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Assessment on Plant Biodiversity of the Alaungdaw Kathapa National Park in Myanmar

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Assessment on Plant Biodiversity of the Alaungdaw Kathapa National Park in Myanmar Government of the Union of Myanmar Ministry of Forestry Forest Depertment Assessment on Plant Biodiversity of the Alaungdaw Kathapa National Park in Myanmar Thaung Naing Oo (Range Officer) Lwin Ko Oo (Range Officer) Yin Yin Kyi (Assistant Director) Forest Botany and Tree Improvement Sub-division Forest Research Institute May 2006 - iv - Contents Page no. Acknowledgement i pmwrf;tusOf;csKyf ii Abstract iii 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Profiles of the study area 2 1.1.1. Location 2 1.1.2. Topography 2 1.1.3. Climatic and edaphic conditions 2 1.1.4. Religious value and ecotourism potential 5 1.1.5. Demography and socioeconomic conditions of the villages 5 1.1.6. Livelihood and infrastructure development of the villages 7 1.1.7. Dependency of villages on forest resources 8 1.2. Objectives and rationale of the study 11 1.2.1. Objectives 11 1.2.2. Rationale of the research project 11 2. Literature review 12 3. Materials and method 16 4. Results and discussions 20 4.1. Results 20 4.1.1. Species-area relationship (curve) 20 4.1.2. Species richness 21 4.1.3. Species diversity and evenness 23 4.1.4. Simpson Diversity and Shannon Diversity Indices 24 4.1.5. Coefficient of similarity 26 4.1.6. Importance Value Index (IVI) 28 4.1.7 Stand structure 31 4.1.7.1. Horizontal structure 31 4.1.7.2. Vertical stand structure 34 4.2. Discussion 35 5. Recommendation 37 6. Conclusion 40 Annex References - iv - Acknowledgement This research paper is a result of the ASEAN-Korea Environmental Cooperation Porject (AKECOP) entitled “Assessment of Plant Biodiversity on Species Concept of the Alaungdaw Kathapa National Park in Myanmar” funded by the ASEAN-Korea Environmental Cooperation Unit (AKECU). This research project would not be implemented without financial supports of AKECU. It is a great pleasure for us to acknowledge them. Firstly we would like to express our sincere thanks to AKECU and personally to Prof. Dr. Don Koo Lee (Project Leader of AKECOP) and Prof. Dr. Sang-Won Ahn (Secretary General of AKECU) for financial supports to conduct the plant biodiversity research in the Alaungdaw Kathapa National Park in Myanmar. We are also grateful to U Htun Paw Oo (Director of FRI – National Coordinator of AKECOP) for his initiation of the project, encouragement and patient guidances throughout the project period (2003 -2005). We are very greatly indebted to U Khin Maung Zaw (Director of the Wildlife and Nature Conservation Division) and U Ye Htut (Staff Officer, Park Warden of the Alaungdaw Kathapa National Park) for their friendly attitude, enthusiastic supports and facilitation of the field research. Thanks are also due to all staff of the Alaungdaw Kathapa National Park for their hospitability and necessary assistances during the field works. We owe a dept of gratitude to Prof. U Saw Kelvin Keh (Emeritus Professor, University of Forestry, Yezin) for reading the manuscript of this paper and his invaluable comments. Special thanks are also extended to Dr. Nyi Nyi Kyaw for his fruitful and constructive comments and suggestions on this paper. Last but not least, our deepest appreciation goes to all staff of the Tree Improvement and Forest Botany Sub-division of the Forest Research Institute, Yezin for their tireless supports in this research project. - iv - tavmiff;awmffuóy trsddK;om;O,smOff\ tyiffZD0D rsKdd;pHHkkrsddK;uGGJJrsm;tm; qeff;ppfftuJJjzwff avhhvmjciff; aomif:ódkifOD: (awmtkyfjuD:) B.Sc. (Forestry), M.Sc. (Forest Trop.) (TU-Dresden, Germany) vGifudkOD:(awmtkyfjuD:) B.Sc. (Forestry) , M.Sc. (Plantation Manangement) (Yezin) \if\ifjunf (vufaxmufñTefjum:a\:r’:) B.Sc. (Botany) (Yangon University) opfawmokawoeXme?a\qif:` pmwrff;tusOff;csKyff tavmif;awmfuóy trsdK;om;O,smOf\ tyifZD0rsKd;pHkrsdK;uGJrsm;tm; qef;ppf tuJjzwf avhvmjcif; okawoevkyfief;onf tyiftrsdK;tpm; cJGjcm;jcif;? rSwfwrf;wifjcif;? tyifZD0 rsKd;pHkrsdK;uGJrsm;\ tajcaetm; tuJjzwfjcif;? O,smOfteD;&Sd aus;&Gmrsm;\ vlrSK pD;yGg;a&; tajctaersm;udk ppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif;ESif.a'ocHjynfolrsm;\ ae.pOf pm;0wf aea&;wGif opfawmrsm;\ ta&;ygrSK ponfwdk.udk bufpHkpkaygif;í av.vmwifjyxm; aom pmwrf;jzpfygonf/ þokawoevkyfief;udk 2003 -2004 ckESpfwGif tavmif;awmf uóy trsdK;om;O,smOf (Core zone) \ twGif;ydkif;wGif4if;? 2004 -2005 ckESpfwGif (Core zone) \ tjyifydkif;wGif4if; tyifZD0rsKd;pHkrsdK;uGJrsm;tm; pepfwus pm&if;aumuf,l av.vm cJhygonf/ tyifrsdK;pdwf wpfckESif.wpfckqufpyfrSK? tyifZD0rsKd;pHkrsdK;uGJrsm; wnf&SdrSKyrmP? awm\zGJ.pnf;rSK ESif. ajymif;vJrSKrsm;udk av.vmwifjyxm;onf.tjyif tyifZD0rsKd;pHk rsdK;uGJ rsm;<u,f0rSKudk ñTefjyonf. twdkif;twmrsm; jzpfonf. Species richness, eveness, species frequency, abundancy, species density and Importance Value Index (IVI) wdk.udkyg tao;pdwf wifjyxm;ygonf/ tyifZD0rsKd;pHkrsdK;uGJrsm;<u,f0rSKudk Simpson and Shannon Diversity Indices tñTef;udef;rsm; jzif.vnf; wifjyxm;ygonf/ O,smOfteD;&Sd aus;&Gmrsm; (aus;&Gm 8 &Gm)\ vlrSKpD;yGg;a&; ajctaersm; ESif.a'ocHjynfolrsm;\ ae.pOf pm;0wfaea&;wGif opfawmrsm; (trsdK;om;O,smOf) \ ta&;ygrSK wdk.udkvnf; wifjyxm;ygonf/ okawoeawG.