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CMFRI bulletin 43

APRIL 1989

MARINE LIVING RESOURCES OF THE OF - An Indicative Survey With Suggestions For Development

CENTRAL MARINE FISHERIES RESEARCH INSTITUTE (Indian Council of Agricultural Research) P, B. No. 2704, E. R. G. Road, Cochin-682 031, Bulletins are issued periodically by Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute to interpret current knowledge in the various fields of research on marine fisheries and allied subjects in India

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Published by

P. S. B. R. JAMES Director Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute Cochin 682031, India

Edited by C. SUSEELAN Scientist Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute Cochin 682031, India

Limited Circulation 2. HISTORY OF MARINE RESEARCH IN LAKSHADWEEP

p. S. B. R. James

INTRODUCTION some environmental parameters. With the reali­ sation of the importance and scope for further The Lakshadweep consisting of a number development, attention is now being paid to of islands, and submerged reefs lie scattered take stock of the marine living resources by in the vast Arabian on the west of India. proper survey to assess and monitor these This geographic isolation has been a major resources to postulate management measures. impediment to maintain status quo with the progress and developmental activities on the The present review is to document all . Of recent, the stress has been to available information on marine research in achieve a conduce growth of the economy of the Lakshadweep. The paper highlights essential islanders so as to improve their standard of aspects concerning the marine biological, living. Besides agriculture the traditional source fisheries and oceanographic research carried out of livelihood of the islanders is which in Lakshadweep. plays an important role in the economy. Since A historical resume of marine fisheries the land area is limited, the scope for large scale research in Lakshadweep has been given by development of land based industries and agri­ James eta/. (1986a). The marine biological culture is meagre, the future programmes have and fisheries research in this area dates back to to be centred on the exploitation of marine living the latter half of the 19th century when attempts resources. Ever since human settlement in these were made by some British naturalists to study islands a variety of marine living resources the flora and fauna of the Lakshadweep and available in the and in the surrounding Maldive Archipelagoes. The surgeon naturalist oceanic waters have been in different state of A. Alcock set sail on 17th October 1891 by exploitation, mostly in a primitive way. Signi­ R. M. S. Investigator and for two months cruised ficant strides have been made in the field of the Lakshadweep sea. Apart from a graphic fisheries thanks to the various developmental description of the islands Alcock (1894) gave activities carried out by the Department of an account of the deep sea fishes collected from Fisheries, Lakshadweep. The Central Marine the Lakshadweep sea. The Cambridge University Fisheries Research Institute also has played a Expedition under the leadership of Prof. J. key role in research, development and manage­ Stanley Gardiner was a significant event in the ment of the fisheries. Now, the various activities marine biological and oceanographic research in research, development and management are and the results were reported in two volumes of ajixious to break out of the introversion dis­ 'Fauna and Geography of the Maldive and played so far. Laccadive Archipelagoes (J. S. Gardiner (Ed.) 1903-1906). The of has been There is general consensus that the living described by Gardiner (1900). Later, Hornell resources in and around the islands hold great (1910) and Ayyangar (1922) described briefly potential for exploitation to a high magnitude. the fishing methods in Lakshadweep. The But from a resource point of view the Laksha­ importance of the marine living resources and dweep was not surveyed or the need for judiciously,.exploiting them has investigated upon seriously till recently. Most been realised which resulted in the establishment of the studies made, so far, mainly centered of a Research Centre of Central Marine Fisheries around Minicoy. Information that is available Research Institute (CMFRI) and the Department on the living resources is confined to faunistic of Fisheries, Lakshadweep in 1958 and 1959 records, taxonomic studies, observations on the respectively. During the last three decades scientists of CMFRI, NIO and Fisheries Depart­ fishing craft and gear, accounts on the biology ment of Lakshadweep have furthered our of and live-baits, natural history and lUlLETIN 43 9 knowledge on the environmental characteristics, R. V- Varuna in the sea around the islands have fishery resources, fishing methods and fishery been well documented by Silas (1968. 1969, biology of important tunas and live-bait fishes, 1972). , reefs and ancillary resources. ASSESSMENT OF FISHERY POTENTIAL

STUDIES ON ICHTHYOFAUNA Studies on the assessment of stock of tunas in the Lakshadweep and nearby were given Some of the early accounts on the ichthyo- priority in the research programmes of CMFRI in fauna are that of Alcock (1894, 1092) and view of the fact that the steady increase in the Alcock (1890,1892, 1898,1899, 1900). A note­ landings and decrease in mean length of yellow- worthy contribution towards the knowledge of fin tunas exploited by the Japanese tuna fishing the ichthyofauna was made by Balan (1958). He made a visit to the islands Agatti, , fleet. Recent development of the purse seine Amini and Kadmat in March 1954 and docu­ fishery in the western Indian with mented 80 species of fishes belonging to 65 reference to the repercussions on the stocks of genera. Later, Jones and Kumaran (1959) migratory skipjack tuna have been pointed out while describing the fishing industry of Minicoy by Jones (1986). The present estimate (1986) listed 154 species of fishes from the and of the total marine fish production in Laksha­ , many of which being new records. Jones dweep is 5535 tonnes of which tunas formed (1960a, 1960b, 1969), Jones and Kumaran 4807 tonnes. This figure is quite low compared (1967a, 1967b, 1967c, 1971), Jones er s/. to the reported potential of 90,000 tonnes (Jones (1969,1970) elaborated the list of ichthyofauna. and Banerji, 1973) around the Lakshadweep The publication of the 'Fishes of the Laccadive The skipjack tuna resource of this area has been Archipelago' by Jones and Kumaran (1980) estimated to be 50,000 tonnes (George et al., remains to be the most comprehensive account 1977). on the fish fauna of the Lakshadweep. They have documented 603 species of reef fishes and STUDIES ON TUNAS AND RELATED FISHES bathypelagic forms. Due consideration has There is a well-established traditional system been given to the systematics of commercially for the capture of tunas in Minicoy and some of important tunas and related fishes as well as the the other islands by the pole and line fishing common live-bait fishes. using live-baits. Scientific observations on the EXPLORATORY SURVEY craft and gear and fishing methods were initially carried out by the -erstwhile Madras Fisheries As early as 1928 experimental trawling in Department. Valuable observations on the fishing the seas around Lakshadweep was carried out tackles and tuna fishing industry in the islands by the erstwhile Madras Fisheries Department, are that of Hornell (1910), Ayyangar (1922), Ellis using Steam Trawler Lady Goschen (Sundara (1924), Mathew and Ramachandran (1956), Raj, 1930). The material collected from Basses Jones (1958, 1960a, 1960b, 1964a, 1964b), de Pedro Bank included quality perches such as Jones and Kumaran (1959), Varghese (1971), Lethrinus spp., Epinephelus spp. and Lutjanus Puthran and Pillai (1972), Ben-Yami (1980), spp. A variety of invertebrates also have been Silas and Pillai (1982, 1986), AM (1983), Koya collected. (1984), Madan Mohan et al. (1986), Nair A detailed account of the co-operative (1986), Silas et al. (1986a) and Livingston oceanographic cruises by R. V. Kalava is given (1987c, 1987d, 1987e). by Jones (1959c). Valuable information on the oceanographic conditions and the fishery Eversince the establishment of a Research resources of the seas around Lakshadweep was Centre in Minicoy, the CMFRI has undertaken collected during the cruises of this vessel. Larvaj studies on tunas and live-bait fishes. Aspects fishes such as Xiphias gladius, Istiophorus such as the fishery, length frequency distribution, g/adius, Katsuwonus pelamis, Euthynnus affinis age and growth, length-weight relationship, and Auxis sp. were collected (Jones, 1958a, maturity, spawning, food and feeding habits 1958c, 1959a, 1959b, 1959d, 1960c, 1963). and other biological characteristics of the yellow- The results of the exploratory surveys of fin and skipjack tunas have been studied by

