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Ethan Knapp, Series Editor for My Mother, Fen-Ying “Fran” Horng Hsy (1948–2001) Trading Tongues Merchants, Multilingualism, and Medieval Literature

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Ethan Knapp, Series Editor for My Mother, Fen-Ying “Fran” Horng Hsy (1948–2001) Trading Tongues Merchants, Multilingualism, and Medieval Literature INTERVENTIONS: NEW STUDIES IN MEDIEVAL CULTURE Ethan Knapp, Series Editor For my mother, Fen-Ying “Fran” Horng Hsy (1948–2001) Trading Tongues MERCHANTS, MULTILINGUALISM, and MEDIEVAL LiTERATURE Jonathan Hsy THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY PRESS COLUMBUS Copyright © 2013 by The Ohio State University. All rights reserved. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data Hsy, Jonathan Horng. Trading tongues : merchants, multilingualism, and medieval literature / Jonathan Hsy. p. cm.—(Interventions : new studies in medieval culture) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8142-1229-5 (cloth : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-8142-1229-8 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Multilingualism and literature—England—History—To 1500. 2. Multilingualism—Eng- land—History—To 1500. 3. English literature—Middle English, 1100–1500—History and criticism. 4. Languages in contact—England—History—To 1500. I. Title. II. Series: Interven- tions : new studies in medieval culture. P115.5.G7H79 2013 404'.209420902—dc23 2012050877 This book is available in the following editions: Cloth (ISBN 978-0-89142-1229-5) CD-ROM (ISBN 978-0-8142-9331-7) Cover design by Janna Thompson-Chordas Type set in Goudy Old Style Printed by Thomson-Shore, Inc. The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Mate- rials. ANSI Z39.48–1992. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Ccontents List of Illustrations vii Acknowledgments ix Introduction • London’s Languages and Translingual Writing 1 Contact Zones, Modern and Medieval 1 Stores of the City: London’s Properties 9 London Lickpenny: Negotiating the City 14 Polyglot Perspectives 22 Chapter 1 • Chaucer’s Polyglot Dwellings: Home and the Customs House 27 Chaucer in Aldgate and The House of Fame 27 Writing on the Wall: Chaucerian Traces 36 Linguistic Fluidity and The Shipman’s Tale 42 Inhabiting Languages 53 Chapter 2 • Overseas Travel and Languages in Motion 58 Literary Code-Switching and Writing in Transit 58 Chaucer, Gower, and Constance Narratives 65 Distant Shores: Chaucer and Boccaccio 73 Channel Crossings: Charles d’Orléans and the Limits of Translatio 79 Mobile Tongues, Oceanic Trajectories 87 vi • Contents Chapter 3 • Translingual Identities in John Gower and William Caxton 90 The Poet and the Printer 90 John Gower and London’s Legal Languages 92 Gower’s Multilingual Merchants 99 Mercantile Allegory: Transformation across Tongues 105 Language Choice: Native and Acquired Tongues 111 Translingual Mediation: William Caxton 116 Language Accumulation 127 Chapter 4 • Travel and Language Contact in The Book of Margery Kempe 131 Margery Kempe on Land and Sea 131 Cross-Linguistic Communication at Home and Abroad 134 Margery Kempe’s Multilingual Peers 141 Maritime Language and Seaborne Prayer 146 Margery Kempe’s Language-Worlds 152 Chapter 5 • Merchant Compilations and Translingual Creation 157 Merchant-Compilers in London 157 Robert Fabyan (Draper): Compilatio as Craft 159 Richard Hill (Grocer): Narrative Reckoning 175 John Colyns (Mercer): Materiality and Marking 181 Translingual Writing and the Manifold Book 191 Chapter 6 • Coda: Contact Literatures, Medieval / Postcolonial 194 Charles d’Orléans: Exilic Imagination 194 Wild Tongues, Across Time 198 Peregrine Historiography 204 Bibliography 211 Index 227 illustrationsI Figure 1. London Wall Walk, Panel 5 (detail), near the former site of Chau- cer’s Aldgate residence. Wall outside of Sir John Cass’s Founda- tion Primary School, near the intersection of Duke’s Place and St. Botolph Street, London. Photograph by the author, 24 May 2010. 40 Figure 2. The French account book of London merchant Gilbert Maghfield records a debt owed by Chaucer (at bottom). Kew, The National Archives, E101/509/19, fol. 24r. 48 Figure 3. Miscellany of Richard Hill (bottom half of one folio). In this section, Hill records the births and deaths of his children (births in English, deaths in Latin). Oxford, Balliol College MS 354, fol. 17r. 179 Figure 4. A page from John Skelton’s Speke Parrot, with Latin glosses and John Colyns’ decorative flourishes. London, British Library, HarleyMS 2252, fol. 134r. 185 Figure 5. John Colyns’ experiments with diverse letter-forms (varieties of the initial S) near the ending of Speke Parrot. London, British Library, Harley MS 2252, fol. 139r. 190 Figure 6. Charles d’Orléans in the Tower of London. Detail of a page in a man- uscript containing a selection of his French poems with some of his English works. London, British Library, MS Royal 16 F. ii, fol. 73r. 208 vii acknowledgmentsA This book