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A Genealogy of the Liberal Subject Over the Long-Nineteenth Century

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A Genealogy of the Liberal Subject Over the Long-Nineteenth Century UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Secularizing Sentiment, Democratizing Virtue: A Genealogy of the Liberal Subject Over the Long-Nineteenth Century A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in English by Sean Micheal Epstein-Corbin June 2012 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Jennifer Doyle, Chairperson Dr. Adriana Craciun Dr. John Briggs Copyright by Sean Micheal Epstein-Corbin 2012 The Dissertation of Sean Micheal Epstein-Corbin is approved: ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ Committee Chairperson University of California, Riverside Acknowledgements I would like to thank: Jennifer Doyle for her unerring commitment to both the development of this entire project and to my ongoing development as a teacher, scholar, and citizen; Adriana Craciun for her intellectual and professional support, without which my first chapter would never have materialized; John Briggs for his generosity in helping me navigate the waters of rhetoric and pragmatism; My entire committee for reading numerous drafts and suggesting many incisive revisions; Chandra Howard and Mary Auxier for their abiding friendship; Chawton House Library and the University of Southampton for their generous support of my archival research on Sarah Morris Wilmot and the Bluestockings; UCR‘s Graduate Division for their financial support, which also aided my archival research; The entire UCR English department, including faculty, staff, and graduate students, for their diligence and sympathy; My family for always believing in me; And my friends for keeping me grounded. I would especially like to thank my wife, Melanie, for her strength and love. iv In honor of Amelia Barry Lynch, William Minos Lynch, Emelyn Shattuck Corbin, and Gertrude Shattuck: ―May our hearts ever beat in mystic sympathy.‖ v ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Secularizing Sentiment, Democratizing Virtue: A Genealogy of the Liberal Subject Over the Long Nineteenth Century by Sean Micheal Epstein-Corbin Doctor of Philosophy, Graduate Program in English University of California, Riverside, June 2012 Dr. Jennifer Doyle, Chairperson My dissertation tracks the dialectical development of liberal subjectivity from eighteenth-century cultures of sensibility to the development of pragmatist-feminism at the turn of the twentieth century. Scholars have recently developed models for understanding transatlantic circuits of exchange and their importance in the development of interiority. Secularizing Sentiment, in focusing on the shift from sensibility and sentiment to pragmatism and feminism, participates in these discussions by framing liberal discourse in terms of affective conflict and aesthetic innovation. In particular, it anatomizes the generative contradictions of liberal subjectivity, on the one hand enamored of the text‘s power to order experience, on the other terrified of the threat to selfhood posed by iteration. Secularizing Sentiment theorizes the shift from sentimentalism to pragmatist-feminism as transatlantic states struggle with economic liberalization, industrialization, and growing rates of literacy. It emphasizes literacy as a technology accompanied by predictable conflicts, providing new lines of inquiry across an expanding archive of print and material culture made available by digitization. vi Chapter One considers Bluestocking sociality and Della Cruscan poetics by way of Sarah Wilmot nee Morris, a presumably unpublished poet whose manuscript miscellanies I found while doing archival research at Chawton House Library. Chapters Two and Three, through close attention to transatlantic novels and poetry of sensibility and sentiment, characterize sentimental subjectivity in terms of manic literacy, referred to by Jacques Derrida as the pharmakon, and how manic literacy gives rise to regulatory hermeneutic regimes. These regimes of interpretation – such as sensibility, sentimentalism, realism, and pragmatism – check the free play of the text according to powerful social and institutional structures. Chapters Four and Five complicate my theorization of liberal subjectivity, considering how the Civil War and the rise of clinical discourse threaten sentimental presumptions. Chapter 6, through readings of John Dewey, Jane Addams, and William James, demonstrates how pragmatist-feminism emerges as a sentimental critique of clinical discourse, thus placing it in the broader genealogy of liberal subjectivity explicated in Chapters One through Five. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction………………………………………..................................1 Chapter 1..