national institute of oceanography, india

1969-70

council of scientific and industrial research india ANNUAL REPORT 5

1969-70

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGRAPHY ( Council of Scientific & Industrial Research ) PANAJI, GOA, INDIA OBITUARY Darashaw Noshirwan W'adia, F. R. S., National Oceanic Research and Executive Council of the Professor of Geology, Geological Adviser to the National Institute of Oceanography, died on 15th Government of India. Department of Atomic Energy, June, 1969, at the Willingdon Nursing Home, New and Chairman, Indian National Committee on Delhi, after a brief illness. Born on 23rd October. 1883, in Surat, Wadia had his early education in the place of his birth and later in Baroda. where he took his degree in Natural Science. Geology attracted him most. But in his days, geology was taught as a special subject only in the University of Calcutta and Madras and so Wadia had to study geology all by himself, thereby becoming a self-taught geologist. After graduating from Baroda. he joined the Prince of Wales College, Jammu, in 1907, where he taught geology for 14 years. He joined the Geological Survey of India in 1921 and served that organization till his retirement in 1938. As an officer of the Geological Survey of India, Wadia worked mostly in the Kashmir Hazara area of the North-Western Himalayas and his paper on Syntaxis of the North-Western Himalayan region pub- lished in 1931 is considered as a monumental work and the most fundamental contribution to our knowledge of Himalayan tectonics. To an active scientific worker like Wadia. the term retire- ment had no meaning and in fact, retirement from service in the year 1938 marked the beginning of a really active career for him. Since that date, his contributions to the subject of geology and allied branches of knowledge are to be considered most in- valuable. Wadia was successively Government Mineralogist in Ceylon, the first Director of the Indian Bureau of Mines. Geological Adviser to the Government of India, Department of Atomic Energy, a position which he held till his death. In the Prof. D. N. Wadia (1883-1969) latter position, Wadia was the Head of the Atomic Minerals Division. Wadia held several high and distinguished posi- participation in the International Indian Ocean Ex- tions in Indian science, such as President. Indian pedition. which led to organized scientific activities Science Congress. President of the National Institute in the field of ocean research in India and which laid of Sciences of India and President of the Geological, the foundation to the setting up of the National Mining and Metallurgical Society of India. He Institute of Oceanography as one of the National presided over the Twelfth Session of the Interna- Laboratories under the Council of Scientific and tional Geological Congress held in New Delhi in Industrial Research. He spared no pains to secure December 1964 and was the Leader of the Indian recognition for this new scientific venture in the Delegation to the Thirteenth Session of the Interna- country. His great zeal and enthusiasm for the tional Geological Congress held in Prague in August- 'young, fascinating science' as he used to call ocea- September, 1968. He was also a Member of the nography, was almost infective and his eagerness to Board of Scientific and Industrial Research and the see that oceanography finds its proper place :in the Governing Body of the Council of Scientific and scientific map of India will always be remembered. Industrial Research for several years. In official and non-official bodies concerned with A Fellow of the Royal Society, London, Wadia decisions on Indian scientific policy. Dr. Wadia ex- erted his influence to support Indian programmes of was also recipient of Back Award of the Royal Geo- oceanic exploration. This was particularly so in graphical Society in 1834 and the Lyall Medal from efforts to secure ship facilities with the Navy and the Geological Society, London, in 1943, all in reco- other organizations. His dream to have a full-fledg- gnition of his contributions to Indian geology. The ed institute established was fulfilled but not the Government of India honoured him with the award completion of the laboratories and an ocean-going of Padma Bhushan in 1958 and in the year 1963, he research ship. Even a few days before his death, he was made a National Professor. He has published was planning a visit to Goa and discuss the future several scientific papers in Mineralogy and Struc- set-up of the Institute. In his death, India has lost tural Geology and was the author of the widely read a great son and a dedicated scientist but, more than book "Geology of India", first published in 1916. that, Indian oceanography has lost its great bene- As Chairman of the Indian National Committee factor and patron during its formative years. on Oceanic Research, Professor Wadia was indeed, the most effective sustaining force behind the Indian - N. K. PANIKKAR CONTENTS

1. Introduction 2. National Institute of Oceanography, its Divisions and Units 2.1 Indian National Oceanographic Data Centre, Panaji 2.2 Physical Oceanography Division, Panaji 2.3 Geological Oceanography Division, Panaji 2.4 Biological Oceanography Division, Cochin 2.5 Indian Ocean Biological Centre, Cochin 2.6 Biological Oceanography Unit, Panaji 2.7 NIO Field Unit, Bombay 2.8 Cruises conducted during the year 3. Administrative set up 3 1 Executive Council 3.2 Sub-Committees of the Executive Council 3.3 Budget 3.4 Scientific & Technical Staff 4. Library and Documentation 5. Awards. Honours, Membership of various committees 6. Deputations 7. Meetings. Exhibitions. Seminars. Symposia, etc. 8. Colloquia and Special Lectures 9. Distinguished Visitors 10. Publications 10.1 Publications of the Institute 10.2 Papers Published by Staff Members Prof. J. E. Smith, F. R. S., Chairman. UNESCO Consultative Committee for the Indian Ocean Biological Centre. Director, Marine Biological Laboratory, Plymouth, U. K. and Dr. N. K. Panikkar, Director, National Institute of Oceanography, with the model of the proposed NIO buildings at Panaji, Goa. The Division of Physical Oceanography 1 which began to function at the headquarters of the Institute in Panaji took up a few new projects in the Goa region. Among those, the one on studies relating to the problems Introduction of bar formation at the mouth of the Mandovi river deserves special mention. Other new projects highlighted in the report are: the sediment transport studies at the Mopla Bay harbour, Cannanore; oceanogra- phic studies of the Mormugao and the The fifth report of the National Cochin harbours and the physical conditions Institute of Oceanography gives an account of the estuarine environments in the Goa and Kerala regions. of the scientific projects carried out in the various divisions and units of the Institute The Geological Oceanography Division along with a picture of the administrative has been mostly concerned with projects set up. facilities, activities and the list of started during previous year. Studies on scientific contributions from the Institute sediments of the Vembanad lake in Kerala during 1969—70. is one of the major projects undertaken by this Division. All the projects under investigation during the year 1969—70 are briefly dealt The Division of Biological Oceano- with. The Indian National Oceanographic graphy at Cochin extended its programme Data Centre, besides acquiring, processing of work on the waters around the Laccadives and retrieving the data pertaining to the which has brought to light some interesting Indian Ocean, also took up the work of findings. A new project on the energetics analysis of the depths of occurrence of of the local flat fish populations of the oxygen maxima and minima in the upper inshore area of Cochin was also taken up. 500 meters of the North Western Indian Experimental studies on the culture of algae Ocean and on the phosphate distribution in and the influence of environmental factors the 100 meter column below one square on the growth of tropical phytoplankton meter in the whole of the Arabian Sea. organisms have shown interesting results. In Goa the work on the productivity from the collection of the International of Mormugao Bay and the comparative Indian Ocean Expedition. Atlases relating studies on environmental features of the to the total Plankton Biomass were issued Mandovi and Zuari estuaries along with and draft charts for many other groups are seasonal abundance of the phytoplankton under active preparation. and zooplankton formed essential basic studies to enable further researches on The year marked the organization of these estuaries. the headquarters of the Institute at Panaji (Goa) and re-organization of various The Indian Ocean Biological Centre at divisions and units at the Headquarters. Cochin is now engaged on the systematic, Construction of scientists' hostel, senior taxonomic and distributional studies on the scientists' quarters along with the Director's various groups of planktonic organisms, bungalow has been started during the year.

N. K. PANIKKAR DIRECTOR 2 national institute of oceanography, its divisions and units

With the shifting of the Headquarters and the Data Division of the Institute from New Delhi, and of the Physical Oceanography Division from Cochin to Panaji, the National Institute of Oceanography was reorganised in the following manner:

Divisions & Centres Telephone Telegraphic Number Address

1. Indian National Oceanographic Data 2923 Oceanology Centre ( Planning and Data Division ) extn. 2 Panaji NIO, Miramar, Panaji, Goa.

2. Physical Oceanography Division 2923 do NIO, Miramar, Panaji, Goa extn. 2

3. Geological Oceanography Division, 2923 do Miramar, Panaji, Goa. extn. 2

4. Biological Oceanography Division, 31814 Geophysics Karikkamuri Cross Road, Cochin-11. Cochin

5. Indian Ocean Biological Centre, 33306 Oceanology P. B. No. 1913, Cochin Pullepady Cross Road, Cochin-18.

Field Units

1. Biological Oceanography Unit, 2923 Oceanology NIO, Miramar, Panaji, Goa Panaji

2. NIO, Field Unit, 213597 Oceanology 169-170 BPT Buildings, Bombay Sassoon Docks, Colaba, Bombay-5

3. Physical Oceanography Unit, 33538 Geophysics Karikkamuri Cross Road, Cochin-11 Cochin Indian Academy of Sciences at Aurangabad 2.1 in December, 1969 and since then sent for publication. This study reveals that there are considerable seasonal and regional vari- ations in the distribution of oxygen in the indian national upper 500 m. in north western Indian Ocean. All along the Arabian Coast, the oceanographic data oxygen maxima are observed at about 50 m. depth while along the west coast of India, centre (inodac ), panaji the waters are found to be more turbid towards the surface thereby reducing the photic zone. Thus very often in this area, the oxygen maxima are seen in the surface A. Data Exchange, Preparation of Data layers. The oxygen maximum is seen in Catalogues deeper layers towards the open sea, perhaps because of the greater transparency of the B. Oxygen Studies waters. During the southwest monsoon season, the oxygen rich equatorial Indian C. Phosphate Studies Ocean waters spread towards the northern part of Arabian Sea. During the north east monsoon, on the other hand, near sta- gnation condition prevails in the central and A. Data Exchange, Preparation of northern parts of the Arabian Sea and there Catalogues is not much change in the oxygen content of these waters. The sub-surface waters The physical and chemical oceano- reflect the characteristics of the Red Sea graphic data collected during the Inter- and Persian Gulf waters to some extent. national Indian Ocean Expedition period The southern Arabian Sea waters reflect the on board INS KlSTNA for the cruises characteristic of the Bay of Bengal and 15-28 have been exchanged with the World eastern Indian Ocean. Similar work is Data Centre 'A' Washington, USA and being extended to the northeast Indian 'B' Moscow, USSR. Ocean viz. Bay of Bengal. Andaman Sea etc. The data for the area are being Regarding the preparation of the Data collected. Catalogue, the work on the grouping up of all the available data for the Indian Ocean collected by various ships during the IIOE C. Phosphate Studies has been completed on the monthly basis Studies on phosphate distribution in for each latitude and longitude grid. the 100 meter column below 1 sq. meter in the whole of Arabian Sea have been made B. Oxygen Studies on the data collected by various ships which had participated in the IIOE. During the The analysis of the depths of occurrence period of the report, the analysis of data of oxygen maxima and minima in the north collected by R. V. Vityaz has been complet- west Indian Ocean have been completed and ed. The analysis was done in 1 degree a paper entitled "On the Occurrence of squares. Although the ultimate aim is to oxygen maxima and minima in the upper pool all the data, work out the averages and 500 meters of the northwest Indian Ocean" plot the average value of phosphate concen- was presented at the Annual Session of the tration below 1 square meter, in view of the

4 fact that the amount of data is very vast has been observed near the equator between and the analysis would take a considerable 55-60°E. amount of time it was considered worth In general, it is found that the concen- while to present the data of Vityaz in this tration during the post monsoon months report. So far, data relating to pre-south- (September-November) are much higher in west monsoon (March-May) and post the whole of the northern Arabian Sea. The monsoon (September-November) have been concentrations are above 7 mg. nearer the completed. coast off Gulf of Cambay where values of the order 10.8 mg. are seen. Off the Arabian The analysis of Vityaz data has revealed Coast, Gulf of Oman and Pakistan coast that during the pre-southwest monsoon values range between 10 and 14 mg. while (March-May) nearer to west coast of India in the Gulf of Aden the values lie between between Goa and Bombay the phosphate 7 and 11 mg. It is also seen that much concentration in a 100 meter column varies higher concentrations are found in the between 4.4 and 4.7 mg. per square meter. central part of the Arabian Sea as compared The range is larger off Somali coast and the with the pre-southwest monsoon months. Gulf of Aden, the extreme values being 3.7 Along the equator, however, the values are and 7.6 mg. In the central part of the much lower than in pre-monsoon months. Arabian Sea the concentrations range be- Higher concentrations during the post tween 2.9 and 5.9 mg. A region of monsoon months appear to indicate the moderately high phosphate is observed in spread of upwelled waters in the Arabian a transect from Bombay to Socotra (west Sea having high concentrations of nutrients. south-west direction from Bombay). The Further work along these lines is being highest recorded concentration (20.5 mg.) continued.

