air in exposure to the ASTM driving force for air been independently tested to specimens that were the grilles will reduce the E2190 weathering cycle. (oxygen and nitrogen) to by European labs and audited, tested and found overall initial argon percent Cardinal meets these permeate into the IG unit. meet this requirement. to pass the stated re- fill level. Based on 20 requirements as listed quirements of the IGCC years of argon filling, in the IGCC Certified (Insulating Glass Certifi- testing and manufacturing Products Directory.

Safety Glazing

Safety glazing may be required to meet local and/or national building codes. The Safety Glazing Certification Council (SGCC) provides for the certification of safety glazing materials found to be in compliance with one or more of the following requirements: ANSI Z-97.1, CPSC 16CFR 1201 cat. I and CPSC 16CFR 1201 cat. II, as listed below (Figure 4-8).

SAFETY GLAZING STANDARDS

ANSI Z97.1 Class B/ ANSI Z97.1 Class A CPSC 16 CFR 1201 Cat I CPSC 16 CFR 1201 Cat II

Use of Standard To test and identify glasses as safety glazing materials To test and identify glasses as safety glazing materials which will be used in locations that are subject to human which will be used in locations that are subject to human impact resistance and as required by building codes. impact resistance and as required by building codes. Limited to glass no greater than 9 ft².

Impact Test Class B/Cat I; 100 pound bag drop from height of 18 inches. Class A /Cat II; 100 pound bag drop from height of 48 inches. Requirements

Evaluation Criteria a. If fracture occurs at the specified class drop height, the 10 largest particles shall not weigh more than 10 square inches for Tempered Glass of the glass tested. to Pass Standard b. If no fracture occurs from the bag drop test, then the glass shall be broken using either a spring loaded center punch or a sharp impactor such as a pointed hammer. The criteria described in (a) above is used for pass/fail criteria. Certain additional criteria may apply when using the spring loaded punch for pass/fail. Refer to ANSI standard for additional details.

Evaluation Criteria a. No fracture at the respective drop height. for Laminated Glass b. If fracture occurs at the specified drop height, there shall be no hole through which a 3 inch diameter sphere will to Pass Standard freely pass. c. If particles are detached from the test specimen, they shall in total weigh no more than a mass equivalent to 15.5 in² of the original test specimen. Detached individual particles less than the mass equivalent of 1 in² are to be excluded from the fragment analysis. The single largest particle shall weigh less than a mass equivalent to 6.82 in² of the original test specimen.

Figure 4-14

CARDINAL DESIGN CRITERIA 45 4 High Altitude When insulating glass (IG) units are installed at altitudes Glass deflection, edge seal loads and breakage probability above where they were manufactured, they will bow can be quantified if the IG unit construction, glass size outward, creating stress in the glass and IG edge seal. and a magnitude of the initial pressure imbalance is Depending on unit size, airspace and glass thickness, known. The perceived distortion for a given deflection this stress can be enough to cause glass breakage and is subjective. Objections to glass deflection generally unit failure. occur when the unit is viewed from the exterior at some distance away from the building. Distortion The conventional approach to alleviate these problems complaints are greatest for concave surfaces such as is to install a capillary tube. The tube permits the IG a negative IG unit. unit to pressure-equalize with the local atmosphere, relieving the altitude pressure differential created by The addition of heat-strengthened or tempered glass the difference in manufacturing altitude and installa- in one lite of the IG unit will not change the glass de- tion altitude. When argon gas is used in the airspace, flection, but will reduce the glass breakage probability. capillary tubes will permit the argon gas to escape. If heat-strengthened or tempered glass were used in U-Factors should be based on an air-filled IG unit both lites of an IG unit, the breakage probability due to construction. altitude changes will be significantly reduced. Pressure Imbalance Problems Ideal IG Unit Construction When an IG unit is exposed to windloads, local barometric If IG units are being considered for installation in high- fluctuations, temperature swings or an altitude change, altitude applications, consideration for breakage, a pressure imbalance is created. Depending on the deflection, damage to the insulating glass seal and glass stiffness, there are four potential issues associated distortion should be made. If any of these parameters with these pressure loads: are beyond acceptable levels, air-filled capillary tube • Damage to the insulating glass seal IG units should be considered. • Glass breakage • Excessive deflection and clearance problems for operating windows • Complaints about unacceptable distortion resulting from glass deflection

CARDINAL DESIGN CRITERIA 46 4 Whether you need to meet hurricane codes, provide home security or reduce noise, Cardinal offers a laminated glass to meet your requirements, delivering a level of security and serenity that can’t be realized with ordinary glass. LAMI- NATED GLASS

