Environmental Assessment/Analysis Reports Public Disclosure Authorized Report E0048
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EA Category.A Public Disclosure Authorized Sector and,Environtalmen Assessment for Highways March 1994- Public Disclosure Authorized
This report has been prepared by the Borrower or its Consultant SECTORA L ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR HIGHWAYS
KINGDOM OF THAILAND FIFTH HIGHWAY SECTOR LOAN
Prepared for:
The Royal Thai Government Ministry of Transport & Communications Departmtent of Hi.ghways
Januuary 3, 1994 Revised NMarch28, 1994
BALOFFEF&Associates, Inc.N BALLOFFETlI AssoCialeS.lnc
March 28, 1994
Mr Sanan Srirungrojana Director General Departmentof Highways SiayutthayaRoad Bangkok 10400 Thailand
Re: Thailand: SectoralEnvironmental Assessment for Highways
Dear Mr. Srirungrojana:
Enclosedis the SectoralEnvironmental Assessment for Highways- Kingdomof Thailand Fifth HighwaySector Loan, which was preparedon your behalfin accordancewith our agreement with The World Bank.
We are gratefulfor the opportunityto be of serviceto the Departmentof Highwayson this comprehensiveand challengingassignment.
Sincerely.
Armando F. Balloffet, PhD, P.E. President
SYSTEMS SOLUTIONS
2000 Vermonl Drive * Fort Collins. CO 80525 USA - Phone 303 223-2.39 v FAX 303 226-3855 SECTORAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR HIGHWAYS KINGDOM OF THAILAND FIFTH HIGHWAY SECTOR LOAN
January 3, 1994 Revised March 28,1994
Prepared for:
The Royal Thai Government Ministry of Transport & Communications Department of Highways
Prepared By:
Balloffet and Associates, Inc. 2000 Vernont Drive Fort Collins, CO 80525 USA SECTORALENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR HIGHWAYS KINGDOMOF THAILAND FIFTH Hic,-wAY SECTORLOAN
Contents List of Tables ...... iii
List of Figures ...... iv Abbreviations and Acronyms ...... v
Executive Summary ...... vii
1.0 Environmental Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework . . . 1.1 The National Framework.. 1 1.1.1 Existing Environmental Laws, Regulations and Policies. 1 1.1.2 Evaluation of the National Environmental Framework .12 1.2 The Highway Sector Framework .. 13 1.2.1 The Highway Transport System .13 1;22 Ministry of Transport and Communications .13 1.2.3 Department of Highways .15 1.2.4 Department of Land Transport .20 1.2.5 Environmental Documentation in the Highway Sector .21 2.0 Project Description ...... 24 2.1 Objectives of the Fifth Highway Sector Plan ...... 24 2.1.1 Background ...... 24 2.1.2 Specific Program Aims ...... 25 2.2 Environmental Issues ...... 27
3.0 Baseline Data . . .29 3.1 Description of the Inter-City Highway Sector .. 29 3.2 Physical Resources .. 30 3.2.1 Topography .30 3.2.2 Soils .32 3.2.3 Climate .32 3.2.4 Surface and Ground Water .33 3.3 Ecological Resources .. 34 3.4 Human and Economic Development .. 45 3.4.1 Communities and Population .45 3.A.2 Industry .48 3.4.3 Land Use. 49 3.4.4 Agricultural and Mineral Resources .49 3.5 Quality of Life .. 50 3.5.1 Socioeconomic Values .50 3.5.2 Public Health .51 3.5.3 Recreational Resources .51 3.5.4 Aesthetic Resources .51 3.5.5 Cultural Resources .51
4.0 Environmental Impacts .52
THAiLAND - SECTORALENvIRDNMENTAL AssmEENT FoR HIGHWAYS PAGEi 4.1 Environmental Project Screening ...... 52 4.2 Cumulative Impacts ...... 54 4.3 DOH Land Acquisition Procedures ...... 54 5.0 Analysis of Alternatives ...... 57
6.0 Mitigation Plans ...... 58 7.0 Environmental Management and Training .. 64 7.1 DOH Environmental Training .64 7.2 OEPP Institutional Strengthening .64 7.3 Manuals of Practice .65 8.0 Environmental Monitoring Plan . . .67 8.1 Introduction .. 67 8.2 Monitoring Program Overview .. 67 8.3 Monitoring Plan .. 70 8.3.1 Monitoring Procedure (t) - Monitor Progress and Environmental Conditions on Other Major Projects ...... 71 8.3.2 Monitoring Procedure (2) - Monitor Unearthing of Ancient Sites and Relics ...... 72 8.3.3 Monitoring Procedure (3) - Monitor Maintenance During Operation .72 8.3.4 MvonitoringProcedure (4)- Monitor Impact on Businesses and Dwellings in the Region of Influence ...... 73 8.3.5 Monitoring Procedure (5) - Monitor Iegal Settlers Activity and Develop Plans for Removing Illegal Settlers .. 73 8.3.6 Monitoring Procedure (6) - Monitor Air Pollution ...... 74 8.3.7 Monitoring Procedure (7) - Monitor Noise ...... 74 8.3.8 Monitoring Procedure (8) - Review and Monitor Plans for Maintaining Access to Schools, Businesses, and Conmnunity Facilities ...... 75 8.3.9 Monitoring Procedure (9) - Monitor Construction Impacts to Flora and Fauna ...... 76 8.3.10 Monitoring Procedure (10) - Monitor Water Quality Impacts ...... 77 8.3.11 Monitoring Procedure (11) - Review and Monitor Solid Waste Handling and Disposal Plans ...... 78 8.3.12 Monitoring Procedure (12) - Review and Monitor Storm Water Quality Control Plans ...... 79 9.0 Public Consultation ...... 80 9.1 Public involvement in EIA Preparation ...... 80 9.2 Public Consultation for the SEA ...... 81
10.0 Recommended Enviromnental Protection Procedures and Action Program ... 82 10.1 Recommended DOH Environmental Process ...... 82 10.2 Recommendations Regarding Land Compensation and Resettlement Issues ...... 83 10.3 Environmental Action Program for the Fifth Highway Sector Project .88
11.0 References ...... 92
THALAND- SECTORALENVIR)NMENTAL A fEs%rENTFOR HK;HWAYs PAGE i Appendix A: Organization of the Royal Thai Government
Appendix B: NEQA, NEB Notices, and Expert Committees
Appendix C: OEPP Guidelines for Road Construction and Widening EIAs
Appendix D: Thai Non-Governmental Organizations Involved in the Environment
Appendix E: DOH Environmental Checklist
Appendix F: Mitigation Measures and References
Appendix G: OEPP Proposal For Highway Traffic EIA and Environmental Management
Appendix H: DOH Highway Projects in the Seventh Plan
Appendix 1 US Federal Highway Administration Environmental Flow Charts
List of Tables
Table E.1 Widening Projects, Seventh Plan ...... x Table E.2 Environmental Screening of Seventh Plan Projects ...... xi Table E.3 Recommended Environmental Action Program, Ftfth Highway Sector Project . xviii Table 1.1 RTG Functional Framework for Pollution Control ...... 3 Table 1.2 Composition of the National Environment Board ...... 5 Table 13 Divisions of the OEPP ...... 6 Table 1.4 MOSTE Requirements Relating to Highway ELAs ...... 7 Table 1.5 Summary of EIA Review Status, June 1992 - August 1993 ...... 10 Table 1.6 Composition of the Pollution Control Conunittee ...... 11 Table 1.7 Road Lengths in Thailand (1992) ...... 13 Table 2.1 Summary of Implementation Plan for Widening Projects, Seventh Plan ... 25 Table 2.2 Highway Sector Environmental issues ...... 28 Table 3.1 Classification of Soils in Thailand ...... 33 Table 3.2 Groundwater Resources in Thailand ...... 34 Table 33 National Parks in Thailand ...... 37 Table 3.4 Wildlife Sanctuaries in Thailand ...... 39 Table 3.5 Non-Hunting Areas in Thailand .40 Table 3.6 Endangered Vertebrate Species in Thailand .42 Table 3.7 GPP Sector Shares by Province, 1987 ...... 48 Table 3.8 Land Use in Thailand, km-, 1985 .49 Table 3.9 Land Suitability for Agriculture, knz, 1983.50 Table 4.1 Preliminary Environmental Screening of Seventh Plan Projects .53 Table 6.1 Recommended Mitigation Program ...... 60 Table 8.1 Summary of the Environmental Monitoring Program .68 Table 10.1 Recommended Envirornmental Action Program, Fifth Highway Sector Project .89
THAILAND - SECIDRAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSE3SENT FOR HIGHWAYS PAGE fii List of Figures
Figure E.1 Highwav Investment By Project Type ...... ix Figure E.2 Recommended DOH Environmental Process ...... xii Figure 1.1 Organization of MOSTE ...... 4 Figure 1.2 EIA Approval Process for Private Sector Projects ...... 8 Figure 1.3 EIA Approval Process for Public Sector Projects ...... 9 Figure 1.4 Ministry of Transport and Conununications ...... 14 Figure 1.5 DOH Personnel Profile ...... 15 Figure 1.6 Agencies Responsible for Roads in Thailand .16 Figure 1.7 Organization of DOH .17 Figure 1.8 Highway Investment by Project Type Under the Seventh Plan .18 Figure 1.9 Growth of DOH Budget - Comparison to Total RTG Budget and to GNP . 18 Figure 1.10 The Proposed Motorways Network .19 Figure 1.11 DOH Maintenance Activities, FY 1994 .20 Figure 1.12 DOH Project Identification and Screening Methodology .23 Figure 2.1 Widening Projects under the Seventh Plan .26 Figure 3.1 Route Length of DOH Highways ...... 29 Figure 3.2 Distribution of DOH Roads by Region ...... 30 Figure 3.3 Ph.ysiographic Regions of Thailand ...... 30 Figure 3.4 Average Elevations of Thailand ...... 31 Figure 3.5 Average Annual Rainfall ...... 33 Figure 3.6 W!zlife Sanctuaries in Thailand ...... 35 Figure 3.7 National Parks of Thailand ...... 36 Figure 3.9 Population Growth in Thailand .46 Figure 3.10 Age Distribution in Thailand ...... 46 Figure 3.11 Percent Urban Population by Region ...... 47 Figure 4.1 Land Acquisition Overview ...... 55 Figure 4.2 DOH Land Acquisition Process ...... 56 Figure 10.1 Recommended DOH Environmental Process .84
THAmLAND- SECIMRALENVIRONMENTAL AssEmNT FoR H1GHWAYS PAGEiv Abbreviations and Acronyms
ADB Asian Development Bank APCU Action Plans Coordinating Unit at MOTC ARD Office of Accelerated Rural Development, MOI BMA Bangkok Metropolitan Administration BMR Bangkok Metropolitan Region BMTA Bangkok Metropolitan Transit Authority BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand CO Carbon Monoxide CO, Carbon Dioxide COD Chemical Oxygen Demand DEQP Department of Environmental Quality Promotion, MOSTE DLD Department of Land Development DOH Department of Highways, MOTC DOLA Department of Local Administration, MOI DPC Department of Pollution Control, MOSTE EA Environmental Assessment EAT Expressway Authority of Thailand EGAT Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand EIA Environmental Impact Assessment FY Fiscal Year GDP Gross Domestic Product GNP Gross National Product GPP Gross Provincial Product HAPS Hazardous Air Pollutants HC Hydrocarbons IBRD Intemational Bank for Reconstruction and Development (The World Bank) [EAT Industrial Estate Authority of Thailand IEE Initial Environmental Examination IUCN Intemational Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency LTD Land Transport Department, MOTC MCM Million cubic meters mg/M3 milligrams (1O3 grams) per cubic meter MOAC Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives MOI Ministry of Industry MOPH Ministry of Public Health MOTC Ministry of Transport and Communications MOSTE Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality 'tandards NEB NQationalEnvironment Board NEPO National Energy Policy Office NEQA Enhancement and Conservation of National Environmental Quality Act, B.E.2535 NESDB National Economic and Social Development Board NGO Non-governmental Organization NO. Oxides of Nitrogen (NO and NO2) OECF Overseas Economic Cooperation Fund of Japan OEPP Office of Environmental Policy and Planning, MOSTE ONEB Office of the National Environment Board
THAILAND - SECIORAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSssENT iFORHIGHWAYS PAGE V pH Indicator of Acidity Pb Lead PDR People's Democratic Republic PM10 Suspended particulate matter of diameter 10 microns or less (inhalable) ppm parts per million PTT Petroleum Authority of Thailand PWD Public Works Department RID Royal Irrigation Department RTC Royal Thai Govemment SEA Sectoral Environmental Assessment SO, Sulfur Dioxide SPM Suspended Particulate Matter SPURT Seventh Plan Urban and Regional Transport Project TDRI Thailand Development Research Institute TSP Total Suspended Particulates USAID U.S. Agency for International Development USEPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency WHO World Health Organization pg/M 3 micrograms (10' grams) per cubic meter
THAiLAND- SECrORALENV1RoNMeTAL AYmmNT }OR HIGHWAYS PAGEVi Executive Summary
1. This Sectoral Environmental Assessment (SEA) addresses the inter-city highway sector of the Kingdom of Thailand, particularly as it will be affected by project investments under the Roval Thai Goverrnent's Seventh Development Plan. The World Bank is contemplating providing the RTG a time-slice sectoral loan, termed the Fifth Highway Sector Loan, to partially finance these highway projects. The highway projects are the responsibility of the Department of Highways (DOH), which is part of the Ministry of Transport and Communications.
2. A World Bank SEA document overcomes the limitations of project-specific EAs by addressing broader envirorunmentaLinstitutional and social issues. The SEA is not meant to provide detailed project-level information, but does furnish guidance on EA preparation, including methodologies for monitoring and mnitigation programs. In addition, the SEA investigates the institutional capabilities and needs of the governmental agencies and Non- Governmental Organizations (NGO) involved in the highway sector.
The Fifth Highway Sector Project is an extension of the Fourth Highway Sector project providing a time slice of funding which would continue to assist the RTG with financing to continue the Seventh Development Plan (and some carry-over from the Sixth Plan) for improving Thailand's major inter-city roadways by widening to 4-lane standards; resurfacing and restoration of existing roads to allow them to carry increasing traffic and heavier vehicles; providing technical assistance and training; and supporting the procurement of various related types of equipment for RTG agencies dealing with highways and the environment. The World Bank would loarn US$250 million and the RTG would provide US$200 million to help finance the DOH 1994-97 program which has been estimated at approximately US$8 billion.
