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Home , Georg Morgenstierne, Karl Friedrich Geldner, Kharg Island, Khosrow I, Rudaba, Yazdegerd I

CENTER FOR NEWSLETTER Vol. 17, No. 1 SIPA-Columbia University-New York Spring 2005

NCYCLOPAEDIA RANICA NLINE SEMNANI E I O ELECTED CHAIRMAN OF A DRASTIC NEW APPROACH THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES

The Encyclopaedia Iranica we reach entries such as MITHRA, has adopted a radically new ap- NOWRUZ, THE SASANIANS, THE SA- proach which affects the pace and FAVIDS, THE -NAMA, SHIʼISM, progress of the Encyclopaedia and or . the time needed for its completion. In fact the Encyclopaedia is The new approach, which has been becoming a living institution which made possible by taking advantage of can be consulted by all and sundry, the advances in information technol- by scholars and students, to gain the ogy, makes the Encyclopaedia in fact latest information about Iranian lands a permanent database for accurate and and their varied relations with their reliable information about all aspects of neighbors and others. Now the great Iranian history and culture which is con- bulk of the entries that we invite and Following Mr. Mahmoud Khay- tinually updated and enriched by data receive belong to this category. The amiʼs departure as Chairman of the derived from archeological discoveries, printed version also continues as before Board, his nominee, Mr. Khosrow B. new publications, and events. and when we reach a new letter of the Semnani, a Vice-Chairman of the Board The Encyclopaedia Iranica is no alphabet we commit the articles that of the Encyclopaedia Iranica Founda- longer a mere series of published vol- have been published on our web site, tion, was elected by ballot in April 2005 umes which follows the alphabetical or- www.iranica.com, to print. as the new Chairman. der, but by disregarding the alphabetical Mr. Semnani has been a constant order it is enabled to invite Iranologists So far over 1500 major entries have and generous supporter of the Encyclo- from around the world to contribute ar- been invited for the online program. Out paedia for many years. A firm believer ticles which are primary and also more of these, 700 have been received, 370 in Persian cultural heritage and the ne- significant for our audience, or articles of which are being edited, and 330 of cessity of preserving and disseminating whose subjects coincide with their cur- which have already been placed online. the facts of Iranian history and culture, rent research. Thus, it would no longer Thanks to this approach the time needed he is singularly qualified to assume the be necessary to wait for years before for the completion of the Encyclopaedia chairmanship of our Board. has been reduced by two-thirds. Here a Mr. Semnani received a B. S. in brief analysis of the articles published chemistry and physics from Westmin- on our site is offered. ster College in 1972 and his Masters Continued on page 2 Continued on page 11

The NEH Approves EIrʼs Electronic Initiative

The National Endowment for Humanities, which has supported the Encyclo- paedia Iranica for the past 25 years, showed interest in our online program and last year gave $25,000 as a grant in order for us to hone and refine this program and particularly to attend to the technical aspects of our online publishing. To this end, the advice and participation of Columbia Universityʼs Electronic Publishing Initiative (EPIC) was sought. A series of meetings have been organized in which Kate Wittenberg, the Director of EPIC, Sean Costigan, Senior Editor of CIAO, and Homayoon Beigi, the Encyclopaediaʼs webmaster and Adjunct Professor of Engi- neering at Columbia University, as well as Dr. Ashraf, our Managing Editor, and Dina Amin, the Assistant Director of CIS, have been participating to enhance our Angel reading a book, miniature, online publication. The NEH has agreed to support the Encycylopaedia Iranica for 16th century, MUNICH MUSEUM another two years, depending in part on our ability to fundraise from other sources. CIS Newsletter 2

Old Iranian and Zoroastrian studies by Continued from page 1 R. Schmitt; and NIETZSCHE AND PERSIA, PRE-ISLAMIC treating Nietzscheʼs conception of Zo- LANGUAGES AND LITERATURE roaster and , by D. Ashouri.

A number of prominent linguists of Finally, four legendary figures are the 20th century, specializing in ancient discussed: SIMORGH, mythical miracu- , are presented: V. I. lous bird, by H. P. Schmidt; RUDABA, ABAEV, Ossetic-Russian Iranologist and legendary mother of ; and ZAL, linguist, by I. Yakubovich; HAROLD legendary prince of , father of BAILEY, British scholar of Iranian lan- Rostam, both by A. S. Shahbazi; and guages, by J. Sheldon; NEIL MACKEN- OSTANES, legendary mage in classical ZIE, British scholar of Iranian languages, and medieval literature, by M. Smith. by D. Durkin-Meisterenst; SAMUEL NYBERG, Swedish scholar of pre-Islamic PRE-ISLAMIC Iranian religions and languages, by C. ART & ARCHEOLOGY Cereti; and GEORG MORGENSTIERNE, Norwegian linguist of Indo-Iranian KAʼBA-YE ZARDOSHT Thirteen articles treat pre-Islamic languages of Persia and , art and archeology: NEOLITHIC AGE IN the Pamirs, and the northwest of , , treating the origins and early by F. Thordarson; and HANS REICHELT, PRE-ISLAMIC RELIGIONS development of agricultural econo- Austrian scholar of Indo-Iranian philol- mies, by F. Hole; PERSEPOLIS, ruined ogy, by R. Schmitt. Pre-Islamic religions are the sub- monuments of the Achaemenid city of ject of 16 entries: ANTHROPOMORPHISM, Parsa, by A. S. Shahbazi; DUNHUANG, Other outstanding scholars of Old conceiving Mazda in human Buddhist caves in Gansu, China, where and Middle Iranian languages who are form, by J. Duchesne-Guillemin; and a good deal of Manichean documents treated include: STEN KONOW, Nor- MICROCOSOM MACROCOSOM THEORY, were found, by G. Mikkelsen; KABA- wegian Indo-Iranian linguist of 19th correspondence between humans and YE ZARDOSHT, Sasanian building at century, by F. Thordarson; WOLFGANG the cosmos; and PAHLAVI PSALTER, Mid. Naqsh-e Rostam near Persepolis, by LENTZ, German scholar of Middle & Pers. translation of the Syriac Psalter, G. Gropp; KANGAVAR, a town near New Persian dialects and religions, by both by P. Gignoux. Manicheism is Kermanshah and the site of an ancient G. Gropp; ANTOINE MEILLET, French treated in four entries: MITHRA, IN MANI- temple, possibly of theSeleucid period; linguist and scholar, 19th-20th centu- CHEISM, the use of ancient Zoroastrian and ancient MONUMENTS, ries, by R. Schmitt. W. K. MULLER, Ger- god in Manicheism; and MANICHEAN both by W. Kleiss; ARCHEOLOGY viii. man scholar of Central Asian cultures PANTHEON, Gods of the Manicheans, NORTHERN AZERBAIJAN, archeological and languages, 19th-20th centuries, by both by W. Sundermann; MANICHEISM sites of Northern Azerbaijan, by M. N. D. Durkin-Meisterenst. IN CHINA, by S. Lieu; Buddhist Ele- Pogrebova; TAKHT-E SOLAYMAN, arche- ments in MANICHEISM, by P. Bryder. ological site in Azerbaijan, by D. Huff; Other entries on pre-Islamic lin- TANG-E SARVAK, an archeological site in guistics and literature include: POETRY Other entries on pre-Islamic reli- eastern Khuzestan province, Parthian i, remnants of Indo-European poetic gions include: ZOROASTER, THE NAME, period, by E. Haernick; TEPPE YAHYA, crafts, by R. Schmitt. SYNTAX, treating the Gathic form of the name archeological site in Kerman province; functions of noun and verb in phrase and its derivatives, its etymology, the and BAMPUR, pre-historic site in Balu- structure, by J. Kellens; DABE MAM- Greek form Zoroaster, and Armenian chistan, both by D. T. Potts; TURFAN SIRATI (Xabiyi-Firt), Ossetic poet and evidence, by R. Schmitt; NIRANGDIN, EXPEDITIONS, at an archeological site in short story writer, by F. Thordarson; Zoroastrian ritual, by F. Kotwal, and Chinese Turkestan on the ancient Silk and RAHIM AFIFI, Persian scholar of P. Kreyenbroek; ZOROASTER, AS PER- Pahlavi language, by J. Matini CEIVED BY THE GREEKS; and MITHRAISM, i.e., the cult of Mithra developed in the West, both by R. Beck; MARRIAGE CONTRACT IN THE PRE-ISLAMIC PERIOD, by I. Yakubovich; and NURISTAN, land of heathen Kafirs before Islamiza- tion, in northeast Afghanistan, by M. Klimburg.

