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The Story of Radiology an Introduction Hisinternational Day Tof Radiologyo RY of the RADIOSTORY of RADIOLOLGYOGY

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The Story of Radiology an Introduction Hisinternational Day Tof Radiologyo RY of the RADIOSTORY of RADIOLOLGYOGY The sTory of radiology an introduction HISinTernaTional day Tof radiologyo RY OF The RADIOsTORY OF RADIOLoLGYoGY 1 Volume 1 The sTORY OF RADIOLoGY Published by the ESR – European Society of Radiology In cooperation with ISHRAD – The International Society for the History of Radiology Deutsches Röntgen Museum October 2012 Coordination: ESR Office Neutorgasse 9, 1010 Vienna, Austria Phone: (+ 43 1) 533 40 64-0 Fax: (+ 43 1) 533 40 64-441 E-mail: [email protected] www.myESR.org Managing Editor: Julia Patuzzi Editors: Simon Lee, Michael Crean Art Direction & Layout: Robert Punz Photo Credits: The sTory of radiology an introduction The sTORY OF RADIOLoconGYTenTs 07a FunFair For 25Early the SciEnces – dEvelopment PoPuLariSinG oF radioLogy x-rays: FroM 1896 to the Present Max von35 LauE and 451972 – 2012: the CentEnarY FORTY YEARS oF x-raY diffraction: oF CT 1912–2012 a BRIEF53 HiSTORY oF int75ErnationaL MEDICINE BEFORE SociEtY For the RADIOLoGY HiStorY oF radioLogy (iSHRAD) 3 the81 gerMan röntgen MuseuM The sTory of radiology an introduction The sTORY OF RADIOLoGY 4 The sTory of radiology an introduction The sTORY OF RADIOan inTroducLTionoGY The world of radiology has plenty to celebrate. It may have taken more than a century for this to be organised on a global scale, but this just gives us even more history to look back on. The trend was started with the first European Day of Radiology, celebrated on February 10, 2011, but it quickly became clear that the idea should be developed into a global initiative. With that in mind, the European Society of Radiology (ESR), together with the Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) and the American College of Radiology (ACR) decided to launch the first International Day of Radiology (IDoR) on November 8, 2012, which is being celebrated with numerous other radiological societies from all over the world. Early on in our preparations for IDoR 2012, it was agreed that among our planned projects there should be something dedicated to the radiological community; that we should not just celebrate the current state of imaging, but also the 117 years of progress and the pioneers who led the way here, to remind radiologists, radiographers and related scientists of the history and highlights of their discipline. Cooperation with the International Society for The story of radiology (ISHRAD) and the German Röntgen Museum was the next logical step, and you are now holding the results of this rewarding collaboration in your hands. The articles in this booklet only cover a small proportion of the rich and extensive heritage of our discipline, but with some luck – and lots of hard work – we hope to provide you with some more (hi)stories for future celebrations of the International Day of Radiology. 5 a FunFair For the SciEnces – PoPuLariSinG x-rays: FroM 1896 to the Present BY uwE BuScH The sTory of radiology a FunFair For the SciEnces PoPuLariSinG x-rays: FroM 1896 to the Present FaMouS contemporaries: Newspaper article on the occaSion oF roEntgen’S dEatH on Feb 10tH, 1923 8 The hisTory of radiology a FunFair For the SciEnces PoPuLariSinG x-rays: FroM 1896 to the Present X-rays became a part of popular culture in the twentieth century. Rumours about x-rays’ mystical powers arose towards the end of the nineteenth century, shortly after their discovery. They stirred the imagination of artists, charlatans and advertisers. X-ray technology became a metaphor for seeing through things. This mythical ‘x-ray vision’ revealed things beneath the surface, things that otherwise would have remained hidden. Advertisers, in particular, knew how to capitalise on this concept. Comic-strip figures with x-ray eyes competed with other cartoon figures in a brightly coloured, ever- expanding world of popular culture. sensaTional news in January 1896 On Saturday, December 28, 1895, Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen handed over his manuscript to the secretary of the physical-medical society in Würzburg saying: “Now, all hell can break loose.” And indeed all hell did break loose. Three days later, Röntgen received the special prints that he had sent to his colleagues together with New Year’s greetings and nine photographs. Among his colleagues were the physicians Kohlrausch, Lummer, Kelvin, Schuster, Voller, Warburg, Exner, Poincaré, Stokes, Michelson and Boltzmann. Many scientists, like the physician Otto Lummer of Berlin, believed that Röntgen was telling fairy tales, or they shook their heads saying that up until then Röntgen had actually been a fairly reasonable man. His first support came from Berlin, where his photographs were presented at the 50th anniversary of the German Physics Society. The rapid dissemina- tion of the sensational news, however, can be attributed to his