Two Stroke News
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Future Perspectives of the Two-Stroke Spark Ignition Engine
FUTURE PERSPECTIVES OF THE TWO-STROKE SPARK IGNITION ENGINE Patrizio Nuccio1, PhD, professor UDC: 621.1 NOMENCLATURE − ABDC after bottom dead center − BBDC before bottom dead center − bmep brake mean effective pressure − bsfc brake specific fuel consumption − fmep friction mean effective pressure − GDI gasoline direct injection − GII gasoline indirect injection − imep indicated mean effective pressure − isfc indicated specific fuel consumption 1. INTRODUCTION The reciprocating spark ignition engine has been described to Eugenio Barsanti and Felice Matteucci, who registered the layout of this new engine at the Accademia dei Georgofili in Florence in 1853, as shown in figure 1. The two-stroke engine has instead been attributed to the engineer Dugald Clerk (1881), see figure 2, who patented his design at the end of nineteenth century; the employment of the area below the piston as a charging pump, as shown in figure 3, was than credited to Joseph Day (1855–1946). Thanks to its low cost, the two stroke engine immediately became popular and was largely used during the twentieth century for outboard motors, motorcycles, mopeds, scooters, tuk-tuks, snowmobiles, karts, ultralight airplanes, model vehicles, lawnmowers, etc. Some car manufacturers also utilized two-stroke engines in the past; for example: the Swedish Saab Company, the German manufacturers DKW and Auto-Union and the Japanese manufacturer Suzuki, which also adopted the same type of engine in the 1970s (the LJ10 had a 359 cm3 air-cooled, two-stroke, in-line two-cylinder engine). The production of cars powered by two-stroke engine came to an end in the 1980s in West Europe, but Eastern countries continued production until about 1991, with the Trabant and Wartburg in East Germany. -
History of AUDI
УДК 811.111: 629. 331 (1-87) R. Elenevich, A. Mileiko History of AUDI Belarusian National Technical University Minsk, Belarus У Originally in 1885, automobile company Wanderer wasТ established, later becoming a branch of Audi AG. Franz Fikentscher suggested the word "Audi", which translatedН from Latin means “listen” a new name for the company. The first Audi automobile, the Audi Type A 10/22Б hp (16 kW) Sport-Phaeton, was produced in 1915, followed by the successor Type B 10/28PS [1]. Audi started with a 2,612 cc inline-fourй engine model Type A, followed by a 3,564 cc model,и as well as 4,680 cc and 5,720 cc models. These cars were successful even in sporting events. The first six-cylinder modelр Type M, 4,655 cc appeared in 1924. August Horch left theо Audiwerke in 1920 for a high position at the ministry of transport, but he was still involved with Audi as a member ofт the board of trustees. In September 1921, Audi becameи the first German car manufacturer to present a production car, the Audi Type K, with left-handed drive. Left-handз drive spread and established dominance during the 1920sо because it provided a better view of oncoming traffic, making overtaking safer. In August 1928, Jørgen Rasmussen,п the owner of Dampf-Kraft-Wagen (DKW), acquiredе the majority of shares in Audiwerke AG. In the same year, Rasmussen bought the remains of the U.S. automobile Рmanufacturer Rickenbacker, including the manufacturing equipment for eight-cylinder engines. These engines were used in Audi Zwickau and Audi Dresden models that were launched 430 in 1929. -
The Porsche Type List
The Porsche Type List When Professor Ferdinand Porsche started his business, the company established a numeric record of projects known as the Type List. As has been reported many times in the past, the list began with Type 7 so that Wanderer-Werke AG did not realize they were the company’s first customer. Of course, as a result, Porsche’s famous car, the 356 as defined on the Type List, was actually Porsche’s 350th design project. In reviewing the Porsche Type List enclosed on this website, you might notice several interesting aspects. First, although there is a strong chronological alignment of Type numbers, it is