4. During the early 1970's, Thailand experienced a growing awareness of environmental degradation due to rapid industrialization and growing urbanization. This awareness resulted in, among other Pokc Chwrgesur NEA things, the passage of the "Improvement and Conservation of National Environmental . .Localitiesaresgien -more - Quality Act,' in 1975. This Act, amended in responsibilities-andauthorities for 1978, established the National Environment environmentalprotection. Board (NEB) and provided it with a secretariat named the Office of the National responsibility:.orOThecentral Environment Board (ONEB). -environmental:protection-was-placed- - -underaanew ministerial-level' 5. T-day, all environmental - .D,aio,, assessments and evaluations in Thailand are - T- p-b-i-'-.ri;h-to be o--ed-and--- t prepared and processed pursuant to the participate in environmenal matters-is 'nhaxncement and Conservation of National bothdctiyan-ytnhened, Environmental Quality Act, B.E. 2535" :riough the nvolemenitof NGOs.- (NEQA). This act effectively addresses environmental management problems which M The ONEBwas abolished and replace. became evident during the 1980's and which by three newdepartments under the were not covered adequately under the Mi of SciTechnoloand previous legislation. NEQA provides several - ronm (M:S-E) important policy changes, as shown at right. __--_- -__ --_ ---__- :__ --- ::_ -_>_--
THAIIAND - SECrRAL ENVIONMTAL ASSESSMENTFOR HIHWAYS PACE Vii 6. The Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment has three departments which are charged with environmental matters. The Department of PoUution Control (DPC) within MOSTE has five divisions dealing with water quality, air quality and noise management, toxic substances and solid waste, petitions and complaints, and a pollution management coordination division.
7. The Department of Environmental Quality Promotion (DEQP) is primarily an informational department. Its divisions include the Environmental Promotion Divisizn, the Environmental Information Division, and the Environmental Research and Training Center. DEQP also has some responsibility to foster environmental education. The Office of Environmental Policy and Planning (OEIP) has the most dicect involvement with the DOH. It has the most divisions of all the MOSTE environmental departments, and these include the Environmental Impact Evaluation Division which reviews EIAs prepared in Thailand. The OEPP, through its Environmental Impact Evaluation Division, has developed detailed procedures for the review of ELAs. Different processes are used depending on whether the project proponent is in the private or public sector (or joint private/public ventures).
8. The EIA review processes also include review by 'expert committees" which are appointed by the NEB. There are five such comrnmitteesat this time, covering the following areas: Industrv, Mining, Water Resources, Hotels/Resorts, and Infrastructntre (which includes transport). The committees consist of representatives of affected ministries, academics, and one member of the public, usually represented by an NGQ.
9. In the period from 4 June 1992 to 16 August 1993, the OEPP considered 344 projects through the EIA process. Of these, 99 (29 percent) have been approved, while 226 (66 percent) have been returned to the project proponents for more information or corrections. The balance were still being considered as of August 16,1993.
10. Another group which is set up by NEQA and which may have an impact on environmental issues in the highway sector is the Pollution Control Commanittee.This high-level committee is concemed directly with pollution prevention in the areas of water, solid wastes, toxic substances, air pollution and noise. It advises the NEB and the Minister of Science, Technology and Environment in measures to be taken to control pollution, including emission standards.
11. The RTG has made significant progress in the last several years in strengthening environmental laws and regulations, particularly with the passage of NEQA. The institutional framework for implementing this far-reaching legislation is in place, although not yet up to full strength. The MOSTE's three envirornental divisions are working quickly to carry out their responsibilities under NEQA, and should be supported with programs aimed at institutional strengthening. These Departments appear to be under-manned in a number of key areas. For example, the OEPP has a very small group in charge of reviewing EIAs for transportation projects (only four technical staff), and as more of these documents are prepared in response to NEQA, it is likey that a significant backlog may build up awaiting review. This will tend to delay project implementation. The DPC has responsibilities to develop envirornental protection standards, but does not currently have sufficient qualified staff to carry out the necessary health and economic studies. They will need a combination of contractor support and cooperation from other agencies (such as the Ministry of Health).
THAILAND- SECIORALENVPJDNMENTAL ASSESSENT R)R HI(HWAY5 PAGEViii 12. With respect to the inter-city highway sector, the main impact of this institutional insufficiencv will be possible delays in the review of EIAs, especially if the EIAs are prepared in an incomplete or unacceptable manner. This indicates the need for improvements in the EIA development capability of project proponents.
13. Thailand has a multi-modal transport system which includes roads, DOHSeventh Plan Overview rail, inland waterways, maritime waterwavs, air transport, and pipelines. Principal strategies: Roads carry the largest majority of traffic, 1. Develop Inter-city motorways both passenger and freight, with road-to- 2 *WidenInter-city roads rail ratios of approximately 9:1. 3. Rehabilitate existing highway network 4. Emphasize road safety 14. The Department of Highways (DON) is one of several ProWectntypesin ordergof funding priority: of the RTG with a responsibility 2 agencies 2. Rehabilitation for road construction and maintenance. 3 Moto The DOH is specifically charged with the 4 Paving. administration, planning, construction 5 New Links and maintenance of the Special, National, S. Interchangesnlyovers - and Concession Highways, which 7. Road -Safety comprise about 27 percent of the total length of roads in Thailand. DOH projects Source:PADECO, 1992 include developing the inter-city .- _ . _ - . _:: motorways, wideming roads, maintaining existing paved roads, and improving road safety. The box at right presents an overview of the DOH Seventh Plan as orginally presented to the MOTC for approval in November 1991 [PADECO, 19921.
15. Highway investment by project type is shown in Figure E.1.DOH Reh obtains funds for its program from RTG renst. budget alUocations, from foreign loans Widrdfr 23 (principally IBRD, Asian Development 3- Bank, and OECF), and from privatization projects. NewUrncs ~~4~~~~ 7% 16. The DOH does not have a separate environmental division, but syewr IsA," 16t environmental screening and EIA 6% 16% development is a responsibility of the Programming Section of the Plang Division. The DOH uses a three-step Figure E.1 Highway Investment By process for environmentaldocumentation Project Type of highway projects. First, planners in the Planning Division screen all projects through the use of a checkdist. Second, certain projects require the preparation of an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE).Finally, a few projects wil trigger a full Environmental Inpact Assessment (EIA), currently following both ADB and World Bank guidelines.
THAUIAND- SECrORALENVIRONmTAL AsmENT F)R HxGHWAYS PAGEiX 17. The DOH intends to use most of the proceeds of this sectoral loan for widening projects as shown in Figure E.1 and as summarized in Table E.1, below.
Table E.1 Widening Projects, Seventh Plan
Construction Implementation Year Region Length Cost (1992) - (km) Million Baht 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 Northern 647 16,600
Northeastern 231 4,600 IlIlIl_ IlIl Central 120 3,000
Southern 893 21,700
Total 1,891 45,900
18. The major environmental issues associated with the Project are transportation- related air pollution and noise, and the potential for involuntary resettlement of people along or within the existing inter-city roadway ROWs. Since the Project will help provide financing for many different individual projects, the specific environmental impacts cannot be forecasted. The main concern under the Fifth Highway Sector Loan is that a process for the proper evaluation of road-sector environmental impacts be in place within the RTG. This will ensure that informed decisions are made regarding environmental impacts and mitigation measures.
19. This Sectoral Environmental Assessment is primarily aimed at describing the environmental documentation requirements, legal and regulatory framework, and the institutional capabilities of affected agencies (primarily the DOH and the OEPP). Suggestions are made for warranted project definition and screening procedural changes, mitigation planning, training, and other institutional aspects of the environmental assessment process. Environmental screening performed by the DOH and others for projects covered under this SEA is reported to the extent that it has been done and is available.
20. Chapter 3 of this SEA presents baseline information which may be relevant to the environmental evaluation of inter-citv highway projects in Thailand. The SEA presents suggested mitigation measures in Chapter 6 which can be incorporated into individual projects to reduce or elimninateenviromnental impacts. An environmental monitoring program outline is presented in Chapter 8 to assist DOH in managing the environmental impacts of the highways program.
21. For a programunatic effort such as the Fifth Highway Sector Loan projects of the Seventh Plan, it is useful to carry out a preliminary screening of all the projects based on the potential for environmental impact. According to the current Thai environmental regulations, the need to perform an EIA is dependent on the location of the project to the extent that it crosses or lies adjacent to National Parks, wildlife protected areas, important water bodies, and other sensitive sites. Because of this, an attempt has been made in this SEA to perform a cursory review of all projects contemplated for funding under the Seventh Plan.
THAILAND- SECTORAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSEZMET FOR HK;HWAYs PAGEX 22. This review was done as a desk exercise which involved careful examination of the DOH 1:1,000,000 scale highway maps and looking for the presence of Wildlife areas, National Parks, water bodies, and towns along the route of each project. No claim is made that actual impacts are expected as a result of these projects, but their presence near sensitive locations indicates that care should be taken in their planning and execution, and that in a number of cases full environmental documentation pursuant to NEQA will probably be warranted. The results of this preliminary screening of all Seventh Plan projects (except Motorways) is presented in summary form in Table E.2, and discussed in more detail in Chapter 4.
Table E.2 Environmental Screening of Seventh Plan Projects
Region Total Wfldlife Preserves National Parks Waterways Projects affecting Number Towns of Projects Projec Km Projects Km Projects K_ Projects No. North 161 6 79 2 19 49 387 68 145 N East 136 2 39 5 122 55 265 87 211 Central 203 1 4 3 66 40 227 47 77 South 134 5 42 6 42 36 205 68 151 Totals 634 14 164 161 249 180 1,085 270 584
23. It is clear that the DOH is already doing a good job in some environmental areas and is willing to conbanue to improve its environmental assessment procedures. The lack of a large environmental unit within DOH may be a blessing in disguise since it affords the DOH an opportunity to develop an agencrwide awareness of environmental protection while still remaining focused on their primary mission to provide highway infrastructure for the countrv. This can be achieved by a comprehensive top-to-bottom training program for all levels within DOH to inform the managers, engineers and other professionals of DOIEs responsibilities under NEQA and other environmental legislation which may affect highways.
24. It was observed that the current DOH procedures dealing with preparation of IEEs and ELAs may not allow for these documents to be prepared early enough in the project development cycle. As a consequence, projects are well along in final design or even construction before an enviromnental assessment is done. At that time, it is often too late to consider alternatives which may be more environmentally benign. To address this and other procedural problems, a comprehensive Environmental Process is shown schematically in Figure E2, which indicates the environmental decision-making and action process dunng the planning, design, construction, and operation stages. Each action or decision shown in the diagram should be further elucidated through written procedures and decision support documents to be developed as part of the Fifth Highway Sector Project.
THAILAND- SECrRAL ENVatoNme4TAL AsEsmwT FoR HHwGHWAYs PAGExi Figure E.2 Recommended DOH Environmental Process
ProjectIdentification and Planning Stage
ProjectRequest Receivedby DOH * Internal *External * Other RTG
DOHPlanning Div ning D ~~Inputof Informationt Data Develop Master List from PCI) and OEPP/DOH Monitoring.
DOHI EnvironmentalUnit (EU)Identify: s * *~~~~~Rules/Regulations (see OEPP ScreenProlects Regulationsand Notifications). for Engineering,Economic, and _ * PotentialEnvironmental and Social EfironrmentalV iabilityIncauding IssuesBased on PrelimiinarySurvey Identireation ViAltemativesn IncludingMitigations to be Required * PotentialEnvironmental CostsJEenetls. * Consultationwith OEPP. * Consultationwith the Publicas Appropriate.
RankProjects Accordingto Engineering, DOHDevelop Crkeria and Economic,Environmental, Manuasdo Practice fr Ranldng andSocial Constraints
0WHI EUIdentity: * EnvironmentalRequirements (EIA,IEE, Checidist, PrepareProject Action List Guidelines,and Manuals) andSteps to beTaken for EachProject * Budgetto be Includedin the ProjectCost.
Go to PreconstructlonStage
THAILAND- SECrORALENVIRoNMENTAL AsEs=ES T FORHIGHWAYs PAGExi Figure E.2 Recommended DOH Environmental Process (continued)
Preconstruction Stage (Feasibility Study / Detailed Design)
FSSudby PlanningDiv. DOtl/ EU: * PrepareTOR 1I EIAAEE * PrepareTORs (see OEPP Guidelines); * FS Study IsRMqLdred * Consult OEPP; * Consultationwith the Publicas Appropriate; * PrepareStrategy and/or TOR for DetailedStudies on Social Issues IncludingCompensation to the AflectedGroups and Relocation;
DOHI EU t Consultards * PrepareIEEIEIA Including Cost for MitigationMeasures. Altematives and MonitoringProgram. o*Prepare Action Plan for Relocation (having lega I and non-legaI rights) and Identificationof Mitigation Measuresto OtherAffected Groups.
YES /iii \ |OEPP ReviewsthelJEE/EIA *--~ tApproved*(see EIA Review Process) Public _ir ~~Consultationand/or Hearing May be Required.
___r _____r Location and Design Dliv. Design Project DesignGuidelines / Standardsto with Inclusionof Standardsand be Developedby the Location Project-SpecificEnvironmental and DesignDivision and MitigationMeasures and OEPP EnvironmentalUnit. ConditionsIncluding Those for Dealingwith Social Issues.
Ton D lstvtion Div.I LoanControl Div. PrepareCortract Documenft Manualsfor Preparationof IncludingUsts of Contractor ContractDocuments to Include Responsibilitiesto Conform wih EnvironmentalMitigation During OEPPConditions and Other Constructionto be Developedby MitigationMeasures During ConstuctionDiv., Loan Control Construction. Div.and Environmental UniL
THIN o toConVruction ASS O iGHaYs te PAGEen- g | [ sationand ~~~~~~~Relocarion Plans._
THAILAND- SEcToRAL ENviRoNmENTAL AssEsNAENTFOR HIGHWAYS PAGEZdii Figure E.2 Recommended DOH Environmental Process (continued)
Construction Stage
DOH
Bid Reviews DOHI EnvironmentalUnit ContractorMust: * PrepareManual of Practicefor * BeTechnically Capable Monitoringand Reporting * Be FinanciallyCapable DuringConstruction and * Acknowledgethe Needto Operationwith OEPP Conformwith the Consultation. EnvironmentalRegulations * AssignResponsibility to EU andCarry Out the Staffor OtherOfficials to MitigationProgram CarryOut the Monitoring andReporting Tasks.
SupervisionOfficer * MonitorMitigation Measures Compliance andAssess Whether the Contractor Performanceis Satisfactory. Construction a In Caseof PublicComplaints and/or Non- Conpliance:Identiy the Problems and SolveThem. Reportthe Results to DOH/EU.If theSituation does not Improve,Report to Higher Authoritiesas Appropriatefor FurtherAction.