47 5 What is Laminated Glass? Laminated glass is constructed with two or more plies of glass permanently bonded together with one or more polymeric interlayers. The primary feature of laminated glass is superior safety. Although it will break on impact, ANNEALED GLASS breaks easily, TEMPERED GLASS shatters LAMINATED GLASS may crack unlike annealed or producing long, sharp splinters. completely under higher levels of under impact but tends to remain impact energy, and few pieces integral, adhering to the interlayer. tempered glass, the glass remain in the frame. fragments will adhere to the interlayer to keep the glass intact and resist penetration. Safety Safety glazing refers to glazing with additional safety features that make it less likely to break, or less likely to pose a threat when broken. It is used in applications where it is subject to accidental human impact, and may be required to meet any local and/or national building codes. Cardinal certifies its laminated products through the Safety Glazing Certification Council (SGCC) sampling and testing program. The SGCC is an independent agency which confirms that safety glass meets the following industry Glass Interlayer Glass safety standards for glazing materials: • ANSI Z97.1 Class “A” and CPSC 16CFR 1201 Cat II – laminated glass with 0.030” interlayer and thicker • ANSI Z97.1 Class “B” and CPSC 16 CFR 1201 Cat I – laminated glass with 0.015” interlayer

The layered nature of laminated glass also offers superior sound control and limits the BENEFITS AND APPLICATIONS amount of harmful UV radiation infiltration that can fade interior furnish- SAFETY GLAZING STANDARDS ings. In addition, laminated ANSI Z97.1 Class B/ ANSI Z97.1 Class A glass provides greater CPSC 16 CFR 1201 Cat I CPSC 16 CFR 1201 Cat II aesthetic flexibility than monolithic glass, and Use of Standard To test and identify glasses as safety glazing materials To test and identify glasses as safety glazing materials which will be used in locations that are subject to human which will be used in locations that are subject to human annealed laminated glass impact resistance and as required by building codes. impact resistance and as required by building codes. can be used instead of Limited to glass no greater than 9 ft². monolithic tempered glass Impact Test Class B/Cat I; 100 pound bag drop from height of 18 inches. Class A /Cat II; 100 pound bag drop from height of 48 inches. to avoid the risk of visible Requirements distortions that can occur Evaluation Criteria a. If fracture occurs at the specified class drop height, the 10 largest particles shall not weigh more than 10 square inches during heat treatment. for Tempered Glass of the glass tested. Cardinal offers a wide to Pass Standard b. If no fracture occurs from the bag drop test, then the glass shall be broken using either a spring loaded center array of design options to punch or a sharp impactor such as a pointed hammer. The criteria described in (a) above is used for pass/fail criteria. meet various building Certain additional criteria may apply when using the spring loaded punch for pass/fail. Refer to ANSI standard for additional details. codes, performance levels and aesthetic require- Evaluation Criteria a. No fracture at the respective drop height. ments. for Laminated Glass b. If fracture occurs at the specified drop height, there shall be no hole through which a 3 inch diameter sphere will to Pass Standard freely pass. c. If particles are detached from the test specimen, they shall in total weigh no more than a mass equivalent to 15.5 in² of the original test specimen. Detached individual particles less than the mass equivalent of 1 in² are to be excluded from the fragment analysis. The single largest particle shall weigh less than a mass equivalent to 6.82 in² of the original test specimen.

Figure 5-1

LAMINATED GLASS 48 6 Glazing Fabricator: Custom Window Systems Laminator: Cardinal Glass Industries Building Owners: Dr. Lebron Lacky & Russell King © Johnny Milano Johnny ©

House still standing after Hurricane Michael 2018, Mexico Beach, Florida. See Trosifol Case Study: Sand Palace for more information.

tough testing requirements products may be of different and design pressures panded beyond Florida as for impact resistance. Cardi- thicknesses or types. For greater than 80 PSF. It is states have adopted the nal’s Sea-Storm products example, glass with an critical to remember that International Building have been successfully 0.060” PVB interlayer is hurricane testing is con- Codes. Because the tested in many glazing typically adequate to meet ducted on the whole system International Codes serve Windborne Debris systems that meet the small missile performance. and elements other than the as models for the states or Resistance requirements of Miami- For large missile perform- glazing infill, such as the local jurisdictions, there Dade County TAS 201, TAS ance up to about 30 ft2 and framing system and sealant, are often differences in Windows and glazed portions 203, ASTM E1886 and ASTM 80 PSF design pressure, have a direct effect on the requirements from one of doors are critical compo- E1996. The Miami-Dade 0.090” PVB is normally performance during impact region to another. Design nents of a building’s enve- County testing protocols are adequate. SentryGlas® in and cycling loads. professionals are encour- lope. They are, however, regarded as some of the thicknesses of 0.090” and aged to research the local Windborne debris protection vulnerable to damage from most rigorous product 0.100” is typically used for building codes when requirements have ex- wind forces and windborne performance testing currently glazing sizes beyond 30 ft2 beginning new projects. debris, particularly in geo- available. In this testing, the graphic regions prone to glazing system must with- hurricanes. Once broken, stand a large missile impact wind can enter the building from a 9-pound 2x4 travel- and cause internal pressur- ing at 50 feet per second (34 ization that can lead to miles/hr.) and then complete catastrophic structural fail- 9000 positive and negative ure. Sea-Storm® impact- pressure cycles equating to resistant laminated glass wind gusts of up to 150 mph products help prevent this or more. from happening. Depending on the location, In order to meet hurricane size of the glazing area, When a building envelope is breached through a broken window, wind can enter the building and create a building codes, commercial and design pressures, the sudden pressure increase that lifts the roof and pushes the walls outward, causing the building to collapse. and residential window and recommended interlayer Sea-Storm® Impact-Rated laminated glass helps preserve the building envelope, minimizing the damage door systems have to meet used in Sea-Storm® from wind, rain and other elements.