5 request of the respective harbour 2.2 authorities. A survey of the Vembanad Lake, in Kerala including studies on its bathymetry physical the physical and chemical aspects is in progress. oceanography division A. Coastal and Nearshore Oceanographic ( pod ) , panaji Studies (a) Beach Studies A. Coastal and Nearshore Oceano- (i) Goa Coast graphic Studies B. Estuarine Studies To understand the nature of the beach changes and the factors and processes C. Trace Element Distribution Studies responsible for these changes, studies on in Shelf Sediments the beach profiles and oceanographic para- meters such as waves, nearshore and littoral D. Physical Factors Governing Sedi- currents, were undertaken from August ment Transport in Moplah Bay, 1969 at twelve selected stations along three Cannanore beaches of Goa, namely Calangute- Candolim. Miramar-Caranzalem and Colva- Banaulim. The details of stations at each of these beaches and the profiles so far During the year under report, the Phy- taken are as follows : sical Oceanography Division at Goa began to be organised with a small team of phy- Location No. of No. of sical oceanographers. The existing projects Stations Beach in coastal oceanography along the Kerala Profiles coast were continued at Ernakulam. while measured new projects in coastal studies were started Miramar-Caranzalem 4 52 along the Goa coast by the team working at Headquarters. Some of the projects Calangute-Candolim 5 65 which were started during the year in colla- boration with the other departments are: Colva-Banaulim 3 15

i) The sediment transport studies at On the Miramar-Caranzalem beach, Moplah Bay harbour, Cannanore, very good building up was noticed followed undertaken at the request of the by removal of material from Caranzalem Indo-Norwegian Project. Ernaku- and Campal sides. The beach material was found to be more or less fine grained at lam. Caranzalem and line to medium at ii) Studies on the Aguada bar forma- Miramar throughout the observation period. tion undertaken at the request of Calangute-Candolim beaches experienced Government of Goa. erosion from September to December months and since then build up of material iii) Cochin harbour and Marmugao was observed. The Colva-Banaulim beach harbour studies initiated at the did not show any major change.

6 (ii) Kerala Coast load was found to be 750 mg. per 5 liters Work is being continued. The beach profile studies at the seven selected stations along the coast of Kerala (c) Oceanographic Studies at were continued. In all, 132 beach profiles were taken during the year. The loss of (i) Marmagao Harbour and considerable amount of material was noticed (ii) Cochin Harbour near Thottapally region. Vertical cuts in the beach foreshore of the order of three (i) Marmagao Harbour metres were also recorded. The observed variations in the beach widths, vertical Wave refraction diagrams were con- variations etc. for the different stations are structed for predominant wave direc- given below : tions and periods of waves approa- ching the harbour and the maximum heights of the waves affecting the harbour as well as the littoral movements in the harbour area were Location evaluated from the characteristics of the deep water waves obtained from a study of the data of Indian Daily Wea- ther Reports for 1968 and 1969. The wave heights in shallow water (20'depth Narakkal 26 45-60 5 0.75 contour) were computed from the re- fraction diagrams. During the south- Elankunnapuzha 30 60-80 43 1.00 west monsoon high waves of 8 second periods from WSW were found to Saudi 14 40-60 5 0.75 occur in the port area. The heights were found to be minimum slightly north of Manassery 14 20-50 6 1.25 the harbour breakwater and maximum on the Dona Paula side. (The maxi- mum and minimum values as obtained Thumboli 19 70-85 40 1.50 from these studies are 15.2' and 10.4'). The littoral drift was found to be dire- Punnapra 16 35-74 15 2.50 cted into the Bay from either side of the harbour. Purakkad 13 0-40 0 2-3 General hydrographic studies such (b) Studies on the Aguada as temperature, salinity, oxygen, light Bar Formation penetration, suspended sediment load, surface drift etc., of the waters near In order to understand the factors re- the end of the harbour breakwater sponsible for the formation of Aguada bar, were made regularly at monthly inter- preliminary surveys were made twice in the vals over complete tidal cycles and month of March 1970. Observations on under different tidal ranges for currents were made over complete tidal about nine months during the year. cycles along with the suspended sediment Preliminary analysis of the data indi- load. This study revealed that flood and cated the following features for the ebb current maxima were 4.1 kts. and 3.5 harbour waters for the summer months kts. respectively. The suspended sediment (April and May).

7 1. The temperature of the surface waters The wave refraction studies conducted generally varied between 30.4°C and for the region Purakkad indicated conver- 31.4°C, the diurnal range being less on ging long-shore currents leading to possible the days of high tidal range as compared offshore flows. It is felt that this offshore to low tidal range. flow might be opposing the onshore trans- port of the fine sediments being carried by the premonsoon waves resulting in localis- 2. the surface salinity varied between ation of sediments at the rip heads. This 35.2%o and 37.00%o, the mean value has been put forward as a possible explan- being generally high during high tidal ation for the formation of mudbanks. range as compared to low tidal range.

B. Studies on the Physical Conditions of 3. the dissolved oxygen varied from 3.10 the Estuarine Waters of the Goa and ml/L. to 4.80 ml/L. The flood waters Kerala Regions representing Central and during the night time were found to Southern parts of the West Coast of contain low oxygen as compared to the India ebb waters during the day time. (i) Goa Region ii) Cochin Harbour Preliminary studies on the currents, temperature and salinity at different depths Regular observations at fixed stations of four selected stations in the Mandovi and near the Cochin Barmouth were carried Zuari rivers and the Cumbarjua Canal out to study the variation of the connecting these two rivers, were made concentration of silt at the surface and during November '69 and January and sub-surface depths. Simultaneously, March '70 over complete tidal cycles. In current patterns were also observed to addition to general hydrographic studies, study the effect of currents and water determination of suspended sediment load movements on the silt content. was also made at a few places during the course of the surveys. The preliminary results obtained from the observations made (d) Mudbanks of Kerala on the currents are as follows :

The bottom sediments from the Nara- In the river Zuari, at a station occupied kkal and the Purakkad mudbanks indicated near Borim bridge in January '70, the very high concentration of phosphates as observations indicated that the flood velo- compared to the adjoining shelf sediments. cities at the surface varied from 42 cm/sec, The values for the phosphate, iron and to 70 cm sec. and the ebb velocities from calcium carbonate for the two mudbank 70 cm/sec to 150 cm/sec. The surface regions are given below: salinity varied from 17.2%o to 23.5%o. In the river Mandovi at a station occupied three miles from the entrance in March '70, Narakkal Purakkad the studies show that the speed of the flood Phosphate maximum is 150 cm/sec and that of the ebb (micro gms./gm.) 325-2500 700-3400 120 cm/sec. In the Cumbarjua Canal, the observations on current carried out during Iron (milli gms/gm) 62-154 95-115 November '69 and March 1970 under diffe- Calcium Carbonate rent tidal range indicated the predominance (percentage by weight) 5-8.4 8-15 of flood over the ebb on the Mandovi river

8 side of the canal while on the Zuari side of was completed. Boron was estimated in the canal the predominance of ebb was the clay fraction of the estuarine sediments noticed. On the Mandovi side of the canal off Krishna delta. The boron content in the flood and the ebb maxima for surface the sediments was found to vary from 66 currents were 90 cm/sec and 60 cm/sec ppm to 130 ppm. The analysis for similar respectively. On the Zuari side of the sediment samples from the west coast of canal the corresponding values for the flood India is in progress. and the ebb were 70 cm/sec and 150 cm/sec. Very little change in the current velocities was noticed from the surface to one metre D. Physical Factors Governing Sediment above the bottom in the canal. Transport in Moplah Bay, Cannanore ii) Kerala Region Survey of the Moplah Bay (Cannanore) The observational programme com- was taken up in collaboration with the menced during the previous year at three Indo-Norwegian Project in September 1969. stations in the Cochin backwaters was The studies included bathymetry, tides and continued. Study on the seasonal variations tidal currents and sediment transport, the last one using fluorescent tracers. The of the hydrographical parameters of the following were the main findings: backwaters revealed well mixed, stratified and partially mixed conditions during January to August, September to November (i) Bathymetric studies revealed accretion in the Moplah Bay harbour region in and December to January respectively. three locations, and these are (a) the The salinity of the backwaters was found to region of the harbour immediately have an inverse relation with the fresh water adjacent to the breakwater, (b) near the discharge from the rivers. Studies on the seawall in the NW side of the bay and hydrographic parameters over complete (c) near the rivulet in the northern side tidal cycles, the circulation pattern and the of the harbour. factors responsible for the siltation in and around the backwaters and the harbour as (ii) Tracer studies revealed net movement well as the rate of sedimentation are being of sand into the bay from each of the continued. three injection points, located (a) out- side the breakwater tip on its western C. Trace Element Distribution Studies in side, (b) on the seaward side of the Shelf Sediments breakwater and (c) between groins on The estimation of trace elements in the NNE corner of the Moplah bay the shelf sediments off the coasts of India harbour.

9 Name of the Nickel concentration 2.3 Section in ppm Maximum Minimum Off Bombay 45 24 geological Off Karwar 53 19 Off Mangalore 31 16 oceanography division Off Cochin 38 12

( god ) , panaji An analysis of the values obtained has revealed that the fine grained sediments in the inner shelf and the slope sedi- A. Geochemical studies on Shelf Sedi- ment contain relatively higher amount ments off the coasts of India of Niekcl than the sediments in the B. Sediments of the Gulf of Cambay region in between. Even among the and the Gulf of Kutch fine-grained sediments, the sediments off Bombay, Karwar and Cochin have C. Sand Movement Studies relatively higher concentration of Nickel than the sediments off Mangalore. An D. Sediments of Vembanad Lake examination of the distribution of Nickel with other elements like Man- E. Characteristics of the Beach Material ganese and Iron shows that there is a of Goa better correlation with Manganese than F. Micropalaeontological Studies with Iron. The organic content of sediments and the concentration of Nickel do not appear to be related to each other unlike in the case of other A. Geochemical Studies on the Shelf Sedi- constituents. ments off the Coasts of India Clay Mineral Studies: Clay fractions separated from a few of the samples Two aspects of the west coast shelf taken from the different sections sediments namely (i) Distribution pattern of mentioned above have been subjected Nickel and (ii) Clay mineralogy, have been to X-Ray analysis. The analysis has studied in the shelf and slope sediments revealed that the clay minerals in these collected between Bombay and Cochin. sediments exhibit certain regional vari- The results obtained are given below. ations in that (i) the sediments off Bombay and Karwar are characterised Studies on Nickel distribution: Nickel by the presence of predominantly mixed content was estimated in twenty four layers of montmorillonite and illite samples spread over four sections, with subordinate amounts of kaolinite namely off Bombay, Karwar, Mangalore group of minerals, (ii) the sediments and Cochin. The sections covered were off Mangalore by the presence of appro- normal to the coast and the sediments ximately equal proportions of mixed collected were from the shelf and slope layers of montmorillonite and illite and regions. The maximum and minimum (iii) the sediments off Kerala coast concentrations of Nickel obtained in having predominantly kaolinite group each of the sections are given below: of minerals with subordinate amounts

10 of montmorillonite. This regional vari- Bay in Cannanore, and (ii) Mandovi Estu- ation in the clay mineral content may ary in Goa. In Moplah Bay at Cannanore, perhaps be attributed to the difference the studies are being made in connection in the source rocks present along the with the development of a minor harbour different parts of the west coast. while at the second place the studies are taken up in view of the navigational hazard B. Studies on the Sediments of the Gulf created by the formation of a bar at the of Cambay and the Gulf of Kutch mouth of the estuary. During the 4th, 5th and 6th cruises of I.N.S. "DARSHAK" about twenty five Studies on the bar formation in Man- sediment samples were collected using dovi estuary were started in February 1970. gravity corer. La Fond-Dietz snapper and A preliminary survey was made and sedim- dredge. The samples collected have been ent samples were collected with a view to studied for their physical characteristics. understand the nature of sediments in the From the results obtained from these region. The material collected are being studies and from the notations of the bottom studied for their physical characteristics. given in the Admirality Chart No. 2736, a sediment distribution map has been pre- D. Studies on the waters and Sediments of pared for the area known as "FIFTY the Vembanad Lake and the Associated FATHOM FLAT". Broadly, from the coast River Systems (in collaboration with to the shelf edge four zones of sediments POD) have been delineated. They are (i) silty clays, (ii) oolitics, and (iii) coral fragments Work was started on this project in and sand, and (iv) rock (limestone-beach November 1969. Field work was carried rock). The occurrence of beach rock in out during November-December '69 and the outer continental shelf is indicative of 250 bottom sediment samples were collected the fact that the outer continental shelf has from different parts of the lake between been influenced by the Pleistocene low Ernakulam and Alleppey. Studies on the stands of sea-level. Radiocarbon dating of different aspects of these sediments have a few of the samples collected from this been undertaken at the request of the region is in progress and perhaps this data Kerala Slate Government. may help in unravelling the evolutionary history of this part of the shelf. E. Studies on the seasonal variations in the characteristics of the Beach Material Continuous echo sounding was done of Goa during the cruises, and 300 miles of echogram was obtained for topographic studies. An As a part of the comprehensive pro- examination of the echograms has revealed gramme aimed at understanding the short that the Fifty Fathom Flat has a very rugged term and long term changes taking place topography. A comparison of this echo- in the beaches of Goa. Studies on the gram with one obtained in the vicinity of seasonal variations in the characteristics of Androth Island, a typical coral atoll, has the beach material have been taken up in shown great similarity between the two. this division. To start with, Miramar and Calangute beaches have been taken up for C. Sand Movement Studies in Selected study. Work on Miramar beach was Areas (In collaboration with POD) started in September 1967 while the work on the Calangute beach started in Augest Sand movement studies have been 1969. Details of the work done so far are initiated at two places namely (i) Moplah given below:

11 Miramar Beach: Six stations at one sediment samples are being collected Kilometer interval were fixed between across the beach from these five stations Campal and Caranzalem. Sediment at fortnightly intervals for the study of samples were collected across the beach grain size characteristics, mineralogy, at each of these six stations at monthly calcium carbonate content and iron intervals. In all 350 samples were content. So far nearly seven hundred collected and analysed for their grain samples have been collected of which size and mineralogy. Granulometric 250 samples have been analysed for studies have revealed that the beach can their grain size and the statistical par- be divided into two segments: (i) bet- ameters like median diameter, sorting ween Miramar and Gasper Dias etc., computed. Carbonate content has composed of medium of fine sand and been determined in 120 samples by the (ii) Gasper Dias to Caranzalem com- loss in weight method. The studies on posed of fine to very fine sand. There this beach are being done in collabora- is no marked change in the size of the tion with the Physical Oceanography beach material from season to season Division. except for accumulation of shells during the fair weather season. The sediments F. Micropalacontological Studies of the are well sorted and slightly positively Marine Sediments off the Coasts of skewed. India

Mineralogically, the sediments arc com- A study of the distribution and ecology posed of Pyroxenes, amphiboles, epi- of the Foraminifera in the shelf sediments dote, tourmaline, zircon, spinel and off the west coast of India between Bombay opaques with minor amounts of rutile, and Alleppey has been undertaken. Fora- staurolite and biotite. minifera have been separated from the samples collected from 33 stations and their Calangute Beach: This beach which is identification is in progress. situated between two promontories namely Aguada in the south and Bagha Stratigraphic and micropalaeontological in the north is about 7.5 kilometers studies of the sediment cores obtained from long. Five stations have been fixed a few localities in the Arabian Sea have on this beach from north to south and been completed.

12 the minimum nitrate-N and a sparse 2.4 population of other phytoplankton and zooplankton. The ability of Tricho- desmium to fix molecular Nitrogen pro- vides an important source of nitrogen biological enrichment which may make a sub- stantial contribution to the nitrogen oceanography budget of tropical seas. division ( bod ) , cochin (ii) Primary Production of an Atoll in Laccadives

In the midst of oceanic conditions, A. Oceanography of the Waters Around Kavaratti Atoll with a ring-shaped coral Laccadives reef and a rich growth of attached B. Energetics of Local Flat-Fish algae and macrophytes in its shallow lagoon, constitutes a highly productive C. Studies on the Cochin Backwaters environment. The transparency of water near the coral reef is fairly high D. Yield Studies of Fish and the phytoplankton production in the surrounding sea is low. The lagoon E. Environmental Factors and seems to sustain a higher standing Growth of Phytoplankton crop of phytoplankton than does the adjacent sea. F. Some Problems of C14 Measurements Estimates of gross production and community respiration made from diurnal changes in oxygen at two sta- tions in the lagoon and from oxygen A. Oceanography of the Waters changes in water during its transport Around Laccadives over the reef, showed that lagoon and reef communities are both autotrophic. Experiments conducted on the oxygen Cruises were undertaken on board the exchange of several species of plants passenger-ship M.V. "Laccadives" to and corals confirmed that their rates of Kavaratti and other atolls of the Laccadives. photosynthesis for 12 hours were greater The Oceanographic Studies carried out than their rates of respiration for 24 during these cruises have brought to light hours. The conclusion that Kavaratti some interesting findings which are sum- is among the most productive environ- marised below: ments was drawn by a comparison of (i) Characteristics of a 'Trichodesmium' estimates made at Kavaratti with those Bloom in the Laccadives of other marine areas. In April 1968 a bloom of Tricho- The highly variable nature of zoo- desmium erythraeum occurred in great plankton abundance in the surrounding profusion in the Laccadives and largely sea and in the lagoon makes it appa- occupied the upper few metres of the rent that in some seasons oceanic source water. The chief characteristics of the of nutrition to corals in the form of environment during the bloom were zooplankton may be important, but

13 zooplankton alone cannot meet the B. Investigations on the Energetics of Local total energy needed by the reef com- Flat-fish Populations Occurring on munity. Beaches and in Near-shore Areas

(iii) Production of Particulate Organic a. Respiratory Measurement Matter by the Reef on Kavaratti Atoll (Laccadives) i) Standard Oxygen Consumption

The concentration of particulate organic Laboratory experiments were conduc- carbon in the vicinity of Kavaratti ted on the oxygen consumption of flat-fishes using a closed circuit respi- Atoll is much greater than that of the rometer (Beckmann). Results of oxygen surrounding sea. The particulate org- consumption were analysed according anic matter, which is largely produced to widely accepted relationship. by the coral reef, amounts to about 20% of the total gross production of the reef Q = a W b community. In the absence of an Where Q is the oxygen consumption in adequate standing crop of phytoplan- mg/h, W is the live weight of fish and kton, it is possible that paniculate a and b are the two constants to be matter may form an important source determined. The mean 'a' and 'b' of energy to zooplankton in coral reef values for four species of Cynoglossus waters. were: a = 0.3722 and b = 0.7342.

(iv) Primary Production of a Sea-grass-bed ii) Standard Oxygen Consumption in on Kavaratti Atoll (Laccadives) Relation to Temperature

Along the intertidal zone of Kavaratti Cynoglossus could tolerate a tempera- Lagoon, a sea-grass-bed, largely con- ture range of 15.0 to 37.5°C. In the sisting of Thalassia and Cymodocea, range 30 to 37.5°C, the standard oxygen grows on a substratum of loose coral consumption was temperature-indepen- sand and coral debris. Primary pro- dent, and did not change in this range. duction of this grass bed was estimated Below 30°C, oxygen consumption was from a study of diurnal changes in temperature-dependent, being almost dissolved oxygen over the bed and linear on a longarithmic scale, with a conducting experiments on some isola- Q = 2.4. ted plants determining their rates of 10 oxygen production and consumption. iii) Active Oxygen Consumption Both these studies showed that photo- synthesis of the community during the Cynoglossus is provided with excep- hours of daylight is greater than its tional adhesive powers on flat surfaces, respiration during day and night. The and therefore, it is difficult to force the presence of this autotrophic plant com- fish to swim in a current or water. munity near the reef seems to be useful But in a few cases where it did swim, for it offers protection to animals values of about 100% increase in oxy- and is consumed by the herbivorous gen consumption, over standard, were animals of the reef. observed at 28°C (room temperature).

14 The scope for activity was thus low as C. Studies on the Cochin Backwaters compared to flatfish from the temperate region where increases of 4 or 5 times Continuous collections of detritus by in the oxygen consumption have been an apparatus made locally, were made from reported to occur. the Cochin backwater throughout the year. The collected material was centrifuged, washed, dried and weighed. This gave an iv) Experimental Starvation index of the rate of sedimentation of the Individuals of all flatfish were kept suspended material in the estuary. The without food at 27-29°C and weighed detritus was further analysed for total under anaesthetic at intervals of about phosphorus, organic carbon, protein, car- one week to measure their loss inweight. bohydrates and lipids. From this analysis The present loss in wet weight in a total it become clear that the organic detritus of 43 individuals were of 12 to 2% per forms a large proportion of the suspended week. material and plays an important role in the food chain of the estuary. Many filter ν) Experimental Feeding feeders and omnivores in the estuary are dependent upon detritus for food. The After trials with different sorts of dead calorific value of detritus calculated from and live foods, tubiculous polychaetes protein carbohydrate and lipid fractions were used after their removal from the was found to be fairly high, indicating that tubes. There appeared to be direct detritus can form an imporant source of relationship between increase or decre- energy to animals ase of body weight to the food actually consumed by the fish over a period of D. Yield Studies on Fish a week. The food intake was expressed in terms of percentage of the body Work on fish population models and weight and maintenance level of food yield studies were continued during the intake was shown to be of the order of period under review. The concept of 25% of body weight. eumetric fishing developed by Beverton and Holt was once again re-examined using the vi) Day-Night Experiment on Feeding table of yield functions given by these Rates authors. This was done to facilitate a better understanding of some of the eumetric fish- In the inshore area, 30-minutes hauls ing/yield curves and the changes in the were taken by a beam trawl to cover the catch-per-unit-effort with increased fishing 24-hour period. Analysis of the wet pressure. An attempt was also made for weight of the stomach contents in an easier estimation of the conditions of relation to the wet weight of the fish optimum exploitation. These methods could were used to investigate any diurnal be applied when growth in weight was allo- rhythm in feeding and to gain some metric or when the natural mortality information on the average quantities varied with age. Some of the common of food taken. The quantity of food methods of interpolation have also been consumed was found to be much suggested for evaluating the fishing levels greater at night than during the day for which a given mesh size maximises time. Thus it seems that feeding is the catch-per-unit-effort or for finding the largely controlled by chemical or changes in the fishing intensity needed to mechanical stimuli rather than the bring the yield and catch-per-unit-effort to visual ones. any desired level.

15 The suitability of the Beverton-Holt the monsoon period, is due to the fact that model and the Schaefer model for making their photosynthetic maximum is adjusted yield assessments with a view to maximising to low salinity. the profit has also been examined together with the usefulness and drawbacks of the two (b) Light: Photosynthetic rates of models. Although the profit maximisation several species of phytoplankton organisms depends on both biological and economic were investigated at different wave-lengths conditions, regulatory measures based on of light, by using sharp cut-off filters eumetric value-cost curves are not expected obtained from Corning Glass Works, New to be very far from the maximum profit York, U. S. A. In most of the species, level. Very often, due to the limitations in maximum light saturated photosynthesis the data one is forced to rely upon the was obtained at 430 to 455 mμ and mini- eumetrie fishing/yield curves alone. mum between 600-650mμ. When these data were plotted against the amount of E. The Influence of some Environmental energy transmitted through these filters, the Factors on the growth of Tropical curves obtained in different species were Phytoplankton Organisms similar to that of a typical photosynthetic curve in sunlight. These results indicate Unialgal cultures of 12 phytoplankton the photosynthesis, in some organisms at organisms, isolated from a typically marine least, is directly related to the amount of environment (inshore waters off Cochin), energy transmitted through them at a parti- were grown in an enriched seawater medium cular wave length. (Erdschriber). These clones were kept at room temperature and were allowed (c) Nutrients: The effects of chang- to grow under fluorescent illumination. ing concentrations of two nutrients, phos- When the cultures become sufficiently dense, phate-P and nitrate-N were investigated on the effects of three environmental factors the rates of photosynthesis of Ceratium and (a) salinity, (b) light, and (c) nutrients Biddulphia. The range in phosphorus and were investigated on their rates of photo- nitrogen concentrations was from 0.5 to 10 synthesis. μg at/1. The experiments with Ceratium lasted 12 days and with Biddulphia 30 days. (a) Salinity: The cultures were ex- The phosphorus requirement of Ceratium posed to a salinity range 5 to 35%o and was found to be above 2-5 μg—at/1. The their rates of photosynthesis at each salinity rate of photosynthesis at these concentra- was measured by the C14 method. Different tions increased continuously throughout the organisms showed a wide adaptability to experiment. Concentrations higher than changes in salinity and in almost all 5.0 μg-at/l accelerated photosynthesis for organisms a maximum photosynthesis was 9 days, followed by a sharp decline there- obtained at a salinity range 10-25%o. Eco- after. The nitrogen requirement of Ceratium logical observations on their distributions was found to be about 0.5/μg-at/l. Con- were also made in the Cochin backwater centrations of nitrogen higher than 0.5/μg- during a period when typically brackish at/1 brought about a decrease in photosyn- water occupied the top-most layers and the thesis. Similar results were obtained when salinity was low. Maximum abundance nitrogen was used in conjunction with corresponded with their salinity requirements phosphorus. studied in the laboratory. In conclusion, it may be said that maximum phytoplankton In the other series of experiments with abundance in the shelf waters of the Biddulphia entirely different results were Arabian Sea, as is commonly seen during obtained. While the phosphorus requirement

16 of this organisms for maximum photosyn- Division of the National Institute of Ocea- thesis was about the same as in Ceratium nography, the following work related to i. e. 5/μg-at/l, its nitrogen requirement was C14 methodology. This was considered an much greater and maximum photosynthesis important investigation as the information was obtained when nitrate-N was increased available in the literature on these aspects to 5.0/μg-at/1. When these two nutrients are neither enough nor accurate: were used in combination, maximum photo- 14 synthesis continued to occur at all concentr- a) Size of bottles used for C incubations ations from 1 to 10 μg-at/l. Peak values, during experiments. however, were obtained on the 8th day which was followed by a progressive decline b) Effects of different proportions of inert 14 thereafter. material on the self-absorptian of C . c) Amount of material to be filtered to F. Some Problems Related to the avoid appreciable self-absorption and Measurement of Primary Production to give a satisfactory filtering time.

by using C14 Technique d) Chemical oxidation by using organic The SCOR/IBP Working Group-24 on pollutants in the light and dark bottles "The estimation of primary production under during the C14 incubations. special conditions", during its meeting held in Southampton, in U. K. July/August, 1968 A series of experiments were carried and in its report submitted to the SCOR out to resolve some of these problems. (Ref: Proceedings SCOR, Vol. 5 No. 1,1969) The results obtained in these studies are in entrusted the Biological Oceanography the process of compilation and analysis.