10 CMFHI Raju (1961, 1963, 1964a, 1964b, 1964c), dellcatulus and 5. japonicus (Madan Mohan and Thomas (1964a. 1967), Thomas and Kumaran Koya, 1986c), Chromis caeruleus (Madan Mohan (1963), Appul

BULLETIN 43 11 of the fishery resources of Laccadive Archipelago The early studies on the primary production has been given by Jones (1968). Silas (1968) of tuna grounds of the Lakshadweep are by described the oceanic and demersal fishery Prasad and Nair (1964). The productivity of the resources of the . Problems, reefs has been estimated by Nair and Pillai prospects and developmental programmes in (1972). Qasim etal. (1972) made a compre­ fisheries sector, the need for diversification hensive study on the primary production of the of the fishing effort for exploiting various ambient waters and reefs of Kavaratti atoll. The resources have been pointed out by Varghese primary production of the seagrass beds of (1974), Haneefa Koya (1982), Kumaran and Kavaratti atoll has been determined by Qasim Gopakumar (1986), Varghese (1986, 1987a, and Bhattathiri (1971). Other major investigations 1987b). James (1987) and James et al. (1986b, on primary production of Lakshadweep waters 1987b). Silas and George (1970) have described are those of Bhattathiri and Devassy (1979) and the larval and post larval development and Qasim efa/. (1979). Nair er a/. (1986) briefly distribution of the mesopelagic fish Vinciguenia described the productivity of the seas around nimbaria. Lakshadweep.

Many of the reef fishes are colourful and The earliest work on zooplankton is that of attractive and have good demand for home Wolfenden (1906) on copepods. Studies on aquaria in different parts of the world. Cheap to zooplankton assemblages around some of the very expensive ornamental fishes offer scope northern islands have been studied by Jones for export on a limited scale and can be attempted (1959). Silas (1972) estimated the zooplankton vyith suitable arrangements for storage, trans­ biomass closer to the reefs of the islands during portation and marketing (Anon, 1985; Tomey, the cruises of R. V. Kalava. Based on the studies 1985, 1986; George era/., 1986; James, 1987 on the Deep Scatterihg Layer (DSL) closer to the and James e? a/., 1986b, 1987b). islands Silas (1972) suggested that the DSL constituted an important source of forage to the FISHERY ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES pelagic fishes. Tranter and Jacob (1972) made The Central Marine Fisheries Research Insti­ quantitative study of the zooplankton of Kavaratti tute was first to initiate detailed oceanographic and . In spite of the importance of investigations on the environmental features of the zooplankton in the reef ecology, these this . During the cruises of H.\/. Ka/ava organisms have received vary little attention. and R. V. Varuna a lot of information on the What little information available are due to the physical, chemical and biological parameters of works of Gardiner (Ed.) (1906), Wolfenden the marine environment and also some oceano­ (1906), Prasad and Tempi (1959), Goswamy graphic features such as currents, water masses, (1973,1979, 1983), Silas (1972), Tranter and upwelling etc. have been collected. The Jacob (1972), Madhu Pratapefa/. (1977), Nair importance of the waters in this region with and Rao (1973), Mathew (1982), Rengarajan their special ecological conditions have been (1983) and Silas and Mathew (1987). Qasim shown by Jones (1959c). The investigations of (1970) described some characteristics of a Ramasastry (1959) and Jayaraman et al. (1959) Trichodesmium bloom in the Laccadives. have revealed the existence of four distinct water masses in the . The influence of the The importance of satellite imageries from nutrient rich Antarctic bottom water in the Landsat and Indian Remote Sensing Satellites Lakshadweep sea area was indicated by Prasad and ocean colour sensing from Coastal Zone (1951) and Jayaraman et al. (1960). Other Colour Scanner (CZCS) of NIMBlJS-7, which noteworthy contributions to the knowledge on can provide general level of productivity, details oceanographic features of this area are those of of water masses in the area and aggregation of Patil and Ramamirtham (1963). Rao and Jaya­ of fish schools, has been shown by Silas et al, raman (1966), Rao and Jayaraman (1970), (1985). Sankaranarayanan (1973), Rao etal. (1976), Sen MARINE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA Gupta era/. (1979) and Ramamirtham (1979). A brief account of the environmental features of The marine fauna and flora of Lakshadweep the sea around Lakshadweep has been given by islands are unique and diverse. The early Nair etal. (1986). information on the marine fauna are mostly