certainly not perfect. No official explanation exists as to why this occurs. It is possible that Type numbers were originally treated only as an informal configuration and data management tool and today’s rigorous examination of Porsche history is but an aberration of 20/20 hindsight. Secondly, you might also notice that there were variations on Type List numbers that were probably made rather spontaneously. For example, consider the Type 60 with its many “K” variations to designate different body styles. Also consider how the Type 356 was initially a tube frame chassis then changed to a sheet metal chassis with the annotation 356/2 but the /2 later reused to describe different body/engine offerings. Then there were the variants on the 356 annotated as 356 SL, 356A, 356B, and 356C designations and in parallel there were the 356 T1 through 356 T7 designations. Not to mention, of course, the trademark infringement threat that caused the Type 901 to be externally re-designated as the 911. -
Volkswagen AG Annual Report 2009
Driving ideas. !..5!,2%0/24 Key Figures MFCBJN8><E>IFLG )''0 )''/ Mfcld\;XkX( M\_`Zc\jXc\jle`kj -#*'0#.+* -#).(#.)+ "'%- Gif[lZk`fele`kj -#',+#/)0 -#*+-#,(, Æ+%- <dgcfp\\jXk;\Z%*( *-/#,'' *-0#0)/ Æ'%+ )''0 )''/ =`eXeZ`Xc;XkX@=IJj #d`cc`fe JXc\ji\m\el\ (',#(/. ((*#/'/ Æ.%- Fg\iXk`e^gif]`k (#/,, -#*** Æ.'%. Gif]`kY\]fi\kXo (#)-( -#-'/ Æ/'%0 Gif]`kX]k\ikXo 0(( +#-// Æ/'%- Gif]`kXkki`YlkXYc\kfj_Xi\_fc[\ijf]MfcbjnX^\e8> 0-' +#.,* Æ.0%/ :Xj_]cfnj]ifdfg\iXk`e^XZk`m`k`\j)()#.+( )#.') o :Xj_]cfnj]ifd`em\jk`e^XZk`m`k`\j)('#+)/ ((#-(* Æ('%) 8lkfdfk`m\;`m`j`fe* <9@K;8+ /#'', ()#('/ Æ**%0 :Xj_]cfnj]ifdfg\iXk`e^XZk`m`k`\j) ()#/(, /#/'' "+,%- :Xj_]cfnj]ifd`em\jk`e^XZk`m`k`\j)#,('#),) ((#+.0 Æ('%. f]n_`Z_1`em\jkd\ekj`egifg\ikp#gcXekXe[\hl`gd\ek),#./* -#..* Æ(+%- XjXg\iZ\ekX^\f]jXc\ji\m\el\ -%) -%- ZXg`kXc`q\[[\m\cfgd\ekZfjkj (#0+/ )#)(- Æ()%( XjXg\iZ\ekX^\f]jXc\ji\m\el\ )%( )%) E\kZXj_]cfn )#,-* Æ)#-.0 o E\kc`hl`[`kpXk;\Z%*( ('#-*- /#'*0 "*)%* )''0 )''/ I\klieiXk`fj`e I\kliefejXc\jY\]fi\kXo (%) ,%/ I\kliefe`em\jkd\ekX]k\ikXo8lkfdfk`m\;`m`j`fe *%/ ('%0 I\kliefe\hl`kpY\]fi\kXo=`eXeZ`XcJ\im`Z\j;`m`j`fe -.%0 ()%( ( @eZcl[`e^mfcld\[XkX]fik_\m\_`Zc\$gif[lZk`fe`em\jkd\ekjJ_Xe^_X`$MfcbjnX^\e8lkfdfk`m\:fdgXepCk[% Xe[=8N$MfcbjnX^\e8lkfdfk`m\:fdgXepCk[%#n_`Z_Xi\XZZflek\[]filj`e^k_\\hl`kpd\k_f[% ) )''/X[aljk\[% * @eZcl[`e^XccfZXk`fef]Zfejfc`[Xk`feX[aljkd\ekjY\kn\\ek_\8lkfdfk`m\Xe[=`eXeZ`XcJ\im`Z\j[`m`j`fej% + Fg\iXk`e^gif]`kgclje\k[\gi\Z`Xk`fe&Xdfik`qXk`feXe[`dgX`id\ekcfjj\j&i\m\ijXcjf]`dgX`id\ekcfjj\jfegifg\ikp#gcXekXe[\hl`gd\ek# ZXg`kXc`q\[[\m\cfgd\ekZfjkj#c\Xj`e^Xe[i\ekXcXjj\kj#^ff[n`ccXe[]`eXeZ`XcXjj\kjXji\gfik\[`ek_\ZXj_]cfnjkXk\d\ek% , <oZcl[`e^XZhl`j`k`feXe[[`jgfjXcf]\hl`kp`em\jkd\ekj1Ñ.#,/,d`cc`feÑ/#/.0d`cc`fe % - Gif]`kY\]fi\kXoXjXg\iZ\ekX^\f]Xm\iX^\\hl`kp% . -
Road & Track Magazine Records
http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8j38wwz No online items Guide to the Road & Track Magazine Records M1919 David Krah, Beaudry Allen, Kendra Tsai, Gurudarshan Khalsa Department of Special Collections and University Archives 2015 ; revised 2017 Green Library 557 Escondido Mall Stanford 94305-6064 [email protected] URL: http://library.stanford.edu/spc Guide to the Road & Track M1919 1 Magazine Records M1919 Language of Material: English Contributing Institution: Department of Special Collections and University Archives Title: Road & Track Magazine records creator: Road & Track magazine Identifier/Call Number: M1919 Physical Description: 485 Linear Feet(1162 containers) Date (inclusive): circa 1920-2012 Language of Material: The materials are primarily in English with small amounts of material in German, French and Italian and other languages. Special Collections and University Archives materials are stored offsite and must be paged 36 hours in advance. Abstract: The records of Road & Track magazine consist primarily of subject files, arranged by make and model of vehicle, as well as material on performance and comparison testing and racing. Conditions Governing Use While Special Collections is the owner of the physical and digital items, permission to examine collection materials is not an authorization to publish. These materials are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study. Any transmission or reproduction beyond that allowed by fair use requires permission from the owners of rights, heir(s) or assigns. Preferred Citation [identification of item], Road & Track Magazine records (M1919). Dept. of Special Collections and University Archives, Stanford University Libraries, Stanford, Calif. Conditions Governing Access Open for research. Note that material must be requested at least 36 hours in advance of intended use. -