Also treated are two scholars and a philosopher who worked on Zoroas- trianism: JES PETER ASMUSSEN, Danish scholar of pre-Islamic Iranian cultural history and religions from Zoroastri- A statue of Mani as the Buddha of Light, GEORG MORGENSTIERNE anism to , by W. Sundermann; from MANICHEISM IN CHINA FRIEDRICH SPIEGEL, German scholar of 3 CIS Newsletter

lord of Karkashshi, 7th century BCE; PERSEPOLIS ELAMITE TABLETS, Elamite PARTHIAN AND SASANIAN administrative records; and BABYLO- HISTORY NIAN CHRONICLES, Babylonian sources in reference to Persia, all by M. - Two entries deal with Parthian damayev. relations with : TRAJAN, Roman emperorʼs Parthian campaigns, R. Schmitt has contributed the fol- 2nd century, by E. Kettenhofen; AXSE, lowing six entries: GARMAPADA, fourth Parthian hostage in Rome, 2nd century, month of the calendar; by M. L. Chaumont. NISAYA the name of several Iranian regions and places; ORONTES, Greek Sasanian history is the subject of 10 form of four commandersʼ names; and entries: A. S. Shahbazi has contributed three entries, each on Greek forms of the following three entries of SASANIAN an Achaemenid name: OXATHRES; OXY- DYNASTY, the last pre-Islamic dynasty of ARTES, and OXYATHRES. Iran (3rd-7th centuries); SHAPUR, name Other entries include: MITHRADATES of three Sasanian kings and notables; VI EUPATOR, last king of Pontus, the and , Sasanian king, 5th Hellenistic kingdom that emerged in century. northern Asia Minor in the 3rd century BCE; and PONTUS, Hellenistic kingdom Other entries include: SASANIAN in Asia Minor, 4th century BCE, both , by G. Gropp; SASANIAN ROCK- Gilt-silver ewer from tomb of Li Xian, by B. McGing; NEZAK, name on a lo- RELIEFS in Fars, by G. Hermann and CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS xiii cal dynastyʼs coins in Kapisa (in V. Curtis; OUPHARIZES, general of the region), late 7th century, by F. Grenet; cavalry of , by R. Frye; i. IN ANTIQUITY, by D. T. Road where an incomparable wealth of , Sasanian title denoting a high Potts; MOUNT MUGH, Sogdian castle texts in Iranian and other languages, by military rank, by R. Gyselen; EAST near Samarqand, 7th-8th centuries, by AND EST W. Sundermann; PANJIKANT, ancient W , English language quarterly G. Semenov; and OROITES, Achaemenid Sogdian city in Tajikistan and its art, by of IsIAO (formerly IsMEO ) in Rome Satrap of Lydia, Phrygia, and Ionia, by B. Marshak; SAMARQAND, HISTORY AND since 1950, by A. Panaino. C. J. Brunner. ARCHEOLOGY, by F. Grenet.

Also treated are three historians Two entries deal with Iranian influ- ARMENIA: PRE-ISLAMIC and scholars who have contributed to ences on arts of neighboring regions: RELATIONS WITH IRAN Achaemenid studies: AMPELIUS, author GANDHARAN ART, Iranian contribution of Liber Memorial referring to Achae- and Iranian connections to Gandharan Pre-Islamic Armeno-Iranian Re- menids, 3rd century, by P. P. Huyse; art, by B. A. Litvinsky; CHINESE-IRA- lations are discussed in a number of LEWIS, epigrapher of Greece and, NIAN RELATIONS xiii: the influence of entries: N. Garsoian has contributed by extension of the , Eastern Iranian art on Chinese art, by the following entries: ARMENO IRANIAN by A. Kuhrt; PETER JULIUS JUNGE, Ger- M. L. Carter. RELATIONS, pre-Islamic; MAMIKONEAN, man ancient historian and Iranologist, the most distinguished dynasty in by A. S. Shahbazi. Also discussed are life and works Early Christian Armenia after the ruling of four archeologists and art historians: Arsacid house; NAXARAR, term for para- PETER CALMEYER, German archeolo- gist, by W. Kleiss and A. S. Shahbazi; HEINZ LUSCHEY, German archeologist and art historian, by W. Kleiss; ROLAND DE MECQUENEM, French archeologist, director, and excavator of Elamite sites in Khuzestan, by L. Martinez-Seve. Also treated is the Iranian antiquities collection at LOUVRE MUSEUM, by P. Amiet;