12 CMfRI based or> the various articles published in Marine Chemicals Research Institute. Ansari the two volumes of 'Funa and Geography (1980) observed the benthic micro and macro- of and Laccadive Archipelagoes' fauna of seagrass {Thalassia hempricheii) bed. (J.S.Gardiner (Ed.) 1903-1906). Results of Jagtap and Untwale (1984) gave an account of the detailed ecological survey of the marine the chemical composition of marine macro- fauna of the Minicoy atoll have been given by phytes, their surrounding water and sediment Nagabhushanam and Rao (1972). The studies from Minicoy. Untwale and Jagtap (1984) carried out on the marine fauna are mainly from described the marine microphytes of Minicoy. Minicoy which included foraminifera (Chapman 1895): Corals (Gardiner, 19C3b, 1906a, 1906b' Crustacea: The prawns and are not fished 1906c; Cooper, 190Cb; Pillai, 1971a, 1971 b, in Lakshadweep, The brachyuran crabs and 1972, 1983a, 1983b, 1985,1986,1987), Sponges of Lakshadweep have baen studied by (Thomas, 1973, 1979, 1980a, 1980b); turbellaria Alcock (1895, 1896, 1898 1899, 190D) and (Faidlaw, 1903), Coelenterates (Borradaile, Borradaile (1903, 1906). Alcock reported 41 1906d; Browne, 1906a, 1906b; Mamman, 1963; species of crabs and Borradaile 52 species of Rengarajan, 1987), nemertines (Punnet, 1903a), crabs and two species of lobsters. Sankarankutty cephalochordata (Cooper, 1903; Punnet, 1903b), (1961) recorded 36 species out of which 27 enteropneusta (Punnet, 19C6), echiuroids were from Minicoy and the rest from some of (Shipley, 1903a), Sipunculoids (Shipley, the other islands. Meiyappan and Kathirvel 1903b), Stomatopods (Fanchester, 1903) crabs (1978) published some new records of crabs (Alcock, 1895, 1896, 1898, 1899, 1900; and lobsters from Minicoy. Pillai et al. (1985) Borradaile, 1903a, 1903b, 1903c, 1903d, 19C6a, recorded Panulirus versicolor from Minicoy and 1906b, 1906c; Sankarankutty, 1961), lobsters opined that this species is most common with a (Meiyappan and Kathirvel, 1978; Pillai etal. seasonal distribution pattern. According to 1984a), cirripedia (Borradaile, 1903c), amphi-, Meiyappan and Kathirvel (1978) P. Penicillatus poda (Walker, 1906), alphids (Coutiere, 1903, was the most common in Minicoy in the 1905, 19C6), molluscs (Eliot, 1906; Hoyle, 1906; late seventies. Smith, 1906; Hornell, 1910; Buston, 1940; Mollusca: Early records on the molluscan fauna Appukuttan, 1973; Rao er«/., 1974; Namboodiri are that of Smith (1906) and Burton (1940). and Sivadas, 1979; Nair and Dharmaraja, 1983; Ajjpukuttan (1973) observed nine species of Panicker, 1978) and echinoderms (Bell, 1902; coral boring bivalves causing destruction to the Gardiner, 1803a; Buston, 1940; Sivadas, 1977; fringing reef of the islands, Appukuttan and Murty et al., 1970; Mukhopadhyay and Saniana, Pillai (MS) have listed 48 gastropods and 12 1983, James, 1966; Nagabhushanam and Rao, bivalves. Among the gastropods Top shells 1972; Daniel and Haldar. 1974 and Rao and (Trochidae), Spider conch (Strombidae), Cone Misra, 1983). shells (Conidae), Cowries (Cypraedae) and Helmet shells (Cassidae) are commercially ANCILLARY LIVING MARINE RESOURCES important and are exploited by the local fisher­ men. There are a number of ancillary living Sponges: Thomas (1973, i979, 1980a, 1980b) nrarine resources which include , made observations on the sponge fauna and crustaceans, molluscs, sponges, echinoderms, reported 41 species including some shell boring reptiles such as turtles, birds etc. Informations forms from Minicoy. The common Indian bath on these resources are based on the faunistic sponge, Spongia »tficianalis has been observed observations on one time or intermittent collect­ in Minicoy. Many of the sponges are rich in ions by different workers. An account of the bromine and iodine. ancillary resources have been given by George etal. (1986). Echinodermata: A number of holothurians suitable for Bache-de-mer are available in the AJgae: The marine algal distribution is generally lagoons of the islands. Early observations by sparce and heterogenous. From a resource Gardiner (1903) recorded both surface living as assessment angle the marine have been well as large numbers of white variety living in surveyed (Anon, 1979) by Central Salt and the sand. Later, Burton (1940) observed several eUU^TIN 43 13 species of holothurians in every pool in Chetlat, is a coral paradise (Anon, 1984). Declaration Holothuria atro, H. scabra. Actinopyga mauri- of a few undisturbed and undamaged areas in tiana and A. echinites are most abundant the region as marine parks and reserves are species in Minicoy. James (MS) recorded ten necessary (James, 1987; James sr al, 1987b). species from . Quantitative assessment This would have the advantage of not only of the resources has not been made and the preserving the nature but also providing excellent available information points out lesser chances tourist attraction. for large scale exploitation of this resource for POTENTIAL FOR MARICULTURE the Beche-de-mer industry. Limited experiments conducted in Bangaram Turtles and Birds: Bhaskar (1984) has reported lagoon for oyster culture showed encoura­ four species of turtles which occur and nest in ging results. Further research will be required Lakshadweep. They are the hawksbill {Ereth- to study the technical feasibility and economic mochelys imbrlcata), the clive-ridley {Lebidech- viability before large-scale programmes can be e/ys olivacea), the green turtle (Ch0lonia mydas) introduced (Varghese, 1987a; James, 1987; and the leather-back {Dermoche/ys cor/area). James et al. 1986b). It may also be worthwhile The whole sand bank of island was to undertake investigations on the feasibility of found literally covered with young of two introducing aquaculture programmes suitable to species of terns (Alcock, 1902). The only the island conditions (James et al., 1986b). specific studies on birds are that of Betts (1938) James (1987) has pointed out the need for who reported 44 species including several shore undertaking culture of live-bait fishes. Experi­ and water birds such as plovers, terns, sand ments are underway in the Research Centre of pipers, shear waters, teals and herons. CMFRI at Minicoy. There exist amble scope for culture of finfishes in cages, culture, CONSERVATJON OF THE ECOSYSTEM creation of artificial reefs and sea-ranching of commercially important fishes as well as Conservation of the ecosystem and the holothurians. marine resources assumes paramount importance in any future plans for the development and as DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT well to the very existence of these islands. The The problems of Lakshaweep are varied and coral colonies which harbour a variety of flora peculiar by virtue of its geographic location, and fauna are prone to natural senescence. A density and variations of the marine living plethora of events both natural and man-made resources, developing suitable crafts and gears have been creating havoc to the ecosystem. as means of exploitation, meeting the require­ Indescriminate dredging and blasting of the ments of manpower including trained personnel, corals and sea erosion and the consequent making available the credit needed and providing siltation have resulted in the death of corals infrastructure facilities for fish processing, leading to imbalances in the reef ecosystem. transportation and marketing are some of the The details about the oil spill in the Kiltan from important aspects concerned with the develop­ oil tanker 'Transhuron' have been described by ment of marine fisheries (Jones, 1986; Sagar Qasim er al (1974). The lagoon environment 1986; James, 1987; James and Pillai, 1987; of Minicoy has undergone visible change in the James at. al., 1986b; James et. al. 1987b; last decade due to natural causes and human Silas and Pillai, 1986). interference (Pillai, 1983a, 1985, 1986). Possi­ ble threats to marine environment and ecology A wealth of information on the marine flora of Lakshadweep () have been and fauna are now available. Except for conti­ described by Sivadas (1987). The need for nuous monitoring of some of the important preserving these delicate ecosystems has been resources such as tunas, live baits, corals and pointed out by James (1987) and James at. al. seaweeds most of these studies on the flora and (1986b, 1987 b). The islands and the lagoons fauna are based on intermlttant observations at with the corals and a wide variety of flora and Minicoy and a few other islands by various fauna are beautiful' idyllic and exhillarating and authors from time to time. A realistic estimate

14 CMFRI of the various resources both quantitative and ALCOCK, A. W. 1900. Illustrations of the qualitative is essential for any future plans for zoology of the Royal Indian Marine development and the CIViFRI has conducted a Survey Ship, ''Investigator-', Fishes, short and time bound survey. This will remain Part VII, 4 to., Calcutta. as a bench mark for future surveys and develop­ mental programmes. The various teams have ALJ, D. M. 1983. Fish catching methods in collected information on various resources and Minicoy Island M. Sc. Thesis, C.I.F.E., Bombay (Unpub.). their potential, could identify problems and prospects of fisheries development and areas and ANON 1979. A report of survey of marine species for mariculture. Proper implementation algal resources of LakshadweepAQll- of the suggestions and recommendations, it is '79.,- Cent. Salt & Mar. Ch. Res. Insh hoped, would definitely give an uplift to the 48 pp. fisheries sector and finally the economy of the islanders. ANON 1984. The coral paradise. Planning REFERENCES Secretariat, Kavaratti, Govt. Press, Kavaratti: 51 pp. ALAGARAJA, K. 1987. An appraisal of the marine fisheries of Lakshadweep and ANON 1986. Report on the training mission Andaman and . CMFRt on ornamental fish export to the Nether­ Special Publication, 3 9: 18 pp. lands. Marine Products Eyiport Deve­ lopment Authority, Cochin: 24 pp. ALCOCK, A. 1894. An account of a recent collection of bathybial fishes from the ANSARI, Z, A. 1980. Benthic micro-and and from the Laccadive macrofauna of seagrass {Jhalassia sea. J. Asiat. Soc. Bang.. 63: 115-137, hemprlchii) bed at Minicoy, Laksha­ dweep. Indian J. Mar. Sci, 13 (3): ALCOCK, A. 1895-1900. Material for a carci- 126-127. nological fauna of India. Ibid, 64 (2); 157-291; 65 (2): 134-296; 67 (1): APPUKUTTAN, K. K. 1973. Distribution of coral 67-233; 68 (2) : 1-104,123-169; 69 boring bivalves along the Indian . (2): 279-486. J. mar. biol. Ass. India. 15 (1): 429-432. ALCOCK, A. 1902. A. naturalist in Indian seas; or four years with the Royal APPUKUTTAN, K. K., P. N. RADHAKRISHNAN Indian l\/larine Survey Ship "Investiga­ NAIR AND K. K. KUNHIKOYA 1977. tor". John Murray, London: 328 pp. Studies on the fishery and growth rate of oceanic skipjack Katsuwonus palamis ALCOCK, A. W. 1890. On the bathybial fishes (Linnaeus) at Minicoy Islands from of the Arabian Sea obtained during the 1966-1969. fndianJ.F/sh., 24 {\&2) season 1889-1890. Ann. Mag. net- 33-47. Hist., (6) 6: 295-311.