OEPPMonitom Compliance Periodicallyand Reports Serious Non-Complianceto NEB ftor FurtherAction.
|H- N AfterComWpletion, W 0 X ~Goto OperatonStage
- - m~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
THAnA-ND- SECrORA^LENVIRON4MENTAL ASSERENT FOR GHWGAYS PAGExxv Figure E.2 Recommended DOH Environmental Process (continued)
Operation and After Project Stage
DOH / Environmental Unit OEPP
* MonitorCompliance During the * OEPPPeriodically Moniors OperationIncluding Public ComplianceIncluding Public Complaintsor Unidentified Complaintsand Unidentified EnvironmentalIssues. EnvironnentalIssues. * Submitthe MonitoringResults * In Caseof SeriousNon- to OEPP. Compliance.Report the Resultsto NEBfor Further Action.
In Caseof Serious Issues, DOHI OEPP and Other If Necessary, ConcemedAgencies Address Stopthe Operaton. the Problemsand DevelopI Implementthe Mitigation Measures.
DOHI OEPPCarry Out Post EvaluationAssessment and OEPPPrepares Guidelines for ConsiderConsiderM.iiaonoModification of theh the PostPrprsGieie Evaluation Process. o Processto IncreaseEfficiency and Effectivenessof the EIA Processfor RoadSector.
9~~
Go to Identification and PlanningStage
THAILAND- SECrORALENvIRoNMENTAL ASSaswnT FOR HIGWAYS PAGE xv 25. Although land acquisition and resettlement is not considered a major aspect of this SEA, a review of DOH procedures was considered prudent given the very large number of projects involved. Current DOH procedure is constrained by instittitional barriers impeding resettlement programs and illegal tenant relocation assistance. Resolution of these institutional issues is necessary to allow DOH conformance with World Bank guidance on resettlement and compensation. Further, the procedure needs to be streamnlined,since the time required from the inception of the acquisition process to final payments to land owners is quite lengthy.
26. The OEPP is the other major agency which may need assistance with OEPPProject ProposalObjoctives regard to institutional development. As of this writing, the OEPP has forwarded a 1. Study.level of:environmental impact preiminary proposal to the World Bank resulting from highway traffic; requesting assistance in developing better 2. Improve predictive (modelling) methods for large-scale highway methodologies for air and noise environmental assessment and planning (See impacts; -' Appendix G). It is recommended that the 3. Definoemitigation measures; World Bank or other international aid 4. Establish comprehensive monitoring organization carefully consider implementing methodsto validatmodellin; and, this proposal under the Fifth Highway Sector S. - Use -this-PProject-hfr-.on-thel~-ob-train[ng o -t t Loan, and that the recommendations of this or OEPPand other agences. SEA for mitigation and monitoring be Source:OEPP, 1993 considered and expanded in the resulting Project. The primarv objectives of the proposal are shown in the box at right.
27. It is likdv that as the environmental documentation for the highway sector required under NEQA is done more routinely, the OEPP will need to enlarge its technical review staff. This will be particularly important once environmental assessment of the Motorways Program and other megaprojects begins in earnest. In the area of monitoring, OEP? may need to develop in-house capabilities, obtain contractor support, or coordinate with other agencies (such as DPC) to fully carry out its duty for project review. The current NEB policy of distributing the environmental review process among various agencies and expert committees should be revisited as OEPP develops both the staff and the standardized techniques to carry out project environmental reviews. At that time, it is believed that OEPP will have the expertise and impartiality required for a successful EIA review process.
28. In addition to training and technical assistance, manuals of environmentally- appropriate technology and practice (in Thai) are needed by RTG line agencies and other project proponents. This SEA contains only a very broad outine of the necessary steps for appropriate environmental management in the highway sector. Some handbooks and guidelines are becoming available through efforts of the World Bank and others and these should be adapted to the Thai realities.
29. A possible impediment to the implementation of environmental mitigation measures as a standard process in the development of the Seventh Plan is that little information exists regarding the cost. As a result, DOH may not be allocating adequate budgets for envirorunental work If line items for environmental mitigations do not appear in program or project budget requests, it is possible that funding will not be made available. A further
THAILA - SECrORALENV=NMENTAL ASSEsMENTFOR HGHWAY5 PAGE XVi complication is that there is not a large body of data on these costs, so it is difficult to forecast these needs at the planning stage.
30. An approach to estimating these costs is presented in this SEA (Chapter 10). The resulting approximate cost for environmental mitigation for Seventh Plan highway projects (not including the Motorways) is presented below.
Estimated Seventh Plan Environmental Mitigation Costs (million Baht) Project Type Rehab/Recon Widening Interchange New Link Paving Total Percent of project cost for 1% 2% 5% 5% 1% environmental mitigation _ _ _ North 33.7 30.6 0 21.0 2.1 87.4 Northeast 40.1 84.2 12.5 6.2 5.7 148.7 Central 13.6 66.1 0 0 102 89.9 Southern 25.6 64.8 0 5.5 3A 99.3 Total 113.0 245.7 1225 32.7 21.4 425.3
31. To achieve the recommendations and improvements proposed in this SEA and discus.ed in the previous pages, an Environmental Action Program should be made part of the FiftH Highway Sector Projet An outline of this plan is presented in Table E.3, which follows.
THAILAND - SECroRAL ENVCNMENTAL AssEdENT FoR HimHWAYS PAGEXVii Table E.3 RecommendedEnvironmental Action Program,Fifth Highway Sector Project
ExternalBudget in No. Action MillionUS $ Remarks (Duration) I DOH establishesan EnvironmentalUnit (EU) responsiblefor 1.0 1-2sets of computer and preparation of environmentalstudies (EIA,IEE, Checklist) and' (begin in 1994) accessory;1 fax machine; coordinationof related activities within and outside DOH. 1-2vehicles; 2-4 sets of The unit should be comprisedof engineers and other related monitoringequipment professionals,be equipped with proper instruments,and have (dust, noise, turbidity,etc.) priority for training and recruiting of staff. This unit serves as secretariat to the EnvironmentalCommittee mentioned in 2. 2 DOH assigns clear roles and responsibilitiesfor environmental Not required. Beforeappraisal protection to concerneddivisions/offices and establishesan (begin in 1994) EnvironmentalCommittee (EC) responsible for directingthe policyand implementationof the environmental strategy/program of DOH or identify a mechanismto ensure full integrationand implementationof the environmental concerns into the existingwork structure of DOH. 3 DOH acquires technicalassistance through national and/or 0.4 DOH/EU preparesTORs internationalspecialists (Environmental Technical Specialists, (1994-97) beforeappraisal ETSs)for at least 24 months. The ETSswill assist DOH and the EU in performing their tasks, especiallyin the areas of preparing EIA, integratingenvironmental concerns into DOH procedures(including preparationof guidelinesand manuals), development of strategy and workplan to deal with social impacts, ecology, and training.
THAILAND - SECTORALENVIRONMENTAt ASssmENT FORHIGHWAYS PAGEXVIII ExternalBudget in No. Aclion MillionUS $ Remarks (Duration) _ 4 DOH develops and implemets staidard procedt,resto 1.0 DOH with assistaincefrom integrate the environmentalconcerns into every stage of (1994-97) nationaland/or planning and implementationof the road/highway projects. internatioitalspecialists This should include developmentof Policy,Standards, Master Planning, EconomicAnalysis, Design and Constniction Management(including mitigation measures), ElAs and nmonitoring. 5 DOH develops Manuals of Practicein Thai and English for 2.0 DOH with assistance from ranking of projects,performing IEE or ElA, designing project, (1995-97) nationaland/or preparing contract documents,and monitoringand evaluation internationalspecialists (also see Figure E.2 of the SEA). This includesthose required for the projectsto be investedby the private sector. 6 DOH develops and implementsa program to deal witlhsocial 1.0 Developa strategy in 1994 impacts to all affected groups to ensure that none of them (1994-97) beforeappraisal; finalize would be worse off because of the project. This includes relocationpolicy within 2 resolvingthe institutionalbarriers that impede implementation years of initiation;with of World Bank resettlementguidance. Prototypes or basis of assistancefrom national this updated relocation program could include policies and/or international developed In Thailandby EGATand RID. specialists 7 DOE develops a separate program to deal with the 3.0 Set program in 1994;EIA environmentalissues due to the implementationof the (1994)-95) 1995-96;training 1995-97; MotorwaysProject includingthe preparation of ElAs and with assistancefrom training of staff. nationaland international l______.______specialists.
TIIAILAND - SECTORALENVIRONMENTAL ASSEssMENT FOR HIGIIWAYS PAGE xix External Btdget in No. Action MillionUS $ Remarks I______.______(DUrM tion) 8 DOH develops and carries out an environmentaltraining 3.0 DOH/EU prepares the program to increase knowledgeand experienceof DOH staff. (1994-97) strategy and prograr This includes training of trainers; developmentof training before appraisal;with close courses and training materials(in Thiai);seminars/workshops. cooperationwith MOSTE Internationalexperience should be acquired throtugh and inputs from national conferences;seminars; workshops; on-the-jobtraining; and and international study tours. specialistsare required. 9 DOH establishesan agreementwith OEPP regarding the 0.1 Begin1994; activities environmentalprocess (see Figure 1.2) and develops (1994-97) include meetings/ process/mechanism to improve their consultationwith other workshops/ seminars. ______RTG agencies, the public, and NGOs. 10 OEPPestablishes and implements a program to strengthen its 2.0 OEPPdevelops the capacityand efficiencyin reviewing and monitoring of EIA (1994-97) program in 1994. process,especially for the road and highway subsector- preparing manual and guidelines,training of staff, and l_____ procuring monitoring equipment. 11 OEPP establishespolicy/guidelines and procedures to include 0.5 Nationaland/or public consultation in the EIA process. Priority given to the (1994-97) internationalspecialists. road/highways subsector.
THIAILAND- SECTORALENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR HIGIIWAYS PAGEXx SEA Conclusions
* The DOH's plan for Improvements to the inter-city highway network can and-should be achieved without undue environmental damage, given the Implementatlon of environmental safeguards presented In this SEA.
* A comprehensive Environmental Action Program (outlined In this SEA) should be made part of the Fifth Highway Sector Program.
• The DOH:Environmentat Process should be standardized and improved, as proposed In Chapter 10 of this: SEA.
The Motorways Program should be Investigated:in greater detail due to its:significant potential for-. environmental impact. * Enhancements-to the scpabilltiesof both -th DOH an' OEPP with regard to envieonmentaldocumentaotion. ' - should be encouraged. -
* The.procedures -used in developling ElAs,-Mitigation - Plans,;.and'Monitorlng- Programs shouldd.beimproved at- the project-specific4level.
* The .DOH,compensation.:procedures for land acquisition, relocation assistance, and other,negative effects -to residents adjacent.to the -highways should be.reviewed and -streamlined,and brought into substantive accordance with-.the.World, Bank's OD-4 20 and-4.30.
THALAD - SECMORALENVIRONMENTAL ASESMNT FOR HGHWAYS PAGE Xod 1.0 Environmental Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework
1. This Sectoral Environmental Assessment (SEA) addresses the highway sector of the Kingdom of Thailand, particularly as it will be affected by project investments under the Royal Thai Government's Seventh Development Plan. The World Bank is contemplating providing the RTG a time-slice sectoral loan, termed the Fifth Highway Sector Loan, to partially finance these highway projects. This SEA is prepared in accordance with thc guidance for these documents which has been recently established by the World Bank (World Bank, 1993b).
2. A World Bank SEA document overcomes the limitations of project-specific EAs by addressing broader environmental, institutional and social issues. An SEA looks at environmental impacts of overall sectoral development plans and programs, and provides information to decision makers which should allow them to make informed choices among altemative programs. The SEA is not meant to provide detailed project-level information, but does furnish guidance on EA preparation, including methodologies for monitoring and mitigation programs. In addition, the SEA investigates the institutional capabilities and needs of the governmental agencies and non-governmental organizations involved in the highway sector.
3. An SEA can also be used to assess cumulative effects on the environment from many small projects with individually insignificant environmental impacts. The decision maker can rely on the SEA to provide information on general issues which are of relevance to all or most of the individual projects. This might include vehicle emission control programs, regulations and standards, general public input regarding the highway sector, altemative transportation modes, and the impac; of competing investments in other infrastructure development programs. This broader perspective in the SEA does away with the need to address these types of issues in project-specific EAs, thereby streamlining the environmental clearance process.
4. ThisThai Highway Sector SEA provides information about the RTG's institutional capabilities, furnishes general guidance on environmental monitoring and mitigation which can be applied to inter-city highway projects, and evaluates cumulative impacts of the Seventh Plan highway projects to the extent that information is available about them.
1.1 The National Framework
1.1.1 Existing Environmental Laws, Regulations and Policies
5. The Kingdom of Thailand is a constitutional monarchy with a bicameral government consisting of a Senate appointed by the King and a National Assembly elected by the people. An organizational chart for the Royal Thai Government (RTG) is presented in Appendix A. The RTC includes a number of Ministries and other organizations which have responsibilities in infrastructure projects and environmental matters.
6. During the early 1970's, Thailand experienced a growing awareness of environmental degradation due to rapid industrialization and growing urbanization. This awareness resulted in, among other things, the strengthening the role of the Ministry of Industry (MOI) in its responsibilities for pollution control under the Factory Act of 1969. Perhaps more important was the passage of the "Improvement and Conservation of National Environmental Quality Act," in 1975. This Act, amended in 1978, established the National Environment Board
THAILAND - SECTORAL ENVIRONMENTALASSESGMENT FRV HICHWAYS PAGE I (NEB) and provided it with a secretariat named the Office of the National Environment Board (ONEB). Implementation and enforcement of pollution control policies remained under the Department of Industrial Works of MOI.
7. Today, all environmental assessments and evaluations in Thailand are prepared and processed pursuant to the "Enhancement and Conservation pf National Environmental Quality Act, B.E. 2535" (NEQA). The 1992 NEQA effectively addresses a number of environmental management problems which became evident during the decade of the 1980's and which were not covered adequately under the previous legislation. The new NEQA provides several important policy changes, including:
* Localities are given more responsibilities and authorities for environmental protection. Formerly, centralized power in environmental matters resulted in a perceived lack of sensitivity or urgency in solving local environmental problems.
* The central responsibility for environmental protection was placed under a new ministerial-level organization, thereby removing the potential organizational conflict of interest inherent in the MOl, which has a primary responsibility to encourage and support the development of industry.
* The public's right to be informed and to participate in environmental matters is strengthened, both directly and through the involvement of NGOs.
D The ONEB was abolished and replaced by three new departments under the MOSTE, with authorities and responsibilities as shown in Table 1.1 and further described later in this section.
8. A brief overview on the RTG's institutional structure for environmental protection is presented in Table 1.1. This table is based largely on an analysis found in Shetty [1993].
