A Future Possibility in the Finnish EFL Classroom?

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A Future Possibility in the Finnish EFL Classroom? International English – a Future Possibility in the Finnish EFL Classroom? University of Tampere School of Modern Languages and Translation Studies English Philology Pro Gradu Thesis June 2004 Elina Ranta 1 Tampereen yliopisto Kieli- ja käännöstieteiden laitos Englantilainen filologia Ranta, Elina: “International English – a Future Possibility in the Finnish EFL Classroom?” Pro gradu –tutkielma, 85 s. , 16 liites. Kesäkuu 2004 Tiivistelmä Tutkimus käsittelee kansainvälistä englantia ja sen mahdollisuuksia tulla hyväksytyksi englanninopetuksen malliksi suomalaisissa kouluissa. Tutkimus toteutettiin kyselytutkimuksena, jossa vastaajina oli 34 englanninopettajaa Tampereen lukioista sekä 108 tamperelaista lukion toisen vuosikurssin opiskelijaa. Ensisijaisena tarkoituksena oli selvittää englanninopettajien käsityksiä ja asenteita ei-äidinkielistä englantia (ts. kansainvälistä englantia) kohtaan, ja näin saada selville, miten valmiita he olisivat hyväksymään kansainvälisen englannin uutena paradigmana ja mallina englannin vieraan kielen opetukseen Suomessa. Myös opiskelijoiden suhtautumista kansainväliseen englantiin sekä heidän omaa englannin kielen käyttöään tutkittiin. Opiskelijoiden vastauksia käytettiin pääasiassa vertailukohteena opettajien vastauksille. Kansainvälinen englanti perustuu ajatukseen, jonka mukaan englanti ei ole enää yksinomaan kieltä äidinkielenään puhuvien (mm. brittien ja amerikkalaisten) omaisuutta, sillä nykyisin englantia käytetään pääasiassa maailmanlaajuisena, yhteisenä lingua francana hyvin erilaisista kielellisistä ja kulttuurisista taustoista tulevien ihmisten väliseen keskinäiseen kommunikointiin. Moni englanninpuhuja ei välttämättä koskaan tule puhumaan englantia äidinkielisen puhujan kanssa. Lisäksi ei-äidinkielisten englanninpuhujien määrä on jo ylittänyt äidinkielisten puhujien määrän maailmassa, ja jatkaa yhä kasvuaan. Niinpä kansainvälinen englanti katsoo, että ei-äidinkieliset englanninpuhujat tulee hyväksyä täysivaltaisina englanninpuhujina siinä missä äidinkielisetkin puhujat, ja uusi yhteinen kansainvälisen englannin normi tulisi kehittää sen perusteella, miten enemmistö puhujista käyttää kieltä – ei sen perusteella miten vähemmistössä olevat äidinkieliset puhujat sitä käyttävät. Opetuksen kannalta kansainvälinen englanti merkitsee luopumista äidinkielisen puhujan kompetenssin tavoittelusta, koska paitsi että tavoite on suurimmalle osalle oppijoista mahdoton saavuttaa, on se myös tarpeeton yllämainituista syistä johtuen. Koska kansainvälisen englannin käsite on vielä nuori, opetussuunnitelmat kuten myös esimerkiksi suomalainen ylioppilaskoe pohjautuvat kuitenkin yhä äidinkielisen puhujan tason tavoitteluun englannin oppimisen perimmäisenä päämääränä. Tutkimuksessa ilmeni, että huolimatta opetussuunnitelmien ja ylioppilastutkintolautakunnan perinteisistä, äidinkielisen puhujan tavoitteista opetuksessa, suomalaisten opettajien keskuudessa on orastavaa tiedostusta englannin normien laajenemisesta ja jopa valmiutta luopua äidinkielisen puhujan vaatimuksista. Vain viidesosa opettajista oli vahvasti äidinkielisen puhujan tavoitteiden kannalla, kun taas kolmannes osoitti hyvinkin vahvaa kannatusta kansainvälisen englannin aspekteja kohtaan. Suurin osa vastaajista sijoittui näiden kahden ääripään välille, mikä toisaalta osoittaa, että hekään eivät täysin ja yksinomaan kannattaneet äidinkielisen puhujan tavoitteita, vaikka opetussuunnitelma tätä edellyttäisikin. Eniten normien höllentämisen kannalla olivat nuoremman sukupolven opettajat, ja vastaavasti äidinkielisten normien puolella vanhemman opettajasukupolven edustajat. 2 Myös opiskelijat osoittivat tietoisuutta englannin lingua franca –asemasta maailmassa ja pitivät tärkeämpänä oppia kommunikoimaan englanniksi erimaalaisten ja –kielisten ihmisten kanssa kuin äidinkielisen normin saavuttamista tai siinä pitäytymistä. Opiskelijoista viidennes ilmoitti, ettei pyri noudattamaan mitään englannin natiivivarianttia omassa kielenkäytössään, koska heistä se oli joko tarpeetonta tai jopa teennäistä. Toisaalta kolmannes sanoi tavoittelevansa äidinkielisen puhujan tasoa, mutta kuten opettajien kohdalla, myös opiskelijoista suurin osa sijoittui näiden kahden ääripään välille. Huomattavaa kuitenkin on, että jopa kolmannes opiskelijoista sanoi pelkäävänsä ajatustensa ilmaisemista englanniksi, mikäli eivät voineet olla varmoja ilmaustensa kieliopillisuudesta. Tämä saattaa johtua siitä, että opiskelijat joutuvat joka tapauksessa jatkuvasti vertaamaan itseään äidinkieliseen puhujaan, koska opettajien omista näkemyksistä huolimatta, tämä on malli, jota kouluopetuksessa edelleen suositaan. Miksi opettajat sitten suosivat äidinkielistä puhujaa opetuksen mallina, vaikka ymmärtävät kielen kansainvälisen