LAMINATED GLASS 49 6 Fallout Protection (Post-Breakage Performance) INTERLAYER PERFORMANCE COMPARISON Glass has long been used as an architectural element for railing and guard systems, in both residential and commercial settings. However, several high-profile Standard Structural Properties PVB PVB SentryGlas incidents of tempered glass breakage in recent years have raised concern over the safety of glass railings Post Breakage Performance at Room Temperature and guard systems. In order to address the issue of Post Breakage Performance at Elevated Temperature glass fallout, the International Building Code has required the use of fully tempered laminated or heat- Structural Properties at Room Temperature strengthened laminated glass in most railing applications. Structural Properties at Elevated Temperature High-performance structural interlayers such as Edge Stability SentryGlas® and structural PVB are ideal choices for structural glass applications, exposed edge laminates, Figure 5-2 floors, stairs, balconies and many other architectural applications. This is due to their post-breakage strength, high film shear modulus, and outstanding clarity and edge stability. © Kuraray ©

Blast Resistance Security The use of blast-resistant Security glazing is used as glazing can mitigate the a means of keeping people number and severity of and property safe for a glass-related injuries if considerable time during a bomb blasts occur. Cardi- security threat. Security glazing generally falls into nal laminated glass can five broad categories based be used to meet blast on the level of penetration SECURITY GLAZING performance levels resistance and threat type: specified by the General • Basic Glass Services Administration, Penetration Basic Safety Forced Entry + Ballistic Department of State and • Enhanced Resistance Glazing Enhanced Forced Entry Ballistics Protection Department of Defense. It • Forced Entry Threat to Accidental Simulated Repeated Ballistic assault Ballistic assault is important to note that Glazing human impact weapon assaults followed by forced using various much like a hurricane- • Forced Entry + Ballistics impact by entry impact to ammunition resistant window, a blast- 2 x 4 gain entry classes resistant window oper- • Ballistic Protection Typical Minimum Burglary Non-monitored Very high-risk Ballistic risk areas Application requirements for risk areas areas; high- areas ates as a system, so the lobby, entry, first risk glazing; performance will vary floor windows detention based on the frame design, and doors facilities anchorage, glazing details, Typical Two glass layers Two glass Multiple plies Multiple layers of Multiple layers of Laminate with interlayer layers with of glass and/or glass, interlayers, glass, interlayers, glass and interlayer type minimum polycarbonate resins and/or plastic resins and/or plastic and thickness. 0.060 in with poly- materials such as materials such as interlayer urethane polycarbonate or polycarbonate or interlayer acrylic acrylic Test ANSI Z97.1 ASTM E2395 ASTM F3038 ASTM F1233 UL 752 Standards UL972 ASTM F1915 NIJ 0108.01 ASTM F3006 Test Glass Extended Longer Deterrence time No penetration of Criteria containment deterrence duration extended witness panel from upon breakage to entry deterrence glass or plastic spall

Figure 5-3 LAMINATED GLASS 50 6 Decorative The use of laminated glass in decorative applications provides designers with considerable artistic free- dom. Cardinal decorative laminated glass can be made with unique textiles, meshes, wood veneers, rice papers, prints, metals, mirrors and more. Addi- tional fabrication such as polished edges, notching, and hole drilling is also available for use in glass railings, interior partitions, office furniture and other design uses.

Energy Efficiency Cardinal laminated glass can be supplied incorporat- ing Cardinal low emissivity glass to reduce heat loss from the building and thus save on energy costs. Loå, Loå², Loå³ and Quad Loå coatings can be used when in an insulating glass unit with the coating facing the airspace. These coatings can be used monolithically with the coating facing the interlayer (embedded) and edge deleted to minimize risk of corrosion. However, there will be a color shift when the Loå coating is embedded, and not all Loå Monolithic Laminated Insulating Laminated Laminated Insulating Figure 5-4 products have a desirable appearance when embed- ded. Loå³ and Quad Loå coatings have the most desirable appearance when embedded.