9. Under the 1992 NEQA the National Environment Board (NEB) was upgraded to the ministerial level, with membership as shown in Table 1.2. Non-ex-officio Members (known as "Qualified Members") are appointed for a term of three years and can be re-appointed for one additional term.
10. The current organization of the environmental departments of MOSTE is shown in Figure 1.1. The Department of Pollution Control (DPC) has five divisions dealing with water quality, air quality and noise management, toxic substances and solid waste, petitions and complaints, and a pollution management coordination division.
THAILAND - SECIORAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSE;MENT FOR HIGHWAYS PAGE 2 Table 1.1 RTG Functional Framework for Pollution Control
Function Primary Responsibility Remarks Environmental Impact Office of Environmental NEB has issued a series of Assessments Policy and Planning of notices pursuant to NEQA MOSTE reviews ElAs. NEB specifying the types and sizes approves or submits to of projects that require ElAs. Cabinet for approval. Ambient Standards NEB, with recommendations National Ambient Air Quality from DPC Standards are being studied by DPC, and new interim standards may be established in the near future. Ambient Monitoring Not specified by NEQA. Air and water quality Several large agencies carry monitoring is done by DPC out monitoring. and MOPH. The Metropolitan Waterworks Authority monitors raw water quality of the Chao Phraya River. Administration of the NEB, through the MOSTE This fund created by NEQA Environmental Fund provides funds for pollution prevention and control projects, primarily at the local level. Emissions Control Industrial Environment National Energy Policy Office (Energy Sector) Division in MOI. EGAT (NEPO) is involved in develops emission levels prescribing fuel quality based on ambient standards. standards, although the Ministry of Commerce has legal authority to do this. DPC can recommend emission standards and may in future. Emissions Control The Land Transport NEPO fuel standards influence (Transportation Sector) Department within MOTC transport sector. The Police, specifies vehicle emission DPC, and the BMA monitor standards. vehicles on the road for excessive emissions. Industrial Discharges DPC has authority to Current standards were set by establish effluent standards. ONEB in 1989. Industrial Estate Authority of Thailand (IEAT) are not subject to these emission and effluent standards, but are subject to EIA requirements.
THAiLAND - SECTORAL ENVIRONMENTAL AS6ESSMENTFOR HIGHWAYS PAGE 3 Figure 1.1 Organization of MOSTE
Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment
Office of Environmental Department of Pollution Control Deprten of Envromtonmna
-Ollice of theSecretary -Office ot the Secretary Officeoa the Secrelary EnvironmentalPolicy -Water Quality EnvironmentalPromolion Division and PlanningDivision ManagementDivision -EnvironmentalInformation Oivision -Natural Resources -Air and NoiseQuality and Environmental ManagementDivision EnvironmentalResearch ManagementDivision & TralningCenter -Toxic Substanceand -Environmenlal Impact SolidWaste Management Division EvaluationDivision - UfbanEnvironment -Legal Petitionsand ComplalntsDivislon and AreaPlanning Division LPollution ManagementCoordination Division -International Environmental CooperationDivision -Conservation ot National and CulturalHeritage Division -Office of EnvironmentalFund -Eastern RegionEnvironmental Oflice -Northeastern RegionEnvironmental Oltice SouthernRegion Environmental Office -Northern RegionEnvironmental Office
THfAILAND- SEC7URALENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR HIGHWAYS PAGE4 Table 1.2 Composition of the National Environment Board
Position Member Chairman Prime Minister First ViceChairman Deputy Prime Minister,designated by the Prime Minister SecondVice Chairman Ministerof Science,Technology and Environment(MOSTE) exofficio Member Ministerof Defence ex-officioMember Ministerof Finance ex-officioMember Ministerof Agricultureand Cooperatives |exZffic o Member Ministerof Transport and Communications |exofficio Member Ministerof Interior ex-offictoMember Ministerof Education |ex-fficio Member Ministerof Public Health ex-officioMember Ministerof Industry ex-officioMember Secretary-General,National Economicand Social Development Board |ex-fficio Member Director,Bureau of the Budget Member,Secretary PermanentSecretary, MOSTE QualifiedMembers Eight personsqualified in environmentalmatters, not less than half to be from the private sector.
11. The Department of Environmental Quality Promotion (DEQP) is primarily an informational department. Its divisions include the Environmental Promotion Division, the Environmental Information Division, and the Environmental Research and Training Center. DEQP also has some responsibility to foster environmental education.
12. The Office of Environmental Policy and Planning (OEPP) has the most direct involvement with the DOH. It has the most divisions of all the MOSTE environmental departments, and these include four regional operational offices around Thailand. The other Divisions include the Environmental Policy and Planning Division, the Natural Resources and Environmental Management Division, the Environmental Impact Evaluation Division, the Urban Environment and Area Planning Division, the International Environmental Cooperation Division, the Conservation of National and Cultural Heritage Division, and the Office of Environmental Fund. The duties of each of these divisions are outlined in Table 13.
13. Pursuant to the NEQA, Sections 46 and 51, the MOSTE (with NEB approval) published notifications in the Government Gazette on October 8 and 22,1992- (See Appendix B) The first provides procedures, rules, methods and guidelines for the preparation of environmental impact assessment reports. The second specifies the types of projects or activities covered. Project proponents must follow these notices in order to pass the environmental review process. Of particular interest to this SEA is the type of highway projects which require the preparation of an EIA, as shown in Table 1.4.
THAiLAND - SECTORAL ENVIRONME4TAL AssESSMENTFoR HIGHWAYS PAGE 5 Table 1.3 Divisions of the OEPP
OEPP Division Primary Functions
Secretary Office * Routine clerical and secretarial work for the Department Environmental * Prepare National Environment Plans and Policies Policy and Planning * Promote budget support for environmental quality development Division projects having priority. * Prepare the State of the Environment Report * Systematize environmental data, statistics and report relevant abstracts and bibliographies Natural Resources * Assess data of land use and natural resources relating to important and Environmental environmental and ecosystem values Management * Formulate plans. policies, and strategies for nature conservation, Division and to coordinate with other agencies concerned to cope with environmental problems * Evaluate and support projects for enhancing environmental quality Environmental * Evaluate environmental plans and policies Impact Evaluation * Evaluate Environmental Impact Assessments and report their Division recommendations to the NEB.
Urban Environment * Formulate environmental development policy, strategies, and plans and Area Planning in the field of the urban environment Division * Study and implement strategies and protective measures for urban land use, infrastructure, social services, and population distribution * Analyze and promote environmental development in the field of urban environment.
International v Coordinate with international environmental agencies for policy Environmental planning and other assistance Cooperation Division Conservation of * Formulate environmental development plans and policies related to National and natural and cultural heritages conservation Cultural Heritage * Study and implement appropriate guidelines and measures for Division natural and cultural heritages conservation * Evaluate environmental development projects in the field of natural and cultural heritages conservation Office of * Administer the Environment Fund as provided by NEQA. Environment Fund Regional * Assist in carrying out duties of OEPP in areas outside Bangkok Environmental Offices Note: Total OEPP personnel: 186 (145 technical staff) EIA Division personnel: 47 (43 technical staff) Transportation Section of EIA Division personnel: 4 (all technical staff)
THAILAND - SECTORALENVIRONMENTAL ASSE%MENT FOR HIGHWAYS PAGE 6 Table 1.4 MOSTE Requirements Relating to Highway ElAs
Notifications Relating to Highways Remarks
MOSTE Notification No. 1 (24 August 1992) Re: Specifying procedures, rules, methods and Steps for Submission of guidelines for the preparation of environmental Reports: impact assessment report
"11 All types of projects located in the areas where it "Prior to the Submission of has been approved by the Cabinet to be application for approval to watershed area as class 1 B" the Cabinet and the project expansion."
MOSTE Notification No.-2 (9 September 1992) Re: Specifying types and sizes of projects or activities of government agency, state enterprise or private person which are required to prepare reports on Size: environmental impact assessment
"8 Highway or road as defined by the Highway Act, "All Projects with equivalents passing through the following areas to or above the minimum 1) Wildlife Sanctuaries and Wildlife Non- standard of rural highway Hunting Areas as defined by the Wildlife including road expansion" Conservation and Protection Act 2) National Park as defined by the National Park Act. 3) Watershed area classified as class 2 by the Cabinet Resolution 4) Mangrove Forests Designated as the National Forest Reserve 5) Coastal Area within 50 meters from the Maximum Sea Level.
14. The OEPP, through its Environmental Impact Evaluation Division, has developed detailed procedures for the review of ElAs. Different processes are used depending on the whether the project proponent is in the private or public sector (or joint private/public ventures). Flow diagrams for these processes are shown in Figures 12 and 1.3.
THAILAND - SECTORAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSE9MENT FOR HiGHWAYS PAGE 7 Figure 1.2 EIA Approval Process for Private Sector Projects
Project Proponent
Submit EIA to OEPP _ and Permitting Agency _
OEPP Examines EIA and Related Documents (15 days)
Not Correct or Incomplete CorrecUCompl.t.
OEPP Reviews EIA and makes Preliminary Comments (15 days) js
ComitteoExert Reject Project Proponent Committee of Experts Revises EIA? Reviews EIA Within 45 Days No
Permitting Agency Withholds License Permitting Agency Grants License
THiAILAND- SECTORALENVIKC)NIVIETAL AssESSbENT FOR HIGHWAYS PAGE8 Figure 1.3 EIA Approval Process for Public Sector Projects
Government Agency State Enterprise
OEPP Reviews TOR for EIA (optional)
Agency Prepares EIA at Feasibility Study Stage
National 4 OEPP Environment Board Makes Submits Comments Comments
The Cabinet o Expert Persons Approves or or Institutions Rejects Project Submit Opinions
15. The EIA review processes also include review by "expert committees" which are appointed bv the NEB. There are five such committees at this time, covering the following areas: Industry, Mining, Water resources, Hotels/Resorts,and Infrastructure (which includes transport). The current make-up of the infrastructure expert committee is presented in Appendix B. A new group dealing with thermal and nuclear power plants is being set up in October 1993. The committees consist of representatives of affected ministries, academics, and one member of the public, represented by an NGO. There is no particular criterion for inclusion of the NGO, other than the individual be well-informed and capable of expressing their opinions.
THAILAND- SECrORAL ENVIRONMENTAL AsE5MENT FORHIGHWAYS PAGE9 16. These expert committees meet twice a month and review an average of three ElAs each time. OEPP Division of Environmental Impact Evaluation does a preliminary review of the EIA and requests changes or additions to the project proponent. When they are satisfied with the format and content of the EIA, they send it to the expert committee with a recommendation to approve or reject the EIA and the project. The committee does not always take the OEPP recommendation. If they feel the project should be rejected it is sent to the NEB with that recommendation. If NEB feels that it should be rejected, the project fate is left up to the cabinet, which has the power to stop the project. It should be stated that the NEQA does not appear to actually give the NEB or cabinet the power to stop a project, but rather it allows them to require project proponents to conform to EIA guidelines and mitigation measures.
17. In the period from 4 June 1992 to 16 August 1993, the OEPP considered 344 projects through the EIA process. Of these, 99 (29 percent) have been approved, while 226 (66 percent) have been retumed to the project proponents for more information or corrections. The balance were still being considered as of August 16, 1993. Table 1.5 is a summary of these actions.
Table 1.5 Summary of EIA Review Status, June 1992 - August 1993
Project Type Number of Being Result of Review ElAs Considered Received Approved Not Acceptable < 75 Total OEPP Expert Total days requests Group more requests info. correct. Hotels 19 2 11 13 2 2 4
Condominiums 2 - - - 1 1 2
Land 4 - - - 4 - 4 Development _ Ports/reclamation 22 1 3 8 9 4 13 Industry 34 6 4 13 12 3 15 Mining 263 10 11 65 179 9 188 Totals 344 19 29 99 207 19 226 Source: OEPP, 193
18. Another group which is set up by NEQA and which may have an impact on environmental issues in the highway sector is the Pollution Control Committee (See Table 1.6). This high-level committee is concerned directly with pollution prevention in the areas of water, solid wastes, toxic substances, air pollution and noise. It advises the NEB and the Minister of Science, Technology and Environment in measures to be taken to control pollution, including emission standards.
THAILAND- SECTORALENVIRONMENTAL AssESMENT FOR HIGHWAYS PAGE 10 Table 1.6 Composition of the Pollution Control Committee
Position Member Chairman PermanentSecretary, MOSTE ex-officinMember DirectorGeneral, Department of LocalAdministration |exfficino Member DirectorGeneral. Police Department |ex-officio Member DirectorGeneral, Department of Land Transport |ex-fficio Member Director General,Harbour Department ex-_fficipMember DirectorGeneral, Departmentof Public Works |ex-officio Member Director General,Department of MineralResources _ex-officinMember DirectorGeneral, Department of Industrial Works ex-officinMember DirectorGeneral, Health Department MeL-fficioMember DirectorGeneral, Department of Agriculture ex-officioMember DirectorGeneral, Department of EnvironmentalQuality Promotion ex-_fficinMember SecretaryGeneral, Office of EnvironmentalPolicy and Planning ex-officioMember PermanentSecretary, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration Member,Secretarv Director General,Department of PollutionControl QualifiedMembers Not more than five persons qualified in environmentalmatters, I___ appointed by the NEB
19. For new projects, a number of agencies-of the RTG have the power to block or otherwise affect highway projects. These generally have to do with the agencies' responsibilities and authority under various laws, and include the following examples:
* The Royal Forestry Department in the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (MOAC) can deny permission for building roadways through mangroves or other sensitive forest resources.
* The Fine Arts Department in the Ministry of Education is responsible for protecting cultural resources, and can affect roadway construction where these resources are threatened.
* The Ministry of Defence has control over Security Roads, and also can give or deny permission for other road construction in security areas of the country.
* The Department of Fisheries in the MOAC will intervene if new roadways are likelv to impact fisheries.
THAILAND- SECTORALENVIRONMENTAL ASE5SMENT FOR HICHWAYS PAGE 11 * The Royal Irrigation Department in MOAC, and the Harbor Department in the Ministry of Transport and Communications (MOTC) control roadway crossings of irrigation canals and navigable rivers.
* The OEPP has indirect authority to stop a private sector project by not approving the EIA. In theory, according to the law the licensing agency can issue a permit to the project proponent even without an EIA. This implies that the licensing agency accepts the risk and responsibility for the action. In practice, no agency has ever issued a permit without approval of the EIA. The OEPP cannot stop a govemment project, but can make recommendations to the NEB and the Cabinet, which has the authority to stop such projects.
