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Women and Politeness in Eighteenth- Century England Women and Politeness in Eighteenth- Century England This first in-depth study of women’s politeness examines the complex relationship individuals had with the discursive ideals of polite femininity. Contextualising women’s autobiographical writings (journals and letters) with a wide range of eighteenth-century printed didactic material, it analyses the tensions between politeness discourse which aimed to regulate acceptable feminine identities and women’s possibilities to resist this disciplinary regime. Ylivuori focuses on the central role the female body played as both the means through which individuals actively fashioned themselves as polite and feminine, and the supposedly truthful expression of their inner status of polite femininity. Soile Ylivuori is a Marie Skłodowska-Curie Research Fellow at Queen Mary, University of London. Routledge Studies in Eighteenth-Century Cultures and Societies The long eighteenth century sits as a pivotal point between the early-modern and modern worlds. By actively encouraging an international focus for the series over all, both in terms of wide-ranging geographical topics and authorial locations, the series aims to feature cutting-edge research from established and recent scholars, and capitalize on the breadth of themes and topics that new approaches to research in the period reveal. This series provides a forum for recent and estab- lished historians to present new research and explore fresh approaches to culture and society in the long eighteenth century. As a crucial period of transition, the period saw developments that shaped perceptions of the place of the individual and the collective in the construction of the modern world. Eighteenth-Century Cultures and Societies is a series that is globally ambitious in scope and broad in its desire to publish cutting-edge research that takes an innovative, multi-vocal and increasingly holistic approach to the period. The series will be particularly sensitive to questions of gender and class, but aims to embrace and explore a variety of fresh approaches and methodologies. Series Editors: Elaine Chalus and Deborah Simonton Women and Politeness in Eighteenth-Century England Bodies, Identities, and Power Soile Ylivuori For more information about this series, please visit: https://www.routledge. com/Routledge-Studies-in-Eighteenth-Century-Cultures-and-Societies/book-series/ RSECCS Women and Politeness in Eighteenth-Century England Bodies, Identities, and Power Soile Ylivuori First published 2019 by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 and by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2019 Taylor & Francis The right of Soile Ylivuori to be identified as author of this work has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. The Open Access version of this book, available at www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Names: Ylivuori, Soile, author. Title: Women and politeness in eighteenth-century England : bodies, identities, and power / by Soile Ylivuori. Description: New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. | Series: Routledge studies in eighteenth-century cultures and societies | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Identifiers: LCCN 2018016210 (print) | LCCN 2018038016 (ebook) | ISBN 9780429454431 | ISBN 9781138318663 | ISBN 9781138318663(hbk.) | ISBN 9780429454431(ebook) Subjects: LCSH: England--Social life and customs--18th century. | Women-- England--Social conditions--18th century. | Courtesy--England--History--18th century. Classification: LCC DA485 (ebook) | LCC DA485 .Y55 2019 (print) | DDC 390.082/0942--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018016210 ISBN: 978-1-138-31866-3 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-429-45443-1 (ebk) Typeset in Sabon by Taylor & Francis Books To all female friends and friendships Contents List of Figures ix Acknowledgments x Abbreviations xii Introduction 1 1 Framing the Stage: Politeness and the Body 14 Female Bodies and Performances of Politeness 14 Defining Politeness 19 Polite Identities and Cultural (Ex)change 23 Ambivalent Politeness and Questionable Ton 27 2 Gendered Politeness and Power 37 Women and Polite Sociability: Civilising or Gendering Process? 