LAMINATED GLASS 51 6 Sound Control SOUND PERFORMANCE COMPARISONS Laminated glass reduces the level of noise with con- Nominal siderably greater efficiency Glass Product Thickness STC OITC than monolithic glass of the 1/4“ Monolithic Glass 1/4” 31 29 same thickness. This is achieved through the sound 7.0 PVB (3.0-0.030” PVB-3.0) 1/4” 35 31 dampening properties of the 7.0 PVB (3.0-0.030” Acoustic PVB-3.0) 1/4” 36 32 interlayer, which will vary 12.8 PVB (5.7-0.060” PVB-5.7) 9/16” 37 34 with the type and thickness of the interlayer. 12.8 SG (5.7-0.060” SG-5.7) 9/16” 35 33 In cases where increased noise attenuation is desired, Double-Pane: 3.0 Clear / 13.0 / 3.0 Clear 3/4” 31 26 special acoustic PVB interlayers with increased sound Double-Pane: 5.7 Clear / 13.0 / 5.7 Clear 1” 35 28 reduction performance are available. Double-Pane: 7.0 PVB / 6.5 / 3.1 Clear 5/8” 35 31 An STC rating is calculated in accordance with ASTM E413 Double-Pane: 7.0 PVB / 13.0 / 5.7 Clear 1” 39 31 over the frequency range of 125 to 4000 HZ. The OITC Double-Pane: 10.0 PVB / 13.0 / 5.7 Clear 1-1/8” 40 31 rating is calculated in accordance to ASTM E1332 over Double-Pane Laminate: 7.0 PVB / 13.0 / 7.0 PVB 1-1/16” 42 33 the frequency range of 80 to 4000 HZ. Triple-Pane: 5.7 Clear / 13.0 / 5.7 Clear / 13.0 / 5.7 Clear 1-11/16” 39 31 Triple-Pane Laminate: 7.0 PVB / 13.0 / 7.0 PVB / 13.0 / 7.0 PVB 1-27/32” 44 33

Figure 5-5

Without LG UV and Solar Control UV TRANSMISSION COMPARISON PVB and SG laminated glass UV-B UV-A Visible Light products absorb the sun’s 90% UV radiation while allowing 80% 8mm Clear important visible light to 70% pass through. Consequently, 60% 7.8 SG the glass helps protect 50% With LG curtains, furnishings and 40% carpets from fading caused 7.8 SVB 30% by the damaging effects of

Light Transmission 20% short-wave ultraviolet 8mm Loå3-366® radiation. Laminated glass 10% can incorporate tinted 0% interlayer, tinted or reflective 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500 glass, or embedded Loå coatings to reduce glare and heat Wavelength (nm) gain in a building. Figure 5-6

Turtle Glass TURTLE GLASS COMPARISONS Turtle glass is glass that is tinted to reduce light projection and has a visible light transmittance of 45% or less in Visible Light order to meet lighting ordinances for coastline areas. Thickness Laminate Configuration Transmittance This table shows some examples of laminate construc- tions that will meet or exceed the requirements of the 9/32” 3mm Grey / 0.038” SG / 3mm LoE³-366® (#3) 41% “Turtle Code.” 19/64” 3mm Grey / 0.060” PVB / 3mm LoE³-366® (#3) 42% 5/16” 3mm Grey / 0.090” PVB / 3mm LoE³-366® (#3) 41% 5/16” 3mm Clear / 0.030” Grey PVB + 0.060” PVB / 3mm LoE³-366® (#3) 31% 5/16” 3mm Clear / 0.030” Grey PVB + 0.060” PVB / 3mm Clear 45% 9/16” 6mm Grey / 0.090” PVB / 6mm Clear 43% 9/32” 3mm Grey / 0.035” SG / 3mm Quad 452+™ (#3) 38% 5/16” 3mm Grey / 0.090” PVB / 3mm Quad 452+™ (#3) 38% 5/16” 3mm Grey / 0.090” PVB / 3mm Quad 452+™ (#3) 38%