1.1.2 Evaluation of the National Environmental Framework
20. The RTG has made significant progress in the last several vears in strengthening environmental laws and regulations, particularly with the passage of NEQA. The institutional framework for implementing this far-reaching legislation is in place, although not yet up to full strength. The MOSTE's three environmental divisions are working quickly to carry out their responsibilities under NEQA, and should be supported with programs aimed at institutional strengthening. These Departments appear to be under-manned in a number of key areas. For example, the OEPP has a very small group in charge of reviewing EIAs for transportation projects (only four technical staff, see Note in Table 1.3), and as more of these documents are prepared in response to NEQA it is likely that a significant backlog may build up awaiting review. This will tend to delay project implementation. The DPC has responsibilities to develop environmental protection standards, but does not currently have sufficient qualified staff to carry out the necessary health and economic studies. They will need a combination of contractor support and cooperation from other agencies (such as the Ministry of Health).
21. With respect to the inter-city highway sector, the main impact of this institutional insufficiency will be possible delays in the review of ElAs, especially if the ElAs are prepared in an incomplete or unacceptable manner. As is evident from the information in Table 1.5, nearly two thirds of ElAs being submitted to the OEPP are judged unacceptable and more information or corrections are requested. This indicates the need for improvements in the EIA development capability of project proponents. The Table also shows, however, that no highway sector ELAs have been reviewed to date under the new NEQA, so it is not possible to judge whether ElAs for roadways are being prepared in an adequate fashion. The environmental documentation procedures currentlv in use in the highway sector are discussed in Section 1.2.5.Suggestions for strengthening EIA development capabilities are made in Chapter 7.0 of this SEA.
77. Discussions with OEPP indicate that no significant changes to the EIA procedures for the highway sector are anticipated, with the exception of a strengthened public involvement process. At this point, OEPP is considering how best to do this. In the interim, DOH and other transportation-related agencies will be allowed to continue their current procedures. The NEB mav intervene on a case by case basis if important issues arise.
23. There appears to be a reasonablv efficient system of checks and balances with regard to protection of the environment in the highway sector. This is evidenced by the number of agencies which can affect construction of roadways which are likely to impact various environmental resources such as fisheries, forests, cultural resources, and river crossings. The road-building proponents generally must obtain permission from these agencies to proceed.
THAILAND - SECTORAL ENVIRONMENTALAssESSMENT FOR HIGHWAYS PAGE 12 1.2 The Highway Sector Framework
1.2.1 The Highway Transport System
24. Thailand has a multi-modal transport system which includes roads, rail, inland waterwavs, maritime waterwavs, air transport, and pipelines. Roads carry the largest majority of traffic, both passenger and freight, with road-to-rail ratios of approximately 9:1. Total road lengths in Thailand are as given in Table 1.7, which also shows a further breakdown, by region, of paved and unpaved Special and National Highways.
Table 1.7 Road Lengths in Thailand (1992)
Road Type Length
______(k in) Expressways 27 SpecialHighways 193 Surface Type (kilometers) NationalHighliaays 54,195 Paved Unpaved Rural Roads 132,491 North 12,601 3,834 Municipal Roads 14,724 Northeast 10,925 2,599
BMA 2,800 Central 11,770 3,169 Municipalities 11,924 South 7,874 7,616 Total 201,630 Totals 43,170 12,218
1.2.2 Ministry of Transport and Communications
25. The transportation sector in Thailand falls under the overall authority and responsibility of the Ministry of Transport and Communications (MOTC), whose organization is shown in Figure 1.4. The only transportation areas not under MOTC are pipelines, local roads in the Bangkok Metropolitan Area, road construction and maintenance in municipal areas, and feeder roads in rural areas. MOTC's communications responsibilities include the postal, telegraph, and telephone services.
26. MOTC is involved in the preparation of the transport portions of the national development plans, which are under the overall guidance of the National Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB).The fifth highway sector loan which is the subject of this SEA will help to fund the projects identified under the Seventh Development Plan, which covers the years 1992 to 1996. The loan proceeds may also be used to fund projects carried forward from the Sixth Development Plan.
THAiLAND - SECrORAL ENVIRONMENTALAssEssMENT FOR HIK;HWAYS PAGE 13 Figure 1.4 Ministry of Transport and Communications
|Minfirly ofTransport n |and CaommunicaUono
I OHilceof the |
Office oi the PermanentSecretT
Departmentof Departmentof Harbor Departmentof Postand Meteorological Officeo1 the LandTransoi I AvIaOon DepartmentI I hwa s Telegraph Deearlment MercantileMadne Departlnent Promoton Commission
Port Airpori StateRailway The Authority Authority of Thailand Communication of Thailand of Thaland Authorily of Thailand
Transport ThaiAirways ThaiAirways ThaiMartime Aeronaullcai Company Inbrnalional Aircraft Navigaion Radioof LUmHed Ltd. Maintenance Co.Ltd. ThailandLtd. _Co.,fi
Bangkok Telephone Express MassTransit Organl2ation Transportaton Authori of Thailand Or anizalon
Source:MOTC, 1991
Tl1AILAND- SECTORALENVIRONMENTAL ASsESSMENT R)R HIGHWAYS PACE14 1.2.3 Department of Highways 27. The Department of Highways (DOH),is a division of the Ministry of Transport and Communications(MOTC) and will be the primary user of the proceeds of the Loan. DOH is one of several agencies of the RTG with a responsibility for road construction and maintenance, as shown in Figure 1.6.The DOH is specificallycharged with the administration, planning, construction and maintenance of the Special, National, and Concession Highways, which comprise about 27 percent of the total length of roads in Thailand (see Table 1.7). DOH projects include developing the inter-city motorways, widening roads, maintaining existing paved roads, and improving road safety.The DOH organizationalstructure is shown in Figure 1.7. 28. The box at right presents an overview of the DOH Seventh Plan, DOHSeventh Plan OVwd,.w. prepared by the Programn-ningSection, Planning Division,as orginally presented Pricls es: to the MOTC for approval in November 1. DeveloppIntor-citymotoays:w 1991 [PADECO,19921. :2.: WIdInter-cy ads: : 3.- Rehbllltat exstinghihghway : -::w.: 29. As of 1992, DOH employed Emphr4n. sJ roafty:-ra :aty 46,312 employees, of whom 8,439 were civil servants, 14,873 were permanent PIJOC ty-pes, IA.orWd of faing priority employees, and 23,0 were temporary : . employees. Their educational and professional backgrounds are shown m 4 Po - Figure 1.5. The DOH does not have a : 5 : n:: separate environmentalunit, but environ- - mental screening and EIA developmentis 7 Ro Safet a responsibility of the Programnnng
Section of the Planning Division. go .:...-.,..... ^.^...... '{...... ,-....a'':''.'..
Figure 1.5 DOH Personnel Profile
Educonol Backgroind Professonal Stus
Utv. Ow 09W OM Pral O616 EfnIkUS 3% 17% 7% 3% 10%
TAILD EEW-
THiLAND - SEcTR>ALENvRoNmENTAL AsESmENT FOR RGHwAYs PAGE15 Figure 1.6 Agencies Responsible for Roads in Thailand
AGENCIESRESPONSIBLE FOR ROADS
- Special Highways . MOTC ~f DOH - National Highways EConcession Highways
BMA& MUNICIPALITIES Municipal Roads
MTCHARID R Rural Roads
lTHAISMN - SECIORJL ENYIR0NMM-TrAL ASSSMENTr FOR HIK{WAYS PArGE16 Figure 1.7 OrganizalIon of DOH
Director General
.Ia ' fmIg De De- SenkrExpert SeniorExpert SenbrExpert br Madrbl ot Pch forMechlnEcaulpE nt
DeputyODxctor Genetal Depuy DreetorGeneral DeputyDrector General ChiefEngineer DepdyDkecbrGeneral SenkoExpert 1 f Atdmkiblralolbn I lotEnninearlm I kwot Ooeralba I bforCorsruLrdon I bo Muhltenaece I rbtMaler.nen
_ OlileeoPblann | Mll canital Nelbnfalend | 2 Maintenance T fUghwys I 0 ion Dftbn Special~HgWmay, DMIvOn Ofc I ConstructibnI I gPersonnel Locationand | cicD.bnoo lsHhwayD1abn |e_ lhibn _l _RMeeinknlonbn ofrees Ilape
_ | Fhamee Consl uct6n 11 62Higlny Dhltrct | Dt*btl Materb xndl _ olile of Divisin Ollies Rnese:rch VehiceandI Prctt|OSbamr Llght Equlpmnnt_1 1trlhn
Losnn Conrdol II Oic Lel "'- | Olbn | office of a Construdon 4IOlAb n I HeaWEquiInert riIeenr THAreltieND| WoEIEhoW PAG 17 M ldical j EngineerhoinIg 7 Com(tuclon I Ovlsn I I Ohibn IRoadprnl | Projecs ORce | Training jCempyt | hbshn |Coftfutcibn V| OlfbbnH Dhiinff I ~~~~~~~Ollb ~~I § ~ ~~IProbet bOfSce
fond Rssearch ard Dl1sbln |
THiAILAND - SECTORALENVIRONMENTAL ASSES6NIENT FOR HIGHWAYS PACE 17 30. Highway investment by project type is shown in Figure 1.8. DOH obtains funds for its program from RTG budget A allocations, from foreign loans r. (principally IBRD, Asian 23w6 DevelopmentBank, and OECF),and . 3- from privatization projects. The growth of the DOH annual budget over the last thirty years and its 7" relationship to GNP and the total Royal Thai Government Budget is _i ss shown in Figure 1.9. 169 31. The DOH is also responsible for the proposed new Motorways System, shown Figure 1.8 Highway Investnent By Project schematically in Figure 1.10. The Type Underthe SeventhPlan current master plan calls for a total 4,345 kdlometersof limiited-accessrnadways, estimated to cost 355 billion Baht (approximately US$14.2 billion). It is planned that 198kilometers will be built under the Seventh Plan, costing 14.8billion Baht. Anticipated sourcesof funds for this program are from international loans and from privatization, but not from the IBRDFifth Highway Sector Loan. 32. Although this SEA does not address the Motorways Program directly, environmental impacts from it are expected to be significant, and detailed environmental assessments of individual sections as well as the cumulative impacts of the entire network should be completed prior to commitment to the program.
Figure 1.9 Growth of DOH Budget - Comparison to Total RTG Budget and to GNP
1--- 10-
Co A- - PAGE- FOR ------
Budgetuge -GN
THAILAN - SEcroRAL. EwmNVOmenTALAssE5sMET FORHIGHWAYS PAGE 18 Figure 1.10 The Proposed Motorways Network
HJ Lamph n 4; - - .ns _e ~~Latr-D1. .Ya-
' ''' ?s v ~~~~~~UdonTha0\,>
K..tmDhng Phot *:,
UlYANLIIAR !/ ;,
NY-\ Swm aNnR m
Q B/ u n f ~~~~~~CAMBODIA
> W ~~~~~Route g CUUi- oF THAJL^ND 1 OBRM - Ching Rai .--- ti.f v z ~~~2OBRM - Nong Khai . g ar ~~~~~~3OENRM-ChWOlharl r t ~~~~~~4OBRMISonf 7 t O ~~~~~~~21NakhonR _dkom-Ubon Raldchatmi f ; ~~~~~~~~~31 Outer 9unlgkokRing Mtowo (OBRLI s- t ~~~~~~~~32OBRM -KwanduLrl 93( g ~~~~~~~33 OBRM- SuphanBudi E AI^ Onsl ~~~34OBRM -nqa W {ffiMt / t~~~~ 35 ChunBWi- NekherRnhw Pha5i >S R. 36 R=Nml - Ch |ldng
> J4Sg1q A p- 4~~~1Landbrk i d>0tOno wm ~~~~~~~~42 SuritThad - Phuket SEA - S. tX ~~~~~43 NaWhonSi Thmrd
THlnitZ Ne103 GALFEaAladt
IIIAIIAN - SECMRAL ENVII9DETA ASSSMNT FOR HEWAY5 PAE 19 33. Maintenance accounts for 23 percent of the total budget of the DOH. The maintenance activities to be carried out by DOH in FY 1994 are EqJp.m RotAre characterized in Figure 1.11, at right. 72% m; DOH intends to invest 7.1 biUion Baht (USS 284 mniUion) on maintenance. Roci Routine and emergency maintenance is s pOed sci.iy carried out completely internally by force 30 8% account. Special and Periodic maintenance activities are contracted out 90 percent of EnwgSnwy Perodc the time. 26%
34. Construction accounts for the largest share of the DOH budget, 61 Figure 1im DOH Maintenance Activities, percent. This share of the budget has been FY 1994 growing significantly in recent years. In 1987,for example, construction accounted for approximately 50 percent of the DOH budget. The actual execution of construction works is 90 percent by contract, and only 10 percent by force account. The balance of the current DOH budget, 16 percent, is employed for administration.