HISTORY: MEDIAN AND ACHAEMENID

Median and Achaemenid History is treated in 19 entries: PHRAORTES, the second king of Median dynasty, by I. Medvedskaya; KASHTARITI, city TANG-E SARVAK inscriptions CIS Newsletter 4 feudal, social pattern in early Armenia AL-DIN AHMAD, Timurid and shared with the Parthians; TIGRAN THE governor, 14th century, by E. Glassen; GREAT, King of Armenia, 1st century and AMIRDOVLAT AMASIATSI, Armenian BCE; and SMBAT BAGRATUNI, Armenian physician and author, in the Ottoman prince, head of the Bagratid house, period, 15th century, by A. Sanjian. 6th-7th centuries. Other entries are: KAMASARAKAN, Armenian noble claim- SAFAVID THROUGH AFSHARID ing Arsacid origin, by C. Toumaoff; PERIODS THE IMAGE OF PERSIANS IN ARMENIA, by R. Thomson; AND ABRAHAM OF EREVAN, Safavid and Afsharid history are author of a history book in Armenian, treated in six entries: NAJM-E-THANI, by G. Bournoutian. Shah Esmailʼs representative in his religious and political capacity, by M. Mazzaoui; SAFINA-YE SOLAYMANI, MEDIEVAL HISTORY Persian travel account of an embassy to Thailand of 17th century, by C. Medieval history is discussed in Marcinkowski; JANI BAYG SHAMLU, Jean Chardin, French traveler to 22 entries of which the followings Ishik-Aqasi-bashi and Qurchi-bashi Persia, FRANCE vii are contributed by C. E. Bosworth: under Shah Safi I and Shah Abbas II, MOHAMMAD B. ABD-ALLAH B. TAHER, by R. Mathee; FRANCE vii. FRENCH by Abbas Mirza; ASKARAN, village in Taherid governor of Baghdad and Fars, TRAVELERS TO PERSIA,17th century, by , site of Russo-Persian peace 9th century; YAʼQUB b. LAYTH, Saffarid A. M. Touzard; ABRAHAM OF CRETE, treaty; and ASHTARAK, site of Persian ruler, 9th century; KHALAF B. AHMAD, author of chronicle about Nader Shah victory in 2nd Russian-Persian war in Saffarid Amir, 10th century; MANSUR Afshar, by G. Bournoutian; and SIR 1827, all by K. Eqbal; and AMAMA, B. NUH, Samanid Amir, 10th century; WILLIAM OUSELEY, Anglo-Irish officer village near Tehran, ruin of a Samanid NASR B. AHMAD B. ESMAʼIL, Samanid and Orientalist, 17th-18th centuries, fortress and birthplace of Anis-al- Amir, 10th century; NUH b. MANSUR, by P. Avery. Dawla, Naser-al-Din Shahʼs favorite Samanid Amir, 10th century; ABU ALI wife, by A.-Q. Tafazzoli. Two articles MESKAVAYH, Persian chancery official, QAJAR PERIOD deal with provincial councils during well known historian and author in the Constitutional Revolution: ANJO- Buyid period, 10th-11th centuries; Fourteen entries discuss various MAN-E TABRIZ, by M. Ettehadieh; and ONSOR AL-MAʼALI KAY-KAVUS, Ziyarid aspects of Qajar history, including the ANJOMAN-E VELAYATI-E , by A. prince, and the author of Qabus-nama; biographies of MOHAMMAD SHAH, third Abtahi. and VLADIMIR MINORSKY, prominent ruler of Qajar dynasty, by J. Calmard; Russian scholar of medieval Persian MAJD-AL-MOLK, Qajar official and Five articles treat European of- history and culture, 20th century. poet, by M. Dabirsiaqi; and ALA-AL- ficers and diplomats who served in SALTANA, Minister of Foreign Affairs Qajar Iran: ISIDORE BOROWSKY, Polish Other entries on medieval history and Prime minister. officer in the Qajar army, by B. Utas; include: ABD-AL-JABBAR AZDI, governor JOSEPH PHILLIP FERRIER, French soldier of Khorasan and Abbasid historian, 8th Four entries discuss historical in the Persian service, by J. Calmard; century, by G. R. Hawting; BAGHDAD, sites: ABBASABAD, fortress built in 1810 FILIPPO DE FILIPPI, Director of the first Iranian connection ii. from Mongol Invasion to Ottoman Occupation, by A. Zaryab; KHANDAQ, fortified trenches or moats constructed from the Sasanian to the Islamic eras, by M. G. Morony; ABUʼL-HOSAYN MOEZZ-AL-DAWLA, Buy- id prince, 10th century, by C. Cahen; MUSA YABGHU, Uncle of Toghrel, founder of the Saljuq dynasty, by O. Ozgudenli; and an article has treated MARILYN WALDMAN, contemporary scholar of medieval Islamic History, by D. Davis.

Five entries treat the Mongol and Timurid periods: JALAYERIDS, dynasty in Iraq and Persia; and MONGOLS, an Altaic tribe who conquered Persia and founded the greatest empire ever, both by P. Jackson; MANGHITS, Mongol and Turkic tribes of the Golden Horde, by A. von Kuegelgen; KHWAJA NEZAM- ANTOIN SEVREGUIN with Naser-al-Din Shah 5 CIS Newsletter

Italian mission to Persia, by A. Vanzan; SIR GORE OUSELEY, British entrepreneur, diplomat, and orientalist, by P. Avery.

PAHLAVI PERIOD

Fourteen entries cover the notable figures and other topics of this period. Biographies of eight high office-hold- ers of this period are prepared by B. Aqeli: F. AQEVLI, army general and president of National Monument As- sociation; JAN MOHAMMAD KHAN AMIR ALAʼI, military officer and governor of Shiraz in 1671, by Andre Daulier, Khorasan; AHMAD-HOSAYN ADL, min- from SHIRAZ HISTORY, ister of agriculture and head of Plan Organization; MOSTAFA ADL, Jurist and diplomat; MOZAFFAR AʼLAM, governor and minister of foreign affairs; ABD-AL- GEOGRAPHY ISLAM, SHIʼISM, AND SUFISM LAH AMIR-TAHMASEBI, general, minister, and governor; MAJID AHI, ambassador, Five entries deal with geography Fifteen entries are devoted to top- and minister of justice; and ABD-AL- of Iran: BIOSPHERE RESEVES IN IRAN, dis- ics on Islam and Shiʼism: ABU BAKR QADIR AZAD, journalist and politician. cussing locations and characteristics of ASAMM, a Moʼtazelite of Basra and Finally, MAHMUD JAM, Prime minister ecosystems in Iran, by B. Riazi; MAHA- scholar of the Koran, 9th century, by under Reza Shah, is treated based on RLU LAKE, a body of water near Shiraz, F. W. Zimmermann; JAHM B. SAFWAN, research by H. Ettehad. by K. Afsar; FAHRAJ, sub-province Islamic theologian of the Umayyad and town in the province of , by period, 8th century, by J. Van Ess; Other entries concerning the Pahla- Rezazadeh Langarudi; QOM LAKE, by MOAYYAD FʼIL-DIN SHIRAZI, represen- vi period include three entries on oil E. Elhers; and TEHRAN i., geography of tative of the Fatimid missions, 11th industry: OIL INDUSTRY i., Petroleum the capital of Iran, by X. de Planhol. century, by V. Klemm; EBN ASHTAR, and its Products; and OIL INDUSTRY ii., ʻAlid commander under Ummayads, Iranʼs Oil and Gas Resources, both by Historical geography of Iran is 7th century, by D. M. Dunlop; YAʼQUB A. Badakhshan and F. Najmabadi; discussed in 17 entries. D. T. Potts has AL-KOLAYNI, Imami Traditionist, 10th and OIL INDUSTRY iii., the history of oil contributed the following six entries: century, and QOTB-AL-DIN SAʼID RAV- agreements from 1901 to 1978, by P. SHATT-AL-ARAB (Arvandrud), combined ANDI, Imami author, traditionist, and ju- Mina. Finally, LITERACY CORPS, educa- effluent of the Euphrates, , and rist, 12th century, both by E. Kohlberg; tional program of the White Revolution, Karun rivers; BANDAR-E LENGA, small MOHAMMAD-TAQI MAJLESI, Twelver by F. Sabahi. There is also an article port on the coast of Larestan, Persian Shiʼite jurist, and Hadith scholar, 17th on the FISCAL SYSTEM OF THE ISLAMIC Gulf; JASK, a port on the Makran coast; century, by R. Brunner; SHAMS-AL-DIN- REPUBLIC, by A. Mazarei. KHARG, island in the Persian Gulf with MOHAMMAD AMOLI, Shiʼite author, 14th relics of pre-Islamic buildings; KISH, century, by D. O. Morgan. NOSAYRIS, island in the Persian Gulf (recent instal- followers of a religion close to Shiʼism, FOREIGN RELATIONS lations); and QESHM, largest island in the by M. Bar-Asher. Shiʼite seminaries Persian Gulf. and communities are subject of four A number of articles deal with vari- entries: SHIʼITE SEMINARIES IN IRAQ, by ous aspects of Iranʼs foreign relations: C. E. Bosworth has contributed M. Litvak; SHIʼITES IN ARABIA, by W. AUSTRIA i. History of Austrian-Persian the following entries: OSTANAT, Sa- Ende; SHIʼITES IN SOUTH-ASIA, by C. diplomatic and commercial relations, sanian province; OTRAR, Medieval Marcinkowski. by H. Slaby; AUSTRIA ii. Iranian Stud- town of Transoxania; OBOLLA, port of ies in Austria, by X. Tremblay and Iraq during Islamic periods; OSTOVA, Western scholars of Islam are N. Rastegar; CANADA i. Iranian Com- rural district of Northern Khorasan; treated in two articles: ALEX BENNIGSEN, munity in Canada, by M. Mannani, N. ORDUBAD, town on the bank of Araxes scholar of Islam in U.S.S.R., 20th cen- Rahimieh, and K. Sheibani; CANADA (Aras) river; OSHNUYA, town in SW tury, by M. Rwykin; and FRITZ MEIER, ii. Persian studies in Canada, by C. P. Azerbaijan. Swiss Islamicist, 20th century, by G. Mitchell; THAILAND-IRANIAN RELATIONS, Schubert. diplomatic relations; and PERSIAN CUL- Other entries on historical geogra- TURAL PRESENCE IN SOUTHEAST ASIA, both phy include: SHIRAZ, history since the PERSIAN LINGUISTICS by C. Marcinkowski; IN Islamic conquest, by A. S. Shahbazi; MODERN TIMES, history of the Caspian OZGAND/OZKAND, Medieval city on A number of dialects and lexicons Sea as related to the Russo-Persian rela- Ferghana basin, by B. Spuler; OMAN are treated under this category, includ- tions, by G. Mirfenderski. SEA, sea link between Persian Gulf and ing LORI DIALECT, by C. Mackinnon; Indian Ocean, by W. Floor. and LARESTANI DIALECT, by G. Wind- CIS Newsletter 6