……………………………………………………………….11 Sarah Wilmot, Social Authorship, and the Bluestocking Circle Chapter 2...…………………………………………………………........56 Fashioning Sentimental Subjects: Reading for Virtue, Writing with Faith Chapter 3………………………………………………………………...97 Gender, Aesthetics, and the (Dis)ordering of Sentiment Chapter 4………………………………………………………………...139 Martial Sentiments: Gender and Mourning in the American Civil War Chapter 5……………………………………………...............................201 Realism, Feminism, and the Clinic in A Country Doctor, The Bostonians, and Herland/Ourland Chapter 6………………………………………………………………...250 Pragmatism, Feminism, Sentiment: Social Democracy and the Liberal Subject Works Cited…………………………………………………………......287 viii Introduction We are thus brought to a conception of Democracy not merely as a sentiment which desires the well-being of all men…but as that which affords a rule of living as well as a test of faith. (Addams Democracy 6) Pragmatism has experienced a renascence that began in the 1970‘s with the diverse work of Susan Haack, Hilary Putnam, and Richard Rorty. Morris Dickstein, in his introduction to The Revival of Pragmatism, writes, ―By the middle of the twentieth century, pragmatism was widely considered a naively optimistic residue of an earlier liberalism, discredited by the Depression and the horrors of the war, and virtually driven from philosophy departments by the reigning school of analytic philosophy‖ (1). Attempting to explain its recent popularity, Dickstein speculates that ―[pragmatism] has appealed to philosophers moving beyond analytic philosophy, European theorists looking for an alternative to Marxism, and postmodernists seeking native roots for their critique of absolutes and universals‖ (1). Despite their diversity, neopragmatists have tended to place themselves in a fairly predictable historical narrative, extending from Emerson and Thoreau to C.S. Peirce, William James, John Dewey, and F.C.S Schiller. At its heart, as Rorty has claimed, pragmatism is seen as emerging out of transatlantic cultures of Romanticism (Dickstein 22). Rorty, in Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity, locates the roots of pragmatism in two historical contingencies: the French Revolution and the Romantic Movement. The French Revolution ―had shown that the whole vocabulary of social relations, and the whole spectrum of social institutions, could be replaced almost overnight‖ (3). Simultaneously, 1 ―the Romantic poets were showing what happens when art is thought of no longer as imitation but, rather, as the artist‘s self-creation‖ (3). These two waves together instilled in Europeans ―the idea that truth was made rather than found‖ (3). In the United States, this tradition is traced most commonly to Emerson and Thoreau, with occasional reference to other writers of the American Renaissance (Dickstein 3-4). Narratives of this kind are given in Contingecy, Irony and Solidarity by Richard Rorty; The American Evasion of Philosophy by Cornel West; and Meaning and Action: A Critical History of Pragmatism by H.S. Thayer. Readers might believe, having read histories of this sort, that women have little to do with pragmatism, or that pragmatism has little to do with feminism. They might further believe that women had little to do with Romanticism and hence little to do with the genealogy of pragmatist thought. They would be incorrect. Fortunately, feminist historians and philosophers have begun reclaiming the role of Jane Addams and Charlotte Perkins Gilman in the formation of classical pragmatism; similarly, decades of feminist history and literary scholarship have helped reclaim the profound involvement of women writers in the development of literatures of sentiment, sensibility, and romanticism. Charlene Haddock Seigfried in Pragmatism and Feminism has begun the difficult work of uncovering women‘s contributions to pragmatism. She has most forcefully demonstrated that Jane Addams has been unjustifiably excluded from pragmatist history, relegated, through the routine but no less pernicious machinations of gender politics, to the history of social work. Instead, Seigfried rightly demonstrates her philosophical complexity and her deep influence on the thinking of John Dewey. Erin McKenna, 2 treating the importance of utopian thought on the progressive movement and political liberalism, urges a closer look at the pragmatist thought of Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the ethics of care she shared with Jane Addams. Shannon Sullivan, drawing on transactionality in John Dewey, articulates the continued importance of pragmatism to feminist cultural work. Each suggests that pragmatism and feminism bear more than a tangential or passing relationship to one another. Cornel West, despite his relative occlusion of pragmatist women from The American Evasion of Philosophy, has further claimed that pragmatism,
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