.24 Department of Land Tr,ansport
35. The Land Transport Act of 1979specifies that the Department of Land Transport (LTD) is responsible for all comunercialactivities dealing with land transport. The primary duties of the LTD are as follows [LTD, 1990]:
X Establish policies for promoting public transport services, including buses, taxis, and trucks, and improving transport technology. * Develop policies for road transport energy use and alternative energy sources. * Prevent or reduce road transport pollution, and conserve the environment. 36. In terms of the inter-city highway sector, the LTD does not have responsibilities for construction or maintenance of roadways, but has considerable authority over road users. This includes everthing from vehicle inspection (for safety and pollution control), to taxation, to insurance and other requirements. Environmental issues under the purview of the LTD are primarly associated with vehicular emissions control and safety programs. THAIAND - SECrORALENVIRONmETAL AsEs?vENT FoR HIGHWAYS PAGE 20 1.2.5 Environmental Documentation in the Highway Sector 37. The DOH uses a three-step process for documentation of highway projects. First, planners in the. Planning Division (See Figure 1.7) screen all projects through the use of a checklist. This checklist, shown Appendix E, was developed by DOH ldoselyfollowing a checklist developed by the Asian Development Bank [ADB, 1988]. Second, certain projects require the preparation of an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE),also based to some extent on guidelines from the ADB. Finally, a few projects will trigger a full Environrmental Impact Assessment (EIA), currently following both ADB and World Bank guidelines. The World Bank guidelines are as given in the Environrmental Assessment Soucebooks (World Bank, 1991]. 38. It is not at all clear that NEQA or the MOSTE notices (See Table 1.4 and Appendix B) indicate that project size alone dictates whether projects require EIAs. Regarding size, MOSTE Notification No. 2 states that "all projects with equivalents to or above the minimum standard of rural highway including road expansion" ome P.r-n&ples for:Framing-Proecfs require an EIA if they pass through S P specified sensitive areas. This would appear to indicate that even "In order tO ensure meaningfulevaluation widening projects of modest cost may -o alternativesand to-avoid'commitments require an EIA in certain cases. In to transportationimprovements before general DOH and MOSTE should theyare fullyevaluated,the action resolve this issue to ensure thatDO e ed neach EIS* * shall: ' environmental documentation meets the requirements of NEQA. .f,4).c1* onne : ,c ,,t .l.Jo: ,gica1 - -- te r -.min i'.i a nd--- '.b b e x.of=''.- 39. As. can be seen m sufficient.length to ddressenironmental Figure 1.12,project requests are madte rson a brtoad:rscope;- to DOH from vanous sources, and these are subjected to a (2)have 1idependentutility.or independe'nt comprehensive planning process significancei .ebe- usable and:be.a which leads to inclusion in the reasonableexpenditure evenl-f.no Seventh Plan program. A notable additionaltransportationImprovementsin: exception to the comprehensiveness the areaarmade;and of tis approach is that no environmental screening is done at, cion of this stage. It is recommendled that DOH develop regulations or alterativesfor other reasonably pnnciples to help establishthe project foreseeable rnsportationo improvents. definition process, and iclude enviromnental considerations. An example of the type of principles - LSFHWAE which could be used to define . 23.CFR77IIII(,- projects is shown in the box above...... -. - THAILAND~R- SECTO.AY. HIGHWAYSE....EvIRONMfJTAL A55Es~4T . - THAILAN - SECTO)RALENVIaNMENAL AssSeSENT FOR HlHWAYS PAGE 21 40. The DOH has begun to include environmentalconsiderations in its current series of FeasibilityStudy Reports being developed for the majorprojects under the Seventh Plan. For example, the Programming Section,Plamning Division, DOH completed a feasibility report for widening projectsaffecting the National HighwayRoute No. 2 in the Northeastern Region from Nakhon Ratchasima to Nong Khai (see map, Figure 3.1) [DOH, 1993a].The DOH staff sought informal assistance from the World Bank EnvironmentalConsultant in Bangkok for advise on the contents of the environmental work 41. Completed in September, 1993, the feasibility report is the first to include a chapter which provides an overview environImentalassessment of the proposed projects, and an annex with background information on land use, quality of life, natural resources, and construction materials. Although there is no land acquisitionanticipated for these projects, the need to deal with potential resettlement issues (in other cases)appears to be recognized.A more detailed evaluation of this feasibility-levelenvironmental-screening process is found in Section 4.1. It is expected that this environmentalscreening at the feasibilitylevel will continue for other projects in other regions of the country. 42. At this time, OEPP reviews only those DOH projects which involve sensitive or protected areas, as directed by NEBor the Cabinet.These reviews are carried out by the Nabtral Resources Management Division of OEPP, not the EIA Division. The Cabinet resolution of March, 1992classifies projects in the sensitiveareas into three categories:those requiring an EIA, those requiring an EEE,and those requiring only a checklist.Widening of roads falls under the lEE category while rehabilitation and maintenance of existing roads require a checklist only [OEPP,1993]. 43. To avoid possible delays during the review process,NB in May 1993divided the responsibilities for environmental review of projects affecting sensitive areas among three entities, as follows: * The EIA Expert Review Committeereviews all ELAs; * OEPP reviews projects requiring only IEEs;and * The Forestry Department reviews projects requiring only checklists. 44. OEPP has developed specificguidelines for new highway construction and road widening projects which pass through sensitiveareas. These guidelines were made available to DOH in June of 1993,and are reproduced in Appendix C. No major environmentaldocuments have been completed by DOH using the new guidelines to date. THAIAND- SECroRALENVINmENTAL A8sseWENT FoR HGHWAYS PAGE 22 Figure 1.12 DOH Project Identification and Screening Methodology DRg~ MGMlwayovm. W' . of = r ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ For aornr1NEDR to etc, [Source:PADECO, 19921 H- S T rR iHWAYSPE 2.0 Project Description 45. The Fifth Highway Sector Project is an extension of the Fourth Highway Sector Project providing a time slice of funding which would continue to assist the RTG with financing to continue the Seventh Development Plan (and some carry-over from the Sixth Plan) for: (a) Improving Thailand's major inter-city roadways by widening to 4-lane standards; (b) Resurfacing and restoration of existing roads to allow them to carry increasing traffic and heavier vehicles; (c) Providing technical assistance and training; and (d) Supporting the procurement of various related types of equipment for MOTC, DOH. LTD, DPC, and other agencies. 46. The World Bank would loan US$250million and the RTG would provide US$200 million to help finance the DOH 1994-97 program which has been estimated at approximately US$8 billion [Gutman, 1993]. 21 Objectives of the Fifth Highway Sector Plan 2.1.1 Background 47. The Thai economy has been one of the fastest growing in the world in the last five years or so. Thailand is now a major economic player in the Southeast Asia region and has undergone significant social and political changes during that time. As an example, the agricultural sector, which in 1981 contributed a quarter of the GDP now represents less than 12 percent while manufacturing has increased to 27 percent. The Bangkok Metropolitan Area continues to grow in response to these changing economic drivers, and infrastructure throughout the country needs substantial iInprovements. For Thailand to sustain its enviable growth rate, large investments in infrastructure will be necessary. 48. As the population has become more wealthy and urban there has occurred a huge increase in the demand for transportation, both private and public. Roadway vehicle-kilometers- travelled increased at a rate of 10 percent per year during the 1980's, and vehicle registrations increased at a similar rate. When increase in road transport demand is combined with an inadequate road network in Bangkok and between the major cities, the results are predictable. The major cities in Thailand suffer from congestion, air and noise pollution, and frequent road accidents. 49. Air pollution in the BMR has worsened, and there is substantial evidence that several pollutants (such as lead and PM10) are present in dangerous concentrations in Bangkok's atmosphere. Traffic-related accidents have been rising at a rate greater than the increase in traffic volumes. Inadequate or unsafe roadway designs, poor vehicle maintenance and undisciplined driver behavior are among the reasons for the growing safety problem. 50. The RTG recognizes that these problems can only be addressed through a comprehensive and major effort to improve the trasportation infrastructure of Thailand. The World Bank has partly funded a series of Action Plans under the Third and Fourth H-ighway THwLAND - SECrORAL ENVIRONMETAL AssEssNT R'R HKIGwAYs PAGE 24 Sector Loans. These Action Plans address transportation-related air and noise pollution, road safety, and transport industry efficiency. Under the Fourth Highway Sector Project, an Action Plans Coordinating Unit (APCU) has been established at MOTC, and progress has been achieved on all the plans but much remains to be done. 51. Although spectacular traffic and environmental problems are evident in Bangkok, the focus of this SEA is the inter-city road network, which is the responsibility of the DOH. The current network generally appears to provide an adequate linkage among the major cities of Thailand, but increasing traffic dictates that capacity improvements be undertaken. Alternatives to these improvements are also discussed in this SEA. 2.1.2 Specific Program Aims 52. The overall goal of the Fifth Highway Sector Project is to help the RTG meet the continued rapid growth of transportation demand, specifically in the highway sector, and to continue to confront the serious environmental and safety issues described above. To accomplish these general goals, the following specific Project objectives have been established [Gutman, 19931: (1) Improve the quality of service of the road network through increased road capacity and rehabilitation, strengthening, and resurfacing existing roads; (2) Provide for a systematic process of environmental evaluation at the design stage; and, (3) Accelerate the implementation of actions to reduce environmental degradation and vehicular accidents which are attributable to the rapid and continuing growth of highway traffic. 53. The RTG, through its Department of Highways, intends to use most of the proceeds of this sectoral loan on the widening projects shown in Figure 2.1, and sunmmarized in Table 2.1, below. Table 2.1 Summary of Implementation Plan for Widening Projects, Seventh Plan Construction Implementation Year Region Length Cost (1992) ------(km) Million Baht 9 9 9 9 97 98 99 Northern 647 16,600 l_l_ I_ _ Northeastern 231 4,600 Central 120 3,000 Southern 893 21,700 *I*I*I_I_I_I_I - Total 1,891 45=900 THAILAND- SECTORALENVIRONMENTAL AssMENT FoR HIHwAYs PACE 25 Figure 2.1 Widening Projects under the Seventh Plan N3/ \ LAOS N6 % S ~~~ 'Jd~LonTh x,~~~ a Xha K n '-} N2 / <'-sP bYANUAR N N xNakPS< NEI 5 Chonawi / / OFTsGULF MLAND i? wVdenlngProjects ! Implemntntion Plan ! t<, ,- 1993-1996 Commined I \-Sq.wmsu, ;1994-1997 'i <9 t56' 'Vh narat 1996-1999 ft<"lkds Completed in 1993-1995 ANDAIMAN h SEA PmE ThaIanw ' .NavnlW 1993 ULAYLL BAOFFE WM MAgsO TILAND - SECrORALENVIRONENBTAL ASSES5MENT FOR HEGWAYS PAGE26 2.2 Environmental Issues 54. The major environmental issues associated with the Project are transportation- related air poUution and noise, and the potential for involuntary resettlement of people along or within the existing inter-city roadway ROWs. Since the Project will help provide financing for many different individual projects, the specific environmental impacts cannot be forecast. The main concem under the Fifth Highway Sector Loan is that a process for the proper evaluation of road-sector environmental impacts be in place within the RTG. This will ensure that informed decisions are made regarding environmental impacts and mitigation measures. 55. This Sectoral Environmental Assessment is prinarily aimed at describing the environmental documentation requirements, legal and regulatory framework, and the institutional capabilities of affected agencies (primarily the DOH and the OEPP). Suggestions are made for warranted project definition and screening procedural changes, mitigation planning, training, and other institutional aspects of the environmental assessment process. Enviromnental screening performed by the DOH and others for projects covered under this SEA is reported to the extent that it has been done and is available. 56. The SEA presents suggested mitigation measures in Chapter 6 which can be incorporated into individual projects to reduce or eliminate environmental impacts. An environmental monitoring program outline is presented in Chapter 8 to assist DOH in managing the environmental impacts of the highways program. 