17 November 1968 and together with Dr. T. B. 2.5 Bowman and Shri K. K. C. Nair, prepared a scheme for subsorting the Amphipods of the International Collections. Dr. Gruner's report was approved by the 7th Indian ocean Meeting of the Consultative Committee. biological centre (iobc), Subsorting of the group was started by Shri K. K. C. Nair in August 1968 and cochin subsequently Shri P. G. Jacob joined him and together they have completed 1200 sub samples. This leaves behind approximately 2000 sub samples to be completed. At the A. Sorting and Subsorting of the present rate of subsorting it is expected International Collections that the job would be completed within i. Amphipoda a year. ii. Copepoda iii. Fish-eggs and Larvae Allocations and Consignment

B. Specialised Studies of the To speed up the subsorting, it was IIOE Collections decided to divide the Amphipoda into the following 12 groups which with a little I. Anthozoan Larvae experience could be separated easily. II. Pelagic Polychaetes 1. Gammaridea III. Chaetognatha IV. Amphipoda 2. Lanceolidae V. Ostracoda VI. Copepoda 3. Scinidae VII. Heteropoda 4. Vibiliidae VIII. Fish-eggs and Larvae (Heterosomata) 5. Phronimidae IX. Atlas Preparations 6. Paraphronimidae X. Medusae (Local Collections) 7. Hyperiidae C. Zooplankton Fixation and Preserva- tion, SCOR-UNESCO Working Group 8. Anchylomeridae 23 Programme 9. Lycaeopsidae

10. Pronoidae & Lycaeidae A. Sorting and Sub-sorting of the Inter- 11. Oxycephalidae national Collections 12. Thyropodidae & Platyscelidae (i) Amphipoda

Dr. H. E. Gruner, Chief Specialist for The subsorted material was alloted Amhipods was at IOBC during October- to the following specialists.

18 Dr. T. E. Bowman, Washington — Hyperiidae Dr. H. E. Gruner, Berlin — Thyropodidae, Platyscelidae Mr. K. K. C. Nair, IOBC, Cochin — Vibiliidae, Paraphronimidae, Phronimidae, Anchylomeridae, Oxycephalidae Dr. S. T. Shih, Ottowa — Lycaeopsidae, Pronoidae, Lycaeidae Dr. M. E. Vinogradov, Moscow — Gammaridae, Lanceolidae, Scinidae

(ii) Copepoda according to to the numerical abundance of Copepods in the sample. During the first Subsorting procedures for Copepods phase of the work, one sample from each five were formulated in May 1968 and the work degree square was taken to ensure uniform of subsorting commenced soon after. Sam- geographical coverage. The sub-sorting of ples for subsorting were selected from the the total of 1050 selected stations would be 1548 standard collections, in such a way so completed in the next three years. as to give seasonal and geographical cover- age, and in this way 1050 representative Allocations and Consignments samples were selected for studies. Two Material has been despatched to the hundred samples have already been subsorted following specialists who have agreed to by now; work has been speeded up recently undertake the related work of the subsorting by varying the size of the sub-sample of the material.

1) Fleminger : Labidocera, Pontellina, Centropagidae (Oceanic) Grice : Candaciidae Haq : Temoridae, Calanopia Matthews : Undinula, Augaptilidae (excepting Haloptilus) Minoda : Lucicutia Park : Heterorhabdidae Pillai : Pontella, Pontellopsis Tanaka : Euchaetidae Vervoort : Aetidiidae, Phaennidae

2) Krishnaswamy : Sapphirinidae and Copilia

The following are IOBC Staff working on IIOE Meterial

Kasturirangan : Harpacticoida Goswami : Oithona Rosamma & Sarla Devi : Haloptilus Saramma Abraham : Acartia, Centropagidae (nearshore) Saraswathy : Gaussia, Pleuromamma, Siphonostomes (as approved by Senior Specialist)

19 (iii) Fish Eggs and Larvae K. J. Peter C. B. Lalithambika Devi V. Santhakumari When the IIOE plankton samples were S. V. M. Abdul Rahim sorted at the IOBC, a large number of fish eggs and larvae were separated. Even as The fish larvae have been sub-sorted early as 1965 it was suggested by Dr. Hansen into 55 groups mainly upto the family level. that further subsorting of the group may be Out of the 1927 IIOE samples collected, taken up without any delay and this task 1685 have been subsorted. The remaining was assigned to K. J. Peter. A scheme for 242 samples are expected to be completed the subsorting of fish larvae was prepared and within three months. The data processing work was started. Later this was presented of the sub-sorted groups has been carried to the Consultative Committee in 1967 and out simultaneously and logged under a was approved. Certain minor modifications separate scheme mentioned above. were made afterwards in consultation with Prof. T. S. Rass, Chief specialist for fish Allocation and Consignment eggs and larvae. As more and more fish larvae fraction became available out of the In response to the letter from the regular sorting, three additional staff mem- Chief Specialist and the UNESCO Curator bers also devoted part of their time to the regarding the allocation of various groups subsorting of fish larvae. At present the of fish larvae, the following expressed their following people are engaged in the sub- willingness to start the work immediately sorting programme. and the material was despatched to them.

Castle — Anguilliformes

Jones — Scomberomoridae, Thunnidae Holocentridae and Dactylopteridae

Silas — Synodontidae and Bregmacerotidae

Peter — Clupeidae, Engraulidae and Scombridae

Lalithambika Devi — Pleuronectiformes. The material alloted to the following specialists are almost ready for despatch. These will be sent as the subsorting is completed.

Rass — Argentinoidei Bertelsen — Ceratioidei Bapat — Carangidae Ostroumova — Myctophidae Novikova — Stomiatoidei Gorbunova Belianina — Gempylidae Kovalevskia — Beloniformes Mukhacheva — Coryphaenidae Rofen — Paralepididae Ueyanagi — Xiphiidae and Histiophoridae

20 Visitors at the proposed site for the NIO buildings, Panaji, Goa.

B. Specialised Studies of the IIOE Semper's larvae of Zoanthidea were Collections classified into two groups of long and round type viz., Zoanthella and Zoan- (i) Anthozoan Larvae thina respectively. Actiniarian classi- fication was based on the number of The pelagic anthozoan larvae of the sarcosepta present. IIOE collections were sorted out as one taxon and this was taken for special Camera Lucida sketches of these larvae studies, with reference to their systema- and their sections are being drawn for tics, distribution and abundance. The description. The identification upto entire taxon belonged to one subclass the species level is to be confirmed by Zoantharia. 1560 samples have been the senior specialist. The classification subsorted to three different orders followed is that of Carlgren (1924) and namely Actiniaria, Zoanthidea and Leloup (1964). Ceriantharia, Ceriantharians were fur- Though holoplanktonic forms belong- ther subsorted to 3 families viz., Acon- ing to the families Minyadidae, Metri- tioidiferidae, Botrucnidiferidae and Cer- diidae, Sagartiidae and Actiniidae are ianthidae based on the presence of either reported to occur in plankton collect- Acontia or Botrucnids or absence of ion, these 1560 samples consist only of both respectively. Ceriantharia of the meroplanktonic forms. Though in gen- above 3 families were further classified eral meroplanktonic forms are neritic into 31 genera and 80 species, based on in occurrence, a fair proportion of oce- the internal anatomy by sectioning. anic forms also have been collected.

21 Anthozoan larvae collected from local level, have been confirmed by Dr. collections are being reared in the R. Philip Dales, the senior specialist of laboratory and observations are being this group. made on the reproduction by pedal laceration. (iii) Chaetognatha

(ii) Pelagic Polychaetes Plankton samples collected during the International Indian Ocean Expedition The pelagic polychaetes of the IIOE from the Arabian Sea area north of Collections were sorted out into two 10°S were analysed. Chaetognaths major groups during general sorting. from 614 standard samples were identi- "Tomopterids" and '"other polych- fied upto species level. Each species aetes", which belong to families of was again subsorted into five maturity pelagic polychaetes other than Tomop- stages taking into consideration the terids. Out of these, the latter group growth of the testis and the ovary. was taken up for special study since Ninteen species belonging to four the general sorting was over. Now genera were encountered in these coll- about 1200 samples have been subsort- ections. The species were Eukrohnia ed to the different species belonging fowleri, Krohnitta pacifica, Krohnitta mainly to four families. Alciopidae, subtilis, Pterosagitta drace, Sagitta be- Typhloscolecidae, Phyllodocidae and doti, Sagitta bipunctata, Sagitta bombay- Aphroditidae. Alciopids and Typhlos- ensis, Sagitta decipiens, Sagitta enflata, colecids are all purely pelagic while Sagitta ferox, Sagitta hexaptera, Sagitta Phyllodocids include only one subfamily lyra, Sagitta minima, Sagitta neglecta, of holopelagic species: there are only a Sagitta pacifica, Sagitta pulchera, Sagitta few species of holopelagic froms under regularis, Sagitta robusta and Sagitta Aphroditidae, the others that are found zetesios. in the collections under this family are only larval or post larval stages of S. enflata, S. pacifica, S. bedoti and benthonic groups. P. draco were the commonest forms in these waters. As these samples are So far 29 species of pelagic polychaetes from 200-Om depth, mesoplanktonic have been found to occur in the IIOE chaetognaths do not comprise a signi- samples. All these have been sketched ficant part of the material. E fowleri under camera lucida and described. and S. decipiens alone are the deep Out of the 29 species, 3 are new and water species in the present collections. a few have been recorded for the first time from Indian waters. Charts on the distribution of chaetog- naths for whole of the Indian Ocean were prepared based on the numerical The larval polychaetes preserved data available at the Indian Ocean separately, have not been taken so far Biological Centre. for detailed study. For identification of the species, "the key for identifi- Total Distribution cations" (Dales, 1957) was mainly used. The keys for identification by Tebble Maximum abundance was observed off (1962) and Stop-Bowitz (1948) were the Somali Coast, near the southern also used from time to time. All the coast of Arabia and the southern part identifications made so far up to species of the Nicobar Islands. The western

22 part of the Arabian Sea and the Bay of (iv) Amphipoda Bengal, showed uniformly high density of population. There was gradual dec- The Amphipods of the IIOE were sorted rease in numerical representation of out during the general sorting and sub- chaetognaths from the north to the sorting of the group was started by southern part of the Indian Ocean. Shri K. K. Chandrasekharan Nair to- wards the end of June 1968. In con- Seasonal Distribution sultation with the chief specialist of the group, Dr. H. E. Grunner it was deci- The period of mid-April to mid-Oct- ded to subsort the groups under the ocbr (southwest monsoon period) show- major heads, viz. suborder: Gammar- ed a comparatively higher density of oidea and suborder Hyperiidea which chaetognaths. Maximum density was are represented by the families. Hyper- observed off Somali coast and near iidae, Oxycephalidae, Vibiliidae, Parap- Nicobar Islands. During mid-October hronimidae, Phronimidae, Anchylomeri- to mid-April (north east monsoon dae, Platysclidae, Thyropodidae, Pronoi- period) maximum population was near dae, Lycaeidae, Lycaeopsidae and the southern coast of Arabia Scindae. So far 1200 samples have been subsorted. Day and Night Variations Out of the families mentioned above, There was no significant difference bet- five families viz. Oxycephalidae, Vibi- ween day and night collections except liidae, Paraphornimidae, Phronimidae, that the lower density areas extended Anchylomeridae, which were alloted to further north in the night collections. Shri Chandrasekharan Nair have been In both the day and night charts there taken for special studies. Collections was uniform abundance on the Somali from 68 stations have already been coast, southern Arabian coast and Bay examined and identified up to species of Bengal. level.

