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(12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 8,092.584 B2 Gunasekaran Et Al

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(12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 8,092.584 B2 Gunasekaran Et Al USOO8092584B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 8,092.584 B2 Gunasekaran et al. (45) Date of Patent: Jan. 10, 2012 (54) GLUE FROMISLAUGHTERHOUSE ANIMAL (56) References Cited BLOOD U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS (75) Inventors: Sundaram Gunasekaran, Madison, WI 1,329.599 A * 2/1920 Henning .................... 106.124.5 1976,436 A * 10/1934 Cone ............................. 106,613 (US); Hailin Lin, Madison, WI (US) 2,400,541 A 5, 1946 Cone 2,874,134 A 2f1959 Gossett et al. (73) Assignee: Wisconsin Alumni Research 2,895,928 A * 7/1959 Cone ............................... 524/21 Foundation, Madison, WI (US) 3,080,244. A * 3/1963 Cone et al. .. 106.124.5 3,123,593 A * 3/1964 Allan et al. ................... 530,380 3,172,771 A * 3/1965 Lee ................ ... 106.124.5 (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this 3,324,564 A * 6/1967 Wright et al. ...... ... 33.366.16 patent is extended or adjusted under 35 3,415,668 A * 12, 1968 Hohbach et al. ......... 106/124.51 U.S.C. 154(b) by 548 days. 3,428,467 A * 2/1969 Cone et al. ................. 106.124.5 4,180,412 A 12/1979 Bunnig Appl. No.: 12/358,926 4.333,767 A 6, 1982 Nass (21) * cited by examiner (22) Filed: Jan. 23, 2009 Primary Examiner — David M. Brunsman (74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm — Joseph T. Leone, Esq.; (65) Prior Publication Data DeWitt Ross & Stevens S.C. US 201O/OO18436A1 Jan. 28, 2010 (57) ABSTRACT Disclosed is a process for making an animal blood adhesive Related U.S. Application Data and the resulting adhesive composition. The adhesive is made by adding to fresh, whole animal blood, without dewatering (60) Provisional application No. 61/022.948, filed on Jan. the blood, an anticoagulant and a preservative. Lime is then 23, 2008. added to the anticoagulated, preserved blood, and the pH is adjusted to between about 9 and about 11. A curing agent (51) Int. C. (such as potassium silicate, Sodium silicate and aluminum C09 IS9/04 (2006.01) dihydrogen phosphate) and ammonia are then added to the (52) U.S. Cl. ............... 106/124.5: 106/15.05: 106/18.31; mixture to yield the animal blood adhesive. The adhesive can 106/18.32 be made from any animal blood, Such as bovine, porcine, or (58) Field of Classification Search ............... 106/15.05, avian blood. The resulting adhesive is useful for adhering 106/18.31, 18.32, 124.5 wood-based products, such as plywood and particle board. See application file for complete search history. 21 Claims, 3 Drawing Sheets Fresh animal blood (100 g, 25% solids) Anticoagulant (EDTA, 10% w/v., 17 ml) Preservative (Sodium Azide (NaNs), 1%, WV) Lime:HO (13.5, W/W), 3 to NaOH (30%, wiw), 1 to 4 g Adjust p (9 to 11) Curing agent (Sodium silicate (Na2SiO3, 37%, ww). Aluminum dihydrogen triphosphate (Als(PO,0)3) 00:5), 4 g Ammonia (NH3H2O) (density =0.9 g/ml), 1 to 4 g Final adhesive U.S. Patent Jan. 10, 2012 Sheet 1 of 3 US 8,092.584 B2 Fresh animal blood (100 g, 25% solids) Anticoagulant (EDTA, 1.0% w/v., 17 mL) Preservative (Sodium Azide (NaNs), 1%, W/V) Lime: H2O (13.5, W/w), 3 to 5g NaOH (30%, wfw), 1 to 4 g Adjust pH (9 to 11) Curing agent (Sodium silicate (Na2SiO3, 37%, w/w): Aluminum dihydrogen triphosphate (Als(POO)3)-100.5, 4 g Ammonia (NH3H2O) (density = 0.9 g/mL), 1 to 4 g Final adhesive FIG. 1 U.S. Patent Jan. 10, 2012 Sheet 2 of 3 US 8,092.584 B2 Fresh animal blood (100 g, 25% solids) Anticoagulant (EDTA, 10% w/v., 17 mL) Preservative (Sodium Azide (NaNs), 1%, W/v) Lime: H2O (13.5, W/W), 3 to 5g NaOH (30%, W/w), 1 to 2 g Adjust pH (9 to 11 ) Curing agent Potassium silicate (K2SiO3.37%, W/W)), 1 to 2g Ammonia (NHH2O) (density = 0.9 g/cc), 1 to 2g Final adhesive FG, 2 U.S. Patent Jan. 10, 2012 Sheet 3 of 3 US 8,092.584 B2 Fresh animal blood (100g, 25% solids) Anticoagulant (EDTA, 10% w/v., 17 mL) Preservative (Sodium Azide (NaN), 1%, W/v) Lime: H2O (1:3.5, W/w), 3 to 6 g Adjust pH (9 to 11) Curing agent Potassium silicate (K2SiO3, 37%. W/W), 1 to 2 C Ammonia (NHH2O) (density=0.9 g/mL), 1 to 2g Final adhesive FIG. 3 US 8,092.584 B2 1. 