38 Discursively Created Natural Femininity 45 Subordinate Wives and Obedient Daughters 55 3 Hypocrisy and Strategic Dissimulation 67 Natural Sincerity and Dishonest Affectation 69 Hypocrisy and Transparency: The Dual Role of the Body 74 Dissimulation and Power: Strategic Opacity 77 Problematic Dress: Extension of Body and Mirror of Soul 82 Sensibility and Politeness 89 Power through Tears? Sensibility and Dissimulation 94 4 Playing with Public and Private 107 Female Bodies and the Polite Spectacle 109 Constructing the Feminine Body 116 Women’s Self-conscious Spectacle 124 Beauty and Power 131 viii Contents Female Accomplishments: Capturing the Gaze? 136 Rural and Urban Sociability 142 Sociability and the Blurring of the Public/Private Dichotomy 148 5 Multiple Identities 162 Autobiography and Identity 164 Fanny Burney’s Self-fashioning 171 Elizabeth Montagu’s Play with Masks 177 Phoebus in Petticoats: Elizabeth Montagu’s Breeches Roles 182 Mary Delany’s Image Control 186 Identity and the Self 191 Ironic Citations: Politeness as Camp 195 6 Discipline and Subversion 205 Discipline and Gender 206 Passions and Reason 210 Temptations of the Tea-table 213 Disciplining the Female Tongue 218 Catherine Talbot’s Quest for Self-improvement 225 Discipline as Freedom 232 Hypocritical Chastity and Sexual Power 239 Epilogue 256 Bibliography 261 Index 284 Figures 2.1 The Breeches in the Fiera Maschereta (London: Matthew Darly 1775). Courtesy of the Lewis Walpole Library, Yale University 51 2.2 Isaac Cruikshank, A Republican Belle—A Picture of Paris for 1794 (London: S. W. Fores 1794). Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Washington D.C. 54 3.1 James Gillray, Ladies Dress, As It Soon Will Be (London: Hannah Humphrey 1796). Courtesy of the Lewis Walpole Library, Yale University 88 4.1 British Vessels. Described for the Use of Country Gentlemen (London: T. Williamson 1802). Retrieved from the Library of Congress, Washington D.C. 111 4.2a ‘Walking’ in The Polite Academy (London: R. Baldwin and B. Collins 1762). © The British Library Board (Shelfmark Ch.760/41) 120 4.2b ‘The Courtsie’ in The Polite Academy (London: R. Baldwin and B. Collins 1762). © The British Library Board (Shelfmark Ch.760/41) 121 4.3 ‘Dancing’ in Francois Nivelon, The Rudiments of Genteel Behavior ([London?]: [s.n.] 1737). © The British Library Board 122 4.4 Thomas Rowlandson, Six Stages of Mending a Face (London: S. W. Fores 1792). Courtesy of the Lewis Walpole Library, Yale University 134 5.1 Elizabeth Montagu’s letter to Gilbert West (a, b, c), 16 January 1754, MO 6712; and to Edward Montagu (d), 8 August 1757, MO 2335. Elizabeth Robinson Montagu Papers, The Huntington Library, San Marino, California 167 5.2 Charles Turner after Edward Francisco Burney, Fanny Burney (1840). © National Portrait Gallery, London 172 5.3 John Raphael Smith after Sir Joshua Reynolds, Elizabeth Montagu (1774). © National Portrait Gallery, London 178 5.4 Joseph Brown after John Opie, Mary Delany (1861). © National Portrait Gallery, London 188 6.1 Christian Friedrich Zincke, Catherine Talbot (n.d.). Bonhams 226 6.2 George Dance, Hester Lynch Piozzi (1793). © National Portrait Gallery, London 238 Acknowledgments It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a woman must have money and a room of her own to write books. This has also been the case with this book. It grew out of my doctoral thesis, which I was able to write at the University of Helsinki through the funding of the Finnish Cultural Foundation and the Doc- toral Programme for History and Cultural Heritage (University of Helsinki). The financial support of the Eino Jutikkala Fund, the University of Helsinki Funds, and the British Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies allowed me to share my ideas at conferences, visit archives, and do research at the University of Cambridge. Finally, participating in a project funded by the Academy of Finland, and then receiving the European Commission’s Marie Skłodowska- Curie Fellowship enabled me to turn the thesis into this book. For all of these, I am profoundly grateful. In addition to money and a room, a writer also needs intellectual support and stimulus, which the different scholarly environments I have had the privilege to work at during my doctoral and postdoctoral life have been provided in abundance. I would like to thank particularly my wonderful PhD supervisors at the University of Helsinki, Markku Peltonen and Anu Korhonen, whose generous guidance and support have been of invaluable help to me throughout this project—and still con- tinue so. At Cambridge, Lawrence Klein was kind enough to lend me his excep- tional expertise and insight during the year I spent there. Special thanks are due to my examiners, Ludmilla Jordanova, and especially Karen Harvey who ventured to icy Helsinki for the examination and has remained supportive throughout this project. At Queen Mary, my brilliant mentor Amanda Vickery, Colin Jones, and others have provided support and advice. My series
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