The species identified so far are listed below:

Family: Oxycephalidae Family : Anchylomeridae Species- Oxycephalus clausi Species- Phrosina semilunata Oxycephalus piscator Anchylomero blosso villi Oxycephalus latirostris Primno macropa Leptocotis tenuirostris Family Vibillidae Streetsia challengeri Species- Vibilia vivatrix Symorphynchotus antennarius Vibilia stebbingi Rhabdosoma whiteni Vibilia pyripus Rhabdosoma armatum Vibilia armatum Rhabdosoma minor Vibilia robusta Family Phronimidae Species- Phronima sedentaria Family Paraphronimidae Phronima stebbingi Species- Paraphonima Phronima collettee gracilis Phronima atlantica Paraphronima Phronima pacifica crassipes

23 Besides the adult forms juvenile stages in most of the IIOE samples and since have also been recorded. Since little it would take some time to complete attempt has been made to study the the entire Indian Ocean collections, early stages of Hyperiids in the past, the samples from the Arabian Sea were much difficulty in identifying the separated from the collections and sub- juvenile stages was felt especially in sorted. All species were preserved the case of forms belonging to the separately after careful examination. family Vibillidae and Phronimidae. Charts showing the distribution of the (v) Ostracoda ostracods with day and night and Since the ostracods are very abundant seasonal variation were also prepared.

Species observed in the Arabian Sea samples

Bathyconchoecia lacunosa (Muller) B. deeveyae Kronicker C. parthenoda Muller Archiconchoecia striata Muller C. skogsbergi Iles A. ventricosa Muller C. curta Lubbock Halocypria brivirostris (Dana) C. striola Muller Halocypria globosa (Dana) C. atlantica Lubbock Conchoecia oblonga (Claus) C. magna Claus C. echinata Muller C. porrecta Claus C. discophora Muller C. spinirostris Claus C. procera Muller C. imbricata Muller C. elegens Sars C. prosadene Muller C. decipiens Muller C. alata Muller C. acuminata (Claus) C. concentrica Muller

(vi) Copepoda H. longicornis and H. spiniceps are the dominat species in the samples exa- Genus: Haloptilus mined. H. longiceps which was recorded (single female specimen) from Studies on the copepod genus Halop- Sagami Bay of the Pacific Coast of tilus collected during the IIOE have Middle Japan was obtained from a been undertaken. 160 samples were number of stations in the Indian Ocean. analysed for species studies. The following species were indentified Genus Gaussia and other Copepods

Haloptilus longicornis Copepods belonging to the genus Gaussia had been separted during the H. spinciceps H. Oxycephalus basic sorting of Zooplankton at the H. oranakis H. longiceps IOBC. This interesting bathypelagic H. validus H. mucronatus genus is monospecific and the single H. acutifrons H. plumosus species G. princeps has been obtained

24 from 18 localities in the Indian Ocean. Seasonal variation in the distribution of Adult males, females, and copepodites species and in the size of the specimens 5, 4 and 3 were obtained from the were observed. Mostly larger speci- collections. An interesting point noticed mens were obtained during the premon- about the presence of this species in soon period. No single species of this the water column from the upper 200 family was found to dominate through- meters, is that all the stations are out the year and in no part of the year located towards the north of the equator. were all the species found to occur. (Northern Hemisphere) The maximum number of species was present from March to June. In certain Analysis of Copepod samples so far months the family Acartiidae was rep- completed showed presence of six resented in the collections by only one species of Pleuromamma, viz. P. xiphias species, for example, Acartiella gravelyi P. quadrungulata, P. abdominalis, P. in September and Acartia plumosa in gracilis, P. indica and P. piseki. October and November.

Scattered incidences of a fauna of Certain species preferred a specific range Sphenostoma (Copepoda-Cyclopoida) of salinity A. bilobata, A. centrura, A. has been brought to light. Siphonosto- erythraea, and A. spinicauda were mous copepods are very rare in the absent during the monsoon months plankton, represented by only a few while Acartiella keralensis occurred genera. Representatives of the two abundantly in June and July. genera Ratania and Pontoeciella have been identified from the IIOE collec- Salinity gradient appears to have a tions. remarkable effect on certain species in the fact that they show variations in Studies on Acartiidae primary and secondary morphological characters from their counterparts in The family Acartiiade comprises nearly marine area. 60 species of planktonic forms most of which are neritic and abundant in in- (vii) Heteropoda shore waters of the Indian Ocean. Identifications of gelatinous heteropods Only three species, namely Acartia is almost complete. The gelatinous danae, Acartia negligens and Acartia heteropoda include two families: Carin- amboinensis were found to occur in ariidae and Pterrotracheidae. Carin- typically marine region. Of these A. ariidae includes 3 genera: Carinaria, amboinensis was found only near the Pterosoma and Cardiapoda. Pterotrac- Laccadive Islands and the other two in heidae includes two genera, namely the open ocean. Pterotrachea and Firoloida.

Eleven species of the family Acartiiade, Detailed study of the following species nine species of the genus Acartia is in progress. and two species of the genus Acartiella Carinaria lamarcki Cardiapoda were recorded from the Cochin Back- richardi waters during the present study. Of Carinaria cithara Pterotrachea these, one was new and the other was coronata a new record for the west coast of Carinaria gales Pterotrachea India. hippacompus

25 Carinaria cristata Pterotrachea To identify the eggs and larvae satis- sultata factorily to the species level, it is desi- rable to rear the eggs and larvae up to Pterosoma Planum Pterotrachea a stage until the specific characters are minuta apparent in the larval forms. This Cardiapoda placenta Firoloida will also help to link the different desmaresti stages of larvae occurring in the plank- ton. In view of this, weekly plankton The distribution charts prepared for the collections were made from the Cochin groups Heteropoda and Cephalopoda Harbour area after dusk and the eggs are ready for publication. were sorted out and reared in the laboratory. (viii) Fish Eggs & Larvae (Heterosomata) (ix) Atlas Preparation Although the distribution of the adult flat-fishes has been described in detail, The IOBC has published last year two very little has been published on the fascicles of maps showing the distribut- larvae. The larvae of Heterosomata ion of biomass in the Indian Ocean. were subsorted from the sorted fish A set of ten maps showing the distri- larvae of the IIOE collections for detai- bution of fish eggs and larvae is under led study of the group. The meristic publication and will be released in April characteristics of the flat-fish larvae 1970. A further set of 11 maps showing were compared with those of the adults the distribution of Copepods and for considering the specific status of Decapod larvae is in the press and is the individual specimens. The work expected to be ready for release of J. R. Norman (1928 and 1934) was by the end of July, 1970. A mainly consulted for comparison. detailed report on the significance of Projection drawings were made to these maps is under preparation. Be- elucidate specific characteristics. Adult sides, about 120 charts showing the specimens were collected as far as possi- distribution of principal zooplankton ble and comparison was made with the groups in the Indian ocean are ready for publication. alizarin preparations of larvae. Studies on the development and distribution of (x) Medusae (Local Collections) the larvae were also done. Most of the larvae available in Indian Ocean While a vast amount of information were studied in detail as they are still has accumulated in the past on the undescribed. The following species taxonomy of the medusae, very little is contained in 8Sl samples of the 1109 known about their ecology in Indian collections have been provisionally waters. Hence a detailed study of these identified. organisms has been undertaken from the ecological point of view. Pseudorhombus elevatus, Ogilby: Arno- glossus tapeinosoma (Bleeker): A. aspilos Medusae were sorted out from the local (Bleeker): A. elongatus Weber: A. inter- plankton collections and were identi- medius (Bleeker): Engyprosopon cocose- fied up to species level under the nsis (Bleeker): Bothus mancus (Brouss- guidance of Dr. Vannucci, Specialist onet); B. panterinus (Ruppell) and of this group. The development stages Cynoglossus brevirostris Day. and sexes were noted.

26 So far thirtythree species listed below The other aspect is concerned with the were identified of which Eutima comm- qualitative observation of stuctures of taxo- ensalis is a new species. The species nomic value of the organisms. Quality of are the follwing. fixation and preservation is observed by noting the morphological features. Euphysore abaxialis, Zanclea costata. Podocoryne carnea, Ectopleura sp., The fixation series include (1) use of Halocordyle disticha, Cytaeis tetrastyla. volatile ethanol and isopropanol in addition Bougainvillia fulva, Pandea rubra, Tiar- to formaldehyde at varying strengths as opsidium japonicum, Obelia spp., Phiali- fixatives of plankton. (2) use of different dium brunescens, P. rangorae, P. hemi- buffers - Na2 B4 O7, Hexamethylene tetra- sphericum, Blackfordis virginica, Euch- amine, NaHCO3 CaCO3. Tris HCl. Potass- eilota menoni, Phialucium carolinae P. ium Sodium tartrate, NaOH, CH3OH at taeniogonia, Eirene ceylonensis, E. varying strength during fixation and use of menoni, Eutima hartlaubi, E. browne, sodium acetate and sodium ascorbate for E. neucaledonia, E. japonica, E. comm- colour retention, (3) effect of temperature ensalis, Acquorea acquorea, A. conica, in the formation of gas bubbles in organisms A. macrodactyla, Aglaura hemistoma, and (4) time factor for microbial invasion Aglantha elata, Liriope tetraphylla, during fixation. Geryonia proboscidectylis, Cunina pere- grine, and Solmundella bitentaculata. Preservation series include use of Phenoxetol, Ethylene glycol and formalde- A few of them are new records to the hyde in various strengths in combination Indian waters. All the developmental with various buffers as preservatives. The stages of Eutima commensalis were points under investigation are (1) the rela- gathered from the plankton and so it ation between pH and solubility of shells was possible to describe the life cycle of planktonic organisms (2) pH and per of the species in full. cent loss in weight, and volume of organisms (3) histochemical reaction of preservatives with animal protein (4) effect of light and C. Zooplankton Fixation and Preservation temperature on pigment loss, etc. SCOR-UNESCO Working Group 23 Formaldehyde acetate and formalde- Programme hyde ascorbate fixatives are found better than formaldehyde alone in preserving the Experimental investigations on fixation pigments of organisms. Addition of acetate and preservation of zooplankton samples and ascorbate helps in maintaining an were carried out at IOBC for working out optimum pH. The time factor for a corrective procedure for the deterioration microbial invasion is found directly noticed. The past experience has shown proportinal to the delay caused before that one particular preservative was not apt fixation. In order to avoid formation of to preserve all groups of organisms. gas bubbles in organisms, during fixation, use of cold water is being tested. The The observational part includes two results are quite satisfactory especially in aspects - one of the qualitative and other of the case of Saphirinids. quantitative. The quantitative aspect in- cludes transfer of specimens into different The UNESCO programme includes 22 types of preservatives and measuring shrink- series of experiments each with around 40 age due to weight and volume loss or gain. separate variations to cover buffering

27 methods, preservation of calcium, oil globu- Most of the series are in operation now. les, etc. These experiments are being replica- In all experiments pH measurements and ted at IOBC to increase the reliability of the formaldehyde assay, where needed, are final assessment of the best fluids, besides carried on along with observation on speci- work at other centres like SOSC. Bath men condition. These experiments are University, U. K., etc. These series include carried on board 'Blue Fin' and 'Neenda- examination in detail of the known and kara'. Preservation experiments are carried used techniques of fixation and preservation on at the laboratory. Whole mount stain- using such fluids as formaldehyde and ing for observing the effects of the fluids on alcohol. In addition possible use of new the whole animal and histological sectioning reagents such as MDMH and DOWICIL and staining to reveal tissue character have 100 are being investigated. to be started in near future.