ALCOCK. A. W. 1892. On the bathybial fishes AYYANGAR, S. R. 1922. Notes on the fauna collected'during the season, 1891- '92. and fishing industries of the Laccadives. Ibid, (6) 10: 345-365. Madras Fish Bull., IB: 45-69

ALCOCK, A, W. 1898. A note on the deep-sea BALAN, V. 1958. Notes on a visit to certain fishes, with descriptions of some new islands of the Laccadive Archipelago, genera and species, including another with special reference to fisheries, J. probably viviparous Ophidioid, Ibid., Bompay nat. Hist. Soc, 55 (2): (7) 2: 136-156. 297-306.

ALCOCK, A. W. 1899. A descriptive catalogue BELL, F.J. 1902. The actinogonidiate achino- of the deep.sea fishes in the Indian donidiate echinoderms of the Maldive Museum collected by the Royal Indian and Laccadive islands. In: J. S. Marine Survey Ship, "Investigator" Gardiner (E. d.) Tha Fauna and Calcutta: 1-222. Geography of the Malidive and

BULLETIN 43 15 Laccadive Archipelagoes. i: 223-233, BROWNE, E. T. 1906a. Scyphomedusae, with Cambridge Univ. Press. Cambridge. a revision of the Williadaeand Petasidae. Ibid: 722-749. BEN-YAMI, M. 1980. Tuna fishing with pole and line. FAO Fishing Mannual 150 BROWNE, E. T. 1906b. Scyphomedusae./6/V/ pp., Fishing News Books Ltd., England. 958-971.

BETTS, F. N. 1938. The birds of the Laccadive BURTON, R. W. 1940. A visit to the islands. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc,, 40 Laccadive Islands, J. Bombay nat. Hist. (3): 382-387. Soc, 41 (3): 489-513.

BHASKAR, S. 1984. The distribution and CHAPMAN, F. C. 1895. On some Foraminifera status of sea turtles in India. Proc. obtained by the Royal Indian Marine Workshop on Conservation. Survey's S. S. Investigator from the 27-29 Feb., 1984, Madras: 22-35. Arabian Sea near the Laccadive Islands. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 4-55. BHATTATHIRI, P. M. AND V. P. DEVASSY 1979. Biological characteristics of the COOPER, C. F. 1903. Cephalochorde. I. Syste­ Laccadive Sea. In: The Laccadive Sea matic and anatomical account.//?: J. S. {Lakshadweep), NIO Technical Reports: GardineA (Ed.), The Fauna ana 182 pp. Geography of the Maidive and Laccadive Archipelagoes 1: 347-360, Cambri­ BORRADAILE, L. A. 1903a. Marine crustaceans. dge Univ. Press, Cambridge. II. Portunidae. In: J. S. Gardiner, (Ed.). The Fauna and Gecgrephy of the COOPER, C. F. 1906. Antipatharia. Ibid: 2: Maldive and Laccadive Archipelagoes, 791-796. l: 196-208, Cambridge Univ. Press., COUTIERE, H, 1903. Note sur quelques Cambridge, Alpheidae des Maldives at Laquedives. BORRADAILE, L. A. 1903b. Marine crustaceans. Bulletin de la Societe Philomathique de III. The Xanthidae and some other Paris. 9 (5): 72-90 crabs. Ibid: 237-291. COUTIERE, H, 1905. Sur les Alpheidae des BORRADAILE, L A. 1903c. Marine crustaceans. Laquedives et des Maldives. Competes V. The crabs of the Catometope Rendus hedomedaires des Seances de families. Ibid.: 429-433. I 'Academic des Sciences', 140: 1ZQ-12Q. BORRADAILE, L. A. 1903d. Marine crusta­ ceans. VI. The sand crabs (Oxystomata) COUTIERE, 1906. Les Alpheidae. In: J. S. Ibid: 434-439. Gardiner (Ed.), The Fauna and Geogra­ phy of the Maldive and Laccadive BORRADAILE, L.A. 1903e. Marine crustaceans. Archipelagoes. 2: 852-921, Cambridge VII. The barnacles (Cirripedia). Ibid: Univ. Press, Cambridge. 440-443. DANIEL, A. AND B. P. HALDAR 1974. BORRADAILE, L. A. 1906a. Marine crustace­ Holothuroidea of the with ans. IX. The sponge crabs (Dromiacea). remarks on their distribution. J. mar. Ibid., 2: 574-578. biol. Ass. India., 16: {2): 412-436. BORRADAILE, L.A. 1906 b. Marine crustace­ ELLIS, R. H. 1924. A short account of the ans. X. ThespidercrabsfOxyrhyncha). Laccadive Isladds and Minicoy. Govt, Ibid: 681-690. Press, Madras: iv -i-122 pp. BORRADAILE. L.A. 1906c, Marine crustace­ ELIOT, C. 1906. Nudibranchiata, with some ans. XIII. The Hippidae, Thalassinidea remarks on the families and genera and and Scyllaridea. Ibid: 750-754, description of a new genus, Doridomor- BORRADAILE, L. A. 1906d. Hydroids. Ibid: pha. In: J. S. Gardiner (Ed.), The 836-845. Fauna and Geography of the Maldive

16 CMfRI and LaccadivB Archipelagots, 2: GOSWAMY, S. C. 1973. Observations on some 540-573. Cambridge Univ. Press- planktonic groups of Kavaratti Atoll Cambridge. (Laccadives). Indian nat Sci. Acad., 391 (6): 676-686. ELLIOT, H. F. J. 1972. Island ecosystems and conservation with particular refere- GOSWAMY, S. C. 1979. Zooplankton studies ence for the biological significance of in the Laccadive Sea (Lakshadweep). islands of the Indian Ocean and NIO Tech. Rept, 180 pp consequential research and conservation needs. J. mar. blol. Ass India. 14 GOSWAMY, S. C. 1983. Production and (2): 578-608. zooplankton community structure in the lagoon and surrounding sea at Kavaratti GARDINER, J. S. 1900. The atoll of Minicoy Atoll (Lakshadweep). Indian J. Mar. Proc. Camp. Pfjiii. Soc. blol. Sci, 11 Sci., 12-: 31-34. (1) 22-26. HANEEFAKOYA, C. L. 1982. Ray Fishing of GARDINER, J. S. 1903a. Introduction. In: the Kalpenl Island of the Lakshadweep J. S. Gardiner (Ed.), The Fauna and group of islands. M. Sc. Thesis, C.I.F.E., Geography of the Maldive and Lacca- Bombay. (Unpub). dive Archipelagoes, 1: 1-11, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge. HORN ELL, J. 1910. Report on the results of GARDINER, J. S. ig03b. The Maldive and the fishery cruise along the Laccadive groups with notes on other coast and the Laccadive Islands in 1908 coral formations in the Indian Ocean. Madras Fish. Bull, 4: 71-126. Ibid: 12-50, 146-183, 313-346, 376-423. HOYLE, W. E. 1906, Cephalopoda. In: J. S. Gardiner (Ed.), The Fauna and Geo­ GARDINER, J. S. 1906a- Madreporaria. I-IV graphy of the Maldive and Laccadive Introduction with notes on variation; II. Archipelagoes, 2: 975-988, Cambridge Astraeidae, 754-790; III. Fungidae; IV. Univ. Press, Cambridge, Turbinoiidae, 933-957. Ibid. JAGTAP, T. G.AND A. G. UNTAWALE 1984. GARDINER, J. S. 1906b. Lagoon deposits. Chemical composition of marine macro- Ibid., 2'. 581-583. phytes and their surrounding water and sediment from Minicoy, Lakshadweep. GARDINER, J. S. 1906c. Notes on the dis- Indian. J. Mar. Sci 13 (3): 123-125. striburion of the land and marine animals with a list of the coral reefs. JAMES, D. B. 1969. Catalogue of echinoderms Ibid., 1046-1057. in the reference collections of the Central Msrine Fisheries Research GEORGE K. C, P. A. THOMAS, K. K. APPU- Institute. Bull. Sent. Mar. Fish. Res. KUTTAN AND G. GOPAKUMAR 1986. Ancillary living marine resources of Inst. No. 7: 51-62. Lakshadweep, Mar. Fish. Infor. serv. JAMES, P. S. B. R. 1987. Recent observations TaESer.,68: 45-50. on marine fisheries resources of GEORGE, P. C, B. T. ANTONY RAJA AND Lakshadweep. The First Indian Fisheiries K, C. GEORGE 1977. Fishery resources Forum. College of Fisheries, . of the Indian Economic Zone. Silver Abstract No. 159. Jubilee Souvenir, IFF: 70-116. JAMES, P. S. B. R. and P. P. Pillai 1987. GOPAKUMAR, G. AND P. P. PILLAI 1988. Strategies for tuna fisheries develop­ Population charscteristics of tuna ment and management in the Indian live-baits in the Lakshadeewp. Symp. . CMFRI Tropical Marine Living Resources hAar. Special Publ., 40 Abstract No. 113, Biol. Ass. India, Abstract 210 p. 85.