fel- low student and professor of physics at the University of Vienna, 9 The sTory of radiology a FunFair For the SciEnces PoPuLariSinG x-rays: FroM 1896 to the Present Franz Exner. During a discussion on the night of January 4, he told his colleagues about Röntgen’s discovery. Röntgen and Exner had both been assistants to Röntgen’s mentor August Kundt in Zurich. The very same night, Ernst Lechner, professor of physics at the Uni- versity of Prague, wrote the first article on the sensational discovery together with his father, editor of the Vienna daily Die Presse, and the article was published the next day. Without actually printing pic- tures, both authors gave an excellent and concise summary of the most spectacular aspects, particularly the impressive and somewhat eerie images of bones made through the flesh. Considering its pos- sible applications, the older Lechner gave free rein to his imagina- tion. In retrospect, however, his reflections can indeed be called prophetic, as his predictions with reference to medical diagnostics were confirmed just a few months later. Once the news reached the Vienna bureaus of Reuters and The Daily Chronicle, the story was telegraphed to London and from there went all around the world within days. Newspaper articles in the Frankfurter Zeitung (Janu- ary 7/8, 1896), The Electrical Engineer (New York January 8, 1896), Würzburger Anzeiger (January 9, 1896), The Electrician (London January 10, 1896), The Lancet, the British Medical Journal (January 11, 1896), le Matin (Paris January 13, 1896), Nature (London), The New York Times (January 16, 1896), Science (New York January 24, 1896) and la Settimana (Florence January 25, 1896) were to follow. The most remarkable of these was the article published in the Frank- furter Zeitung, which, besides the possibility of pain-free diagnostics of broken bones and foreign objects, anticipated the development of (computed) tomography: “... when giving further rein to one’s imagi- nation it might seem possible to perfect the method of the photo- 10 The sTory of radiology a FunFair For the SciEnces PoPuLariSinG x-rays: FroM 1896 to the Present graphical process using the rays of the Crookes’ tubes in a way that only the parts of the soft tissue of the human body remain transpar- ent while simultaneously exposing a deeper slice on the roentgen plate which would be of priceless value for the diagnosis of numer- ous other groups of diseases than those of the bones ...” The high level of scientific interest in the new rays manifested itself in 1896 through the publication of 49 monographs and 1,044 special papers on x-rays. Throughout, the questions covered a large range of scientific fields. Within the field of physics, it was the nature of the rays that was predominantly discussed. The behaviour of the crys- tals was examined under x-radiation, and scientists discussed the question of extraterrestrial x-ray sources from sunlight. In medicine, special emphasis was put on the use of x-rays in surgery and inter- nal medicine. The course was set for skeletal radiology, angiography, thorax diagnostics, stereo radiography, neuroradiology, gastrological and urological radiology, gynaecological radiology, dental radiology, veterinary radiology as well as radiation therapy. Furthermore, the effect of x-rays on bacilli, flies, plants and food was tested. In the course of 1896, however, the drawbacks of x-rays were discovered and researchers set out to look for technical solutions to radiation exposure. In the history of science, rarely has a new discovery or invention met with such strong reaction and public interest. Röntgen’s new rays did not fail to have an effect. To expose what had, until then, been hidden from view, fascinated and unsettled people at the time. Here, the new rays were of great interest throughout society. In addition 11 The hisTory of radiology a FunFair For the SciEnces PoPuLariSinG x-rays: FroM 1896 to the Present to citizens, royal and imperial figures were fascinated and had x-ray pictures taken of their own hands. For instance, x-ray pictures were taken of the German emperor Wilhelm II and of Tsar Nicholas and the Tsarina of Russia. Queen Amelia of Portugal, who was especially interested in medical issues, had x-ray pictures of her ladies-in-wait- ing taken to demonstrate the harmful effect of corsets. In the institute of the French x-ray pioneer Seguy, pictures of crippled feet caused by overly tight-fitting shoes were taken. early public reacTion The enthusiasm that surrounded x-rays opened a door to applica- tions that were both popular and lucrative. With fluoroscopy or ‘x-ray viewing’ laypeople could observe the power of x-rays. Crypto- scopes, looking much like field glasses from the outside, were light- proof observation devices with luminous crystals on the inside. They were held up to the eyes and made it possible to observe x-rays even in daylight. One of the pioneers of fluoroscopy in the United States was Thomas A. Edison. He turned Röntgen’s scientific find- ings into a market success.
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