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Northern Arabian Sea Circulation-Autonomous Research (Nascar): a Research Initiative Based on Autonomous Sensors OceTHE OFFICIALa MAGAZINEn ogOF THE OCEANOGRAPHYra SOCIETYphy CITATION Centurioni, L.R., V. Hormann, L.D. Talley, I. Arzeno, L. Beal, M. Caruso, P. Conry, R. Echols, H.J.S. Fernando, S.N. Giddings, A. Gordon, H. Graber, R.R. Harcourt, S.R. Jayne, T.G. Jensen, C.M. Lee, P.F.J. Lermusiaux, P. L’Hegaret, A.J. Lucas, A. Mahadevan, J.L. McClean, G. Pawlak, L. Rainville, S.C. Riser, H. Seo, A.Y. Shcherbina, E. Skyllingstad, J. Sprintall, B. Subrahmanyam, E. Terrill, R.E. Todd, C. Trott, H.N. Ulloa, and H. Wang. 2017. Northern Arabian Sea Circulation-Autonomous Research (NASCar): A research initiative based on autonomous sensors. Oceanography 30(2):74–87, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2017.224. DOI https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2017.224 COPYRIGHT This article has been published in Oceanography, Volume 30, Number 2, a quarterly journal of The Oceanography Society. Copyright 2017 by The Oceanography Society. All rights reserved. USAGE Permission is granted to copy this article for use in teaching and research. Republication, systematic reproduction, or collective redistribution of any portion of this article by photocopy machine, reposting, or other means is permitted only with the approval of The Oceanography Society. Send all correspondence to: [email protected] or The Oceanography Society, PO Box 1931, Rockville, MD 20849-1931, USA. DOWNLOADED FROM HTTP://TOS.ORG/OCEANOGRAPHY SPECIAL ISSUE ON AUTONOMOUS AND LAGRANGIAN PLATFORMS AND SENSORS (ALPS) Northern Arabian Sea Circulation- Autonomous Research (NASCar) A RESEARCH INITIATIVE BASED ON AUTONOMOUS SENSORS By Luca R. Centurioni, Verena Hormann, Lynne D. Talley, Isabella Arzeno, Lisa Beal, Michael Caruso, Patrick Conry, Rosalind Echols, Harindra J.S. Fernando, Sarah N. Giddings, Arnold Gordon, Hans Graber, Ramsey R. Harcourt, Steven R. Jayne, Tommy G. Jensen, Craig M. Lee, Pierre F.J. Lermusiaux, Pierre L’Hegaret, Andrew J. Lucas, Amala Mahadevan, Julie L. McClean, Geno Pawlak, Luc Rainville, Stephen C. Riser, Hyodae Seo, Andrey Y. Shcherbina, Eric Skyllingstad, Janet Sprintall, Bulusu Subrahmanyam, Eric Terrill, Robert E. Todd, Corinne Trott, Hugo N. Ulloa, and He Wang 74 Oceanography | Vol.30, No.2 ABSTRACT. The Arabian Sea circulation is forced by strong monsoonal winds and Arabian Sea. Although the frequency of is characterized by vigorous seasonally reversing currents, extreme differences in piracy incidents is declining, the region sea surface salinity, localized substantial upwelling, and widespread submesoscale from the east coast of Africa to the cen- thermohaline structures. Its complicated sea surface temperature patterns are important tral Arabian Sea (65°E) and from 5°S for the onset and evolution of the Asian monsoon. This article describes a program to 22°N is classified as high risk by the that aims to elucidate the role of upper-ocean processes and atmospheric feedbacks in United Kingdom Hydrographic Office, setting the sea surface temperature properties of the region. The wide range of spatial and access by scientific research vessels and temporal scales and the difficulty of accessing much of the region with ships due remains restricted, particularly in the to piracy motivated a novel approach based on state-of-the-art autonomous ocean oceanographically critical regions of the sensors and platforms. The extensive data set that is being collected, combined with Somali Current, the Red Sea, the Persian numerical models and remote sensing data, confirms the role of planetary waves in Gulf outflows, and the Arabian Peninsula the reversal of the Somali Current system. These data also document the fast response upwelling system. of the upper equatorial ocean to monsoon winds through changes in temperature and The complexity of the physical pro- salinity and the connectivity of the surface currents across the northern Indian Ocean. cesses involved and the need to col- New observations of thermohaline interleaving structures and mixing in setting the lect observations on scales ranging from surface temperature properties of the northern Arabian Sea are also discussed. one meter to thousands of kilometers in a region that is difficult to access with INTRODUCTION and submesoscale dynamics, planetary oceanographic research ships require a The Arabian Sea, in the northwestern waves, and upper-ocean mixing, in addi- novel approach. The central objectives Indian Ocean, plays a critical role in the tion to important ocean-atmosphere of the NASCar initiative are to exploit Asian monsoon and associated precipi- feedbacks (Vecchi et al., 2004). state-of-the-art autonomous instruments tation over the Indian subcontinent. The The hypothesized central role that (Box 1) to address outstanding scien- seasonal monsoonal winds in turn force oceanographic processes in the northern tific questions about oceanographic pro- the seasonally varying circulation in Arabian Sea play in the seasonal modu- cesses in the northern Arabian Sea, to fill the Arabian Sea (Schott and McCreary, lation of the Asian monsoon is