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Built to Resist an Assessment of the Special Operations Executive’S Infrastructure in the United Kingdom During the Second World War, 1940-1946

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Built to Resist an Assessment of the Special Operations Executive’S Infrastructure in the United Kingdom During the Second World War, 1940-1946 Built to Resist An Assessment of the Special Operations Executive’s Infrastructure in the United Kingdom during the Second World War, 1940-1946 Derwin Gregory MA (cantab) MA PCIfA VOLUME I A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the School of History UNIVERSITY OF EAST ANGLIA 2015 This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with the author and that use of any information derived there from must be in accordance with current UK Copyright Law. In addition, any quotation or extract must include full attribution. Declaration I hereby declare that this thesis has not been and will not be submitted in whole or in part to any other University for the award of any other degree. Derwin Gregory i Abstract During the Second World War, the British Government established the Special Operations Executive (SOE) for the purpose of coordinating ‘all action, by way of subversion and sabotage, against the enemy overseas’. Although the overseas operations of this branch of the British Secret Services are relatively well known, no previous study has assessed the organisation’s UK based infrastructure. This thesis represents the first time the entire UK property portfolio of a clandestine government agency has been assessed. By addressing this gap in our knowledge, this thesis has increased the number of identified properties operated by SOE by 30%. This was achieved by undertaking a desk based assessment which combined pre-existing historical and archaeological methodologies. At the start of the Second World War, there were few existing facilities established within the UK to support clandestine operations. As the conflict progressed, in parallel to learning the operational procedures of their trade, SOE also had to rapidly expand their support infrastructure. The organisation could only effectively function by establishing facilities dedicated to training, research and development, supply, transportation, communication and command and control. These facilities, when required, combined reflectivity and innovation. It was, however, SOE’s preference to utilise pre-existing structures, where feasible, instead of erecting new buildings. Those facilities which were constructed were generally unique to the organisation. By assessing SOE’s UK property portfolio, this thesis goes some way to countering the often held notion that the organisation was ‘amateurish’. ii Contents Page VOLUME I Declaration i Abstract ii Contents Page iii List of Figures vi List of Tables x Abbreviations xi Acknowledgments xiv CHAPTER I: Introduction 1 SOE’s Function 4 SOE: An Historiography 5 The Methodological Approach to Researching SOE’s Built Infrastructure 8 Built to Resist: Thesis Structure 14 CHAPTER II: Historical and Archaeological Context 16 Archaeological Context 16 SOE’s Historical Context 21 SOE’s Central Characters 25 SOE’s Internal Organisation 29 SOE’s Operations 29 SOE’s Origins: The Facilities of SIS’s Section D, MI(R) and Department EH 31 CHAPTER III: Training 41 SOE’s Training Regime: An Historical Context 45 The Nature of SOE’s Training Facilities 68 The Legacy of SOE’s Training Facilities 86 CHAPTER IV: Research and Development 88 The History of SOE’s Research and Development Facilities 89 The Nature of SOE’s Research and Development Facilities 93 iii SOE’s Research and Development Infrastructure: A Case Study 114 SOE’s Material Culture 117 Archaeological Remains 118 CHAPTER V: Supply 120 SOE’s Supply Chain 121 The Nature of SOE’s Supply Chain 130 SOE’s Supply Chain: Equipping the Resistance 155 CHAPTER VI: Transportation 157 The Nature of SOE’s Transportation Hubs 158 SOE’s Transportation Infrastructure: a European Lifeline 186 CHAPTER VII: Communications 189 SOE’s Network of Home Stations 192 The Nature of SOE’s Communication Facilities 194 The Role of SOE’s Wireless Facilities in Operation NORDPOL 209 SOE’s Wireless Facilities: a Lifeline to the UK 213 CHAPTER VIII: Command and Control 216 SOE’s Command and Control Distribution 217 Station XVB, the Natural History Museum 221 CHAPTER IX: SOE’s Agents 228 Albert Robichaud 228 Max Manus, DSO, MC and Bar 234 CHAPTER X: Re-Thinking SOE 238 1942, a Changing Political Environment and the Growth of SOE 238 SOE: an Amateurish Organisation? 