ARAB AC ADEMY FOR SCIENCE, T ECHNOLOGY AND MARITIME TRANSPO RT (AASTMT) College of Engineering and Technology Department of Architectural Engineering and Environmental Design

RESPONSIVE WATERFRONT DEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY: RAS EL TIN, By SONDOSSE ALY RAGHEB

A thesis submitted to AASTMT in partial Fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE in ARCHITECTURAL ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN

Supervisors

Dr. Alaa ELDIN SARHAN Dr. Amal MAMDOUH Dr. Rania ABDEL GALIL

Associate Professor of Assistant Professor of Assistant Professor of Architecture, AASTMT Architecture, AASTMT Architecture, AASTMT

2011 DECLARATION

I certify that all the material in this thesis that is not my own work has been identified, and that no material is included for which a degree has previously been conferred on me.

The contents of this thesis reflect my own personal views, and are not necessarily endorsed by the University.

Signature:

Date: Acknowledgement

Acknowledgement

First of all, I would like to thank God for the completion of this thesis. Without His blessing, none of this would have been done. Also, I owe my endless thanks to many people who have provided me with their support, encouragement, comfort and love throughout the whole process of my thesis. I would express my deepest appreciation to Dr. Alaa Sarhan, not only for his valuable guidance, experienced, help and constant support as a supervisor during all the stage of this research, but also for his consideration and care for students like a father. A special thank is extended to Dr. Rania Abdel Galil for her constant encouragement, supervision, careful reading and support from the very beginning of defining the research topic to the very end of editing the thesis, Words cannot express my gratitude. I’m also grateful to Dr. Amal Mamdouh for his valuable suggestions, efforts and his continuous support. In addition, I would like to thank the staff of the architecture department, my colleagues and my sister for their friendly cooperation. Finally, to my Mother and Father who granted me life, my sincere thanks are at the end but they are always the first ones who give me their unconditional support, encouragement and help whenever needed. To you, I bear all the love and all the gratitude.

i Abstract

Abstract

"If there is magic on this p lanet, it is contained in water” The American anthropologist Loren Eiseley citied in Breen & Rigby (1996, p.13 ).

Water is a fundamental attraction in all cultures and among all classes of people, tourists and citizens. It is a favorite location for major tourism initiatives, celebrations and ceremonies. The vitality of any city depends on citizen action to take part in creating the neighborhoods they desire. Waterfront can provide extensive new areas of high quality public open space in parts of the city that are popular venues for social activities and also have the highest land values. Each city must have a ‘charact er’ that can be used as a key attraction for the development. Alexandria has been selected as an area of study because it has a unique character due to its possession of a variety of waterfronts. The morphology of a waterfront can be identified by both its physical characteristics and the socio -cultural activities that take place in the area. The aim of the t hesis is creating a unique waterfront district that offers a future development potential and increase mixed use development through the responsive environment criteria. These criteria can enable a diversity of uses of outdoor public spaces, better permeability, more legibility, richness, robustness, and enhance space identity uniqueness and imageability which are the most important factors in developing the urban waterfront. People of all ages, income levels and cultures should feel welcome there. Alexandria can benefit from a set of certain guidelines to develop its urban waterfront taking into consideration all the above, in order to prese rve and revitalize its unique waterfront character and achieve mixed uses and tourism development. This research sets out to provide such guidelines .

ii Table of Content

Table of Contents

• Acknowledgement ...... i • Abstract...... ii • Table of Contents ...... iii • List of Tables...... vii • List of Figures ...... vii i

Chapter One: Introduction ...... 1

1.1. Introduction ...... 2 1.2. Research scope and focus ...... 2 1.3. Research Problem ...... 2 1.4. Research aim and objectives ...... 3 1.5. Research methodology ...... 3 1.6. Research Structure ...... 4

Chapter Two: Physical Aspects and Development of Waterfront ...... 6 2.1. Introduction ...... 7 2.2. Waterfront definition ...... 8 2.2.1. Coastal zones’ terms ...... 9 2.2.2. Waterfront characteristics ...... 11 2.3. Waterfront development ...... 14 2.3.1. Importance of Waterfront development ...... 14 2.3.2. Reasons for waterfront development ...... 15 2.3.3. Types of waterfront development...... 16 2.3.3.1. Mixed use waterfront ...... 16 - Pacifico Yokohama, Yokohama, Japan ...... 17 2.3.3.2. The commercial waterfront...... 17 - Southgate Melbourne, , Australia ...... 18 2.3.3.3. The cultural, educational and environmental waterfront ...... 18 - Sydney Opera House, Sydney, Australia ...... 19 2.3.3.4. The Historic waterfront ...... 19 - The Docks Marseille, France ...... 20 2.3.3.5. The recreational waterfront...... 20

iii Table of Content

- Sumidagawa River Walkway, Tokyo, Japan ...... 21 2.3.3.6. The residential waterfront ...... 21 - Fish market Hamburg -Altona, Hamburg, Germany ...... 22 2.4. Waterfront Development Process ...... 23 2.4.1. The Pre development Phase ...... 23 2.4.2. The Development Phase ...... 27 2.4.3. Post Development Phase ...... 31 2.5. Conclusion ...... 34