BULLETIN 43 17 JAMES, P. S. B. R., C. S. GOPINADHA JONES, S. 1958 b. Tuna live bait fishery of PILLAI, P. LIVINGSTON, P. P. PILLAl, Minicoy Island. Ibid., 5 (2): 300-307. AND MADAN MOHAN 1986a. Marine fisheries Research in Lakshadweep—A JONES, S. 1958c. Notes on eggs, larvae and historical resume. Mar Fish. Infor. Serv. juveniles of fishes from Indian waters. TBE Set.. 68: 7-9. I- Xiphias giadius Linnaeus. Ibid, 5 (2): 357-361. JAMES, P. S. B. R., T. JACOB, C. S. GOPI­ NADHA PILLAI AND P. P. PILLAI. JONES. S. 1959 a. Notes on eggs, larvae and 1986b. Prospects of development of iuveniles of fishes from Indian waters. marine fisheries resources in Laksha­ Istiophorus giadius (Broussonet). Ibid., dweep. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T&E. 6 (1): 204-210. Ser., 68: 51-54. JONES, S. 1959 b. Notes on eggs, larvae and JAMES, P. S. B. R. M. SRINATH AND A. A. juveniles of fishes from Indian waters. JAYAPRAKASH 1986c. Stock Assess­ III. Katsuwonuspelamis(Linnaeus) and ment of tunas in the seas around India. IV Neothunnus macropterus Temminck Worthing Paper presented at the Second and Schlegel). Ibid., 6 (2): 360-373. Expert Consultation on the Stock Assessment of Tunas in the Indian. JONES, S. 1959 c. Research vessel Kalava Ocean. , , IPTP/FAO, and Co-operative Oceanographic Inves­ 16 pp. tigations in Indian waters. J. mar. biol. Ass. India, 1 (1): 1-6. JAMES, P. S. B. R.. G. GOPAKUMAR AND P. P. PILLAI 1987 a. Small-scale pole JONES, S. 1959d. On a juvenile sailfish and line tuna fishery in Lakshadeep - Istiophorus giadius (Broussonet) from present trend, constraints and strategies the Laccadive Sea. ibid., 1: 225. for future developments. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T& E Ser.. No. 77: 1-10. JONES, S. 1960a. Spratelloldes delicatulus (Bennett) as a potential live-bait for JAMES, P. S. B.R., PP. PILLAI AND A. A. tuna in the Laccadives. J. mar. biol. JAYAPRAKASH 1987 b. Impressions Ass. India. 2 (1): 103- 04. of a recent visit to Lakshadeep from the fisheries and •biolbgkal pers­ JONES, S. 1960b. Further notes on Spra­ pectives. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E telloldes delicatulus (Bennett) as a Ser. 72: 1-11. tuna live-bait fish with a record of S. japonicus (Houttuyn) from the JAYARAMAN, R., C. P. RAMAMIRTHAM AND Laccadive Sea. Ibid., 2 (2): 267-268. K. V. SUNDARARAMAN 1959. The vertical distribution of dissolved JONES, S. 1960c. Notas on eggs, larvae and in the deeper waters of the Arabian Sea juveniles of fishes from Indian waters. in the neighbourhood of the Laccadives V. Euthynnus affinis (Cantor). Indian during the summer, 1959, J. mar. bio., J. Fish., 7 (1): 101-106. Ass. India,- 2 [1): 24-34. JONES, S. 1961a. Spratelloldes delicatulus JAYARAMAN, R., C P. RAMAMIRTHAM, (Bennett) as a potential live bait for K. V. SUNDPARAMAN AND C. P. ARA- tuna In the Laccadives. J. mar. biol. VINDAKSHAN NAIR 1960. Hydro­ Ass. India 2 (1): 103-104. graphy of the Laccadive offshore waters. Ibid., 2 (I): 24.35. JONES, S. 1961b. Further notes on Spra- ,. telloides delicatulus (Bennett) as a JONES, S. U58 a. Notts ; on the frigate '« *'tunar'Ffve *i»baHj with a record of mackerels Auxis thazard (Lacepede) S.I japonicus' (Houttuyn) from the and A. tapelnosorna Bleekftir4r,Qm Indian t Laccadive Sep. Indian , J. Fish., waters. Indian J. Fish., 5 (1): 189-194. 2 (2): 267-268. ,

18 CMFRl JONES, S. 1963. Notes on eggs, larvae and J. Fish.. ^^ (1) A: 232-246. Also juveniles of fishes from Indian waters. Adv Abstr. Contr. Fish. Aquat. Sci. XI.. Further observations on the genus India, 1:1. Auxis Cuvier. //>/£/., 8 (2): 413-421. JONES, S. AND M. KUMARAN 1967c. New JONES, S. 1964a. A preliminary survey of records of fishes from the seas around the common tuna bait fishes of Minicoy India. Pt. IV. J. mar. biol. Ass. India, and their distribution in the Laccadive 8 (1); 163-280. Archipelago. Proc Symp. Scomb. fishes. l\/lar. Biof Ass India, IVIandapam JONES, S. AND M. KUMARAN 1971. Camp, a: 643-680. Biogeography of the ichthyofauna of the Laccadive Archipelago. Symp. JONES, S. 1964 b. On the introduction of Indian Ocean and adjacent seas. Mar. Tilapia mossambica (Peters) as a tuna Biol. Ass. India, Cochin, Abstracts: 128. live bait in the island of IViinicoy in the Indian Ocean. Ibid: QS^-Qdl- JONES, S. AND M. KUMARAN 1980. Fishes of the Laccadive Archipelago. Nature JONES, S. 1968. The fishery resources of the Conservation and Aquatic Sciences Laccadive Archipelago. Proc Symp. Service, Trivandrum: 760 pp. Living resources of the seas around India. Cent. Mar. Fish. Res. Inst, JONES, S., M. KUMARAN AND M. ALI Cochin, Abstracts: 10 (1968). MANIKFAN 1970. The ichthyofauna JONES, S. 1969. Catalogue of fishes from the of the intertidal zone in the atolls of the Laccadive Archipelago in the reference Laccadive Archipelago. Symp. Marine collections of the CMFR Institute. Bull Intertidal Ecology, Andhra University, Cent. Mar. Fish. Res Inst., 8: 1 -32. Waltair, Abstracts: 7.