Azerbaijani poet, 19th-20th centuries, (1292-1299); TAJADDOD, newspaper, by H. Javadi. official organ of the Democratic Party of Azerbaijan (1917-1929). Also treated Also presented are three works are BAHAR-E MASHHAD, newspaper, in verse: VIS O RAMIN, the romance by early 20th century, by E. Jaseem; and Asʼad Gorgani, 11th century, by D. AMIR KABIR PUBLISHERS, Persian pub- Davis; KHAMSA-YE JAMALI, suit of five lishing company (1949-79), by A.-R. mathnawis in response to Nezamiʼs Jafari. Khamsa, by P. Orsatti; and BORJ-NAMA, a mathnavi by Anushirvan Ravari, 17th ART century, by J. Amuzgar. Four entries are devoted to this top- Writers, translators, and scholars NEIL MACKENZIE ic: ARTHUR UPHAM POPE, noted Ameri- are treated in the following entries: TAQI can scholar and historian of Persian art, MODARRESI, Persian novelist and psy- by N. Siver; PHYLLIS ACKERMAN, scholar fuhr; and BANDARI, the native dialect of chiatrist, 20th century, by N. Rahimieh; of Persian art, especially textiles, and Bandar Abbas, by M. Pelevin. HOSAYN AZAD-TABRIZI, anthologist and Popeʼs associate, by C. Montgomery; translator, 19th-20th centuries, by H. ASIA INSTITUTE, institute for Persian art S. Bayevsky has contributed the de Bruijn; SHAH-NAMA TRANSLATIONS IN and archeology founded by Pope; and following entries on Persian lexicons: SCANDINAVIAN LANGUAGES, by C. V. Ped- its journal, ASIA INSTITUTE BULLETIN, both TOHFAT-AL-AHBAB, a Persian dictionary erson; EDWARD-BYLES COWELL, English by R. Frye. Other entries on art include: of early Safavid period by Owbahi scholar and translator, 19th century, by STUCCO ART, a versatile medium of Heravi; MADAR-AL-AFAZEL, Persian lan- P. Loloi; H. S. GARLAND DARKE, lecturer decoration widely used from the Par- guage dictionary of 16th century; TOH- in Persian at Cambridge University, thian until the late Qajar periods, by J. FAT-AL-SAʼADA, Early Persian dictionary by J. Perry; AND JIRÍ KRAMSKY, Czech Kröger; KOH-I-NOOR, diamond brought by Ziaʼ-al Din Mohammad; MEʼYAR-E linguist who specialized in Persian to Iran from India, by I. Amini; HOSAYN JAMALI WA MEFTAH-E ABU-ESHAQI, diction- language studies, by J. Becka. Also KAZEMI, noted modern painter, by V. ary by Shams-e Fakhri, 14th century; presented is an entry on Persian literary Nassehi-Behnam; SIAVOSH KASRAʼI, fa- KASHF-AL-LOGHAT, Persian dictionary influence on BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA, mous poet and painter, by H. Ettehad; compiled in India, 16th century; FAR- by H. Algar. ANTONIN SEVRUGIN, Armenian-Iranian HANG-E WAFAʼI, Persian lexicon of photographer, 19th century, by D. Na- literary terms, 16th century; GHIATH-AL- Folklore is the subject of three vab; JULES LAURENS, French artist who LOGHAT, Persian dictionary compiled in entries: MAGIC IN LITERATURE AND depicted Oriental and Persian subjects, India, 19th century. FOLKLORE, in the Islamic period, by M. late 19th century, by J. Calmard; and Omidsalar; MORSHED ABBAS ZARIRI, ROBERT-LAURENCE BINYON, English Other lexicons include: CHERAGH-E noted story-teller, early 20th century, poet, historian of Persian art, 19th-20th HEDAYAT, Persian dictionary compiled in by J. Doostkhah; ALI MIRDREKVANDI, centuries, by P. Loloi. India, 18th century, by J. Perry; HAFT author of a popular Lori epic in English, QOLZOM, Persian dictionary compiled in which shows similarities with Zoroas- India in the 19th century, by S. Hushy- trian cosmogony, by P. Kreyenbroek. MATERIAL CULTURE ar. Also treated is an article on ELEMENTS IN PERSIAN by J. Perry. Material culture is treated in four PRESS entries: AS, game of playing cards, by M. Roschanzamir; GLASS INDUSTRY, N. Pavin has contributed four technique and production, by W. Floor; Entries on classical and modern entries on newspapers and journals: KORK, goat wool of Kerman, by R. Mat- Persian literature include nine articles DANESHKADA, literary journal in Tehran thee; and TENTS, variety and construc- on Poets, three entries on divans, and (1918-19); DANESHKADA-YE ISFAHAN, tion in Iran, by P. A. Andrews. six articles on writers, translators and literary journal in Isfahan (1925-35); scholars in the field. P. Losensky has RAʼD, newspaper published in Tehran contributed five entries on the follow- by Sayyed Ziaʼ-al-Din Tabatabaʼi SCIENCE AND MEDICINE ing poets: SAʼEB OF TABRIZ, Persian poet of late Safavid period; MOHTASHAM OF Five articles discuss Iranian sci- KASHAN, Persian poet of the Safavid entists of the 10th-16th centuries: D. period; VAHSHI OF BAFQ, Persian poet Pingree has contributed the follow- of the Safavid period; ORFI OF SHIRAZ, ing articles: NOWBAKHTI, theologian, Persian poet of India, 16th century; philosopher and translator of Greek TALEB OF AMOL, Persian poet, early works in Baghdad, 10th century; ABU 17th century. SAʼID SIRAFI, polymath and grammarian of Siraf, 10th century; AL-AʼRAJ NISHA- Other poets treated are: MAJD-E BURI, astronomer, 13th-14th centuries. HAMGAR, Medieval poet, 13th century, The resting place of G. Saliba has treated the following by Z. Safa; and SABER TAHERZADA, ARTHUR UPHAM POPE in Isfahan two entries: GHIATH-AL-DIN KASHANI, 7 CIS Newsletter