Chapter Three: Improving the Quality of the Built Environment through the Responsive criteria ...... 35 3.1. Introduction...... 36 3.2. The Quality of life in urban spaces ...... 37 3.2.1. Quality of Life indicators ...... 38 3.3. Built Environment...... 38 3.3.1. The place -making Criteria ...... 40 3.3.1.1. Access & Linkages ...... 40 3.3.1.2. Comfort and Image ...... 40 3.3.1.3. Uses and Activities ...... 40 3.3.1.4. Sociability ...... 40 3.3.2. Responsive Criteria ...... 42 3.3.2.1. Permeability ...... 42 3.3.2.2. Variety ...... 45 3.3.2.3. Robustness ...... 50 3.3.2.4. Richness ...... 53 3.3.2.5. Visual Appropriat eness ...... 58 3.3.2.6. Legibility ...... 62 3.3.2.7. Personalization ...... 67 3.4. Conclusion ...... 70

Chapter Four: Analytical Waterfront Examples ...... 72 4.1. Introduction...... 73 4.2. Example One: Kuching Waterfront Development, Kuching , Sarawak, Malaysia .. 74 4.2.1. Introduction...... 75 4.2.2. The study area of Kuching waterfront ...... 76

iv Table of Content

4.2.3. History of Kuching Waterfront ...... 76 4.2.4. Analysis of Kuching Waterfront Development...... 77 4.2.4.1. Before the area’s development...... 77 4.2.4.2. After the area’s development ...... 78 • Access & Linkages ...... 80 • Uses and Activities ...... 82 • Comfort and Image ...... 84 • Sociability ...... 87 4.2.5. Conclusion ...... 87 4.3. Example Two: Qaitbay Waterfront Development, Eastern Harbour, Alexandria ,      89 4.3.1. Introduction...... 90 4.3.1.1. Eastern Harbour Landmarks’ ...... 91 4.3.2. The Study area of the Qaitbay waterfront...... 92 4.3.3. History of the Qaitb ay Waterfront ...... 92 4.3.4. Analysis of the Qaitbay Waterfront Development...... 92 4.3.4.1. Before the area ’s development...... 93 4.3.4.2. After the Area’s development ...... 95 • Access & Linkages ...... 95 • Uses and Activities ...... 97 • Comfort and Image ...... 98 • Sociability ...... 100 4.3.5. Conclusion ...... 100 4.4. Conclusion ...... 102

Chapter Five: Case Study: Ras El Tin, Alexandria , Egypt ...... 105

5.1. Introduction...... 106 5.2. The Gomrok District Analysis ...... 107 5.2.1. Historical background...... 107 5.2.2. Monuments & Ancient Sites in el Gomrok District ...... 108 5.2.3. Climatic Conditions ...... 109 5.2.4. Population of the Gomrok District ...... 110 5.2.5. The land use of the Gomrok District ...... 112 5.3. The study area of Kasr Ras El Tin Waterfront ...... 113

v Table of Content

5.4. Analysis of Ras El Tin Waterfront ...... 113 5.4.1. Access and linkages ...... 114 5.4.2. Uses and Activities ...... 117 5.4.3. Comfort and Image ...... 120 5.4.4. Sociability ...... 122 5.5. Conclusion ...... 122 5.5.1. Problems of the case study ...... 124 5.6. Recommendation of the case study ...... 125

Conclusions and Recommendations    128

5.7. General Conclusions...... 129 5.8. General Recommendations...... 132

List of References     134

139     3456 ا8;:789

vi List of Tables

List of Tables:

Table (3.1) Check list of waterfront development principles ...... 71 Table (4.1) Check list of Kuching Waterfront Development ...... 88 Table (4.2) Check list of Qaitbay Waterfront Development ...... 101 Table (4.3) The summary of Kuching and Qaitbay waterfront Check list ...... 103 Table (5.1) Check list of Ras El Tin Waterfront ...... 123

vii List of Figure s

List of Figures:

Figure (1.1) Thesis Structure ...... 5 Figure (2.1) Waterfront View ...... 8 Figure (2.2) Coastal Profile ...... 9 Figure (2.3) Accretionary coastal features ...... 10 Figure (2.4) Overall view of the Pacifico Yokohama ...... 17 Figure (2.5) Southgate Waterfront view ...... 18 Figure (2.6) View along Bennelong Point towards the Sydney Opera House ...... 19 Figure (2.7) the renovated Docks of Marseille ...... 20 Figure (2.8) Sumidagawa river walkway ...... 21 Figure (2.9) The western facade fronts the plaza ...... 22 Figure (2.10) Waterfront Development Process Diagram ...... 23 Figure (3.1) Place -making Diagram ...... 39 Figure (3.2) Different Means of Transport ...... 40 Figure (3.3) People feel Comfort ...... 40 Figure (3.4) People enjoying activities on the waterfront ...... 40 Figure (3.5) People Gathering ...... 40 Figure (3.6) Responsive Criteria Diagram ...... 41 Figure (3.7) The multi -modal Copacabana Promenade in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ...... 43 Figure (3.8) Connecting the destinations at the San Diego Embarcadero ...... 44 Figure (3.9) Public walkway ...... 44 Figure (3.10) Variety Diagram ...... 45 Figure (3.11) The uses around the London has created a destination ...... 47 Figure (3.12) The seafront in Brighton draws a crowd due to the destinations that are open all year round ...... 48 Figure (3.13) Housing does not encroach on the waterfront in Montreal, Canada ...... 48 Figure (3.14) Long Island City’s Water Beach provides a successful layering uses ...... 52 Figure (3.15) Stockholm 's City Hall is not just the 'seat ' of local government ...... 52 Figure (3.16) Temporary uses provide to create great destinations ...... 52 Figure (3.17) Buildings on the harbor in Auckland ...... 53 Figure (3.18) Selective and Unselective Way ...... 55 Figure (3.19) Navy Pier waterfront activities ...... 57 Figure (3.20) Paris’s Plage 's benches comfortably acco mmodate social groups ...... 61

viii List of Figure s

Figure (3.21) Five Key Elements of the image of the city ...... 63 Figure (3.22) Clustering of public activities around a node and linking between nodes by a clear path ...... 63 Figure (3.23) Emphasise the hierarchy of places ...... 64 Figure (3.24) End views by landmarks ...... 64 Figure (3.25) Waterfront fish markets contribute to the identity of Oslo’s Waterfront ..... 68 Figure (3.26) Celebration creates a beach to the Seine River in Paris ...... 68 Figure (3.27) Norway’s waterfront features active programming on and off the water .... 69 Figure (3.28) Placemaking and Responsive Criteria Diagram ...... 70 Figure (4.1) Satellite Image of Kuching Area ...... 75 Figure (4.2) The Study Area of Kuching ...... 76 Figure (4.3) The main centre of the town on its waterfront ...... 76 Figure (4.4) Kuching Waterfront around 1910...... 76 Figure (4.5) view of Main Bazaar in 1904 ...... 77 Figure (4.6) Plan of Kuching waterfront before the development ...... 78 Figure (4.7) Master plan of Kuching waterfront ...... 78 Figure (4.8) Zones of Kuching waterfront ...... 79 Figure (4.9) Zone A...... 79 Figure (4.10) Zone B ...... 79 Figure (4.11) Zone C ...... 79 Figure (4.12) Zone D...... 79 Figure (4.13) Map of Kuching waterfront accessibility ...... 80 Figure (4.14) Kuching Promenade ...... 81 Figure (4.15) Sampan traditional Cruise ...... 81 Figure (4.16) Kuching Waterfront Land use ...... 82 Figure (4.17) The historic structure map ...... 83 Figure (4.18) Astana...... 83 Figure (4.19) Fort Margherita ...... 83 Figure (4.20) The court house ...... 83 Figure (4.21) The Square Tower ...... 83 Figure (4.22) Chinese Pavilion...... 84 Figure (4.23) The orangery ...... 84 Figure (4.24) The waterfront is a popular gathering place especially during sunset ...... 84 Figure (4.25) Events -Traditional Dance -...... 85