could not have come into being without the help of many other people. I would first like to thank Malcolm Litchfield at The Ohio State University Press and Ethan Knapp for enthusiastically supporting this proj- ect and providing a venue for this work. I also extend my thanks to an anonymous reader and Christopher Cannon, who offered insightful com- ments on an earlier manuscript and its subsequent revision. I owe a par- ticular debt of gratitude to Stephanie A. V. Gibbs Kamath and Cristina Pangilinan for reading multiple drafts of this book and giving thoughtful feedback at critical junctures. I would also like to thank Eugene O’Connor for his careful copyediting of the final manuscript and his helpful responses to some of my own readings of Latin poetry. For guiding me through the dissertation project that launched this book, I extend my sincere thanks to my advisor and mentor, David Wal- lace; the other members of my dissertation committee, Rita Copeland and Emily Steiner, were generous and attentive readers. Kevin Brown- lee and Peter Stallybrass provided welcome feedback on chapter drafts, as did members of the Penn Medieval/Renaissance Reading Group. My graduate studies were supported by the Andrew W. Mellon Fellowship in Humanistic studies from the Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation and the Benjamin Franklin Fellowship from the University of Pennsylvania. ix x • Acknowledgments Support from other institutions played a key role in transforming the dissertation into a book. Several of my research trips to the British Library and the National Archives at Kew were funded by grants from the Colum- bian College of Arts and Sciences at The George Washington Univer- sity. Travel to the Guildhall Library, London Metropolitan Archives, and King’s Lynn Borough Archives was facilitated by a Summer Stipend from the National Endowment for the Humanities; I would like to thank archi- vist Susan Maddock for her guidance and helpful hints while I was con- sulting the collections at Lynn. In addition to these awards, I also held a Short-Term Research Fellowship at the Folger Shakespeare Library, where I completed my work on the Caxton, Kempe, and merchant miscellany chapters. Members of the Folger community who were especially helpful during this stage in the project include Sarah Werner and Georgianna Ziegler. Of course, I owe tremendous gratitude to my departmental colleagues at The George Washington University. First and foremost I recognize Jef- frey Jerome Cohen, an encouraging and supportive colleague since my arrival at GW, who offered feedback on chapters in various stages. Gayle Wald very kindly read the introduction and coda to this book at a later stage. I am very fortunate to work alongside scholars whose transnational, comparative, and interdisciplinary interests continue to inspire me: Hache Carrillo, Patty Chu, Kavita Daiya, Daniel DeWispelare, Holly Dugan, Gil Harris, Alex Huang, Jennifer James, Tony López, Robert McRuer, and Tara Wallace, to name a few. Other faculty outside the department who have been helpful interlocutors include Leah Chang, Young-Kee Kim-Renaud, Suzanne Miller, Marcy Norton, Lynn Westwater, and Andrew Zimmer- man. The George Washington University Medieval and Early Modern Studies Institute (GW MEMSI) has provided community that contributed in many ways, tangible and intangible, to this project. Graduate students in two iterations of my “Transnational England” seminar challenged me to rethink how I approach my materials, and Jessica Roberts Frazier provided much-needed assistance during early stages of my Kempe research. My appreciation, as always, goes to Connie Kibler and Linda Terry, who keep the English department afloat. Beyond my own institution, other scholars have made a mark on this project. Suzanne Conklin Akbari and Marion Turner offered feedback on what would become the introduction and Chaucer chapter; Theresa Coletti and Sebastian Sobecki gave excellent comments on early stages of the Kempe chapter; and conversations with Ardis Butterfield influenced my understanding of Chaucer, Gower, and Charles d’Orléans. Acknowledgments • xi Expanding this circle of scholars even further, I am grateful for the transformative and community-building ethos of Eileen A. Joy, Myra Seaman, and members of the BABEL Working Group. Others who have influenced this book in some way include Mark Amsler, Holly Barbac- cia, Liza Blake, Brantley Bryant, M Bychowski, Megan Cook, Rory Crit- ten, Nic D’Alessio, Lowell Duckert, Sîan Echard, Laurie Finke, Alexandra Gillespie, Miriam Jacobson, Sean Keilen, Maryanne Kowaleski, Shayne Legassie, Karla Mallette, Nedda Mehdizadeh, Steve Mentz, Allan Mitch- ell, Rosemary O’Neill, Chris Piuma, Ad Putter, Shyama Rajendran, Kel- lie Robertson, Courtney Rydel, Nada Shawish, Martin Shichtman, Liza Strakhov, Karl Steel, Jamie Taylor, Amanda Walling, Michelle R. War- ren, Michael Wenthe, and Jocelyn Wogan-Browne. I thank Craig Bertolet,
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