JONES, S. 1986. Lal

JONES, S. AND iVl. KUMARAN 1959. The KUMARAN, M. AND G. GOPAKUMAR 1986. fishing industry of Minicoy Island with Potential resources of fishes other than special reference to the tuna fishery. tuna in Lakshadweep. Mar. Fish. Indian J. Fish., 6 (1): 30-54. Infor. Serv. T& E Ser., 98: 41-45. JONES, S. AND M. KUMARAN 1967a. New LAIDLAW, F. F. 1903. The marine Turbellaria, records of fishes from the seas around with an account of the anatomy of India. Pt. III. J. mar. biol. Ass. India, some of the species. In: J. S. Gardiner 7 (2): 381-400. (Ed.). The Fauna and Geography of the JONES, S. AND M. KUMARAN 1967b. Notes Maldive and Laccadive Archipelagoes, on eggs, larve and juveniles of fishes l: 282-312, Cambridge Uni. Press, from Indian. v*aters.VV"^XiV Pegasus Cambridge. volitans Linnaeus, XV. Dactyloptena ,. r..-,. : , ..'•,>> orientalls ' {Cuw'tet and Valenciennes) LANCHESTifl„W.tf.»1903. IVfarine crustaceans. and XVI. Dactyloptena orientalis (Cuvier VIII. Stomatopoda, with an account of and Valenciennes) and XVI. Dacty­ the varieties of Gonodactylus chlragra. loptena macracanthus (Bleeker) Indian Ibid., r. ^A-AbQ.

BUtiCnN43 19 LIVINGSTON, P. 1987a. Detection of tuna MADHUPRATAP, M.. M. V. M. WAFAR, shoals from observations on sea birds P. HARIDAS, B. NARAYANAN, P. in the sl

LIVINGSTON, P. 1987d. Pole and line tuna MATHEW, K. J. 1982. Distribution, ecology fishing techniques—a comparative study and biology of Euphausiacea of the with reference to Lakshadweep Indian seas. Thesis submitted to the fisheries, ibid, Abstract 80, 69-70. Univ. of , 397 pp. (unpub.).

LIVINGSTON, P. 1987 e. Pole and line gear MATHEW, M.J. AND T. B. RAMACHANDRAN making industry of Lakshadweep. Ibid., 1956. Notes on a survey of the fishing Abstract 81, p. 70. industry of Laccadive and Amindivi Islands. Fisheries Station Reports and MAD AN MOHAN 1986. Observations on the Year Book 1954-55. Govt. Press. tuna shoals associated with flotsam in Madras', MAZl. the offshore waters of Minicoy Island during 1982-'83 season. Bull. Cent. MEIYAPPAN, M. M. AND M. KATHIRVEL 1978. Mar. Fish. Res. Inst., 36: 196-200. On some new records of crabs and lobsters from Minicoy, Lakshadweep MADAN MOHAN AND K. K. KUNHIKOYA (Laccadives). J. mar. biol. Ass. India, 1986a. Length-weight relationship of 20 (1 &2); 116-119. skipjack Katsuwonus peiamis and yeliowfin tuna Tfiunnus albacares from MUKHOPADHYAY, S. K. AND SAMANTA, T. K. Minicoy waters. /6/

MADAN MOHAN, P. LIVINGSTON AND MUTHUKOYA, M. C. 1978. Problems and K. K. KUNHIKOYA 1986a. Fishery and prospects of fisheries development in bionomics of tunas at Minicoy Island. Lakshadweep. M. Sc. Thesis, C. I. F, E., ibid., 36: 122-137. Bombay, 82 pp (Unpub.)

MADAN MOHAN, C. S. GOPINADHA PILLAI NAGABHUSHANAM, A. K. AND G. C. RAO AND K. K. KUNHIKOYA 1986 b. The 1972. An ecological survey of the biology of the blue-puller Chromis marine fauna of the Minicoy Atoll caeruleus (Pomacentridae; Pisces) from (Laccadive Archipelago, Arabian Sea). Minicoy Atoll. Indian J. fish 33 (4): Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berl., 48 (2): 457-470. 265-324,

20 PMPRI NAIR, K. S. 1986. Fisheries development in PILLAI, C. S. GOPINADHA. 1971 b. Composition Lakshadweep. Fishing Ctiimes, 6 (2): of the coral fauna of the southern coast 20-25. of India and the Laccadives. In: Regional Variatian in Indian Ocean NAIR, N. BALAKRISHNAN AND K. DHARMA- Coral Reefs. C. iVI. Yonge and D. R. RAJ. 1983. Marine wood boring Stoddart (Ed.). Symp. Zool. Soc. Lond., molluscs of the Lakshadweep Archi­ 28: 301 -327. Academic Press. pelago. Indian J. l\/lar. Sci., 12, (2): 96-99. PILLAI, C. S. GOPINADHA. 1972. Stony corals NAIR, P. V. R. AND C. S. GOPINADHA PILLAI. of the seas around India. Proc. Symp. 1972. Primary productivity of some Corals and coral reefs. Mar. Biol. coral reefs in the Indian seas. Proc. Ass. India: 191-216. Symp. Corals and Coral Reefs. Mar. Biol. Ass. India: 33-42. PILLAI, C. S. GOPINADHA. 1983 a. The en­ dangered marine and terrestrial habitats NAIR, P. V. R„ A. V. 8. MURTHY, C. P. RAMA- of Minicoy Atoll in Lakshadweep. Proc. MIRTHAM, D. S. RAO AND V. K. Seminar, World Conservation Deve­ PILLAI. 1986. Environmental features loping Countries, Bombay nat. Hist, in the sea around Lakshadweep. Mar. Soc. (in press). Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E Ser., 68: 10-13. PILLAI, C. S. GOPINADHA. 1983 b. Structure NAIR, P. V. R„ G. SUBBARAJU, K.J. MATHEW, and generic diversity of recent scleract- V. K. PILLAI AND V. K. BALA- inia of India. J, mar. biol. Ass. India, CHANDRAN. 1986. Productivity of the 25: (1 & 2) : 78-90. seas around Lakshadweep. Ibid. 68: 13-15. PILLAI, C,S. GOPINADHA. 1985- Ecological crisis in coastal and marine habitats. NAIR, V. R. AND T. S. S. RAO. 1973. Chaeto- In: Indies's Environment • Crisis and gnaths from the Laccadives with the Responses. Nataraj Publications, Oe- new record of S padella angulata hradun: 120-130. (Tokioka, 1951) In: The Biology of Indian Ocean, Bernt Zeitschel (Ed.) PILLAI, C. S. GOPINADHA. 1986. Status of 319-327, Springer-Verlag, New York. coral reefs in Lakshadweep. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T aESer., 68: 38-41. NAMBOODIRI, P. N. AND P. SIVADAS. 1979, Zonation of molluscan assemblage at PILLAI. C. S. GOPINADHA AND MADAN Kavaratti Atoll (Laccadives). Mahasagar, MOHAN. 1986. Ecological stress in 12 (4): 239-246. Minicoy lagoon and its impact on tuna baits. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E Ser., PANICKER, K. C. 1978. Marine gastropod 68: 33-37. shells of Lakshadweep. M. Sc. Thesis^ C. I. F. E., Bombay (Unpub.). PILLAI, C. S. GOPINADHA, MADAN MOHAN AND K. K. KUNHIKOYA. 1984 a. ­ PAUL, M. R. AND C.P. RAMAMIRTHAM. 1963. servations on the lobsters of Minicoy Hydrography of Laccadive offshore Atoll. Indian J. Fish., 3o (2): 112-122. waters. A study of the winter conditions. . J mar. blol. Ass. India, PILLAI, C. S. GOPINADHA, MADAN MOHAN 6 (2): 159-169, AND K. K. KUNHIKOYA. 1984 b. On an unusual massive recruitment of the PJLLAI.C.S. GOPINADHA. 1971 a. Distribution reef fish Ctenochaetus strigosus (Be­ of shallow-water stony corals at nnett) (Perciformis: Acanthuridae) to Minicoy Atoll in the Indian ocean. the Minicoy Atoil and its significance. Atoll. Res. Bull.. Wash.. 141:1-12. Ibid: 261-268.