ix List of Figure s

Figure (4.26) Different Color and materials used in Pavement...... 85 Figure (4.27) Rest Point ...... 85 Figure (4.28) Different furniture elements along the promenade ...... 85 Figure (4.29) The Balustrade and the lighting unit along the waterfront...... 85 Figure (4.30) Crocodile sculpture along a view corridor ...... 86 Figure (4.31) Hornbill Fountain ...... 86 Figure (4.32) Kuching Waterfront Visual Aspects ...... 86 Figure (4.33) The Main Bazaar ...... 87 Figure (4.34) Kuching Handcrafts ...... 87 Figure (4.35) The Satellite Image of the Eastern Harbour ...... 90 Figure (4.36) Map of Eastern Harbor Landmarks ...... 91 Figure (4.37) The citadel of Qaitbay ...... 91 Figure (4.38) El Morsy Abou El Abbas Mosque ...... 91 Figure (4.39) Unknown Soldier Tomb ...... 91 Figure (4.40) Saad Zaghloul Square ...... 91 Figure (4.41) El Quaed Ibrahim Mosque ...... 91 Figure (4.42) Alexandria Library ...... 91 Figure (4.43) The Study Area of Qaitbay ...... 92 Figure (4.44) Qaitbay Waterfront before the development in 2001...... 93 Figure (4.45) Satellite image of Qaitbay Waterfront before the development in 2000...... 93 Figure (4.46) The current condition of Qaitbay Waterfront...... 95 Figure (4.47) Map of Qaitbay Waterfront Accessibility ...... 95 Figure (4.48) Perspective of Qaitbay Waterfront Ac cessibility ...... 96 Figure (4.49) Pictures show the different paths and plazas of the waterfront...... 96 Figure (4.50) Zones of Qaitbay waterfront...... 97 Figure (4.51) Qaitbay Waterfront Land use ...... 97 Figure (4.52) Sports Clubs and restaurants ...... 98 Figure (4.53) Pictures sh ow the art work, street furniture, pavement and landscape...... 98 Figure (4.54) the presence of parking areas ...... 99 Figure (4.55) patterns used to decrease the car speed ...... 99 Figure (4.56) Qaitbay Waterfront Visual Aspects ...... 99 Figure (4.57) The context of the citadel of Qaitbay ...... 100 Figure (4.58) The building facade materials ...... 100 Figure (4.59) the Priority of waterfront development Criteria ...... 104

x List of Figure s

Figure (5.1) Alexandria Districts ...... 106 Figure (5.2) Historical map of Alexandria ...... 107 Figure (5.3) Map of Monumental and Ancient Sites ...... 108 Figure (5.4) ...... 108 Figure (5.5) The Alexandria Port ...... 108 Figure (5.6) El Anfoushy Ptolemic Tombs ...... 108 Figure (5.7) The commercial area in the Turkish town ...... 108 Figure (5.8) Abu El -Abbas Mosque ...... 108 Figure (5.9) Anfoushy Fis h Market ...... 108 Figure (5.10) The Fort of Qaitbay ...... 108 Figure (5.11) Temperature around the year ...... 109 Figure (5.12) Humidity around the year ...... 109 Figure (5.13) Solar Radiation around the year ...... 109 Figure (5.14) Wind around the year ...... 110 Figure (5.15) Precipitation around the year ...... 110 Figure (5.16) Distribution of the population ...... 110 Figure (5.17) Educational Status ...... 111 Figure (5.18) The land use of the district ...... 112 Figure (5.19) Man power studies classification according to the occupatio ns...... 112 Figure (5.20) The study area ...... 113 Figure (5.21) Map of Ras El Tin Streets '...... 114 Figure (5.22) Kasr Ras El Tin Street ...... 115 Figure (5.23) Kasr Ras El Tin Street ...... 115 Figure (5.24) Ibrahim Al Awal Square ...... 115 Figure (5.25) Sidi Yakout Street ...... 115 Figure (5.26) Sidi El Hagari Street ...... 115 Figure (5.27) Safr Basha Street ...... 115 Figure (5.28) Horse Cart of Ras El Tin ...... 116 Figure (5.29) Promenade of Ras El Tin ...... 116 Figure (5.30) Tram of Ras El Tin ...... 116 Figure (5.31) Site Accessed by the Different paths of the study area ...... 117 Figure (5.32) Land use of The Study Areas ...... 118 Figure (5.33) Zone A ...... 118 Figure (5.34) Zone B ...... 118

xi List of Figure s

Figure (5.35) Zone C ...... 118 Figure (5.36) Anfoushiya Fish restaurant...... 119 Figure (5.37) Farag Fish restaurant and El Sheikh Wafik ...... 119 Figure (5.38) Boat Workshops ...... 119 Figure (5.39) El Anfoushy Cimena ...... 119 Figure (5.40) Marine Sport Club ...... 119 Figure (5.41) Child Club ...... 119 Figure (5.42) Commercial activity ...... 120 Figure (5.43) Boat Workshop...... 120 Figure (5.44) Parking area , Seats and Shelters along th e waterfront ...... 120 Figure (5.45) Trees along the promenade is not used due to the mal organizations of landscape ...... 120 Figure (5.46) Visual Aspects Map of Ras El Tin ...... 121

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