57. Table 22 is a general summary of environmental issues associated with roads and highways. The structure of the table is based on information found in the World Bankls Environmental Assessment Sourcebooks, the Asian Development Bank's guidelines for infrastructure projects, and other references. THAILAND- SECrORAL ENViRNmENTAL AssEsSMNT FOR HIGHWAis PAGE 27 Table 2.2 Highway Sector Environmental Issues Environmental Issues Application References Potential Positive Impacts: Expressways, [World Bank, * All-weather reliability primary roads 1991; p 168ff) * Reduced transportation costs * Access to markets and employment centers * Local road-building employment opportunities * Access to community facilities (health care, police, fire protection) Potential Negative Impacts: * Construction labor force impacts Expressways, [World Bank, * Spills of oils or other hazardous wastes primary roads, 1991; p 168ff]; * Air pollution and dust major new [ADB, 1988; * Noise and vibration highways pp 32, 331 * Water pollution from highway runoff * Erosion * Interference with natural drainage patterns * Impact on historic/archaeologic sites * Impaired views, aesthetics * Induced development into ecologically sensitive areas * Relocation/resettlement 'Potential Positive Impacts: Rural roads [World Bank, * Access to markets and employment centers 1991; p 133ffl, * Local road-building employment opportunities * Access to community facilities (health care, police, fire protection) Negative Impacts: I Erosion Rural Roads, [World Bank, * Interference with natural drainage patterns Private roads 1991; p 113ff], * Dust (mining, logging), IADB, 1988; * Induced development into ecologically Military roads pp 32, 331 sensitive dreas * Poorly planned/designed roads * Socio-economic disruption in remote areas THAILAND - SECrORALENVIRONMENTAL AsEsmENT FoR HIGHWAYS PAGE28 3.0 Baseline Data 3.1 Description of the Inter-City Highway Sector 58. The inter-city highways of Thailand which are to be affected by the Seventh Plan, and which will be funded in part by the Fifth Highway Sector Loan are shown schematically in Figure 2.1. These highways are primarily two-lane, paved roadways with unrestricted access. Figure 3.1 shows the growth of highways in Thailand over the last 28 years [Sources: Padeco, 1992, DOH, 1993]. 59. The three categories shown in the figure are "Paved", "Unpaved", and "Other." "Other" refers to roadways under construction and minor maintenance rural roads, and includes paved and unpaved roads. As can be seen, the growth of highways has occurred primarily in the Paved category, while the unpaved portion has remained relatively equal over the last ten years. The 1992 figures were obtained from a different source as previous years, and do not contain an "other" category. Figure 3.1 Route Length of DOH Highways 60.00 50.00- 40.00 -. 30.00-U ve E 20.00 10.00 1 0.00 l I I I Co o CD Cn LOen- r- n Cc m - LO to LO 9-_ _- 9-_ _- _ co- co co _ _ _ THAILAND - SECrORAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTFOR HIGHWAYS PAGE 29 60. As shown in Figure 3.2, the total length of DOH highways in Thailand is fairly well distributed throughout the four regions of the N'E ist country. Norlh 253 61. In 1990, approximately 80 percent of the total paved road network under DOH responsibility was surveyed to assess its condition (approximately 35,000 kmn).Of this, only 22 percent was in less than "fair" condition, and 10 Soulh 26r percent in "poor" condition [PADECO, 17% 19921. 3.2 Physical Resources Figure 3.2 Distribution of DOH lRoads by 3.2.1 Topography Region 62. The Kingdom of Thailand occupies 513,115 1km' much of which is potential or between latitudes 5027 and 200 27N, and longitudes 97022'and 105037E. The maximum length from north to south is approximately 1,620 km, and from east to west it is 780 km. Thailand has ample access to both the Pacific and Indian Oceans, with approximately 2,700 km of coastline. It shares borders with Mvanmar, Laos, Cambodia, and Malaysia. 63. Thailand has been y ,zFD0 divided into six physiographic CLTN^ regions. [See Figure 3.3, after 2 SISTCUST Arbhabhirama, et al, 1988, who .A "GHLAMIDS based their work on Moormann, 5S T vjUEr 1968]. The first of these is the CCOTEhTA40S Central Plain, which includes z a E1,11 TW Bangkok, and is comprised . W" M M %X_ primarily of the broad alluvial delta of the Chao Phraya River. This so-called Bangkok Plain, and I the alluvial valleys of the Ping, Figure 3.3 Physiographib ions of Thailand Wang, Yom, and Nan rivers to the north are demarcated by alLi. terraces. Occasional hills dot the northern and boundary areas of the Central Plain. Eleva- -. are shown in Figure 3.4. THAILAND- SECTORAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASESiMENT FOR HIGHWAYS PAGE30 Figure 3.4 Average Elevations of Thailand 1.~~ IN ,~ I' SECrORAL ENVIRDNMENTAL ION ASESEELEUAT (lIi NTEBRS) -~~~~~~~~-1 0' * = ~~~~~~~~~~UNiDER200 Source.PCGLO0BE THAILAND~ - SECFORALENVIRONMENTAL ASSESM&ENT FOR HJCHWAyS PAGE3~1 64. The Southeast Coast, Region 2, is defined by the Gulf of Thailand on the south and west, by the Banthat Range on the east (Thai-Cambodian border), and by hilly country on the north. The overall character of the region is hilly, marked by numerous terrace formations. There is a volcanic plateau west of Chanthaburi in the Tha Mai District. 65. The Northeast Plateau, Region 3, is described as primarily broad river terraces of the Mekong River and its tributaries. It is bordered to the north and east by the Mekong, to the south by the San Kamphaeng and Dong Rek scarps of the Thai-Cambodian border, and to the west by the hills of the central highlands. 66. The Central Highlands, Region 4, is physiographically complex. [t includes varied topographical aspects, such as hills, plateaus, peneplains, and river valleys. Of these, the Pa Sak River valley is predominant. The region is bordered on the west by the North and West Continental Highlands Region, and by the Central Plain. On the south are the Southeast Coast Region and the Cambodian border, and on the east is found the Northeast Plateau. 67. The North and West Continental Highlanris, Region 5, contains two sub-regions, the northern hills and valleys and the western mounmins.The westem mountains form the rugged border between Thailand and Myanmar. The northern hills and valleys are characterized by parallel ridges oriented north-south alternating with flat, elongated valleys. The more inportant valleys include those of Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Lampasig, Phrae, and Nan. 68. Peninsular Thailand, Region 6, includes several distinct hill and mountain ranges. The principal ones are the Phuket range on the west and the Nakhon Si Thammarat range which continues into Malaysia, forming the principal feature of the peninsula. The mountains in many cases descend to the Andaman Sea on the west, but the Gulf of Thailand coast contains relatively wider coastal terraces. 3.2.2 Soils 69. The soils of Thailand have been surveyed by the Department of Land Development [DLD, 1972], and are summarized in Table 3.1 following the convention of Arbahabhirama, et al [19881. 3.2.3 Climate 70. Thailand is a tropical country, whose climate is primarily dictated by the South and Southeast Asia Monsoons which blow alternately from the northwest and the southwest. The surrounding water masses modify the results of these monsoons. Generally speaking, Thailand has a "wet' and a "dry" season, although the northern uplands claim a separation of the dry season into "winter" and "summer". 71. The southwest monsoon brings moisture from the Indian Ocean, and occurs normally from May to mid-October. The northwest monsoon carries dry and cool air from the mainland of Asia, and extends from mid-October to February, although these times vary somewhat in different physiographic regions of the country. The hottest time of the year is the inter-monsoon season from approximately mnid-Februaryto May. THAILAND - SECToRAL ENVIRONMENTALASSESSMENT FOR HIGHWAYs PAGE 32 Table 3.1 Classification of Soils in Thailand Soil Order Area square million Percent km rai Entisols 16J360 10.5 3.3 Vertisols 4,156 2.6 0.8 Inceptisols 48,253 30.2 9.4 Mollisols 6,003 3.8 1.2 Spodosols 615 0.4 0.1 Alfisols 46,991 29.4 9.2 Ultisols 216,192 135.1 42.1 Oxisols 153 0.1 <0.1 Histosols 718 OA 0.1 Unclassified(including water bodies. etc.) 173,174 108.2 33.8 Totals 513,115 320.7 100.0 72. Temperature ranges vary between the northern mainland areas and the southern coastal and peninsular regions. In the mainland 2500- sections, mean maximum temperatures during the hot season range from 330 to 380C. The maximum recorded between 1951 and 1980 was 44.5°C. The 20M0 coldest temperature observed during the same period was 0.1MC.Daily temperature variations are normally about 10°C, but wider ranges of up to 200C have been observed. l=0 73. In the lower section, including the E, coastal areas and the peninsula, temperatures are more uniform due to the influence of the seas. The extreme temperatures recorded in Bangkok between 1951 and 1980 were 40°C and 8.9°C. 74. Precipitation in the principal regions of Thailand is shown in Figure 3.5, at right. 0 3.24 Surface and Ground Water X Z -a z Z, 75. The Kingdom of Thailand receives Region approximately 800,000million cubic meters (MCM) of rainfall annually, not evenly distributed Figure 3.5 AverageAnnual Rainfall throughout the country. Average total surface runoff is about 171,200 MCM, of which 89,995 MCM are in rivers, 80,775 MCM is stored in reservoirs, and the balance is in natural storage [Arbhabhirama et al, 1988, based on work by Dr. Pakit Kiravanich]. The largest river in Thailand is the Chao Phraya, with a drainage basin THAiLAND- SECTORAL ENVIRONMENTAL AssESSMENT FOR HicHWAYS PAGE33 of 178,000 km2, and average annual runoff of 30,000 MCM. This basin is the most important agricultural area in the country. 76. Groundwater is available throughout Thailand, but its quantity and quality varies considerably from region to region. The highest yields occur in alluvium and terrace deposits. Table 3.2 presents a summary of groundwater resources. Table 3.2 Groundwater Resources in Thailand Region Yieldstm'/hour) Remarks Northern Highlands Shallowwells: >25 Good quality for potable and Deeper than 50 m: 50 agriculturaluses. Deeper than 200 m: 150-200 Upper Central Plain River plain aquifers: 10- 70 Higher yields occur in the Older terrace aquifers: north, central and west areas. from 30 to 250 Lower Central Plain (Chao As high as 300 to 400 Amountsbeing extracted far Phraya River Basin) exceedssafe yields. Subsidenceproblems are common. Khorat Plateau (Northeast) Higher elevations:5 - 50 Water shortages occur in this Mekong alluvium:up to 100 area. Well water can be very saline. MaeklongBasin Shallow wells:up to 40 Similarto the lower Central Plain. The Peninsula Production wells:10 - 200 Resourcesoccur on eastern side of the peninsula. Eastern Provinces Alluviumwells: 7 - 10 Least groundwater potential in Limestoneaquifer: 10 -20 Thailand. ource: lArbhabh!ramaet al, 198S8 3.3 Ecological Resources 77. The NEQA and NEB have specified that projects which pass through or are likely to impact National Parks, wildlife sanctuaries, or other sensitive locations must have appropriate environmental documentation completed before a permit is granted. Thailand's heritage of natural resources is vast, but it is being threatened in some cases by over-exploitation and other human activities. 78. These natural resources include wild populations of both fauna and flora, as well as their habitats. These wild resources can be self-sustaining assuming that man protects the ecosystem. These areas include mangroves, other wetlands, rivers, marine environments, and forests. They are valuable for many non-consumptive uses such as tourism, research, education, and scenic beauty. They also contain economic resources whose value we may not even be able to guess at today, such as tropical plants which can yield important medicines or wild animals whose genes can contribute to the strengthening of domesticated animals. THAILAND - SECrORAL ENVIRoNMENTAL AssESSMENT FOR HxGHWAYS PAGE 34 79. In addition, the natural resourcesof Thailand,particularly its forests (diminishing at the rate of one percent per year [WorldBank, 1993c]),provide a variety of ecologicalservices to the greater environment such as: control of water flow and soil erosion, contribution to humidity and rainfall in the area, moderationof temperatures,and reduction of carbon dioxide and other "greenhouse effect"gases in the atmosphere. 80. Thailand has elected to protect its natural heritage through an ongoing effort of protection of naturally valuable areas in WildlifeSanctuaries and National Parks (See Figures 3.6 and 3.7,adapted from Arbhabhirama,et al, 1988].Table 3.3 lists the 52 National Parks which had been established as of 1986. Table 3A is a list of Wildlife Sanctuaries, and Table 3.5 summarizes "non-hunting areas." The ILJCNhas developed a list of endangered vertebrates found in Thailand, which is presented in Table 3.6. Figure 3.6 Wildlife Sanctuaries in Thailand -rv At7 _/T~~~: widlfSants. Sour= [AxbhabIraa et al, 19881 THAILAND- SEcrORAL ENVIRONMeTALAYdENrT KoR HIGHWAYS PAGE35 Figure 3.7 National Parks of Thailand r ~~~~~~~~~- , I \', " '' I _,_ ' 0 0 ~ ~ C - -_o -a- - 4/ ~~~~~Legend - 'j ' ua1_hna Sa e ToL , q Sore: IArbhabhzuaet al.9881 THAILAND- SECTORALENVI)MNAL ASBEMENT FORHEGHWAY5 PAGE 36 Table 3.3 National Parks in Thailand No Name Province Area Year (ha) 1 Khao Yai Nakhon Nayok, Saraburi 216,863 1962 Nakhon Ratchasima, Prachinburi 2 Phu Kradeung Loei 34,816 1962 3 Khao Sam Roi Yod Prachuab Khiri Khan 9,808 1966 4 Nam Nao Petchabun 96,600 1972 5 Tarutao Satun 149,000 1974 6 Khao Luang Nakhon Si Thammarat 57,000 1975 7 Doi Khuntan Lamphun, Lampang 25,529 1975 8 Nam Tok Phriu (Khao Srabap) Chanthaburi 13,450 1975 9 Thung Salaeng Luang Phitsanulok, Petchabun 126,240 1975 10 Phu Phan Sakhon Nakhon, Kalasin 66,470 1975 11 Erawan Kanchanaburi 555,000 1975 12 Khao Chanao - Khao Wong Rayong, Chanthaburi 8,368 1975 13 Khao Kitchakut Chanthaburi 5,870 1977 14 Doi Inthanon Chiang Mai 48,240 1978 15 Lansang Tak 10,400 1979 16 Phu Rua Loei 12,084 1979 17 Chaloerm Rattanakosin Kanchanaburi 5,900 1980 (Tham Tarn Rot) 18 Ramkhamhaeng Sukhothai 34,10D 1980 19 Sai Yok Kanchanabun 50,000 1980 20 Thale Ban Satun 10,160 1980 21 Mu Ko Ang Thong Surat Thani 10,200 1980 22 Khao Sok Surat Thani 64,552 1980 23 Tad Tone Chaiyaphum 21,718 1980 24 Doi Suthep-Pui Chiang Mai 26,106 1981 25 Ao Phangnga Phangpga 40,000 1981 26 Si Satchanalai Sukhothai 21,320 1981 27 Khao Sam Lan Sarburi 4,457 1981 28 Kaeng Krachan Prachuab Khiri Khan 291,500 1981 29 Mu KD Surin Phangnga 113,500 1981 30 Khao Phanom Benja Krabi 5,012 THARLAND- SECTORAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASEZ5MENT FOR HIGHWAYS PAGE37 No Name Province Area Year (ha) 31 Hat Nai Yang Phuket 9,073 1981 32 Mae Ping Chiang Mai, Lamphun, Tak 100,300 1981 33 Kaeng Tana Ubon Ratchathani 8,000 1981 34 Khao Laem Ya - Mu Ko Samet Rayong 13,100 1981 35 Wiang Kosai Phrae, Lampang 41,000 1981 36 Hat Chao Mai Trang 23,088 1981 37 Nam Tok Surin Mae Hong Son 39,660 1981 38 Srinakarind Kanchanaburi 153,200 1981 39 Thap Lan Nakhon Ratchasima,Prachinburi 224,000 1981 40 Ton Krabak Yai Tak 14,900 1981 41 Pang Sida Prachinburi 84.400 1982 42 Khao Pu - Khao Ya Phatthalung,Trang 69,400 1982 43 Mu Ko Similan Phangnga 12,800 1982 44 Khlong Lan Kamphaeng Phet 30,000 1982 45 Mu Ko Chang Trat 65.O0 1982 46 Lam Son Ranong, Phangnga 31S00 1983 47 Hat Nopparathara-Mu Ko Pi Pi Kmbi 38,996 1983 48 Phu Hin Rong Gla