Vorlage Für Geschäftsbrief
AUDI AG 85045 Ingolstadt Germany History of the Four Rings AUDI AG can look back on a very eventful and varied history; its tradition of car and motorcycle manufacturing goes right back to the 19th century. The Audi and Horch brands in the town of Zwickau in Saxony, Wanderer in Chemnitz and DKW in Zschopau all enriched Germany’s automobile industry and contributed to the development of the motor vehicle. These four brands came together in 1932 to form Auto Union AG, the second largest motor-vehicle manufacturer in Germany in terms of total production volume. The new company chose as its emblem four interlinked rings, which even today remind us of the four founder companies. After the Second World War the Soviet occupying power requisitioned and dismantled Auto Union AG’s production facilities in Saxony. Leading company executives made their way to Bavaria, and in 1949 established a new company, Auto Union GmbH, which continued the tradition associated with the four-ring emblem. In 1969, Auto Union GmbH and NSU merged to form Audi NSU Auto Union AG, which since 1985 has been known as AUDI AG and has its head offices in Ingolstadt. The Four Rings remain the company’s identifying symbol. Horch This company’s activities are closely associated with its original founder August Horch, one of Germany’s automobile manufacturing pioneers. After graduating from the Technical Academy in Mittweida, Saxony he worked on engine construction and later as head of the motor vehicle production department of the Carl Benz company in Mannheim. In 1899 he started his own business, Horch & Cie., in Cologne. -
The Economics of East and West German Cars
The Economics of East and West German Cars Free Market and Command economies produce and distribute goods & services using vastly different methods. Prior to reading the documents, consider the following: a. What is the significance of car production for individuals and society? b. What is the significance of car ownership for individuals and society? c. How are cars distributed in society? In other words, who makes decisions about pricing and allocation of this good within society? Review and annotate the documents. Consider each document for its purpose, context, point of view and potential audience. What clues do the documents provide about life in East and West Germany, Cold War economic systems, and current economic issues? Use the documents to evaluate the outcomes associated with command and free market economies. Your response should include... ● A clear, well-stated claim/argument in response to the prompt. ● At least two well-developed body paragraphs in support of your claim. ● Analysis of at least seven documents to support your argument. West: Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) East: German Democratic Republic (GDR) 1 Document 1: “How German cars beat British motors - and kept going.” BBC August, 2013 In August 1945 the British Army sent a major called Ivan Hirst to take control of the giant Volkswagen plant in Wolfsburg, which had been built under the Nazis to produce 'people's cars' for the German masses. Ignoring his sceptical superiors, Hirst could see the potential amid the shattered debris of the Wolfsburg factory. Rebuilding Volkswagen, he thought, would be a step towards rehabilitating Germany as a prosperous, peaceful European ally. -
For Immediate Release January 25, 2007