mathematician, astronomer, 14th-15th Persia; KARAʼI, Turkic-speaking tribe, Ghazni Province, both by A. Monsutti; centuries; and SHAMS-AL-DIN KHAFRI, all by P. Oberling, who has also con- MOHAMMAD AYYUB KHAN, governor of mathematician, planetary theorist, 16th tributed six entries on Kurdish tribes: Herat, 19th-20th centuries, by R. D. century. KURDISH TRIBES, in Persia, Turkey, and McChesney; OZAI DORRANI, Afghan Iraq; KHWAJAWAND, Kurdish tribe in inventor and developer, 20th century, Two entries deal with medicine: ; KALHOR, Kurdish tribe by Elr. AMIR-AʼLAM, physician, professor of in Persian Kurdistan and Kermanshah; medicine, and founder of Persian Red KORA SONNI, Kurdicized Turkic tribe in AFGHANISTAN FORESTRY, extended Cross, by B. Aqeli; BEHDASHT BARA-YE Western Persian Azerbaijan; KURUNI, also to Khorasan and Alborz, by X. de HAMA, a magazine on health issues, by Kurdish tribe of Kurdistan and Fars; Planhol; GANDOMAK TREATY, agreement A. Moarefi. MILAN, Kurdish tribe in Azerbaijan. between Afghanistan and India, 19th century, by J. Hanifi; CHARLES MASSON, MUSIC Also contributed is the entry on author of an archeological record of YEZIDIS, Heterodox Kurdish religious Eastern Afghanistan, by E. Errington; Five influential masters of classi- minority in Iraq, by C. Allison; and KABUL MUSEUM, by C. Grissmann. cal Persian music of the 20th century QAʼWL, a type of poetry that plays a cen- are treated: ALINAQI VAZIRI, composer, tral role in the religious life of the Yezi- Ten entries teat : virtuoso tar player, musical theorist, dis of Kurdistan; and KURDISH WRITTEN ISLAM IN TAJIKISITAN, since 1917, by and educator; and RUHOLLAH KHALEGHI, LITERATURE, both by P. Kreyenbroek. M. Atkin; MIROBID SAIIDO NASAFI and composer, music scholar and influential Other entries include AHMAD-E KHANI, MUNSHI MIRZO SODIQI, Tajik poets of the educator, both by H. Farhat; KHALEDI, Kurdish poet of the 17th-18th centuries, 18th century; ABDULRAHMONI MUSHFIQI, Persian violinist and songwriter; and treated by F. Shakeley; and KRIKAVOVA, Tajik poet, 19th century; and FAZLIDDIN MOLUK ZARRABI, Persian singer and Czech scholar of Iranian and Kurdish MUHAMMADIEV, Tajik writer and editor, actress, both by E. Nakjavani; ALI- studies, 19th century, by J. Becka. 20th century, all by K. Hitchins. SUYAB, ASGHAR BAHARI, master of Persian archeological site in Central Asia, by fiddle, kemancheh, by M. Varzi. The G. Semenov; SOGDIAN TRADE, treating history of the PIANO in Iran is treated RELIGIOUS MINORITY GROUPS Sogdiana merchants of caravan trade by H. Farhat. in Central Asia, 5th-8th centuries, by Three entries deal with the Chris- E. de la Vaissiere; HERAUS, Central ETHNIC GROUPS tians of pre-Islamic Iran: MAR MARI, Asian clan chief of the Kushans, by Christian apostle, considered as the D. W. MacDowall; ANDIJAN UPRISING, There are 10 entries on various eth- first missionary in the Arsacid Empire; the 1898 attack on the Russian Com- nic groups: QASHQAʼI TRIBE, conglom- MARTYRS i. CHRISTIAN, martyrs dur- panies in Anjidan, Central Asia, by A. eration of clans with differing ethnici- ing the Sasanian period, both by C. von Kuegelgen. PAUL PELLIOT, French ties in Fars; KASHKULI BOZORG, a main Jullien; , Christian scholar of languages and history of tribe of the Qashqaʼi tribal confederacy; Persian and writer, BC, by religions and cultures of Central Asia, LASHANI, Turkicized Kurdish tribe in B. Bennett. 19th-20th century, by S. Lieu; Fars; NAFAR, tribe of Fars and Tehran regions; JALALI, Turkish tribe of North- Bahai and Jewish minority groups Indo-Persian cultural relations are western Persia; KHAMSA, tribal con- are the subject of four entries: HA- discussed in six entries: ABU TALEB federacy in Fars province; KANGARLU, GEʼULLAH, a Judeo-Persian weekly Turkic tribe of Azerbaijan and central published in Tehran during 1920-23, by A. Netzer; NABIL-E AKBAR, title of Aqa Mohammad Qaʼeni a prominent Bahai author and apologist, by M. Foadi; LAWH IN BAHAISM, title of individual compositions of Baha-Allah and his son addressed to individuals or groups, by M. Momen and B. T. Lawson; Fazel Mazandaraniʼs ZOHUR-AL-HAQQ, history of the first century of the Bahai faith, by M. Momen. Also treated is the MAN- DAEANS iv., Gnostic Baptist community in Iran, by J. J. Buckley.

NEIGBORING COUNTRIES

Afghanistan and Central Asia as well as Indo-Persia and Turco-Persian studies are the subject of a number of entries. Seven entries discuss Af- Begram ivory, ghanistan: JAGORI, a tribal section of Wooden effigy from Nuristan, the Hazaras; and QARABAGH, district of KABUL MUSEUM KABUL MUSEUM CIS Newsletter 8