Figure 5-7

LAMINATED GLASS 52 6 Interlayer Options Trosifol® UltraClear is a conventional PVB. Interlayer Acoustic Interlayers: specialized PVB with high available in 0.100” (2.54 Polymeric interlayers are • Saflex® Acoustic adhesion and a low yellow- mm) thickness. used to permanently bond ness index available in • Trosifol® SC Monolayer two plies of glass in a SentryGlas® is an ionoplast three thicknesses: laminated configuration. interlayer. It is a high • Trosifol® SC Multilayer Cardinal LG offers a wide • 0.030” (0.76 mm) strength and high stiffness variety of interlayer options interlayer that is the least • 0.045” (1.14 mm) to meet your specific vulnerable to moisture UV Selective Interlayers: exposure or yellowing over requirements. • 0.060” (1.52 mm) ® time. Available thicknesses: • Saflex SG Polyvinyl Butyral (PVB) is Structural PVB is a spe- • Trosifol® Natural UV a standard architectural cialized PVB capable of • 0.038” interlayer available in five ® providing superior struc- • 0.060” • SentryGlas Natural UV different thicknesses: tural performance com- • Trosifol® UV Extra Protect INTERLAYERS pared with standard PVB. • 0.090” • 0.015” (0.38 mm) Interlayer available in • 0.100” • 0.030” (0.76 mm) 0.030” (0.76 mm) thickness by Kuraray (Trosifol® Extra Saflex® Storm is a compos- Tinted PVB Interlayers: • 0.045” (1.14 mm) Stiff) and Eastman ite interlayer composed of • Vanceva® • 0.060” (1.52 mm) (Saflex® DG). PVB and PET. This inter- ® layer provides the impact • Trosifol Color • 0.090” (2.28 mm) Saflex® High Protection resistance of PVB and the ® (HP) is a specialized PVB • Trosifol Tints The most commonly used tear resistance of polyethyl- which provides high glass ® ene terephthalate (PET) • Trosifol Black & White thicknesses include 0.030", adhesion and improved film. Interlayer is available 0.060" and 0.090". performance for large in 0.077” (1.96 mm) missile hurricane-resistant thickness. applications relative to

LAMINATED GLASS INTERLAYER APPLICATIONS

Impact Impact Resistant Resistant Blast Interlayer Material Safety Structural (small missile) (large missile) Security Mitigating Acoustic UV Control Decorative

PVB 0.030”

PVB 0.060”

PVB 0.090”

Trosifol® UltraClear

Structural PVB

Saflex® HP

SentryGlas®

Saflex® Storm

Acoustic Interlayers

UV Selective

Tinted PVB

†This chart is a general reference to represent the primary use for each type of interlayer. For example, while the primary application for tinted PVB is decorative, it could still be used in a safety application. Figure 5-8 ‡This chart does not indicate compliance for a specific application. Laminated glass is a component of the overall glazing system; therefore, the performance in a specific application is dependent upon other factors.

LAMINATED GLASS 53 6 SG (SENTRYGLAS®)

Nominal Target Visible Light U-Factor Laminate Fractional Thickness Reflectance BTU/hr·ft²·°F UV Transmittance Laminate ID Configuration Inches in (mm) Out In SHGC (W/m²·K) Transmission

6.0 SG 2.7 – 0.038” SG – 2.7 1/4 0.246 (6.25) 89% 9% 9% 0.81 1.00 (5.70) 1% 6.8 SG 2.7 – 0.060” SG – 2.7 9/32 0.271 (6.88) 89% 9% 9% 0.80 0.98 (5.57) 1% 7.0 SG 3.0 – 0.038” SG – 3.0 9/32 0.272 (6.91) 89% 8% 8% 0.80 1.00 (5.66) 1% 7.8 SG 3.0 – 0.060” SG – 3.0 5/16 0.297 (7.54) 89% 8% 8% 0.79 0.98 (5.60) <1% 8.6 SG 3.0 – 0.090” SG – 3.0 11/32 0.329 (8.36) 88% 8% 8% 0.78 0.96 (5.51) <1% 8.7 SG 3.9 – 0.038” SG – 3.9 11/32 0.342 (8.69) 88% 8% 8% 0.77 0.99 (5.61) <1% 9.3 SG 3.9 – 0.060” SG – 3.9 3/8 0.367 (9.32) 88% 8% 8% 0.76 0.97 (5.50) <1% 10.0 SG 4.7 – 0.038” SG – 4.7 13/32 0.404 (10.26) 87% 8% 8% 0.76 0.98 (5.55) <1% 10.1 SG 3.9 – 0.090” SG – 3.9 13/32 0.399 (10.13) 87% 8% 8% 0.75 0.95 (5.44) <1% 10.8 SG 4.7 – 0.060” SG – 4.7 7/16 0.429 (10.9) 88% 8% 8% 0.75 0.96 (5.45) <1% 11.7 SG 4.7 – 0.090” SG – 4.7 15/32 0.461 (11.71) 86% 8% 8% 0.74 0.94 (5.40) <1% 12.0 SG 5.7 – 0.038” SG – 5.7 15/32 0.484 (12.29) 86% 8% 8% 0.73 0.97 (5.49) <1% 12.8 SG 5.7 – 0.060” SG – 5.7 1/2 0.509 (12.93) 87% 8% 8% 0.73 0.95 (5.43) <1% 13.6 SG 5.7 – 0.090” SG – 5.7 1/2 0.541 (13.74) 85% 8% 8% 0.72 0.93 (5.35) <1% < 1. Calcualted using LBNL WINDOW and Optics comptuer modeling programs using NFRC standard conditions. < Figure 5-9

PVB (POLYVINYL BUTYRAL)

Nominal Target Visible Light U-Factor Laminate Fractional Thickness Reflectance BTU/hr·ft²·°F UV Transmittance Laminate ID Configuration Inches in (mm) Out In SHGC (W/m²·K) Transmission