roolin? Tutkimus osoittaa, että lukiossa erityisesti ylioppilastutkintolautakunnan asettamat vaatimukset englannin ylioppilaskokeen muodossa rajoittavat vahvasti opettajien omien näkemysten ja tavoitteiden esiinpääsyä. Vaikka opettajat itse olisivatkin tietoisia englannin pääasiallisesta käyttötarkoituksesta kansainväliseen kommunikointiin, eivät he voi poiketa opetussuunnitelman ja YTL:n vaatimuksista, minkä vuoksi he pitäytyvät äidinkielisen puhujan malleihin opetuksessaan. Myös oppimateriaalit korostavat yhä pääasiassa perinteisiä brittiläisiä ja amerikkalaisia malleja, joten kansainvälisemmän englannin esiintuominen oppitunneilla jää opettajien oman innostuksen ja materiaalin valmistamisen varaan. Tutkimuksesta käy kuitenkin ilmi, että opiskelijoiden asenteet englantia kohtaan heijastelevat hyvin paljon kouluopetuksesta saatuja vaikutteita, joten opetussuunnitelmilla ja ylioppilaskokeiden tavoitteilla on varsin todellisia, suuriakin vaikutuksia ensin opettajien ja tätä kautta opiskelijoiden suhtautumiseen englannin kieleen sekä sen käyttöön. Tutkimuksen tulos viittaa siihen, että opettajien ja opiskelijoiden puolesta kansainvälinen englanti mitä todennäköisimmin toivotettaisiin tervetulleeksi kouluopetuksen normiksi suomalaisissa kouluissa, jos vain edellytykset tälle opetusviranomaisten puolesta olisivat olemassa. Tietoisuuden herättäminen englannin muuttuneesta roolista juuri opetussuunnitelmista ja arvostelukriteereistä päättävien tahojen keskuudessa onkin tärkein askel, joka seuraavaksi olisi otettava, mikäli kansainvälinen englanti halutaan yleiseksi normiksi suomalaisiin koululuokkiin. Tähän saattaa tosin olla vielä matkaa, koska parhaillaan englanninopetuksen näkemykset englannin kielestä ovat vasta laajenemassa käsittämään ne englannin muodot, joita kieltä toisena kielenä käyttävät (esimerkiksi intialaiset) puhuvat. Kansainvälinen englanti tarjoaisi kuitenkin paitsi taloudellisen normin kielen opiskeluun myös todennäköisesti lieventäisi niin opettajien kuin oppilaidenkin tuntemia, tutkimuksessa esiin tulleita riittämättömyydentunteita (tai jopa pelkoja) siitä, etteivät pysty saavuttamaan äidinkielisen puhujan tasoa omassa englannin kielen käytössään. 3 Table of Contents: 1. Introduction..............................................................................................................….1 2. English in the World...................................................................................................4 2.1 Speakers of English..................................................................................................5 2.2 Linguistic Elitism.....................................................................................................7 2.2.1 Linguistic Imperialism .................................................................................7 2.2.2 Linguistic Purism .........................................................................................9 2.3 International English ..............................................................................................13 3. Teaching English in the Expanding Circle .......................................................18 3.1 Non-native Speakers as Teachers of English.........................................................18 3.2 Teaching English as an International Language ....................................................20 3.2.1 Teaching the Four Language Skills...........................................................21 3.2.2 Methodologies for Teaching EIL: Dangers in Communicative Language Teaching and Intercultural Communication.............................25 3.2.3 Teaching Culture in EIL............................................................................27 3.2.4 Resisting Linguistic Imperialism .............................................................29 3.2.5 Teachers in Pressure Conflict...................................................................30 4. English in Finland ....................................................................................................33 5. Study of Teachers’ and Students’ Attitudes towards EIL..............................37 5.1 Materials and Methods...........................................................................................38 5.1.1 The Subjects and the Conduct of the Study ...............................................38 5.1.2 The Questionnaires.....................................................................................40 5.2 Results....................................................................................................................42 5.2.1 Teachers .....................................................................................................42 5.2.2 Students......................................................................................................58
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