KALIM, Indo-Persian poet, 17th century, by D. Meneghini; NAZIRI OF NISHABUR, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY SEMINAR Indo-Persian poet, 16th-17th centuries, by P. Losensky; PUNJABI, Persian ele- ON IRANIAN STUDIES ments in Indo- language of the Punjab and in SINDHI, Indo-Aryan lan- PANJIKENT EXCAVATIONS sees this scene as an illustration of a guage spoken mainly in the lower Indus Persian tale concerning a poor youth valley of Sindh, both by C. Shackle; On October 4, 2004, Dr. Boris who is given a reward of a mule or horse RABET, Indian author and historian Marshak of the State Hermitage Muse- whose droppings were golden. Other writing in Persian, 19th century, by M. um of St. Petersburg led the discussion painting fragments contain symbolic Baqir; MIR MOHAMMAD-TAQI KHAYAL, on the archeological work undertaken representations: jars (wealth), a trident Indian author of the Persian dastan, during the 2003 and 2004 seasons at (protection), and a bearded sun god 18th century, by M. S. Arshad. Panjikent in Tajikistan. with a red halo. Finally, Dr. Marshak discussed the area of a necropolis which Turco-Persian cultural relations are Introducing the work that began in were excavated. the subject of six entries: SHAMS-AL-DIN 1947, Dr. Marshak noted that one half of KAMAL PASHA-ZADA, Ottoman scholar, the territory of the city has now been ex- 15th-16th centuries; JAR-ALLAH-ZADA cavated. Among the houses of citizens, UNITY AND DIVERSITY BAYANI, Turkish poet, 16th century; one third were decorated with mural IN IRANIAN CIVILIZATION: KHAJAZADA ASAD-EFENDI, Ottoman paintings, and the thousands of coins AN INTERDISCIPLINARY Shaikh al-Eslam, 16-17th centuries; that were uncovered at the site have APPROACH BAHAI TABRIZI, calligrapher and poet, made it possible to establish a chronol- 19th-20th centuries; and AHMAD ATES, ogy for the houses and artifacts. On Wednesday November 10, Turkish scholar of Persian, 20th cen- 2004 Professor Brian Spooner of tury, all by the late T. Yazici. Other University of Pennsylvania led the articles includ: PERSIAN MANUSCRIPTS Temple 1 and Temple 2 are both discussion on “Unity and Diversity in IN OTTOMAN AND TURKISH LIBRARIES, by similar structures having an outer and Iranian Civilization: An Interdisciplin- O. Ozgudenli; and OTTOMAN-PERSIAN an inner courtyard. In Temple 1, a new ary Approach.” DIPLOMACY, during the Afsharid and find was a small Zoroastrian fire temple Zand periods, by E. Tucker. in a room attached to the temple. It is ev- ident therefore that Prof. Spooner began his presenta- not only a variety of tion by saying that the field of Iranian LORA AND AUNA F F gods and goddesses, studies has been approached at vari- ous times over the past two and a half Five entries treat Iranʼs flora and represented in the wall paintings, were centuries through various disciplinary fauna: BASIL, an aromatic plant; and worshipped at this portals: philology, textual studies, his- RYE, chavdar, a type of grain grown in temple but that Zo- tory, and, more recently, social science Persia, both by H. Aʼlam; BOTANICAL roastrian rituals also disciplines. Once inside, most scholars, JOURNAL OF IRAN, in Persian, 1953-1956, took place. The fire whatever their disciplinary training, by V. Mozaffarian; JACKAL, medium- Dr. Marshak have read and built on each otherʼs size member of the Canidae family installations found work, producing a steady cumulation occurring throughout Afghanistan and previously had been in private houses and not in temple buildings. of knowledge and understanding of Ira- Iran, by S. C Anderson; LEOPARD, nian civilization. But social scientists, largest member of cat family, and RED Excavations of private houses whatever their disciplinary specializa- DEER, in nature and in Persian art, both revealed lower level storage areas with tion, have tended to pursue their studies by E. Firouz; and PERSIAN CAT, by J.- of Iranian subjects in isolation from the P. Digard. rooms for particular goods: leather, lumber, wheat etc. In one house on the work of scholars in the fields that were upper level were potsherds on which established earlier. As a result, there scribal students had practiced writing. are now two Iranian-Studies literatures. Each group of scholars regard the other Paintings found within houses with some bemusement. It is time to included a partial image of a goddess bring them together. But it is not an easy with a horse (Drvaspa - a male deity task. Each group argues out of a dif- on Kushan coins) and a demonic figure ferent type of train- having four arms holding weapons and ing, from different wearing a headdress decorated with data and different two severed hands and a human head. assumptions (which On a street near the home of a wealthy are rarely made ex- merchant is a stenciled scene of a white plicit). The Ency- horse led by a youthful figure. The clopaedia Iranica is droppings of the horse are also shown one of the few pub- in white and a large jar to contain these lications or enter- LEOPARD droppings is represented. Dr. Marshak prises, and certainly Prof. Spooner 9 CIS Newsletter the only one of its stature, that requires Columbia University. He entered it as a and depends on the active participa- student in 1879 at the age of 17, earned RECONSTRUCTING BAM tion of both groups. It has succeeded from it four degrees and was employed in bringing them together between the there as a faculty member from his On February 8, 2005, Dr. Mina same covers. But the process of bring- graduation in 1883 until his retirement Marefat of the Library of Congress ing them into active dialogue still has a in the spring of 1935, two years before led the discussion on “Reconstructing long way to go. The long-term benefits his death on August 8, 1937. Bam: Designing for the Future Using of integrating this divided community the Past.” of scholars would be comparable to the She then stated that Jacksonʼs years benefits generated over the past hundred at Columbia coincided with the tenure Dr. Marefat began her seminar by years from interaction between insider of three remarkable presidents: Fred- noting that Bam is a large oasis owing Iranian scholars and outsider non-Ira- erick Augustus Porter Barnard (1864- its existence to the runoff from the nian scholars. 1880), Seth Low (1880-1901) and mountains and particularly to its system Nicholas Murray Butler (1902-45). In of 25 . A Sasanian edifice, Bam Prof. Spooner then noted that his different ways these three men worked had been developed to a walled strong- presentation is designed as a modest to restructure Columbia by emulating hold in a region plagued by repeated effort in integrating this divided com- features of European, particularly, Ger- incursions and banditry. Constructed munity of scholars. It was prompted by man universities. In many respects, the on a hill with a radius of about 1.5km, the invitation to write an article for the career of Williams Jackson exemplified the Bam Citadel (Arg-e Bam) at one Encyclopaedia Iranica. The title of the the transplantation of the German schol- time the city prop- article was to be “Peoples of Iran.” For arly ideal of Wissenschaft to America. er, has a long and the social scientist this title begs more Jacksonʼs career during the 1880s fol- colorful history. It than one question. Specifically, what is lowed a double track: he taught courses shares a definite Iran that it should be composed of more in English literature and he studied plan, characteristic than one people? What is a people, if both Indian and Iranian languages. His of a Persian town. more than one of them shares the com- first exposure to these languages came Surrounded by a mon (presumably cultural) designation during his senior year, 1882-83 when deep moat the cita- del was structured of Iranian? Most importantly, perhaps, he studied and Zendic, as the Dr. Marefat by including a variety of “peoples” un- Avestan language was then known, within three walls: der the heading “Iranian” we open up with Edward Washburn Hopkins. After behind the first wall we find the ruins questions about the nature of the rela- graduation Jackson continued his stud- of buildings that housed merchants and tionship between them. These questions ies of Avestan and Sanskrit both in this artisans as well as citadelʼs guards. This cannot be ignored. Perhaps the answers country and in Europe. His most intense main residential quarter of the town appear obvious. But Prof. Spooner has exposure to European scholarship came was expanded during the 19th and 20th not been able to find any clear statement during his residence at the University centuries to the present city of Bam. Be- of them, and he suspects that specialists of Halle-Wittenburg which occurred hind the second wall we find the homes in the field may disagree. between the summer 1887 and the fall of urban notables and finally, behind of 1889. the third wall, on the highest point in the citadel, the seat of governor and A.V. WILLIAMS JACKSON: While in Halle he studied Avestan the residences of governing notables. The traditional architecture of Bam PIONEER OF IRANIAN STUDIES with Karl Friedrich Geldner and San- represents much more than historical IN AMERICA skrit and Pakrit with Richard Pischel. The fruits of Jacksonʼs intensive study relics, mosques, bazaars, caravanserais, traditional schools (madresehs), build- On Tuesday December 7, 2004 Dr. of the is manifested not only in dozens of articles on Avestan topics but ings especially designed for religious Priscilla Soucek, Hagop Kevorkian ceremonies (takyas), cisterns (aban- in a series of monographs His Avestan Professor of Islamic Art, Institute of bars), public bath houses (hammams), Grammar in comparison with Sanskrit Fine Arts at NYU, led the discussion wind towers (badgirs), refrigerators on “The life and Accomplishments of of 1892 which is still considered the (yakhchals), and courtyards. Fired and A.V. Williams Jackson.” best introduction to that subject. In unfired brick construction reveal bril- 1885 Jacksonʼs international reputation liant use of available resources, passive Prof. Soucek began her talk by led Columbiaʼs President, Seth Low, cooling, wind and solar energy. Bam noting that A. V. Williams Jackson was to appoint him to the Chair of Indo- represents a cultural laboratory of an- the first important Iranian Philology in the newly formed cient sustainable building processes. American scholar department of Oriental Languages and to specialize in the Comparative Philology,” Jackson oc- Concluding her remarks, Dr. Mare- study of ancient cupied this position from 1885 until his fat stated that smart growth, low impact Iran, its languag- retirement in 1935. During the l890s, development, eco-urbanism, livable es and religion. communities, sustainable development A life-long New Jackson began to publish studies about are current terms used by planners and Yorker, he was the religion of Ancient Iran that culmi- designers on the cutting edge in the academically and nated in his monograph Zorasater: the West. Blending human habitat with personally close- Prophet of Ancient Iran which appeared natural ecosystems has been intrinsic Prof. Soucek ly identified with in 1898. CIS Newsletter 10 and integral to Persian local building the empire as either peoples (especially DAVID STRONACH AWARDED traditions. With innovation it is possible when no territory is actually controlled) OLD EDAL to revitalize and update the timeless or lands. At Persepolis he uses people G M principles of Persian architecture to and land names indifferently (without Prof. David Stronach, frequent con- withstand earthquakes. With creativity dahyu) to describe his domain. The tributor to the Encyclopaedia Iranica, it is possible to reinvigorate develop- ambivalence of dahyu seems natural was the recipient of the 2004 Archaeo- ment that fosters pride and reinforces for a society going through a transi- logical Institute of Americaʼs Gold cultural identity for the community and tion to fixed settlement and delimited Medal for Distinguished Archaeologi- the nation. In reconstructing Bam, the transhumance. Herodotusʼs description past can be a beacon for the future. (3.89) of Dariusʼs political organiza- cal Achievement. tion, as well as the levying of tribute This is the AIAʼs and troops “by peoples,” shows the highest award and THE PEOPLES ongoing importance of the ethnic com- it is made annually OF ANCIENT IRAN ponent. The senses of “people” and in recognition of “land” also seems interchangeable in a scholar who has On March 15, 2005 Dr. Christopher Zoroasterʼs hymns, the of the made distinguished contributions to ar- J. Brunner, Associate Editor of the En- Avesta. Similarly, at the broadest level Prof. Stronach cyclopaedia Iranica, led the discussion of the Young Avestaʼs lineage-based chaeology through on “Looking at the Peoples of Ancient system, we find: Nmâna “household” his/her fieldwork, publications, and Iran Whatʼs in a Name?” Vis “clan” Zantu “tribe” Dahyu “land/ teaching. people.” The process of laying down an Dr. Bruner introduced his seminar ethnic name onto a land is illustrated in The citation made particular refer- by noting that he would review some the Avesta for Gorgân, replacing its pre- ence to Prof. Stronachʼs excavations, familiar sources for the ethnography Iranian name, and for Soghd, replacing from 1961-63, at Pasargadae, the capital of the earliest historical Iranians: these an Iranian one. In Bactria a clan name of , and to his subse- are the Avesta, the inscriptions of the *Zariyâspa competed with the (already quent excavations, from 1967 to 1977, Achaemenid kings Darius I and Xerxes Indo-Iranian?) name represented in Old at Tepe Nush-i Jan, a chiefly religious I, and Greek and Latin literature, espe- Persian, Bâxtrii-. site of Median date located to the south cially the third-century A.D. Geography of . In addition, reference was of Claudius Ptolemy. Discussion fell After discussion of the regional made to a range of published contri- into two main topics: (1) evolution distribution of ethnic names in Ptolemy, butions–architectural, historical, and from Indo-Iranian roots of the key term Dr. Brunner turned to Old Iranian per- religious–most notably in connection dahyu “people, land” used by Zoroaster, sonal names: we do not infer from these with Achaemenian and Median studies; the Young Avesta, any compelling need to identify tribal as also to his tenure as Director of the and the Achaeme- affinity or lineage—say, in the man- British Institute of Persian Studies from nids; (2) people ner of the tribe and clan names among 1961 to 1980 and to his years as the names: form and the . This despite Darius at Professor of Near Eastern Archaeology meaning; use with Naqsh-e Rostam, giving his lineage at the University of California, Berkeley personal names; and his iteration of individualsʼ dahyu from 1981 to 2004. contrast of the eth- affilations. In the Avesta, use of dahyu nic consciousness qualifiers with names is rare, compared Prof. Stronach was also the re- Dr. Brunner and assertiveness with use of clan names (sparingly, for cipient of a two-volume Festschrift in people of aristocratic lineage), which 1999 entitled Neo-Assyrian, Median, of the Achaemenid kings with the have adjective and plural noun forms Achaemenian and Other Studies in general absence of ethnic qualifiers for similar to dahyu names. In the classical Honor of David Stronach, published in personal names in the other sources. sources, too, ethnic terms/phrases with two vols. as Iranica Antiqua 23 (1998) Persian personal names are sparse. and 24 (1999). Discussing the notion of Dahyu,