242 Inter-Organisational Relations 244 ‘Stately ‘Omes of England’ 247 The Destructive Nature of the Military 249 The Built Infrastructure of the Secret Services: a Theoretical Discussion 250 SOE’s International Legacy 252 Survival of Sites 255 Cultural Significance 257 Concluding Remarks 262 iv CHAPTER XI: Bibliography 264 Primary Sources 264 Books 285 Articles 296 Thesis 305 Unpublished 306 VOLUME II APPENDIX A: Gazetteer A1 APPENDIX B: Station 53b Architectural Survey Report Bi APPENDIX C: Site Plans C1 C1: Site plan of Gaynes Hall, Cambridgeshire. C2: Site plan of The Thatched Barn, Borehamwood. C3: Site plan of Aston House, Hertfordshire. APPENDIX D: Miscellaneous Data D1 v List of Figures Figure 1: Magazine at the Office of Strategic Service’s (OSS) ‘Area H’. 20 Figure 2: The history of SOE’s formation in July 1940. 24 Figure 3: SOE’s internal organisation in the summer of 1943. 28 Figure 4: St Ermin’s Hotel, the first headquarters of SIS’s Section D. 32 Figure 5: Bletchley Park, home to Section D until they relocated to Aston House. 33 Figure 6: Lochailort, home to MI(R)’s Special Training Centre. 34 Figure 7: Arisaig House, home to a MI(R) training facility. 35 Figure 8: Electra House, home of Department EH. 36 Figure 9: The Riding School, Woburn Abbey. 37 Figure 10: Paris House, Woburn Abbey. 38 Figure 11: A map of SOE’s property portfolio during the Second World War. 39 Figure 12: Graph of the number of SOE’s STSs. 43 Figure 13: A composite map of the distribution of SOE’s STSs. 44 Figure 14: Inverlair Lodge, the ‘Cooler’. 48 Figure 15: Distribution of SOE’s Paramilitary Schools in the Scottish Highlands. 51 Figure 16: The landscape of Scottish Highlands is bleak and unforgiving. 52 Figure 17: Distribution of SOE’s Finishing Schools in the Beaulieu area. 54 Figure 18: Beaulieu Manor, accommodation for the Finishing Schools instructors. 55 Figure 19: Industrial sabotage was one topics taught to students at SOE’s STSs. 62 Figure 20: Students receiving training at STS17, Brickendonbury. 63 Figure 21: RAF Ringway, 1946. 65 Figure 22: Audley End House, home to STS43. 68 Figure 23: Aerial photograph of Gorhambury, Hertfordshire, taken in 1946. 70 Figure 24: Polish students undergoing rope work exercises at Audley End. 71 Figure 25: French Commandos attempting the assault course at Achnacarry House. 72 Figure 26: Trinidad units of the South Caribbean Force undergoing bayonet practice. 73 Figure 27: SOE’s close combat training. 74 Figure 28: Example of a firing range layout as devised by Fairbairn. 76 Figure 29: Linge Company training in a Fighting House Complex. 78 Figure 30: Hypothetical plan of a ‘fighting house’. 79 vi Figure 31: Instruction on how to sabotage a locomotive using a model. 81 Figure 32: Valentine Tank at Audley End being used for demolition practice. 82 Figure 33: Norwegian armoury at a STS in Scotland. 82 Figure 34: Aerial photograph of Frogmore Farm taken in 1945. 83 Figure 35: Entrance to one of the underground structures at Frogmore Hall. 84 Figure 36: An explosive rat designed by SOE. 88 Figure 37: Composite map of SOE’s Research and Development facilities. 90 Figure 38: Pencil Time Fuze. 91 Figure 39: The Frythe home to SOE’s main research and development centre. 92 Figure 40: SOE’s Welrod. Designed at The Frythe. 92 Figure 41: The Frythe in 1946. 96 Figure 42: Hut in the grounds of The Frythe. 97 Figure 43: Interior of the Chemical Laboratory. 98 Figure 44: A Welman being lifted out of a hangar in the grounds of The Frythe. 99 Figure 45: Exterior of the Thermostat Hut at The Frythe. 100 Figure 46: Interior of the Thermostat Hut. 101 Figure 47: The thermostats within SOE’s Thermostat Hut. 102 Figure 48: A ‘Sleeping Beauty’ being tested in the tank in the grounds of The Frythe. 103 Figure 49: One of the magazines constructed within the grounds of The Frythe. 104 Figure 50: Wykeham House, home to the Polish Military Wireless Research Unit. 107 Figure 51: Cradles at Queen Mary’s Reservoir. 109 Figure 52: The Great Western Hotel, Fishguard, home to SOE’s Station IXc. 111 Figure 53: A Welfreighter being lifted into Fishguard Bay by cranes on the harbour. 112 Figure 54: A ‘Welfrighter’ being tested in Fishguard Harbour. 112 Figure 55: The security measures established round the TIRPITZ whilst berthed. 115 Figure 56: Google Earth image of The Frythe. 119 Figure 57: Distribution of SOE’s supply facilities within the UK. 121 Figure 58: The Thatched Barn, located on the Barnett bypass. 123 Figure 59: Bride Hall, Station VI, home to SOE’s Small Arms Section. 125 Figure 60: Richmond Terrace, London. 126 Figure 61: The stable block of Audley End House. 127 Figure 62: Gaynes Hall, Huntingdonshire. 128 Figure 63: Aston House, Hertfordshire, home to SOE’s main supply facility. 131 Figure 64: Bontex Knitting Mills, Wembley, Station VIIa. 132 vii Figure 65: Graph showing the value of MoS contracts placed with Station VIIb. 133 Figure 66: Briggins, Essex, Station XIV. 134 Figure 67: Aerial photographic transcription of The Thatched Barn. 135 Figure 68: The metal workshop and props shop in the grounds of the Thatched Barn. 136 Figure 69: Aston House from the west. 140 Figure 70: Site plan of Aston House based on aerial photography transcription. 141 Figure 71: Storage facilities at Aston House. 142 Figure 72: The four types of magazines constructed at Aston House.
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