6.0 PVB 2.7 – 0.030" PVB – 2.7 1/4 0.238 (6.05) 89% 9% 9% 0.80 1.01 (5.71) 1% 6.8 PVB 2.7 – 0.060" PVB – 2.7 17/64 0.268 (6.82) 88% 9% 9% 0.79 0.98 (5.59) 1% 7.0 PVB 3.0 – 0.030" PVB – 3.0 1/4 0.264 (6.72) 89% 8% 8% 0.81 1.01 (5.76) <1% 7.8 PVB 3.0 – 0.060" PVB – 3.0 19/64 0.294 (7.48) 88% 9% 9% 0.78 0.98 (5.56) <1% 8.6 PVB 3.0 – 0.090" PVB – 3.0 5/16 0.324 (8.24) 88% 9% 9% 0.78 0.98 (5.56) <1% 8.7 PVB 3.9 – 0.030" PVB – 3.9 5/16 0.334 (8.45) 88% 8% 8% 0.78 1.00 (5.70) <1% 9.3 PVB 3.9 – 0.060" PVB – 3.9 3/8 0.364 (9.21) 87% 9% 9% 0.76 0.97 (5.51) <1% 10.0 PVB 4.7 – 0.030" PVB – 4.7 3/8 0.396 (10.02) 87% 8% 8% 0.76 0.98 (5.58) <1% 10.1 PVB 3.9 – 0.090" PVB – 3.9 3/8 0.394 (9.97) 87% 9% 9% 0.76 0.95 (5.40) <1% 10.8 PVB 4.7 – 0.060" PVB – 4.7 7/16 0.426 (10.79) 87% 8% 8% 0.75 0.96 (5.47) <1% 11.7 PVB 4.7 – 0.090" PVB – 4.7 7/16 0.456 (11.55) 87% 9% 9% 0.74 0.94 (5.36) <1% 12.0 PVB 5.7 – 0.030" PVB – 5.7 15/32 0.476 (12.01) 86% 8% 8% 0.74 0.98 (5.58) <1% 12.8 PVB 5.7 – 0.060" PVB – 5.7 1/2 0.506 (12.77) 86% 8% 8% 0.72 0.96 (5.42) <1% 13.6 PVB 5.7 – 0.090" PVB – 5.7 1/2 0.536 (13.53) 86% 9% 9% 0.72 0.93 (5.30) <1% < 1. Calcualted using LBNL WINDOW and Optics comptuer modeling programs using NFRC standard conditions.

LAMINATED GLASS 54 6 SG EMBEDDED Loå COATING

Nominal Target Visible Light U-Factor Fractional Thickness Reflectance BTU/hr·ft²·°F UV Transmittance Laminate Configuration Inches in (mm) Out In SHGC (W/m²·K) Transmission

3.0 Loå-180® (#2) – 0.090” SG – 3.0 11/32 0.329 (8.36) 83% 9% 9% 0.66 0.98 (5.58) 1% 4.7 Loå-180® (#2) – 0.090” SG – 4.7 15/32 0.461 (11.71) 82% 9% 9% 0.66 0.94 (5.33) 1% 5.7 Loå-180® (#2) – 0.090” SG – 5.7 1/2 0.541 (13.74) 81% 9% 9% 0.63 0.91 (5.16) <1% 3.0 Loå2-270® (#2) – 0.090” SG – 3.0 11/32 0.329 (8.36) 73% 10% 10% 0.41 0.97 (5.52) <1% 4.7 Loå2-270® (#2) – 0.090” SG – 4.7 15/32 0.461 (11.71) 71% 10% 10% 0.42 0.95 (5.41) <1% 5.7 Loå2-270® (#2) – 0.090” SG – 5.7 1/2 0.541 (13.74) 71% 10% 9% 0.42 0.94 (5.36) <1% 3.0 LoE3-366® (#2) – 0.090” SG – 3.0 11/32 0.329 (8.36) 62% 13% 13% 0.34 0.97 (5.51) <1% 3.9 LoE3-366® (#2) – 0.090” SG – 3.9 13/32 0.399 (10.13) 61% 12% 12% 0.34 0.96 (5.46) <1% 4.7 LoE3-366® (#2) – 0.090” SG – 4.7 15/32 0.461 (11.71) 60% 11% 11% 0.35 0.95 (5.42) <1% 5.7 LoE3-366® (#2) – 0.090” SG – 5.7 1/2 0.541 (13.74) 57% 11% 12% 0.35 0.94 (5.36) <1% 3.0 LoE3-340® (#2) – 0.035” SG – 3.0 9/32 0.272 (6.91) 37% 15% 14% 0.28 1.00 (5.70) <1% 3.0 LoE3-340® (#2) – 0.090” SG – 3.0 11/32 0.329 (8.36) 37% 15% 14% 0.28 0.98 (5.53) <1% 4.7 LoE3-340® (#2) – 0.035” SG – 4.7 9/32 0.272 (6.91) 37% 14% 14% 0.29 0.99 (5.59) <1% 4.7 LoE3-340® (#2) – 0.090” SG – 4.7 15/32 0.461 (11.71) 37% 14% 14% 0.29 0.96 (5.44) <1% 5.7 LoE3-340® (#2) – 0.035” SG – 5.7 9/32 0.272 (6.91) 37% 14% 13% 0.30 0.97 (5.53) <1% 5.7 LoE3-340® (#2) – 0.090” SG – 5.7 1/2 0.541 (13.74) 37% 14% 13% 0.30 0.95 (5.38) <1% 3.0 Quad Loå-452+™ (#2) – 0.035” SG – 3.0 9/32 0.272 (6.91) 55% 9% 13% 0.31 1.00 (5.68) <1% 3.0 Quad Loå-452+™ (#2) – 0.090” SG – 3.0 11/32 0.329 (8.36) 55% 9% 13% 0.31 0.97 (5.51) <1% 4.7 Quad Loå-452+™ (#2) – 0.035” SG – 4.7 9/32 0.272 (6.91) 54% 9% 12% 0.33 0.98 (5.56) <1% 4.7 Quad Loå-452+™ (#2) – 0.090” SG – 4.7 15/32 0.461 (11.71) 54% 9% 13% 0.33 0.95 (5.39) <1% 5.7 Quad Loå-452+™ (#2) – 0.035” SG – 5.7 9/32 0.272 (6.91) 54% 9% 12% 0.33 0.97 (5.51) <1% 5.7 Quad Loå-452+™ (#2) – 0.090” SG – 5.7 1/2 0.541 (13.74) 54% 9% 12% 0.33 0.94 (5.34) <1% < 1. Calcualted using LBNL WINDOW and Optics comptuer modeling programs using NFRC standard conditions.