Dr. Brunner explained that in the Old In conclusion, Dr. Brunner touched Indic Rg Veda the words Dasyu/Dasa ADIO RANCE S on other points, such as the question R F ʼ are ethnic terms designating the dark- of which names in our sources were IRANICA PROGRAMS: skinned non-Aryas who already lived actually used by the people and which in northwest India—“the other people, THE FIFTH YEAR are epithets given by Iranians or others, not us Aryas.” In the Iranian-speak- and on the opportunity that exists for ing world we find related words as April 2005 marked the fifth an- systematic linguistic study of the ethnic self-descriptors—the Daae (one of niversary of a series of weekly pro- names in the same manner as the ancient Herodotusʼs Persian tribes) and Dahae grams titled Negahi be Daneshname-ye personal names. (a major Saka group). Darius I, like the Iranica (A Look at the Encyclopaedia Indians, gives a sense of otherness to the Iranica), broadcast since April 2000 Old Persian word dahyu: he applies a The summary of the seminars given in by the Persian service of Radio France different term (kâra) to his own people, April and May, by Dr. Barry Flood and Internationale (RFI) on the Iranian civi- the Persians, whose status differs from lization, culture and history. The series, Prof. Holly Pittman, will be published designed in a Q & A format, has pro- that of the other peoples of the empire; in the Fall issue of the 2005 Newsletter. this term. He references the dahyus of vided listeners with the recent develop- 11 CIS Newsletter