BULLETIN 43 21 PILLAI, C. S. GOPINADHA, MADAN IVIOHAN QASIM, S. Z., P. N. R. NAIR AND P. SIVADAS. AND K. K. KUNHIKOYA. 1986 Fun­ 1974. Oil spill in the Laccadives from ctional Mechanism of co-existence in the oil tanker Transhuroon'. Mahasagar, chromis caeruleus and Dascyllus aru- 7 (^ & 2): 83-91. anus (Pomacentridae: Pisces), /bid. (in press). QASIM, S. Z, er. a/. 1979. Energy pathways in the Laccadive Sea (Lakshadweep). PILLAI, P. P., M. KUMARAN, C. S. G. PILLAI, Indian J. Mar. Sci.. 8 : 242-246. MADAN MOHAN, G. GOPAKUMAR, P. LIVINGSTON AND M. SRINATH. QASIM, S. Z AND V. SANKARANARAYANAN. 1986. Exploited and potential resources 1980. Production of particulate organic of live-bait fishes of Lakshadweep. matter by the reef on Kavaratti Atoll Mar. Fish, in for. Serv T & E Ser., 68: (Laccadives). Limnol. Oceanogr., 15: 25-32. 574-578.

PRASAD R. REGHU. 1951. Geographic and RAJU, G. 1961. A case of hermaphroditism climatic features of India and hydrology and some other conadial abnormalities of the surrounding seas. Handbooli on in the skipjack Katsuwonus pelamis Indian Fisheries, (GoxJ. of India, Mini­ (Linnaeus). J. mar. biol.Ass. India, 2 stry of Agriculture): 57-59. (1) : 95-102. PRASAD, R. REGHU AND P. V. R.NAIR. 1964. RAJU, G. 1963. Spawning of the oceanic Preliminary observations on the pro­ skipjack Katsuwonuspeiemis (Linnaeus) ductivity of certain tuna waters of the in the Laccadive Sea. FAO Fish Rep., west coast of India. Proc. Symp. Sco- (6) 3: 1669-1682. mb. Fishes, Pt. II: 794-797. Mar. Biol. Ass. India. SAJU. G. 1964 a. Studies on the spawning of PRASAD, R. REGHU AND.P. R. S. TAMPI. 1959. the oceanic skipjack Katsuwonus pe­ On a collection of palinurid phylloso- lamis (Linnaeus) in Lakshadweep mas from the Laccadive seas. J. mar. waters. Proc. Symp. Scomb. Fishes. blol Ass. India, l (2): 143-164. Mar. Biol. Ass. India, 1 : 744-768.

PUNNET, R. C. 1903a. Nemertines, In: J. S. RAJU, G. 1964 b. Observations on the food Gardiner (Ed.), The Fauna and Geogra­ and feeding habits of the oceanic phy of Maldive and Laccadiva Archipe­ skipjack Katsuwonus pelamis (Linn.) lagoes, 1 : 101-118, Cambridge Univ. of the Lakshadweep Sea during the Press, Cambridge, years 1958-'59. Ibid., 1 : 607-630. PUNNET, R. C. 1903 b. Cephalochorda. II. Notes RAJU, G. 1964 c. Fecundity of the oceanic on meristic variation in the group. Ibid.i skipjack Katsuwonus pelamis (Linna­ 361-367. eus) of Minicoy. Ibid., 2 : 725-732. PUNNET, R. C. 1906. The enteropneusfa. Ibid., 2:631-680. RAMASASTRY, A. A. 1959. Water masses and the frequency of seawater characteris­ QASIM,S. Z. 1970. Some characteristics of a tics in the upper layers in the south­ Trichodesmlum bloom in the Laccadives. eastern Arabian Sea. J. mar. biol. Ass. Deep Sea Res., 17: 655-660, India, 1 (2) : 233-246. QASIM, S. Z. AND P. M. A. BHATTATHIRI. RAO, G. C. AND A. MISRA. 1983. Meiofauna 1971. Primary productivity of a seagrass from Lakshadweep, Indian Ocean. Cah. bed on Kavaratti Atoll (Laccadives) Biol. Mar., 24 : 51-68. Hydroblol,, 38: 29-38. QASIM,S. Z., P. M.A. BHATTATHIRI AND C. RAO, GANGADHARA, L V. AND R JAYARA- V. G. REDDY. 1972. Primary production MAN. 1966, Upwelling in the Minicoy of an atoll in the Laccadives. Int. Ra­ region of the Arabian Sea. Curr. Sci., ves. Ges. Hydrobiol., 57 (2); 207-225. 3B (15) : 378-380.

22 CMFRI RAO, PANAKALA, D. AND R. JAYARAMAN. SHILPLEY, A. E. 1903 b. Sipunculoidea with 1970. On occurrence of oxygen maxima an account of a new genus Lithacrosip. and minima in the upper 500 metres of hon. Ibid: 131-140. the north-western Indian Ocean. Proc, Indian Acad. Sci., 71 (6) B : 230-246. SILAS, E. G. 1968. Oceanic and demersal fishery resources of the west coast of RAO, PANAKALA, D., R. V. S. SARME, J. S. India and the Laccadive Sea based on SASTRYAND K. PREMCHAND. 1976. exploratory fishing from R. V. Varuna. On the lowering of the surface tempe­ Symp. Living resources of the seas ratures in the Arabian Sea with the around India. Cent. Mar. Fish. Res. advance of the south west season. Proc. 11th Symp. on Tropical Inst., Cochin, Abstracts: 8-9. , , India. SILAS, E. G. 1969. Exploratory fishing by R.V. RAO, K. VIRABHADRA, P. SIVADAS AND L 'Varuna'. Bull. Cent. Mar. Fish. Res. KRISHNAKUMARY. 1974. Onthree rare Inst; 12: 1-86. doridigorm nudibranch molluscs from islands. J. mar. biol. Ass. India, 16 SILAS, E. G 1972. Investigations on the deep (1): 113-125. scattering layers in the Laccadive Sea. In : Proc. Symp. corals and coral Reefs.' RENGARAJAN, K. 1983. Quantitative and 1969. Mar. Biol. Ass. India: 257-274. seasonal abundance of Siphonophores along the southwest coast of India and SILAS, E. G. AND K. C. GEORGE 1970. On the the Laccadive Sea. Ibid, 25 (1 & 2): larval and postlarval development and 17-40. distribution of the mesopelagic fish Vinciguerria nimbaria ( and SAGAR, J, 1986, The future of Lakshadweep. Williams) Family Gonostomatidae) off Paper presented at the Futurology the west coast of India and the Lacca­ workshop for identifying science and dive Sea. J. mar. biol. Ass. India, %^ technology inputs to develop a long range perspective plan for the socio­ (1 &2) : 218-250. economic development of Lakshadweep for the period 1985 to 2005, R.R.L., SILAS, E. G. AND P. P. PILLA 1982. Resources Trivandrum, 21-23, July 1986, 15 pp. of tunas and related species and their fisheries in the Indian Ocean. Bull. SANKARANARAYANAN, V. N. 1973. Chemical Cent. Mar. Fish. Res. Inst., 32 : 1-174. characteristics of waters around Kava- ratti Atoll (Laccadives). Indian J. Mar. SILAS, E. G. AND P. P. PILLAI 1986. Indian Sci., 2 : 23-26. tuna fisheries- development, prospec- tives and management plan. In: Tuna SAAKARANKUTTY, C 1961. On some crabs Fisheries of the Exclusive Economic (Decapoda - Brachyura) from the La­ Zone of India, E.G.Silas (Ed.), Bull. ccadive Archipelago. J. mar. biol. Ass. India, 3 (1 & 2): 121-150. Cent. Mar. Fish. Res. Inst., 36:231- 248. SEN GUPTA. R., CAROLINE MORAES, T. N. KUREISHY, V. N. SANKARANARAYA­ SILAS, E. G. AND K. J, MATHEW 1987. Spatial NAN, T. K. JANA, S. W. A. NAQVI AND distribution of Euphauiacea (Crustacea) M. D, RAJAGOPAL 1979. Chemical in the southeast Arabian Sea. J. mar. oceanography of Arabian Sea. Part. IV- biol. Ass. India, (in press). Laccadive Sea. Indian J. Mar. Sci., 8- SILAS, E. G., P. V. R. NAIR, P. P. PILLAI, G. 215-221. SUBBARAJU, V. K. PILLAI AND V. K. SHILPLEY, A. E. 1903 a. Echiuroidea, In: J. S. BALACHANDRAN 1985. Biological Gardiner (Ed.), The Fauna and Geogra­ productivity of the Indian Ocean. Proc. phy of the Maldive and Laccadive Seminar on Remote Sensing in Marine Archipelagoes, 1 :127-130. Cambridge Resources. Cent. Mar. Fish. Res. Inst., Univ. Press, Cambridge. Cochin: 1-3.