&Sdcsufrsm;udk tajccHí tyifZD0rsKd;pHk rsdK;uGJrsm;tm; pOfqufrjywf xdrff;odef;umuG,fedkif&ef oif.avsmfaom enf;vrf;rsm;udkvnf; wifjy xm;ygonf/ - iv - Assessment on Plant Biodiversity of the Alaungdaw Kathapa National Park in Myanmar Thaung Naing Oo B.Sc. (Forestry), M.Sc. (Forest Trop.) (TU-Dresden, Germany) Range Officer Lwin Ko Oo B.Sc. (Forestry) , M.Sc. (Plantation Manangement) (Yezin) Range Officer Yin Yin Kyi B.Sc. (Botany) (Yangon University) Assistant Director Forest Research Institute, Yezin. Abstract The plant diversity research is an integrated approach in which assessment of plant species diversity, identification and documentation of the plant species, collection of the socioeconomic information of the local communities and linkage between the livelihoods and forests are incorporated. The research activities were carried out in two portions i.e., inner portion and outer portion of the core zone of the park, in the project year four (2003-2004) and project year five (2004-2005) respectively. Plant species identification and specimen collection were carried out through forest inventory and systematic botanical studies. The ecological linkage between and among the plant species, quantitative estimate of plant species diversity, stand structure and stand dynamic of the park were also investigated. The quantitative estimate of plant species diversity and ecological linkage between and among species are presented by using diversity indices (i.e. Simpson and Shannon Diversity Indices) and main parameters of vegetation study such as species richness, evenness, number of individuals or density (abundance), frequency and Importance Value Index (IVI). Social aspects of the National Park are also presented in order to realize and highlight the important role of forests for the livelihoods of the rural people living around the National Park. Based on overall results of the different research activities, appropriate means and ways and recommendations for sustainable conservation of plant species diversity of the Alaungdaw Kathapa National Park as well as a protected area system are presented. - iv - Contents Page no. Acknowledgement i pmwrf;tusOf;csKyf ii Abstract iii 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Profiles of the study area 2 1.1.1. Location 2 1.1.2. Topography 2 1.1.3. Climatic and edaphic conditions 2 1.1.4. Religious value and ecotourism potential 5 1.1.5. Demography and socioeconomic conditions of the villages 5 1.1.6. Livelihood and infrastructure development of the villages 7 1.1.7. Dependency of villages on forest resources 8 1.2. Objectives and rationale of the study 11 1.2.1. Objectives 11 1.2.2. Rationale of the research project 11 2. Literature review 12 3. Materials and method 16 4. Results and discussions 20 4.1. Results 20 4.1.1. Species-area relationship (curve) 20 4.1.2. Species richness 21 4.1.3. Species diversity and evenness 23 4.1.4. Simpson Diversity and Shannon Diversity Indices 24 4.1.5. Coefficient of similarity 26 4.1.6. Importance Value Index (IVI) 28 4.1.7 Stand structure 31 4.1.7.1. Horizontal structure 31 4.1.7.2. Vertical stand structure 34 4.2. Discussion 35 5. Recommendation 37 6. Conslusion 40 Annex References - iv - 1. Introduction Myanmar is still endowed with diverse forest resources. More than half of the country is covered with forests. In Myanmar, reserved forests (RF), protected public forests (PPF) and protected areas system (PAS) constitute the permanent forest estate (PFE). Under the Myanma Forest Law (1992), RF and PPF enjoy almost equal legal status and PAS is administered in accordance with the Protection of Wildlife and Wild Plants and the Conservation of Protected Areas Law. Forest Department (FD) has been forming PPF as an interim process, as PPF formulation procedure is easier to manage and quicker to implement, since the settlement officer is a forester. PPF will be upgraded to RF in due course. In 2002, an area of PFE reached 173,739 km2 or 25.68% of the total area of the country. A stable PFE is basic to sustainable forest management (SFM). Out of 173,739 km2 of PFE, PAS occupies 31,945 km2 or 4.72% of the total land area. In Myanmar, there are 41 PAS and it makes vital contributions to the conservation of the world’s natural and cultural resources. Wildlife sanctuary, national park, botanical garden belong to the Protected Areas System. The Myanmar Forest Policy seeks to extend the Protected Area System (PAS) by gazetting 5% of the total land of the country from 4.7% at present to 10% in the long run. Alaungdaw Kathapa National Park is very well known National Park in Myanmar because of its diverse florisitic composition and ample sources of habitats for wild animals. It also plays an important role in Myanmar religious belief. The Alaungdaw Kathapa shrine is located in the park and it is one of the most holy shrines in Myanmar.
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