2 GLUE FROMISLAUGHTERHOUSE ANIMAL dried mass of blood is then converted to a sprayable solution BLOOD of up to 40% concentration by adding water. The ready-to-use adhesive is prepared by spray-mixing a monobasic organic CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED acid with the liquid blood base. The blood, however, must be APPLICATIONS dried, a task that can be accomplished via vacuum drying, freeze drying or drying through atomization. Priority is hereby claimed to U.S. Provisional application A consistent issue in using animal blood as a glue compo Ser. No. 61/022,948, filed Jan. 23, 2008, which is incorpo nent is that the blood usually must be dried prior to use. rated herein. Because fresh, raw blood contains a very large proportion of 10 water, the drying step makes using bloodless economical due BACKGROUND to the energy cost required to dry the blood prior to use. Glues fabricated from slaughterhouse blood have been SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION known for quite some time. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 1,976, 436, issued on Oct. 9, 1934, describes the use of animal blood 15 The invention is directed to a process for making an animal as a component of wet glues for hot-press forming of plywood blood adhesive and the resulting adhesive itself. The process sheeting. At that time, the hot-press process was becoming generally comprises adding to fresh, whole animal blood, increasingly rare because the process could not be scaled-up without dewatering the blood, an anticoagulant in an amount economically. Additionally, coniferous woods are not ame sufficient to inhibit coagulation of the blood and a preserva nable to hot-pressing with a wet blood glue because the wood tive in an amount sufficient to inhibit growth of bacteria in the sheets do not have sufficient porosity to allow the moisture to blood. escape. Thus, when using wet blood glues and hot-pressing, To the anticoagulated, preserved blood is then added lime, the finished product had unacceptable blistering and check and optionally sodium hydroxide, to yield a mixture. The pH ering of the sheet surfaces due to steam bubbles trapped of the mixture is then adjusted to between about 9 and about within the laminate structure. U.S. Pat. No. 1,976,436 25 11. A curing agent and ammonia are then added to the mixture describes a blood glue suitable for both hot-press and cold to yield the animal blood adhesive. press forming of plywood sheets. The typical formulation In the preferred version of the invention, the anticoagulant contains 100 parts dried blood, 8 parts NaOH, 7 parts lime, 30 comprises EDTA and the preservative comprises sodium parts sodium silicate and 675 to 725 parts water. The blood azide. The preferred curing agents comprise potassium sili component is dehydrated, and the water is added back to 30 cate, or a combination of sodium silicate and aluminum dihy ensure the proper ratio of the ingredients in the final glue drogen phosphate. formulation. Blood for use in the adhesive can come from any animal U.S. Pat. No. 2,400,541, issued May 21, 1946, describes a Source, although bovine (cattle), porcine (Swine), and avian similar dried-blood glue formulation. Again, the glue is (chicken) blood is preferred. Fish blood may also be used. described in the context of making plywood sheeting. The 35 Cattle blood is the most preferred. typical formulation contains 100 parts dried blood, 9 parts NaOH, 8 parts lime, 40 parts silicate, and 650 part water. The BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS dried blood and water are first mixed and heated to near boiling. The NaOH is then added in batches, with mixing, and FIG. 1 is a flow chart depicting a first version of how to continued heating for another 20 minutes. This glue base is 40 make a blood-based glue according to the present invention. then allowed to cool to room temperature. The remaining (This flow chart illustrates how to make Adhesive A from the ingredients are then added with stirring to yield the final glue Examples.) product. FIG. 2 is a flow chart depicting a second version of how to Yet another dried blood glue is described in U.S. Pat. No. make a blood-based glue according to the present invention. 2,874,134, issued Feb. 17, 1959. Here, the glue formulation 45 (This flow chart illustrates how to make Adhesive B from the uses soluble, dried, uncoagulated blood. The dried, soluble Examples.) blood is dispersed in water and heated to about 120° F. The FIG. 3 is a flow chart depicting a third version of how to mixture is cooled and sodium silicate and an anti-foaming make a blood-based glue according to the present invention. agent (pine oil) are added. Wheat flour is then added with (This flow chart illustrates how to make Adhesive C from the mixing. Lastly, thermosetting melamine-formaldehyde is 50 Examples.) added to yield the final glue product. Additional water may also be added at this point to yield a glue of desired viscosity.
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