BUUETIN 43 23 SILAS, E.G., K.V.N. RAO, P. P. PILLAI, MA- THOMAS. P. T. 1964 b. A study on the flu­ DAN MOHAN, G. GOPAKUMAR, P. ctuations in the occurrence of the LIVINGSTON AND M. SRINATH 1986a. major tuna live-bait fishes of Minicoy. Exploited and potential resources of //>/(/: 681-690. tunas of Lakshadweep. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T a E Ser., 68 : 15-25. THOMAS, P. T. 1967. Size composition of the oceanic skipjack Katsuwonus pelamis SILAS, E. G., P. P. PILLAI, M. SRINATH, A. A. (Linnaeus) and the yellowfin tuna JAYAPRAKASH, C. MUTHIAH, V. Neothunnus macropterus Temminck BALAN, T. M, YOHANNAN, PON and Schlegel) from the Laccadive seas SIRAIMEETAN, MADAN MOHAN, P. around Minicoy during the season LIVINGSTON, K. K. KUNHIKOYA, M. ^960-'6^. Ibid.. Pt. 3: 1146-1153. AYYAPPAN PILLAI AND P. SADASIVA SARMA. 1986 b. Pppulation dynamics THOMAS, P.T. AND M. KUMARAN. 1963. Food, of Indian tunas. FAO Fish. Fep., 63: of tunas : Stock assessment. Bu//. Cent. 1667. Mar. Fish. Res. Inst., 36 : 20-27. THOMAS, P. T. AND G. RAJU. 1964. Gonadial SIVADAS, P. 1977. Report on the occurrence abnormalities in scombroid fishes. Proc. of Acanthaster sp. in Lakshadweep Symp. Scomb. fishes.. Mar. Biol. Ass. waters. Mahasagar, 10 (3-4) : 179-180. India, Mandapam Camp, 2: 719-724. Also Abstracts: 28 (1962). SIVADAS, P. 1987. Possible threats to the marine environment and ecology of TOMEY, W. A. 1985. Survey in the Union Lakshadweep (Laccadive Islands). Territory of Lakshadweep, the Bombay Environmental Conservation, 14 (4): and Madras areas: Promotion of export 361-363. trade Indian ornamental fishes from marine as well as freshwater origin and SMITH, E. A. 1906. Marine mollusca. In : J. S. ornamental plants. Report to CBI, the Gardiner (Ed,), The Fauna and Geogra­ Netherlands and the Marine Products phy of the Maldive and Laccadive Export Development Authority, Cochin. Archipelagoes, 2: 589-630, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge. TOMEY, W. A. 1986. Promotion of Export trade ' Indian ornamental fishes from marine SUNDARARAJ, B. 1930. Report on systematic as well as freshwater origin and aquatic survey of deep sea fishing grounds by plants for the aquarium industry. The S. T. 'Lady Goschen', 1928-29. Pilot Project: Conclusions and reco­ mmendations. Report on the project THOMAS, P. A. 1973. The new records of results to CBI/MPEDA. of Demospongiae from the Indian Ocean. J. mar. biol. Ass. India, 15 (1): TRANTER, D. J. AND JACOB GEORGE. 1972. 443-445. . Zooplankton abundance at Kavaratti and Kalpeni Atoljs in the Laccadive THOMAS, P. A. 1979. Demospongiae of Mini- Sea. In: Proc. Symp. Corals and coral coy Island (Indian Ocean) Part I. reefs: 239-256. Mar. Biol. Ass. India. Orders Keratosida and Haploscleride. ibid. 21 (1 &2; : 10-16. UNTAWALE, A. G. AND T. G. JAGTAF. 1984. Marine microphytes of Minicoy (Lak­ THOMAS, P. T. 1964a . Food of Katsnwonus shadweep) coral Atoll of the Arabian pelamis {Linnaeus), Neothunnus ma- Sea. Aquatic Botany, 19: 97-103. cropterus lemm'mck and Schlegel) from VARGHESE, G. 1986. Approach to future de­ Minicoy waters during the season velopment of Lakshadweep. Paper 1960-61. Proc. Symp. Scornb. Fishes, presented at the futurology workshop Pt. 2:626-630. Mar. Biol. Ass. India. for identifying science and technology

24 CMFRI inputs to develop a long range per­ VARGHESE, T. J. 1971. Comparative merits of spective plan for the socio-economic the mechanised over non-mechanised development of Lakshadweep for the boats on oceanic skipjack tuna live-bait period 1985 to 2005. fl. /? /.., Trivan- fishery. Seafood Export Journal. 3: drum 21-23 July, 1986, 8 pp. (1): 115-121. VARGHESE, G. 1987 a. Department of Fisheries Lakshadweep. In: 40 years of R & D VARGHESE, T. J. 1974. resources of the in Marine Fisheries in India, CMFRI Laccadive waters. Seafood Export Souvenior, 1987 : 50-56. Journal, 6 (1): 65-68. VARGHESE, G. 1987 b. Status and programme marine fisheries development and WALKER, A. 0. 1906. Marine crustaceans. XIV. management of Lakshadweep. CMFRI Special Publication, 40, Abstract 100. Amphipoda. In: J. S. Gardiner (Ed.). pp. 84-85. The Fauna and Geography of the Ma- Idive and Laccadive A rchipelagoes, 2 : VARGHESE, G. AND P. SHANMUGHAIVi 1987. 923-932. The status of tuna fishery in in Lakshadweep. J. mar. biol. WOLFENDEN, R. N- 1906. Notes on the co­ Ass. India. 25 : (1 & 2) : 190-201. llection of copepoda. Ibid: 989-1040.