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Grand Canyon, Exotic Plant Management Environmental National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Grand Canyon National Park Environmental Assessment / Assessment of Effect February 2009 Exotic Plant Management Plan Grand Canyon National Park • Arizona Environmental Assessment / Assessment of Effect Exotic Plant Management Plan Grand Canyon National Park • Arizona Summary Grand Canyon National Park proposes to use Integrated Pest Management (IPM) techniques to control and contain exotic plant species within park boundaries. Currently, 189 exotic plant species are known in Grand Canyon National Park; of these, 82 are of serious concern. These exotic plant species displace natural vegetation and consequently affect long-term health of native plant and animal communities. This Environmental Assessment / Assessment of Effect (EA/AEF) evaluates continuation of current exotic plant species management (Alternative 1, No Action) and one additional alternative to address the purpose and need for action (Alternative 2, Preferred). The preferred alternative includes a) integrated pest management; b) increased education, prevention, and collaboration; and c) manual, mechanical, cultural, and chemical controls. The park proposes an adaptive management strategy whereby control methods may be altered, dependant on updated literature or effectiveness in the field. Neither alternative would have more than negligible impacts to soundscape, environmental justice, prime and unique farmland, socioeconomic environment, or Indian trust resources. Alternative 2, the preferred alternative, would result in both adverse and beneficial impacts to vegetation, wildlife, special status species, soil resources, water and aquatic resources, air quality, archaeological and historic resources, cultural landscapes, ethnographic resources, visitor experience, wilderness character, public health and safety, and park operations that would range from negligible to moderate. No impairment of park resources would occur with implementation of either alternative. The park’s goal is to provide a solid framework for exotic plant management. This EA/AEF will serve as a planning document to guide exotic plant management for the next ten years, through 2019. In addition, annual work plans will be completed based on information contained in this document to provide site-specific survey and treatment information, updated exotic plant species lists, and other information as available. Public Comment If you wish to comment on the EA/AEF, the NPS prefers that you post comments online at http://parkplanning.nps.gov/grca or you may mail comments to Steve Martin, Superintendent, Grand Canyon National Park, Attention: Exotic Plant Management Plan, P.O. Box 129 / 1 Village Loop, Grand Canyon, Arizona 86023. This document will be on public review for 30 days. Before including your address, phone number, e-mail address, or other personal identifying information in your comment, you should be aware that your entire comment – including your personal identifying information – may be made publicly available at any time. While you can ask us in your comment to withhold your personal identifying information from public review, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to do so. United States Department of the Interior • National Park Service • Grand Canyon National Park i Contents Page CHAPTER 1 – PURPOSE AND NEED ................................................................................................ 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 1 BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................... 1 PURPOSE OF AND NEED FOR ACTION .................................................................................... 4 MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING HISTORY ........................................................................... 5 PUBLIC SCOPING ........................................................................................................... 10 ISSUES AND IMPACT TOPICS ........................................................................................... 11 RELEVANT IMPACT TOPICS ............................................................................................. 12 IMPACT TOPICS DISMISSED FROM FURTHER ANALYSIS .................................................... 14 ADDITIONAL NEPA ANALYSIS ............................................................................................ 16 CHAPTER 2 – ALTERNATIVES ....................................................................................................... 17 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 17 ALTERNATIVE DEVELOPMENT ............................................................................................. 17 ALTERNATIVE DESCRIPTIONS .............................................................................................. 18 ALTERNATIVE 1: NO ACTION – CONTINUE CURRENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ............... 18 ALTERNATIVE 2: PREFERRED ALTERNATIVE – EXPANDED USE OF IPM TECHNIQUES ........... 24 ALTERNATIVES CONSIDERED BUT DISMISSED FROM DETAILED ANALYSIS .............................. 37 IDENTIFICATION OF THE ENVIRONMENTALLY PREFERRED ALTERNATIVE ............................... 39 MITIGATION MEASURES AND BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ............................................ 40 ALTERNATIVES AND PROJECT OBJECTIVES ........................................................................ 43 CHAPTER 3 – AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES .......................... 52 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 52 NATURAL RESOURCES ....................................................................................................... 56 NATIVE VEGETATION...................................................................................................... 56 GENERAL WILDLIFE ........................................................................................................ 62 SPECIAL STATUS SPECIES .............................................................................................. 68 SOIL RESOURCES ............................................................................................................ 86 WATER AND AQUATIC RESOURCES ............................................................................... 91 AIR QUALITY ................................................................................................................. 97 CULTURAL RESOURCES ................................................................................................... 101 ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORIC RESOURCES ........................................................... 101 CULTURAL LANDSCAPES ............................................................................................. 108 ETHNOGRAPHIC RESOURCES ...................................................................................... 112 SOCIAL RESOURCES......................................................................................................... 118 VISITOR EXPERIENCE .................................................................................................... 118 WILDERNESS CHARACTER ........................................................................................... 123 PUBLIC HEALTH AND SAFETY ...................................................................................... 129 PARK OPERATIONS ..................................................................................................... 132 REFERENCES .................................................................................................................... 137 LITERATURE CITED ........................................................................................................... 138 CHAPTER 4 – CONSULTATION AND COORDINATION ................................................................... 146 PREPARERS ...................................................................................................................... 146 CONTRIBUTORS AND REVIEWERS ...................................................................................... 146 AGENCY CONSULTATION AND PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT ........................................................ 146 ACRONYMS AND GLOSSARY .................................................................................................... 149 APPENDIX A – REGULATORY MEASURES .................................................................................. 152 APPENDIX B – LIST OF GRCA EXOTIC PLANTS ............................................................................. 159 APPENDIX C – PUBLIC SCOPING SUMMARY ............................................................................. 163 APPENDIX D – ANNUAL WORK PLAN OUTLINE ........................................................................... 167 ii APPENDIX E – MITIGATION MEASURES ADDRESSING EXOTIC PLANTS .......................................... 168 APPENDIX F – RECENTLY COMPLETED, IN-PROGRESS, AND FORESEEABLE ACTIONS ...................... 169 APPENDIX G – WILDLIFE AND PLANT DESCRIPTIONS ................................................................... 172 APPENDIX H – MINIMUM REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS ................................................................... 180 TABLES AND FIGURES TABLE 1 – EXOTIC PLANT SPECIES CURRENTLY CONTROLLED
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