For Immediate Release January 25, 2007 Contact: Rik Pike 212.636.2680 [email protected] A FABLED SILVER ARROW TOUCHES DOWN IN NEW YORK New York – Christie’s is delighted to bring a 1939 Auto Union D-Type to New York for two days of public viewing before the car is auctioned in February. The public view, to be held on Thursday, January 25 (noon to 5pm) and Friday, January 26 (10am to 7pm), will take place at the Audi Forum, 250 Park Avenue (at 47th St.) in Manhattan. The highlight of the Christie’s International Motor Cars sale on February 17 to be held at Retromobile in Paris, this 1939 Auto Union D-Type is one of the most important cars in motor- racing history. With bids expected in the region of $12 to $15 million, the thoroughbred racer is expected to break current records and become the most expensive car ever sold at auction. Rupert Banner, Head of Christie’s International Motor Cars, says, “This may be considered to be among the most important cars ever to pass under the gavel; Christie’s is proud to have been entrusted with its sale. And we are delighted to have worked with Cars UK to ship the car to the States to allow car collectors, enthusiasts and the general public the opportunity to view this incredible motor car.” The Auto Union racer’s revolutionary design, conceived by Ferdinand Porsche, placed the driver in front of the engine and the fuel tanks, while all four wheels benefited from independent suspension. This mid-engine design can still be found today in some of the world’s most technologically advanced automobiles. -
Porsche Engineering Magazine
Anniversary Issue 1/2011 Porsche Engineering Magazine a 80 years of engineering services. Time to look back? Anniversary Issue 1/2011 Porsche Engineering Magazine Sure, but not for too long. The future is waiting. Impressum About Porsche Engineering At Porsche Engineering, engineers are of a premium car manufacturer. Whether working on your behalf to come up with you need an automotive developer for new and unusual ideas for vehicles and your project or would prefer a specialist industrial products. At the request of systems developer, we offer both – be - our customers we develop a variety of cause Porsche Engineering works right solutions – ranging from the design of where these two areas meet. The exten - individual components and the layout of sive knowledge of Porsche Engi neering complex modules to the planning and converges in Weissach – and yet it is implementation of complete vehicles, glob ally available, including at your com - inclu ding production start-up manage - p any’s offices or production facili ties. ment. What makes our services special Regardless of where we work, we always is that they are based on the expertise bring a part of Porsche with us. Impressum Porsche Engineering Magazine Publisher Editor Porsche Engineering Group GmbH Frederic Damköhler Address Design: Agentur Designwolf, Stuttgart Porsche Engineering Group GmbH Repro: Piltz Reproduktionen, Stuttgart Porschestraße Printing: Leibfarth&Schwarz, Dettingen/Erms 71287 Weissach, Germany Translation: TransMission Übersetzungen, Stuttgart All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reprodu- Tel. +49711 911- 8 88 88 ced without the prior permission of the publisher. We cannot Fax +49711 911- 8 89 99 guarantee that unrequested photos, slides, videos or manus- cripts will be returned. -
Anniversary Dates 2020 Audi Tradition 2 Anniversary Dates 2020
Audi Tradition Anniversary Dates 2020 Audi Tradition 2 Anniversary Dates 2020 Contents Anniversaries in Our Corporate History May 2005 Body in the Manufacture of Production Cars ..........12 15 Years Audi Forum Neckarsulm ............................5 March 1980 December 2000 40 Years Audi quattro ...........................................13 20 Years Audi Forum Ingolstadt .............................6 October 1975 September 1995 45 Years Audi GTE Engine .....................................14 25 Years Audi TT and TTS .......................................7 November 1975 March 1990 45 Years Start of Porsche 924 Production 30 Years Audi Duo Hybrid Vehicles ...........................8 in Neckarsulm ......................................................15 September 1990 July 1970 30 Years