LAMINATED GLASS 55 6 PVB EMBEDDED Loå COATING

Nominal Target Visible Light U-Factor Fractional Thickness Reflectance BTU/hr·ft²·°F UV Transmittance Laminate Configuration Inches in (mm) Out In SHGC (W/m²·K) Transmission

3.0 LoE2-270® (#2) – 0.090” PVB – 3.0 5/16 0.324 (8.24) 73% 10% 10% 0.42 0.96 (5.46) 1% 3.9 LoE2-270® (#2) – 0.090” PVB – 3.9 3/8 0.394 (9.97) 72% 10% 9% 0.42 0.95 (5.40) 1% 4.7 LoE2-270® (#2) – 0.090” PVB – 4.7 7/16 0.456 (11.55) 71% 10% 10% 0.42 0.94 (5.36) <1% 5.7 LoE2-270® (#2) – 0.090” PVB – 5.7 1/2 0.536 (13.53) 71% 10% 10% 0.42 0.93 (5.30) <1% 3.0 LoE3-366® (#2) – 0.060” PVB – 3.0 19/64 0.294 (7.48) 61% 13% 13% 0.34 0.98 (5.58) <1% 3.0 LoE3-366® (#2) – 0.090” PVB – 3.0 5/16 0.324 (8.24) 61% 13% 13% 0.34 0.96 (5.46) <1% 3.9 LoE3-366® (#2) – 0.090” PVB – 3.9 3/8 0.394 (9.97) 61% 14% 14% 0.34 0.95 (5.40) <1% 4.7 LoE3-366® (#2) – 0.060” PVB – 4.7 7/16 0.426 (10.79) 61% 13% 12% 0.35 0.97 (5.48) <1% 4.7 LoE3-366® (#2) – 0.090” PVB – 4.7 7/16 0.456 (11.55) 61% 13% 12% 0.35 0.95 (5.37) <1% 5.7 LoE3-366® (#2) – 0.060” PVB – 5.7 1/2 0.506 (12.77) 61% 13% 12% 0.36 0.95 (5.42) <1% 5.7 LoE3-366® (#2) – 0.090” PVB – 5.7 1/2 0.536 (13.53) 60% 13% 12% 0.36 0.94 (5.31) <1% 3.0 LoE3-340® (#2) – 0.060” PVB – 3.0 19/64 0.294 (7.48) 37% 15% 14% 0.28 0.98 (5.58) <1% 3.0 LoE3-340® (#2) – 0.090” PVB – 3.0 5/16 0.324 (8.24) 37% 15% 14% 0.28 0.96 (5.46) <1% 4.7 LoE3-340® (#2) – 0.060” PVB – 4.7 7/16 0.426 (10.79) 37% 14% 14% 0.29 0.97 (5.48) <1% 4.7 LoE3-340® (#2) – 0.090” PVB – 4.7 7/16 0.456 (11.55) 37% 14% 14% 0.29 0.95 (5.37) <1% 5.7 LoE3-340® (#2) – 0.060” PVB – 5.7 1/2 0.506 (12.77) 37% 14% 13% 0.30 0.95 (5.42) <1% 5.7 LoE3-340® (#2) – 0.090” PVB – 5.7 1/2 0.536 (13.53) 37% 14% 14% 0.30 0.94 (5.31) <1% 3.0 Quad Loå-452+™ (#2) – 0.060” PVB – 3.0 19/64 0.294 (7.48) 55% 9% 13% 0.31 0.98 (5.56) <1% 3.0 Quad Loå-452+™ (#2) – 0.090” PVB – 3.0 5/16 0.324 (8.24) 55% 9% 13% 0.31 0.96 (5.45) <1% 4.7 Quad Loå-452+™ (#2) – 0.060” PVB – 4.7 7/16 0.426 (10.79) 54% 9% 12% 0.33 0.96 (5.45) <1% 4.7 Quad Loå-452+™ (#2) – 0.090” PVB – 4.7 7/16 0.456 (11.55) 54% 9% 12% 0.33 0.94 (5.34) <1% 5.7 Quad Loå-452+™ (#2) – 0.060” PVB – 5.7 1/2 0.506 (12.77) 54% 9% 12% 0.33 0.95 (5.39) <1% 5.7 Quad Loå-452+™ (#2) – 0.090” PVB – 5.7 1/2 0.536 (13.53) 54% 9% 12% 0.33 0.93 (5.28) <1% < 1. Calcualted using LBNL WINDOW and Optics comptuer modeling programs using NFRC standard conditions.