Participants and invitees at the meeting of the Consultative Committee at Panaji, Goa

28 year except for the period of the south 2.6 west monsoon. Diurnal picture of salinity variations during the south west monsoon was quite interesting in that, there was a biological fluctuation of the order of about 12.6% during spring tide as compared with 3.6% oceanography unit during neap tide. Turbidity and Extinction coefficient were high from May to August panaji and low from October to April. During the south west monsoon because of high trubidity due to excessive suspended matter, A. Hydrography and Productivity of light peneration is considerably reduced up to 10 ppm of turbidity, the variation of Mormagao Bay extinction coefficient with turbidity follows B. Environmental Features of Mandovi exponential pattern. At higher values of turbidity this relationship is considerably and Zuari Estuaries disturbed. C. Phytoplankton and Zooplankton in The primary productivity along with the Estuaries the other oceanographic parameters showed a marked seasonal pattern which is largely induced by the south west monsoon. In- crease of the primary productivity by about 2.6 Biological Oceanography Unit, Panaji two or three times during premonsoon and postmonsoon period as observed by Studies have been undertaken on oxygen evolution method, was related to primary production and its seasonal and the cycle of phytoplankton abundance. diurnal variations in the waters of Goa region as an initial step to understand the The period of greater difference between Biological productivity of the area in relation gross and net primary productivity coincides to environment conditions. with the period of higher temperature value in the area which probably affects the res- piration rate of the organisms. A. Hydrography and Productivity of Mormagao Bay Short term changes in the parameters induced by the tide and light and dark The Mormagao Bay which is an estuary conditions of the days were also well of the river Zuari has somewhat pronounced marked. diurnal tides which influence the various physical and chemical conditions of the B. Environmental Features of Mandovi waters. and Zuari Estuaries

The annual surface temperature variat- A comparative study of certain ocean- ion was of the order of 5°C, the limits being ographic and Biological aspect of the two 26°C and 31°C. There are two peaks during estuaries at spring and neap tides were October-December and April-May. The sali- conducted from August to February to nity showed much greater variations ranging assess the seasonal influence on the ecosy- between 13.4% and 35.5%. In general marine stems. Temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved conditions prevailed almost throughout the oxygen, nutrients, chlorophyll pigment,

29 biological productivity and plankton showed fluctuations of chlorophyll a in relation to marked tidal influence which varied during flood and ebb were well marked, in both the monsoon and postmonsoon periods. estuaries. As compared to the Zuari estuary the pigment concentration in the Mandovi The two estuaries were somewhat war- estuary was high but the magnitude of varia- mer in August than in early February. tion in the quantity of chlorophyll a was During southwest monsoon the temperature considerable in both the estuaries during the showed tide controlled rhythm in Zuari monsoon period. estuary while in Mandovi estuary the temper- It is interesting to note that the ature was apparently related closely to the concertration of chlorophyll a was inversely variations in the atmospheric temperature. related to the salinity in the estuaries as the But during postmonsoon the effect of tide latter changed with the flood and ebb tides. was noticeable both in Mandovi and Zuari estuaries as the temperature decreased with Probably the flora associated with lower the flood and increased at the ebb. salinity dominates the crop of phytoplan- kton in the Zuari and Mandovi estuaries.

In the Zuari estuary almost marine Diurnal changes in the chlorophyll conditions prevail during the postmonsoon content of natural phytoplankton popul- months with little freshwater discharge. ations due to endogenous rhythm have In the Mandovi estuary on the other hand been well known. Also the photoperiod is appreciable changes in the salinity continue supposed to be the causative factor of such to occur during the postmonsoon months diurnal rhythm. However, in dynamic est- also as a result of considerable fresh water uarine ecosystems such as the Zuari and discharge by the tributaries feeding the Mondovi estuaries, the effect of day and Mandovi river. night conditions seem to be overshadowed by the tidal changes and thus the quantity High and low values of dissolved of the pigment is probably influenced by oxygen were obtained with the flood and different stock of phytoplankton which is ebb tides in the two estuaries and in the introduced by the flood and ebb tides. postmonsoon months and fluctuation were smaller than those during the monsoon Primary production in the Zuari and months. Moreover, during the monsoon Mandovi estuaries during monsoon and months the dissolved oxygen values in the postmonsoon periods which was studied by 14 two estuaries showed a marked inverse the rate of photosynthesis (C uptake) in relationship with the salinity in the area. the incubator exposed to constant illumin- In the postmonsoon months also a similar ation was found to be closely related to inverse relationship between oxgyen and changes in the organic phosphate & chloro- salinity was observed in the Zuari estuary phyll a which in turn varied markedly with but in the Mandovi estuary the dissolved the flood and ebb tides. oxygen appeared to be influenced more by Experiments on C14 assimilation of the the temperature. natural phytoplankton in the laboratory under constant illumination indicated that The two estuaries are rich in the inor- in natural environments the south-west ganic phostphate-P the source of which in monsoon causing excessive turbulence, high the Zuari estuary appears to be largely from turbidity and insufficient light penetration neritic waters, whereas in regard to the phos- probably affects the photsoynthetic activity phate-P in the Mandovi estuary land drai- of phytoplankton even in the presence of nage influences are apparent. The in situ high concentration of nutrients.

30 C. Phytoplankton and Zooplankton in the July-August has been recorded in relation Estuaries to high rainfall, low surface salinity, low pH, high turbidity and insufficient Studies on the biological productivity light penetration. Numerical abundance of Goa waters would be incomplete without of diatoms at the surface in the Zuari and information on the seasonal abundance of Mandovi changed with the flood and plankton and the succession of various the ebb. These changes were well marked species forming the total crop in relation during the post monsoon period. During to time, tide and space. the monsoon month the diatoms were more abundant in the Zuari estuary than in the Diatoms showed only one maximum in Mandovi estuary whereas during the post- a year i. e. the summer peak from February monsoon period the diatoms counts in the to April inclusive with a secondary rise in Zuari estuary were similar in relation to December which, however almost merged high waters. However, the pattern of with the general maximum. variations in the number of diatoms in the two estuaries in relation to tides during mon- On the west coast, the phytoplankton soon and postmonsoon months corresponded production period in Bombay harbour is with that of chlorophyll a and the rate of from September to February while off Cali- photosynthesis (C14 uptake). Thus the cut the primary maximum of plankton bloom pigment quantity and the rate of production is from May to September. According to in the two estuaries were closely related the present observations, waters of Goa coast with natural phytoplankton populations. appear to be intermediate by having its plankton maximum from February to April. Inspite of the negative correlation of the phytoplankton with zooplankton succ- It is interesting to note that the summer ession, there appears to be a definite pattern peak and the secondary December rise of of the succession of certain species of phy- phytoplankton coincides with that of zoo- toplankton forming the major constituents plankton in the region. This contradicts of the existing crop in relation to various the classical relationship as phytoplankton seasons. peak should be followed by the zooplankton peaks, since the former serves as food for Out of major diatoms, Coscinodiscus the latter. Probably tidal currents and and Thallasiosira occur throughout the year vertical turbulance might also be partly whereas Chaetoceros and Aulacodiscus occur responsible for the negative correlation of during October to April. Thallasiothryx the phyto and zooplankton in the estuaries. appears only during the secondary bloom of diatoms from October to December whereas Rare occurrence of phytoplankton and Pleurosigma is noticeable only from complete disappearance of zooplankton December to June. Fish larvae were coll- during peak south west monsoon period in ected only during October.

31 of Sciences (1970). This paper described 2.7 ninety two species of Foraminifera belong- ing to 40 genera of 16 families. Foramini- feral species recorded for the first time in Indian waters are Textularia pseudocarinata niο field unit Cushman, 2) Virgulina concava Hoglund, 3) Virgulina pauciloculata H. B. Brady, 4) bombay Loxostoma rostrum Cushman, 5) Lagena sulcata (Walker and Jacob) var. spicata Cushman and Mc Culloch, 6) Lagena costata Gulf of Cambay Investigations (Williamson) var. amphora Reuss, 7) Elphidium oceanicum Cushman and 9) Glo- bigerina calida Parker.

Gulf of Cambay Investigations The foraminiferal fauna of the contin- ental shelf waters of the northwestern part Studies on hydrography and biology of of India is similar to that of Gulf of Cambay the waters of the Gulf of Cambay and and most of the species reported in this around Bombay were continued during the paper are also known from the tropical period under review. Pacific and Philippines.

Studies on the plankton and benthic During Feb.-March 1970, a cruise was fauna along with hydrographic data collected undertaken in the Gulf of Cambay on board during the cruises 1, 2, 3 on board I. N. S. I. N. S. 'Darshak' in which hydrographical 'Darshak' undertaken during the previous and biological data were collected. Also a year were completed and a paper entitled continuous echo-sounding was made and an 'Studies on hydrobiological features of the echogram of the cruise track for about 300 Gulf of Cambay, Part I. Preliminary Account' miles was obtained for the study of the by the scientists of Bombay unit has been nature of bottom profile. The echogram prepared. Hydrographical parameters in- shows that the inner shelf is gently sloping vestigated were salinity and temperature. and smooth with little topographic reef. The results showed that the Gulf is both The outer shelf in sharp contrast is highly isothermal and isohaline. There was a com- irregular all the way to the shelf edge (140 plete absence of microfauna in the interior meters) being composed of pinnacles, knolls of the Gulf but predominance of Foramini- with intervening depressions and is very fera was very evident. The plankton was similar to the topography commonly found rich towards the mouth of the gulf but in areas of reefs. decreased towards the interior region. The area under investigation consists Sediment core samples collected from of two very distinct sediment types. From the northeastern part of the Arabian Sea the shore to a depth of 60 meters, designated during cruise-2 on board I. N. S. 'Darshak' as the inner shelf, the sediments are domi- in January to February, 1967 have been nantly olive green silty clays with little analysed for study of the nature and distri- calcareous matter. From 60 meters to a bution of Foraminifera. A paper entitled depth of 140 meters, designated as the out 'On some Foraminifera from northeastern shelf, carbonate rocks and sediments, the part of the Arabian Sea' by K. Kameswara latter being composed of corals, oolites and Rao has been sent for publication shells of gastropods, Foraminifera are in the Proceedings of Indian Academy dominant.

32 were shallow having depths of not more than 2.8 5 metres, all collections were made from surface to 3 metres. Collections were made both during day time and night time. The cruises conducted hydrographic data are being analysed. during the year In regard to the measurement of phyto- plankton surface samples were filtered and the plankton abundance was estimated by 1. On board Steamers of the measurement of Chlorophyll. Preliminary observations indicate that the maximum M/s Chowgule Steam-ship Co. value of Chlorophyll was recorded in the month of May. The values were of the 2. First cruise of Blue-Fin. order of 9.5 mg. per cubic metre. In the course of these observations the influence of 3. Cruise number 6 on board the land drainage on the plankton produc- INS Darshak. tion in the nearshore environment was also studied. The study of the zooplankton collected during these cruises indicate the pattern of distribution and seasonal varia- (1) On board steamers of tions along the Konkan coast. M/s Chowgule Steamship Co. Marked fluctuations have been observed During the year 7 cruises were made on in all the places during this observation board the passenger ship plying between period from November, 1969 to May, 1970. Panaji and Bombay belonging to M/s Based on the displacement volume of Chowgule Steamship Co. Facilities were Zooplankton two peaks in the biomass were provided for making observations at the clearly seen in all the places, one during at the various ports of call by the ship. November/December and another during Thus nearshore oceanographic studies have April/May. Ratnagiri, Sriwardhan, Harnai been undertaken at the stations off the fol- and Jangira seem to be fairly good places lowing ports: for the high production of Zooplankton. Night samples, as usual, are rich in their 1. Vengurla concentration. The highest value was obser- 2. Malvan ved at Jangira during April in a night 3. Deogad sample. The minimum values were obtained 4. Vijayadurg at different places from December-February 5. Musakhasi at different times. As usual copepods domi- nated in almost all the samples. Decapod 6. Ratnagiri larvae were fairly abundant in all the places 7. Jaigad where there is an influence of river system. 8. Harnai January samples showed a peak for this 9. Shrivardhan, and group. Cladocerans were fairly good in 10. Jangira November upto Ratnagiri, a zone where heavy mackerel landings were reported. At these stations, in addition to routine Number of mackerel shoals were also obs- hydrographic observations, primary produc- erved in this zone. Chaetognaths repres- tion measurements and also plankton collec- entation was also fairly good followed by tions were made. As most of these stations Medusae, Polychaete larvae, Oikopleura sp.

33 Pteropods, Amphipods, Ostracods, fish- Again from Vengurala in a night sam- eggs and larvae. Few specimens of Gossea ple on 24.5.70 another hydromedusae, sp. (hydro-medusae) were collected on Podocoryne ocellata was recorded which 18.5.70 from Vengurla (day sample). Gossea is also probably a new record for the is a new record for the Indian Ocean, if it Indian Ocean. Further investigations on will prove to be G. brachymera as our speci- the validity of these two hydromedusae and mens have a close relationship to that. other qualitative and quantitative aspects Otherwise it will be a new species. of zooplankton are in progress.

2) First Cruise of Blue-Fin

Report on the 1st cruise of 'Blue Fin'

Cruise No. : 1

Cruise period & itinerary : 24-2-70 to 26-2-70 Dep: Cochin 24-2-70 1640 hrs.

Arr: Cochin 27-2-70 0700 hrs.

Area of operation : Off Kerala Coast; between Cochin and Quilon.

Ship Details : BLUE FIN (Overall length 28.45 m.; Displacement lightship 192 tons; 600-650 H. P.: Skipper: Shri K. Balan) Participating organisations : i) National Institute of Oceanography

ii) Central Institute of Fisheries Operatives.