accom- the observational gap accrued over the 2001; Trott et al., 2017), but the feed- panied by the realization that new in situ past two decades, and to demonstrate the back and adjustment processes between observations of currents, air-sea inter- maturity of an approach that does not the ocean circulation, sea surface tem- actions, and meso- to submesoscale inte- rely on the use of dedicated research ves- perature (SST), and the atmosphere are rior processes are needed to improve our sels and fixed mooring installations. not well understood. physical understanding and our ability to Several key features differentiate the The overarching goal of the Office of forecast oceanic and atmospheric condi- northern Indian Ocean from the Atlantic Naval Research (ONR)-funded Northern tions in the region. and Pacific Oceans and affect the air-sea Arabian Sea Circulation-autonomous In situ oceanographic observations in fluxes of heat and momentum over the research (NASCar) initiative is to the northern Arabian Sea have been diffi- basin. The presence of land to the north improve our understanding of the role cult to obtain for over two decades because limits the ocean’s poleward transport of that western tropical Indian Ocean pro- of piracy, with the notable exception heat and upper-ocean ventilation (Schott cesses, particularly those in the northern of measurements from Global Climate et al., 2009). Furthermore, the weak zonal Arabian Sea, play in the onset and evo- Observing System subarrays such as the component of the equatorial trade winds lution of the Indian monsoon. The work- Global Drifter Program (GDP), Argo, leads to mean downwelling along the ing hypothesis that connects the obser- the High-Resolution Expendable Bathy- equator (Wang and McPhaden, 2017), vational and modeling components of thermograph/Expendable Conductivity- which results in high SSTs throughout the NASCar is that our limited knowledge of Temperature-Depth (HR XBT/XCTD) tropical Indian Ocean. Another remark- the local air-sea fluxes in the northwest- network, the Research Moored Array able feature is the drastic difference in sea ern Indian Ocean limits the skills of mod- for African-Asian-Australian Monsoon surface salinity (SSS) across the northern els in correctly forecasting the onset and Analysis and Prediction (RAMA; Indian Ocean sub-basins—the Arabian intra seasonal-to-interannual variability McPhaden et al., 2009), and the devel- Sea and the Bay of Bengal (Figure 1). of the Asian monsoon, and that such oping Indian Ocean Observing System In the northern Arabian Sea, evapora- fluxes are influenced by ocean mesoscale (IndOOS) effort in the northeastern tion largely exceeds precipitation, while Oceanography | June 2017 75 Box 1. Autonomous NASCar Assets Water Level, 0 m 35 cm Stainless Steel Sealing Band 15 m 7.60 m Sea Surface Temperature Sensor Tether’s Strain Relief Tether 0.61 m APL/UW Photo credit: Tyler Hughen Surface Lagrangian SVP Drifter Underwater Gliders Wirewalker Wave-Powered Profilers SVP drifters use drogues centered at 15 m Three varieties of autonomous underwater The Wirewalker profiling system uses energy depth and are designed to follow the water gliders (Rudnick, 2016) have been used during from surface ocean waves to drive a vehicle with an accuracy of 0.01 m s–1 for winds up to NASCar. Seagliders (Eriksen et al., 2001) mea- vertically along a wire. In the case described 10 m s–1. All drifters carry an SST sensor, and sured temperature, salinity, and depth- averaged here, a pair of Wirewalkers was configured to many of them also measure atmospheric pres- currents over the upper kilometer during mis- profile temperature, conductivity, and pressure sure. Using two-way Iridium satellite commu- sions lasting up to eight months. A Spray glider over 120 m and 200 m with a profile return rate nications, the data are available through the (Sherman et al., 2001; Rudnick et al., 2016) of 12 min and 20 min, respectively, and teleme- Global Telecommunication System in near-real focused on sampling near the equator during a ter the data over the Iridium satellite. See Pinkel time. They can also be configured to measure three-month mission. In addition to a CTD, the et al. (2011) for more details. surface wind, salinity, and subsurface tempera- Spray glider carried a small acoustic Doppler ture. Undrogued drifters can measure direc- current profiler (Todd et al., 2017) to measure tional spectral properties of surface waves. See profiles of horizontal currents near the equator http://ldl-drifter.org for more details. where geostrophic estimates are not possible. A Slocum glider with an externally mounted tur- bulence package (Wolk et al., 2009; Fer et al., 2014) collected profiles of the dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy in the vicinity of the Mascarene Plateau during a month-long mis- sion. All gliders telemetered real-time data via the Iridium network, and raw data are pro- cessed after recovery of the gliders. Miniature Wave Buoys The Miniature Wave Buoy (MWB) is a compact, inexpensive, easy-to-deploy/recover, ocean- ographic buoy that uses state-of-the-art GPS Profiling Floats technology to measure waves.
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