LAMINATED GLASS 56 6 Websites You May Find Helpful

Cardinal Glass Industries Certification Programs cardinalcorp.com Certification programs like these help us make sure that our ASHRAE product designs comply with government safety and durability. ashrae.org Insulating Glass Certification Council (IGCC) ASTM International National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC) astm.org Safety Glazing Certification Council (SGCC) Canadian General Standards Board (CGSB) Conformity to CEN (European Committee tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca for Standardization) Program Requirements Consumer Product Safety Commission Standards and Codes cpsc.gov By complying with established standards, our inherent quality and product performance are fully recognized. ENERGY STAR energystar.gov ASHRAE Fenestration and Glazing Industry Alliance ASTM International fgiaonline.org Canadian General Standards Board (CGSB) International Code Council Insulating Glass Certification Council igcc.org Trade Associations Cardinal supports industry efforts in research, education International Code Council iccsafe.org and the advancement of building science through work with these organizations. National Fenestration Rating Council nfrc.org Center for Glass Research Society of Vacuum Coaters National Glass Association glass.org Window & Door Manufacturers Association (WDMA) National Glass Association (NGA) Safety Glazing Certification Council Fenestration and Glazing Industry Alliance (FGIA) sgcc.org Society of Vacuum Coaters svc.org Window & Door Manufacturers Association (WDMA) wdma.com LBL Windows and Daylighting windows.lbl.gov

57 Index

The following is an alphabetical index of common terms for easy reference.

Acoustical Properties...... See STC P-1...... 35 Annealed Glass ...... 39 PAR ...... 29 American National Standards Institute (ANSI)...... 45 Passive Heating ...... 19 Argon Gas ...... 44 Photocatalytic ...... See Neat+ American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)...... 57 Plant Growth...... 29 Polyisobutylene (PIB) ...... 34 Blast Resistance ...... 50 Preserve...... 11 Bow ...... 39 Polyvinyl butyral (PVB) ...... 53

Chemical Fog ...... 37 Relative Heat Gain...... 13 Compatibility...... 33 R-Value...... 13 Comfort ...... 26 Condensation ...... 23 Sea-Storm...... 49 Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) ...... 45 Safety Glass...... See Tempered and Laminated Glass Setting Blocks...... 40 Desiccant...... 34, 37 SG ...... 53 Distortion...... 49, 40 Silicone...... 34 Size Limits...... 44 Endur IG ...... 9 Solar Control...... 52 Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC)...... 13 Fading...... 30 Spacer ...... 9, 34 STC ...... 8, 52 Gas Filling ...... 44 Tempered Glass...... 39 Heat-Strengthened Glass ...... 39 Thermal Stress...... 41 Heat Transfer ...... 19 Thermal Cycling...... 35 High Altitude ...... 46 Hurricane Protection ...... 49 U-Factor ...... 13, 16 Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation...... 13, 30 Indoor Condensation...... 23 Intelligent Quality (IQ) ...... 32 Visible Light Transmittance ...... 13, 14

Krypton Gas...... 44 Warp ...... 39 Windloads ...... 42 Laminated Glass ...... 47 Loå...... 6 x89 ...... 7 Longevity ...... 31

Masking...... See Preserve

Neat+ ...... 10

Outdoor Condensation ...... 23

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