Audi S2 Coupé ..........................................9 50 Years Market Launch of Audi 100 Coupé S .........16 December 1990 1970 30 Years Audi 100 C4 / 50 Years Start-Up Audi’s First Six-Cylinder Engine .............................10 of Technical Development ....................................17 January 1985 March / April 1965 35 Years Renaming of Audi NSU 55 Years End of Production of DKW F 11, Auto Union AG as AUDI AG ...................................11 DKW F 12, AU 1000 Sp ........................................18 September 1985 September 1965 35 Years Audi Introduced the Fully Galvanized 55 Years NSU Prinz 1000 TT & NSU Typ 110 ..........19 Audi Tradition 3 Anniversary Dates 2020 Continued Anniversaries in Our Corporate History April 1940 -
Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Volkswagen
QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF VOLKSWAGEN Authors (Universitat de Barcelona): Cristina Gómez Bule Gonzaga Mestre Galofé Paula Rosselló Garriga EDITOR: Jordi Marti Pidelaserra (Dpt. Comptabilitat, Universitat Barcelona) Volkswagen AG Volkswagen Group Analyzing the company Paula Rosselló , Gonzaga Mestre y Cristina Gómez INDEX 13 - 2 - Volkswagen AG QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS PART I: Volkswagen analyze 1. Introduction..................................................................................................................4 2. Volkswagen AG...........................................................................................................6 * Porsche case: its relation with Volkswagen................................................................13 3. CEO members...........................................................................................................14 4. Volkswagen evolution................................................................................................15 5. Shareholders.............................................................................................................16 6. Stakeholders..............................................................................................................16 7. Volkswagen CSR.......................................................................................................20 8. Location.....................................................................................................................21 9. Emerging markets.....................................................................................................22 -
The Antique Expression
Volume 57, Issue 7 Aug.—Sept., 2015 Why isn’t your AUDI called a HORCH instead? By Audi Reinthaler Perhaps it could have been, if history had been just a bit different. August Horch (pronounced Hork-uh) was a In these regards, Horch’s career arc young German engineer who, after working was similar to that of another auto- for Karl Benz for years, started his own motive pioneer, Ransom E. Olds, automotive business in 1899. In 1901, he who started Oldsmobile. Just as Olds produced the first automobile of his own. It was forced out of the company he was called the Horch somewhat under- founded and prevented using his own standably. The company grew steadily and name for another automotive brand, attained a reputation for high quality, Horch found a way in 1910 to form durable and fast automobiles; in 1906 a another eponymously named auto- Horch won the equivalent of the world mobile company. While Olds started driving championship. But trouble was REO (using his own initials), Horch brewing with investors and stockholders and some of his associates went out An AACA Award Winning Newsletter Horch had brought in to help him get the and formed the August Horch Gulf Coast Region, Houston, Texas company off the ground. Automobile Works and were promptly sued by his former associates for The Antique Expression After a dispute, in 1909, he left, or was infringement of their company name. squeezed out of, his own company. And in a The German Supreme Court ordered legal settlement with his former business partners, Horch was prevented from using Continued on page 2.