Project personnel : Dr. T. S. Satyanarayana Rao, IOBC (Leader) Mr. M. Sakthivel, IOBC. Mr. P. Udayavarma Tirupad, POD. Mr. Ch. Madhusudana Rao, POD. Mr. T. Balachandran, IOBC Mr. K. K. Chandrasekharan Nair, IOBC. Mr. S. V. M. Abdul Rahim, IOBC. Mr. K. V. S. Murthy, CIFO. Mr. A. Subramanyam CIFO + 8 trainees of CIFO.

Object : 1) To make a detailed study on the vertical distribution of zooplankton in relation to the thermocline depth;

2) To study the seasonal changes of zooplankton in relation to hydrographical changes;

3) To relate zooplankton distribution with DSL and fish abundance; and 4. Training of operative trainees of CIFO in handling of oceanographic equipment and collection of environmental data.

34 Study area : Three tracks were covered off Cochin, Alleppey and Quilon each with 4 stations and a deep sea station at 1000 m. off Quilon.

Weather : Clear throughout and slow moving swell.

Station List and observations : List attached.

Nansen bottles were operated at BT net was used to collect zooplankton depths(rn) 10, 20, 30, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200 samples by vertical hauls from bottom to wherever possible for oxygen, salinity, tem- surface; and from the depth of thermocline perature and phytoplankton samples. BT to surface. It was interesting to observe was operated to find out the depth of that the volume of zooplankton was rather thermocline. The thermocline depth varied high across the Quilon section rather than between 75 and 100 m. in the offshore area. Alleppey and Cochin sections.

3) Cruise No. 6 of INS DARSHAK

Cruise period February 3-11-1970

Area of operation Bombay to Gulf of Cambay, India.

Itinerary January 4 Depart Bombay January 7-8 Occupy stations in the Arabian Sea off north- western part of India. January 11 Return to Bombay.

Personnel Dr. B. N. Desai, Scientist, NIO, Bombay (Leader) Shri R. R. Nair. Scientist, NIO, Goa. Shri K. Kameswara Rao, Junior Scientific Assistant, NIO. Bombay.

Object To investigate hydrographical features. Biology and Geology of the Gulf of Cambay in the northwestern part of India.

Weather/Currents Weather was clear during this cruise and there were no clouds. Sky was blue and the visibility very good. There were no strong currents.

Hydrographical studies Measurements of surface and bottom temperatures, salinity and oxygen. The temperatures of surface waters at different stations had been observed to vary from 25 to 26°C and those of bottom waters at varying depths from 18.9 to 25.3°C. Similarly surface salinities ranged from 35.9 to 36.8%O, those

35 of bottom waters from 36.1 to 36.6%o, oxygen from 4.8 to 5.8 ml/1 (surface) and that of bottom waters from 1.5 to 5.5 ml/1. The depth of water varied from 49 to 219 maters.

A continuous echosounding was made and an echogram of the cruise track for about 300 miles was obtained for the study of the nature of bottom profile. The echogram showed that the inner shelf was gently sloping and smooth with little topographic relief. The outer shelf in sharp contrast was highly irregular all the way to the shelf edge (140 meters) being composed of pinnacles, knolls with intervening depressions and was very similar to the topography com- monly found in areas of reefs.

Sediments: Area under investigation consisted of two very distinct sediment types. From the shore to a depth of 60 meters, designated as the inner shelf, the sediments were dominantly olive green silty clays with little calcareous matter. From 60 meters to a depth of 140 meters, designated as the outer shelf, carbonate rocks and sediments, the latter being composed of corals, oolites and shells of gastropods, Foraminifera were dominant.

Plankton As in the previous cruise, it had been observed that some samples were rich in medusae and others were dominated by Copepods and Chaetognaths

36 BLUE FIN CRUISE 24-2-1970 to 26-2-1970 LOG

3. administrative set up

3.1 EXECUTIVE COUNCIL

1. Dr. P. Koteswaram Director General of Observatories India Meteorological Department Lodi Road, New Delhi-3

2. Dr. A N. Bose Head of the Department of Food Technology & Biochemical Engineering Jadavpur University Jadavpur, Calcutta-32

3. Cdre. K. R. Ram Nath, I. N. Director Naval Science & Technology R & D Organisation Ministry of Defence New Delhi

4. Prof. S. P. Chatterjee Director National Atlas Organization 1, Acharya Jagadish Bose Road Calcutta - 20

5. Shri C. V. Gole Director Central Water and Power Research Station Govt. of India 20, Bombay Poona Road, Poona-3

6. Prof. R. Ramanadham Professor of Meteorology and Oceanography Andhra University Waltair (A. P.)

39 7. Shri S. K. Ranganathan — Member Deputy Director Naval Science & Technology R & D Organization Ministry of Defence New Delhi

8. Director-General — Ex-Officio-Member Scientific & Industrial Research Rafi Marg, New Delhi 9. F. A. to C. S. I. R. —

10. Director National Institute of Oceanography — ,, Panaji, Goa

The Chairman of the Executive Council is yet to be nominated.

3.2 SUB-COMMITTEES OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL*

Scientific Sub-committee 3. Representative from Geological Survey of India. A. Physical & Chemical 4. Prof. A. G. Jhingran, Delhi Uni- 1. Prof. A. N. Bose versity. 2. Prof. R. Ramanadham 5. Director, Naval Science & Tech- 3. Shri C. V. Gole nolngy 4. Dr. P. Koteswaram 6. Director, NIO - Convener 5. Prof. D. Lal 6. Dr. A. K. Ganguly II. Building & Finance Sub-Committee 7. Director, Naval, Physical and Oceanographic Laboratory Cochin. 1. Chairman, Executive Council, NIO 8. Prof. D. B. Wagh 2. Secretary, CSIR. 9. Director, NIO - Convener 3. FA to CSIR 4. Principal Engineer, PWD, Govt. B. Biological of Goa, Daman and Diu 1. Dr. C. V. Kulkarni 5. Director, NIO - Convener 2. Dr. R. Raghu Prasad 3. Shri G. N. Mitra III. Ship Facilities Sub-committee 4. Prof. S. Krishnaswami 5. Director, Naval Chemical and L Chief Hydrographer to the Govt. Metallurgical Laboratory, Bombay of India 6. Director, NIO - Convener 2. Commodore I. K. Puri, I. N. (Retd) 3. Shri M. C. Perumal, Director, Cen- C. Geological tral Instt. of Fisheries Operatives 1. Prof. M. S. Krishnan 4. Shri M. Devidas Menon, Director, 2. Shri K. K. Dar (Atomic Minerals Indo-Norwegian Project. Division) 5. Director, NIO - Convener

40 3.3 BUDGET Senior Scientific Assistant Shri D. Panakala Rao The Budget of the Institute for the year 1969-70, is as given below : Junior Scientific Assistant Shri S. Y. S. Singbal Budget Item Sanctioned Actual (Rs. in (Rs. in Senior Documentation Assistant lakhs) lakhs) Shri S. K. Kumar Senior Librarian 1. Recurring 12 048. 11.775 Shri P. V. Dixit 2. Capital 6.344 6.276 Senior Draftsman Shri D. R. Mongia

Total 18.392 18.051 Physical Oceanographic Division, Panaji

Scientist-in-charge 3.4 SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL STAFF Dr. V. V. R. Varadachari NIO Headquarters, Biological Oceano- Scientists graphy Unit, Panaji, (Goa) Shri L. V. Gangadhara Rao Director Shri C. S. Murty Dr. N. K. Panikkar Senior Scientific Assistant Scientist Shri V. Hariharan Dr. P. V. Dehadrai Shri P. K. Das Junior Scientific Assistant Senior Scientific Assistant Shri M. K. Antony Shri S. A. H. Abidi Mechanical Assistant Senior Technical Assistant Shri Mohammed Rafique Shri R. M. S. Bhargava Unit of Physical Oceanography Division, Research Fellow Cochin. Shri R. A. Selvakumar Scientist-in-chargc Shri P. S. Srivastava Pool Officer Dr. A. B. Wagh Scientists Shri V. S. Rama Raju Indian National Oceanographic Data Senior Scientific Assistant Centre, Panaji Shri P. Udaya Varma Thirupad Shri P. G. Kurup Scientist-in-charge Shri Ch. Madhusudana Rao Sri R. Jayaraman Senior Research Fellow Scientists Shri V. Narayana Pillai Dr. S. N. Dwivedi (on deputation to Laos) Junior Research Fellows Shri S. P. Anand Shri Thomas Cherian Dr. V. S. Bhatt Shri A. Balachandran

41 Geological Oceanography Division, Panaji, Senior Scientific Assistants Goa Shri P. Gopala Menon Shri M. Sakthivel Scientist-in-charge Dr. M. G. Anantha Padmanabha Setty Shri K. J. Peter Dr. (Smt) M. Saraswathy Scientists Shri R. R. Nair Junior Scientific Assistants Shri P. S. N. Murty Shri P. N. Aravindakshan Junior Scientific Assistants ., Jacob George Shri R. M. Kidwai „ George Peter Shri F. I. Almeida „ V. T. Paulinose Shrimati Vijayalakshmi R. Nair Junior Research Fellows Shri T. Balachandran Shri M. V. Shankaranarayana Gupta Shrimati C. B. Lalithambika Devi Shri M. Veeraya Shri T. C. Gopalakrishnan Shri B. G. Wagle ,, K. K. Chandrasekharan Nair Shri R. S. Murali Shrimati V. Santhakumari Shri Pramodkumar S. Gore Biological Oceanography Division, Cochin Research Fellows Scientist- in-charge Dr. S. Z. Qasim Dr. N. Ravindranatha Menon Scientists Shri S. C. Goswami Dr. M. Krishnan Kutty ,, S. Subramanian Shri C. V. G. Reddy Dr. C. Sankarankutty 4. Library & Documentation Senior Scientific Assistant The library facilities are available at all 1. Shri B. M. Panikkar the divisions of the Institute. There is a 2. Shri P. M. A. Bhattathiri common library for all the divisions at 3. Shri V. P. Devassy Ernakulam. In all, the library of the institute is having 4000 books on various Senior Technical Assistant disciplines of Marine Science and it is 1. Shri U. K. Gopalan receiving 85 journals and periodicals from Research Fellows all over the world. Shri V. N. Sankaranarayanan The library receives and issues books Shri P. Sivadas and periodicals on inter-library loan basis with the libraries of the various institutions Indian Ocean Biological Centre, Cochin in the country. The copies of acquisition Scientist-in-charge list (consisting of newly purchased books) Dr. T. S. S. Rao are periodically distributed among scientific staff to keep them informed of the additions Scientists to the library. Shri L. R. Kasturirangan Dr. M. J. George Documentation work has been in pro- Dr. R. V. Unnithan gress on the following lines:

42 1. Survey of the papers and articles pub- Shri V. S. Ram Raju, Scientist was lished on various disciplines of Marine deputed to West Germany for three months Sciences by Indian authors from 1957- from November 1969 to January 1970 for 1969, was made to explore the possibi- advanced training in Physical Oceanography lities of starting a 'Journal of Marine under Exchange Programme between CSIR Sciences'. The findings were sent to and German Academic Exchange Service. the Chief Editor, Publication & Infor- mation Director, New Delhi for Shri C. V. Gangadhara Reddy, Seientist assessment. went on deputation to the United Kingdom 2. The bibliographical details of papers from May to August, 1969, for studying the & articles on Indian Ocean by Indian latest techniques in Chemical Oceanography and foreign authors for the year 1969-70 under the CSIR — British Council (U.K.) were obtained and a 'Selected Biblio- Exchange Programme. graphy' on the Indian Ocean, 1969 Shri P. Gopala Menon, Scientific Assistant was completed and published in Dece- went on deputation to work with the Senior ber 1969 issue of "MAHASAGAR", specialist for Decapod larvae, Dr. D. I. the quarterly bulletin of the Institute Williamson, Marine Biological Laboratory, Vol. 5 No. 4,1969. Port Erin, Isle of Man, U. K. under 3. Documentation service was started in UNESCO Travel Grant in January 1970. the form of Documentation list of cur- rent scientific papers and cyclostyled Shri George Peter, Scientific Assistant, copies of the same were periodically was deputed for practical training in special- distributed among the Scientific Staff. ised plankton study in British Museum The work is being continued. under UNESCO fellowship, Jan-May 1969.