ments in academic research on the vari- KHOSROW SEMNANI ous facets of Iranʼs history and culture. A number of acclaimed scholars, many Continued from page 1 of them affiliated with the Encyclopae- dia Iranica, have been interviewed by of Engineering Administration Degree Mr. Farzad Djavadi, the producer and in 1977 from the University of Utah. In host of the series. The appreciation 1980 he formed S. K. Hart Engineering of the Persian audience of their own providing consulting services in the cultural heritage has been substantial environmental protection industry. In From left, M. Rowshanzamir, Dr. Khaleghi, and has induced 1987 he founded Envirocare of Utah, G. Khosravi, S. Golgozin, and A. Eshragh them to further currently the largest nuclear waste explore the Ency- processing and disposal company in clopaedia Iranica the country. Eshragh, secretary of the Association itself. To broaden He has served as Vice-Chairman des Amis de lʼEncyclopédia Iranica the appeal of its of Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation in Paris, described the process of p r o g r a m m i n g , Board of Trustees since 1998. He has preparation of entries and publication the RFI transmits been involved in various charitiable of the Encyclopaedia. He concluded its programs via activities for many years and has es- by explaining how the new approach Mr. Djavadi short wave signals tablished the Semnani Foundation to of electronic publication of entries prior which are distrib- expand his philanthropic work. to their print publication has drastically uted worldwide and also disseminated He would like to focus on a plan to increased the pace and the expenses of via the Internet. make the Encyclopaedia Iranica self- the Encyclopaedia and consequently A detailed account of the program sufficient through making its Endow- its need for substantial support from was presented in the Fall 2000 and ment Fund meet its goal. its friends. Spring 2003 issues of the CIS Newslet- The inaugural event was followed ter, tracing the chronological progres- by performances by the well-known sion of Persian history and civilization vocalist Gity Nowrouzi and pianist, from ancient to modern times as dis- politico-cultural impacts; the life and Firouz Bahar Nowrouzi. Finally, Dr. cussed by scholars of different fields. works of literary and political figures of Farhad Showghi, recited some poems In the last two years the course of the period; the rise in the number and by Ahmad Shamlou in Persian and Persian history and civilization after range of newspapers; the emergence German. the Saljuq period has been discussed and development of the printing press by Franklin Lewis (The flourishing of and journalism; the creation of the Dar al-fonun; the introduction of imported the Persian ghazal), Abu Ala Soudavar FRIENDS OF (Persian art and architecture under the literary genres, and the gradual emer- NCYCLOPAEDIA RANICA Mongols), Jalal Matini (Saʼdiʼs life gence of modern fiction and poetry. E I and times), Mohammad Ali Katouz- IN AUSTRALIA ian (Saʼdiʼs Golestan, Bustan and lyric poetry), Houra Yavari (translations of FRIENDS OF THE In April 2005, Mr. Masoud Saʼdiʼs works into other languages), Rowshan and Mr. Mahmoud Mohammad Ali Esteʼlami (the life ENCYCLOPAEDIA IRANICA Dehgani, who have a deep interest and times of Hafez), Ahmad Karimi IN HAMBURG and commitment in promoting Iranian Hakkak (Hafezʼs poetry), Parvin culture, initiated the formation of the Loloi (translations of Hafezʼs works On May 6, 2005, the Hamburg Australian Chapter of the Association into other languages), Amnon Netzer Chapter of the Association of the of the Friends of the Encyclopaedia (Judeo-Persian literature), Leonard Friends of the Encyclopaedia Iranica Iranica to introduce the Encyclopaedia Lewisohn (the life and times of Jami), inaugurated its activities at Hamburg to the Persian community and to Manouchehr Parsadoust (the rise of Museum of Ethnology. A group of other supporters of Persian cultural Safavids, the spread of Shiʼism and Iranian and German friends of the heritage. its socio-political impacts), Ehsan Encyclopaedia Iranica participated in The inaugural meeting of the Yarshater (Indian style of Persian the event. Association was held in Sydney on April poetry), Ravan Farhadi (the Afghan In his opening remarks, Prof. 7th and the following board members conquest and the fall of the Safavids), Djalal Khaleghi Motlagh, President of were elected: Masoud Rowshan as John Perry (post-Safavid dynasties), the Association, welcomed the partici- Public Officer and President, Mahmoud Abbas Amanat (the rise of the Qajars), pants and explained the work of the En- Dehgani as Vice-President, Rostam George Bournoutian(Perso-Russian cyclopaedia Iranica and its unique role -Ali as Treasurer, and Behnam wars), and Mashallah Adjoudani in the preservation and dissemination Ghavaseh as Assistant Secretary. (Literary Renaissance and the advent of various aspects of Persian cultural The association has met several of modernity in Iran). heritage and the contributions it has times to formalize goals, create plans made to world civilization. Following for its activities. Its membership is The list of future topics scheduled the reading of Prof. Yarshaterʼs message growing slowly. The registration and for broadcasting includes the Con- to the friends of the Encyclopaedia incorporation of the Association are stitutional Revolution and its socio- by Dr. Khaleghi, Mr. Abdol-Hamid currently being finalized. CIS Newsletter 12

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SUPPORT OTES ON THE HAHNAME Research on Persian history and N S civilization by making annual donations to Columbia (YADDASHT-HA-YE SHAHNAME) University or the Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation, By Dr. Djalal Khaleghi-Motlagh, volumes 1 & 2. No other both tax exempt organizations. work of Persian literature has been so carefully and so Our address: thoroughly examined. Every single line, allusion, or names has been amply explained. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation Price: $65 per volume 450 Riverside Drive, Suite 4 THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE IN New York, NY 10027 RAN Tel: (212) 851-5723 Fax: (212) 749-9524 I email: [email protected] This volume consists of articles extracted from the first 12 volumes of the Encyclopædia Iranica and includes medical institutions, works on medicine, biographies of medical SUBSCRIBE to the Encyclopædia Iranica scholars and physicians, etc. and encourage your local libraries, colleges, Price: $39.00 and universities to subscribe. HIGHLIGHTS OF PERSIAN ARTS All volumes previously out of print are now available. LLUSTRATED I Prices: Edited by Richard Ettinghausen and . Volumes I-V are $340.00 per volume A comprehensive account of Persian art from the beginning to the present by outstanding scholars. Volumes VI-XII are $250.00 per volume. Price: $49.00 Please note that each copy of the Encyclopædia Iranica ISTORY OF HAH BBAS BY costs nearly $750.00 to produce. The price of each copy is H S A over two-thirds below the cost because of grants, subsidies, ESKANDAR BEG and donations. Translated by Roger Savory in 3 volumes with complete Orders may be placed with Eisenbrauns at: subject and proper names index. Eisenbrauns Inc. Price: $129.00 P.O. Box 275 SADEQ HEDAYAT: AN ANTHOLOGY Winona Lake, IN 46590 Edited by Ehsan Yarshater. Phone: (574) 269-2011 Price: $24.00 (hard cover) Fax: (574) 269-6788 Email: [email protected] Center for Iranian Studies Columbia University 450 Riverside Drive, Suite 4 New York, NY 10027

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