5. AWARDS, HONOURS, Shri Jacob George, Scientific Assistant, MEMBERSHIP OF VARIOUS went on deputation for the special course COMMITTEES in Marine Biology, Denmark, training at British Museum and at Manchester Uni- Dr. S. Z. Quasim, Scientist has been versity under UNESCO Fellowship, April- awarded a Commonwealth Visiting Profes- July 1969. sorship in the United Kingdom for the academic year 1970-71. 7. MEETINGS, EXHIBITIONS, SEMINARS, SYMPOSIA ETC. 6. DEPUTATIONS Meetings: Dr. N. K. Panikkar. Director went on The 8th Annual meeting of Consul- deputation to France on 2nd September tative Committee for Indian Ocean Biological 1969, to participate in Session IV of the Centre was held from 16th to 21st March, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commis- 1970 at IOBC. Dr. J. E. Smith, F. R. S, sion held in Paris. He was elected as Director, Marine Biological Laboratory, Chairman of Working Group on Mutual Plymouth, (U. K.) and Chairman of the Assistance. He was also elected Vice- Committee presided. Chairman of the Committee which dealt with problems relating to long term and Exhibition expanded programme of oceanographic research' and the International Decade of Although the Institute did not organise Ocean Exploration. any exhibition during the year under report,

43 the IOBC participted in the exhibition cond- Seminar ucted during the symposium on 'Deep Sea Fishing' held at the Central Institute of A seminar on Monsoonal changes in Fisheries Operatives, Ernakulam by putting the Zooplankton of the Cochin backwaters up some charts depicting the distribution of was held in July !969. The details of the fish eggs and larvae in the Indian Ocean. participants are given as under.

Sl. No. Names of Participants Subject

1. Dr. S. Z. Qasim Survey of the work at BOD 2. Dr. T. S. S. Rao Survey of the work done in all the other coastal areas of India. 3. Mr. P. S. Srivastava A few oceanographic equipment used in estuarine studies 4. Dr. N. R. Menon & Fortnightly changes at two fixed stations. Mr. S. C. Goswami 5. Mr. P. Venugopal & Tintinnids Dr. N. R. Menon 6. Dr. (Mrs) Saramma Abraham Systematics of Acartia 7. Mr. D. J. Tranter Ecology of Acartia 8. Mr. K. C. Nair & Biomass and faunistic changes along the Mr. D. J. Tranter salinity gradient in the two seasons. 9. Mrs. Vijayalakshmi R. Nair & Chaetognaths Dr. T. S. S. Rao 10. Mrs. V. Shantakumari On Hydromedusae 11. Mr. V. P. Devassy Faunal studies in the backwaters 12. Mr. K. J. Peter & Fish eggs and larvae Mr. T. O. Chandrabhanu

13. Mr. Abraham Pylee An Instrument for use in backwaters 14. Mr. V. N. Pillai Origin of backwaters and salinity gradients Vembanad 15. Dr. T. S. S. Rao & Future programme of research at IOBC Mr. D. J. Tranter

Symposia December 27-30, 1969 was attended by several scientists. The list of participants First all India Symposium on Estuarine from the Institute and papers read by them Biology held at Tambaram, Madras on is given below.

Sl. No. NIO Participants Papers contributed

I. Padmakar V. Dehadri Changes in the environmental features of Zuari and Mandovi esturies in relation to tides.

44 2. Saramma Abraham A preliminary systematic survey of the family Acartiidae with special reference to Cochin backwater.

3. N. Ravindranatha Menon Tidal biomass and faunistic composition of P. Venugopal & S. C. Goswami the zooplankton in the Cochin backwaters. 4. V. Santhakumari & Monsoonal fluctuations in the distribution M. Vannucci of the Hydromedusae in Cochin backwaters 1968-69. 5. K. K. C. Nair & D. J. Tranter Zooplankton distribution along salinity gradient in the Cochin backwaters before and after the monsoon.

6. M. Saraswathy The period and nature of settlement of shipworms in Cochin backwaters, a tropical estuary on the South West coast of India. 7. N. Ravindranatha Menon Vertical and horizontal distribution of foul- ing bryozoans in Cochin backwaters. 8. Vijayalakshmi R. Nair Seasonal fluctuations of Chaetognaths in the Cochin backwaters.

8. COLLOQUIA AND SPECIAL LECTURES

The following lectures were delivered by distinguished visitors to the IOBC.

Sl. No. Names Subject of Lectures

1. Dr. Erik Hagmeier On Research Activities in Indonesia and Helgoland 2. Dr. Robert G. Wear (i) Current marine research activities and fisheries devel- opment in New Zealand (ii) Decapod larvae and related research work at the Victoria University, New Zealand. 3. Prof. G. E. Fogg Antarctic Productivity 4. Dr. Allen Munro Some aspects of the Biology of sandy shores. 5. Dr. John Wells 6. Dr. J. E. Smith Some problems of marine pollution 7. Dr. M. Seyaert Research on the phytoplankton ecosystem in the subtro- pical zones. 8. Dr. M. Omori A commercially important Sergestid Shrimp Sergestes lucens Hansen, its biology and forecasting for fisheries. 9. Prof. B. Kimor Some aspects of plankton associations in the eastern Mediterranean. 10. Prof. T. S. Rass Geographical examples in world fisheries

11. Dr. A. Fleminger Maintenance of distribution and range among boundary current Copepods.

45 9. DISTINGUISHED VISITORS

Dr. John D. Issacs, Scripps Institution of Oceanography La Jolla, California, USA. Mary Carol Issacs, Scripps Institution of Oceanography La Jolla, California, USA. Prof. G. Krishnan. Director, Zoology Laboratory University of Madras. Madras Mr. Willian B. Cox, Geographic Attache, American Embassy, New Delhi Dr. Erik Hagmeier, Biologische Anstalt. Helgoland, W. Germany Prof. V. J. Mathew, Professor of Zoology, St. Philomena's College Mysore. Dr. K. J. Joseph, Professor of Zoology, University of Calicut, Calicut. Prof. G. E. Fogg, Westfield College, London. NW. 3. Prof. S. Dutt, Department of Zoology, Andhra University, Post graduate Centre, Guntur—5 Prof. T. S. Rass Institution of Oceanography. Academy of Sciences. Moscow, USSR. Dr. A. Fleminger, Scripps Institution of Oceanography. La Jolla, Calif, USA Dr. M. Steyaert UNESCO Office of Oceanography, Paris. France Prof. B. Kimor Sea Fisheries Research Station, Haifa, Israel Mr. J. M. Howe UNESCO Liaison Officer, New Delhi—3 Dr. M. Omori. Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Japan Dr. J. E. Smith Director. The Laboratory of the Marine Biological Association, Citadel Hill. Plymouth.

At the Annual Day Celebrations of the Regional Centres of NIO, Cochin - Dr. M. Vannucci distributing prizes to winners. GEORGE, M. J. 1969. 10 Two new records of scyllarid lobsters from the Arabian Sea J. mar. biol. Ass. India. 9(2) : 433-435 publications GOPALAN, U. K. 1969 Studies on the maturity and spawning of Silver pomfret, Pampus argenteus in the Arabian Sea Bull. natn. Inst. Sci. India. No. 38, pt. II: 785 796 10.1 PUBLICATIONS OF THE KAMESWARA RAO, K. 1970. INSTITUTE On a little known miliolid foraminifera from 1. Annual Report 1968-69 northeastern part of the Arabian Sea. Curr. Sci. 39 (4) : 87 2. Quarterly Bulletin of the Institute. "MAHASAGAR" Vol. 2 No. 1 KRlSHNAN KUTTY, M. AND S. Z. QASIM 1969. to 4. Theoretical yield studies on the large scale 10.2 PAPERS PUBLISHED BY tongue sole. Cynoglossus macrolepidotus STAFF MEMBERS from the Arabian Sea. Bull. natn. Inst. Sci. India 38 pt. II: 864-875 ARAVINDAKSHAN P. N. 1969 Preliminary report on the geographical MENON, distribution of the species of Carinariidae N. RAVINDRANATHA AND and Pterotracheidae (Heteropoda. Mollusca) NAIR, N. BALAKRISHNAN. from the International Indian Ocean Ex- 196S. pedition. Bull. natn. lnst. Sci. India. 38 Rediscovery of Bugulella clvata Hincks Pt. II : 575-584 (Ectoprocta) curr. Sci. 38: 439-440

DESAI. B. N. AND M. MENON, KRISHNANKUTTY, 1969 N. RAVINDRANATHA AND Comparison of the marine and estuarine NAIR, N. BALAKRISHNAN. benthic fauna of the nearshore regions of the 1969. Arabian Sea. Bull. natn. lnst. Sci. India. Notes on Alcyonidium erectum Silen (Ecto- 38 pt. 11: 677-683 procta) from the Indian Oecan Curr. 38 116—117 GEORGE, M. J. 1969. Systematics-Taxonomic considerations and MURTY, P. S N.. CH M. RAO, general distribution. In 'Prawn Fisheries AND C. V. G. REDDY. 1969. of India'. Bull Cent. Mar. Fish. Res. Inst. Distribution of nickel in the marine sedi- 14: 5-48 ments of the west coast of India. Curr. Sci. GEORGE, M J. 1969. 39 (2): 30-32 Genus Metapenaes Wood Manson and MURTY, P. S. N . Alcock 1891 Bull Cent Mar. Fish. Res. REDDY, C. V. G. AND Inst. 14: 77-126 V. V. R. VARADACHARI 1969 GEORGE, M. J. 1969. Distribution of organic matter in the marine Genus Microbrachium Bate 1868 Bull. Cent. sediments off the west coast of India. Proc. Mar. Fish. Res. Inst. 14: 179-216 natn. Inst. Sci. India 35 (5) B. 377—384

47 PANIKKAR, N. K. 1969 relation to environmental characteristics Developments in Indian Marine Fisheries. Mar. Biol. 2 (3) : 236—247 Fisheries of Western Indian Ocean. Science and Industry International year book 1968 SANTHAKUMARI, V. AND U. S. S. R. : 92—101 N. BALAKRISHNAN, NAIR, 1969. PANlKKAR, N. K. 1969 A Commensalic hydroid from marine wood- Fishery resources of the Indian Ocean boring molluscs. J. nat. Hist. (London) Bull. natn. Inst. Sci India. 38 pt II : 3(1) : 19-33 667—673 SANTHAKUMARI, V. 1970. QASIM, S. Z. AND On the life cycle of Eutima cammensalis- C. K. GOPINATHAN, 1969 sp. nov. (Eutimidae, Hydromedusae) Mar. Tidal cycle and the environmental features Biol. 5(2): 113-118 of Cochin backwater (a tropical estuary). Proc. Indian. Acad. Sci. 69 : 336—348 SARASWATHY, M. AND N. BALAKRISHNAN NAIR QASIM, S.Z., S. WELLERSHAUS, 1969 P. M. A. BHATTATHIRI, Biochemical changes in relation to the AND S. A. H. ABIDI, 1969. breeding cycle of Nausitora hedleyi Schep- Organic production in a tropical estuary. man (Bivalvia Teredinidae) Curr. Sci. 38(7): Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. 69 : 51—94 158-160

RAO, M. SUBBA AND UNNITHAN, R. V. 1970 Ch. M. RAO, 1969 Patterns of secondary growth and a revision A preliminary note on sedimentation during of systematics in Microcotylidoidea and a single tidal cycle on the Waltair beach. Gastrocotylidae (Monogenoidea). Rec. Z. Geological review of India. 31 (3): 41—45 S. I. 64.

SAKTHIVEL, M. 1969 VARMA, P. U. AND A preliminary report on the distribution and P. G. KURUP, 1969. relative abundance of Euthecosomata with Formation of Chackara (mud bank) on the a note on the seasonal variations of Limacina Kerala Coast Curr. Sci. 38 (23) : 559-560 species in the Indian ocean. Bull. natn. Inst. Sci. India. 38 pt II: 700—717 WELLERSHAUS, STEFAN, 1969 On the Taxonomy of Planktonic copepoda SANKARANARAYANAN, in the Cochin Backwaters ( a south Indian V. N. AND S. Z. QASIM, 1969. Estuary), veroo ffentlichungen des Institute The influence of some hydrographical fact- furr Meeresforschung in Bremerhaven Band ors on the fisheries of Cochin area. Bull, XI :245-286 natn. Inst. Sci. India No. 38 pt. II: 846—853

SANKARANARAYANAN, *Exchange programme Scholar from V. N., AND S. Z. QASIM, 1969. West Germany at the Biological Ocean- Nutrients of the Cochin Backwaters in ography Division of NIO, Cochin.

48 ERRATA

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10 1 7 (from bottom) Magalore Mangalore 11 2 3 (from bottom) Auguest Auguest 12 1 12 medium of medium to 16 2 15 (from bottom) photosynteesis photosynthesis 17 2 10 absorptian absorption 22 1 24 froms forms 23 1 9 ocbr ober 24 2 13 (from bottom) dominat dominant 27 2 2 stuctures structures 29 2 11 trubidity turbidity 36 4 maters meters 40 2 18 (from bottom) Technology Technology 43 1 8 Director Directorate 43 1 17 (from bottom) Quasim Qasim 44 1 1 (from bottom) Dehadri Dehadrai 47 2 15 Quasim Qasim 47 2 13 (from bottom) Curr. 38 Curr. Sci. 38