Phitsanulok, Loei 30,700 1984 49 Mu ECoPhetra Satun 49,438 1984 50 Phu Kaeo - Phu Phan Kham Udon Thani, Khon Kaen 32,200 1985 j_51 Mae Yom Phrae, Lampang 45,475 1986 52 Phu Jong Nai Yoy Ubon Ratchathani 25,443 19B6 bource: LArbhabhirama, 1988J THAILAND - SECORAL ENVIRONMENTALASSER4ENT FORHiGHWAYS PAGE 38 Table 3A Wildlife Sanctuaries in Thailand No Name Province Area Year (ha) I Salak Phra Kanchanaburi 85,855 1965 2 Khlong Nakha Ranong 48,000 1972 3 Phu Khieo Chaiyaphum 156,000 1972 4 Khao Sci Dao Chanthaburi 74,502 1972 5 Huai Kha Khaeng Uthai Thani, Tak 163,100 1972 6 Lum Nam Pai Mae Hong Son 119,400 1972 7 Thung Yai Naresuan Kanchanaburi, Tak 320,000 1974 8 Khao Khieo - Khao Chomphu Chonburi 14,470 1974 9 Khlong Saeng Surat Thani 115,620 1974 10 Phu Luang Loei 84,800 1974 11 Phu Wua Nong Khai 18,650 1975 12 Khao Banthat Phattalung, Trang, Satun, 126,720 1977 Songkhia 13 Yod Dome Ubon Ratchathani 20,255 1977 14 Phu Miang - Phu Thong Phitsanulck, Uttaradit 54,500 1977 15 Khao Ang Ru Nai Chachoengsao 10,810 1977 16 Ton Nga Chang Satun, Songkhia 18,200 1978 17 Maenam Phachi Ratchabun 48,931 1978 18 Mae Tuen Tak 117,300 1978 19 Doi Chiang Dao Chiang Mai 52,100 1978 20 Salawin Mae Hong Son 87,500 1978 21 Khao Phanom Dong Rak Si Sa Ket 31,600 1978 22 Doi Pha Muang Lampang, Lamphun 58,5w 1980 23 Doi Pha Chang Phavao, Nan 57,675 1980 24 Khlong Phraya Krabi 9,500 1980 25 Om Koi Chiang Mam,Tak 122,400 1983 26 Doi Luang Phrae 9,700 1984 27 Khao Sanam Priang Kampaeng Phet 10,100 1985 28 Mae Yuam Mae Hong Son 29,200 1986 urce: LArbhabhiTrma, 198J THAILAND - SECrORAL ENVIRONMENTALA TE56MNTFOR HIGHWAYS PAGE 39 Table 3.5 Non-Hunting Areas in Thailand No Name Province Area Features ______(ha) 1 Tha-le Noi Nakhon Si 45,000 Headwaters of Songkhla Thammarat, Lake; waterfowl Phattalung, ______Songkhla 2 Beung Boraphet Nakhon Sawan 21,280 Natural reservoir; waterfowl, only location for White-eyed River Marten 3 Pa Phru Narathiwat 16,000 Peat land forest, swamp; ducks 4 Nong Thung Thong Surat Thani 2,956 Marsh; waterfowl 5 Wat Tan En Ayutthaya 16 Herons, egrets, Indian I______shags, fruit bat, roost 6 Bang Phra Chonburi 1,856 Reservoir; waterfowl 7 Lawa Cave - Daowadeung Kanchanaburi 4,150 Bats (now in Sai Yok Cave National Park) 8 Doi Suthep Chiang Mai 1,750 Forest (now in Doi Suthep National Park) 9 Thale Sap Songkhla, 36,466 Brackish lake; waterfowl Phathalung 10 Khao Tha Phet Surat Thani 463 Patch of forest near town; birds 11 Wat Ratsattha Krayaram Samut Sakhon 7.5 Roost for herons and shags 12 Wat Phai Lom - Wat Pathum Thani 11.8 Breeding colony Open- Amphu Wararam billed Stork 13 Bung Kroeng Kanchanaburi 51,200 Reservoir; waterfowl Kawia - Nong Nam Sap 14 Li Bong Islands Trang 44,750 Mangrove, mud flats for waders 15 Khao Nam Prai Trang 2,080 Limestone mountain; serow, langurs 16 Khao Phra Phuket 2,228 Rain forest, waterfall, Thaeo wildlife park 17 Nong Prak Satun 2,043 Swamp; limestone Phraya - Khao Raya Bangsa mountain; serow, waterfowl 18 Huai Chorakay Buri Ram 620 Waterfowl Mak Reservoir THALAND - SEcroRAL ENVIRONENTAL AsESSMENTFoR HxiGwAYS PAGE 40 No Name Province Area Features (ha) 19 Sanam Bin Reservoir Burl Ram 570 Reservoir; rare ducks 20 Huai Talad Reservoir Buri Ram 709 Ducks 21 Nong Waeng Chaiyaphum 17.5 Pond; waterfowl 22 Khao Kra Dong Buri Ram 232 Forest park 23 Tam Rakang and Khao Ratchaburi 17 Limestone cave; bats Phranon 24 Khao Chong Prarn Ratchaburi 12.3 Limestone cave; bats 25 Pa Grard Songkhla 412 Forest area in lowland 26 Beung Khong Nong Khai 1,382 Marsh along Mekong ______River; waterfowl 27 Beung Chawak Suphanburi 320 Pond and marsh; waterfowl 28 Pha Ta Pon Cave Phitsanulok 284 Limestone cave and l ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~forest;bats 29 Khao Yai - Khao Pha Na Uttaradit 2,400 Limestone cave; bats Tang 30 Khlong Lamcharn Trang 5,400 Small ponds; waterfowl 31 Pa Rangkai Pattani 25 Roost for zebra dove etc., recreation-education area 32 Laem Taloompook Nakhon Si 5,673 Mangroves, sandy beach; Thammarat wading birds 33 Mae Lao - Mae Sa Chiang Mai 24,500 Mountain Forest; goral, serow 34 Nong Hua Khu Udon Thani 11.2 Natural pond; waterfowl 35 Khao Chi On Chonburi 368 Forest limestone mountain near temple 36 Khao Pa Chang Songkhla 23,500 Melaleuca forest, mountain, near shore 37 Tha-le Sap Nong Chiang Rai 434 Marsh; waterfowl Bon Kai 38 Khao Prathap Chang Ratchaburi 206 Hill forest on limestone; .______I I _ cave; monkeys ource: LArbhabhiramar 1988] THAMLAND- SECTORAL ENVIRONMENTALAssEs91NT F)R HIGHWAYS PAGE41 Table 3.6 Endangered Vertebrate Species in Thailand Species IUCN Thailand Status Sdientific Name Common Name Cassification FISHES ScieropagesFornosus Asian bonytongue fish vulnerable prized in pet trade Catlocarpiosiainetsis Giant carp Balantiocheilos Burnt-tail carp _ probably extirpated mefatwpterus Xenocheiuichtysgudgeri Backwater fish endangered Hemisilurus catfish endangered heterorhynchus REPTILES: River terrapin endangered endangered Batagur baska Lepidocheys olivacea Pacific Ridley's turtle endangered nests on few beaches in South Caretta caretta Loggerhead turtle vulnerable no longer nests Devrnochelyscoriacea Leatherback turtle endangered nests on few beaches Crocodylusporosus Saltwater crocodile vulnerable possibly extirpated Crocodylussianensis Freshwater crocodile endangered nearly extinct Tomistoma schiegeiii false gavial endangered probably extirpated BIRDS: (Only species breeding in Thailand included) Pelecanusphilippensis Spot-billed Pelican - no longer breeds Suba leucogaster Brown Booby - no longer breeds Anhinga mebinogaster Oriental Darter - very rare Mycteria leucocephalus Painted Stork - very rare Ciconia episcopus Woolly-necked Stork - extirpated Ephippiorhynchusasiaticus Black-necked Stork - extirpated Leptoptibosdubius Greater Adjutant - no longer breeds L. javanicus Lesser Adjutant - no longer breeds T7hreskionmis Black-headed Ibis - no longer breeds mebznocephalus Pseudibusdmisomi White-shouldered Ibis indeterminate extirpated P. gigantea Giant Ibis rare extirpated THAILAND - SECTORAL ENVIRONMENTALAssEsSMET FoR HK;HWAYs PAGE 42 Species IUCN Thailand Status Scientific Name Common Name Classification Sarkidionds inela1notos Comb Duck _ no longer breeds Cairinaseutulata White-winged Duck vulnerable very rare Ichthyophagnichthyactuis Grey-headedFish Eagle possibley extirpated Gyps bngalensis White-rumped Vulture _ no longer breeds G. mtdicus Long-billed Vulture no longer breeds Aegypius calmis Red-headed Vulture very rare Arborophilacharitonii Chestnut-necklaced rare, lowland forest Partridge Rollulus rouloul Crested Wood Partridge rare, lowland forest Lophura ignita Crested Fireback _ rare, lowland forest Syrmaticus hmtoe Hume's Pheasant rare no recent sightings, inontane Polyplectronmalacense Malaysian Peacock- - rare, lowland forest Pheasant Grus antigone Sarus Crane - extirpated Treron fulhncollis Cinnamon-headed Pigeon - rare, lowland forest T. olax Little Green Pigeon - rare, lowland forest T. capellei Large Green Pigeon - rare, lowland forest Otus sagitiatus White-fronted Scops-Owl - rare, lowland forest 0. rufescens Reddish Scops-Owl - rare, lowland forest Batrachostomusauntus Large Frogmouth - rare, lowland forest B. steloatus Gould's Frogmouth - rare, lowland forest Harpactesorrhophaeas Cinnamon-rumped - rare, lowland forest Trogon ______ Megacerylelugubris Crested Kingfisher - rare, lowland forest Rhyticeroscorrugahts Wrinkled Hornbill - rare, lowland forest Anthrocerosmalayanus Black Hornbill - rare, lowland forest Megalaimarafflesii Red-crowned Barbet - rare, lowland forest Geinulus grania Pale-headed Woodpecker - probably extirpated Pitta gurneyi Gurney's Pitta indeterminate rare, lowland forest Pseuidochelidonsinntarae White-eyed River Marten indeterminate rare, breeding status uncertain Pycnonotus eylanicus Straw-headed Bulbul rare, lowland forest Malacopteron affine Sooty-headedBabbler rare, lowland forest THAiLAND - SECrORAL ENVIRONMENTAL AS5EMENT FOR HIGHWAYS PAGE 43 Species IUCN Thailand Status Scientific Name Common Name Classification M. magSnum Rufous-crowned Babbler . rare, lowland forest Napothera mnacrodactyla Large Wren-Babbler _ rare, lowland forest Stachyris maculata Chestnut-rumped Babbler . rare, lowland forest S. nigricoflis Black-throated Babbler rare, lowland forest Macronousptilosus Fluff-backed Tit-Babbler rare, lowland forest Saxicola jerdoni Jerdon's Bushchat rare, grassy flood-plains of ______North MAMMALS: Dugong dugoan Dugong vulnerable very rare Rhinocerossondiacus Javan rhino endangered very rare Dicerorhiinussumatreisis Sumatran rhino endangered very rare Cerous porcrinus Hog deer _ very rare Cewus schomburgki Schomburgks deer extinct; lowland plains species Cervus ddi Eld's deer endangered possibly extirpated Bubalus bubalis Wild water buffalo vulnerable one small herd in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary Bos saureli Kouprey endangered possibly extirpated from Thailand Source: IArbhabhirama, 19881 THAn.AND - SECTORALENvIRONMENTAL ASSEMENT FoR HIGHWAYS PAGE44 3.4 Human and Economic Development 81. Thailand is a newly industrialized country with a strong and growing economy. An inevitable aspect of this success is a growing demand for better and more efficient transportation throughout the country. The GNP per capita for the years 1971 to 1991 is shown in Figure 3.8, comparing Thailand to other East Asia and Pacific economies' and the world average [Source World Bank, 1993dl. Although Thailand's GNP/capita is not the highest'in the region (those of Korea, Fiji and Malaysia are higher) the rate of increase has been larger than the Region's for the last six years. 82. There is one passenger automobile for every 71 persons in Thailand, compared to a spectrum ranging from 2 in Figure 3.8 Thailand's GNP/Capita Growth the USA and 4 in Japan, to 4,345in China and 6,751 in Bangladesh. Energy -use per capita in Thailand was 352 kg of oil 4= *--.--- equivalent in 1990,on the lower end for A industrialized countries. This compares with _.. 7,822 for the USA, 3,563 for Japan, 598 for 2 m.T .. China, and 57 for Bangladesh.With respect to a another environmental/economnicindi-cator, c 2. ------Reicn emissions of CO2 per capita, Thailand a -.--- contributed 0.39 tons of carbon per capita to uMO the atmosphere, compared to 231 for Japan, am 5.37 for the USA, 0.59 for China, and just 0.03 for Bangladesh (World Bank, 1993c]. These 0o r u.. t w indicators, particularly when obste ved over c' a) an' M a. time, suggest that Thailand is a developing economy which has not yet reached the levels of consumption and pollution generation of the industrialized countries, but is moving in that direction. 3.4.1 Communities and Population 83. The population of Thailand is growing at a rate of about 1.7 percent per year (Figure 3.9), which would result in a doubling of the current population in 41 years. Total fertility rate2 has fallen from 5.2 in 1971 to 2.3 twenty years later [World Bank, 1993d]. Infant mortality has also shown a dramatic decline in the same period, going from 68.8 per thousand live births in 1971 to 27 in 1991. Life expectancy at birth is cunrently about 69 years. Figure 3.10 shows the age distribution in 1989. Literacy rate for the country stands at about 93 percent. ' East Asia and Pacificis defined as China, Fiji, Indonesia,Korea, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Mongolia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, SolomonLslands, Thailand, Vanuatu, and Western Samoa. 2 Average number of children that would be born alive to a woman during her lifetime if she were to bear children at each age in accordance with prevailing age-pecific fertility rates. THAILAND- SECrORALENVIRONMAL ASESS4ENTFOR HIGHWAYS PAGE45 Figure 3.9 Population Growth in Thailand JU I is . W * *.* Figure 3.10 Agea- Distribution0 in Thaiad Ihle Femarle Age F§ftop'n _ I lop'. Ageg 6S. 1.Sx 1...9 65. 55-6 Z.Z .. S 55-6s 45-54 3.3. 3.4Az 5 35-44 S.4 5.3v. 35-44 25-34 8.Ox 8.t. 25-34 15-24 11.rz / U.9. 15-2 5-14 1Z.3cv t - -:-. * . 11. 5-14 9-4 6.2z _ -| 6.te 6.990 3.459' 3.458 6.g99 (In th lsl THAILAND- SECrORAL ENVIRONMENTALASESMENT FOR VIGHWAYS PAGE 46 84. As in most parts of the world, Thailand is becoming progressively more urban in character. Figure 3.11, based on data from TDRI indicates that every region of the country is becoming more urban, and that Thailand as a whole will see approximately 44 percent of its population living in urban areas by the year 2010, compared to 25 percent estimated for 1992. Although Bangkok will remain the predominant urban center, continued growth is also expected in the other urban centers, increasing the pressure for better transportation links among them. 85. The pattem of urban development in Thailand is clearly along the transportation corridors (Mekvichai, 19901.In all cities land is fullv utilized along roadways to at least 10 to 200 meters from the roads, often leaving land behind unused or underutilized. This is not only an urban planning problem but can lead to community impacts when even simple road improvements such as widening are required. Figure 3.11 Percent Urban Population by Region 60.0% - 50.0% * Northect 40.0%-LI North * Ecst OM (DtO CS a,, O THAILAND - SECrORALENVIRONMENTAL ASSSMENT FOR HIGHWAYS PAGE 47 3.4.2 Industry 86. All regions of Thailand, with the exception of the Bangkok Metropolitan Region, had agriculture as the major sector of production. Table 3.7 is a characterization, by province, of the major Gross Provincial Product (GPP) patterns for the country. Thailand's major commodity exports are rice, sugar, corn, rubber, and tin, and it is increasing its export of manufactured goods. It imports machinery, transport equipment, fuels, some metals, and chemicals. Table 3.7 GPP Sector Shares by Province, 1987 GPP Sector Pattern Province (Region) Percent Contribution Agricul- Manu fact- Trade Services ture uring Manufacturing as BMA (BMR) f s 33. 20.0 16.7 predominant sector, and SamutPracan (BMR) 5.1 55.7 17.8 4.0 Trade as secondary sector Samut Sakhon (BMR) 15.5 35.5 19.6 5.8 Pathum Thani (BMR) 8.5 53.5 16.2 5.1 Saraburi (Central) 11.0 30.0 15.6 6.6 Chon Buri (East) 10.4 30.4 20.9 21.6 Manufacturing and Ratchaburi (West) 19.1 17.9 12.4 11.2 Agriculture equally Ayutta (Ce 20.1 21.3 14.7 12.6 importantAytha(Cnrl201 2.14726 Tak (North) 17.8 18.1 11.6 8.9 Agriculture as primarv Nakhon Pathom (BMR) 29.1 193 9.1 13.7 sector. Manufacturing Kanchanaburi (West) 2. 481. . and Trade also 28.2 14.8 14. 6.7 important NakhonRatchasima (NKeast) 30.1 13.4 12.3 12.2 Khon Kaen (Neast) 22.6 14.8 13.3 17.1 Service and Phuket (South) 10.6 15.3 14.1 21.8 Manufacturing as leading sectors Nonthaburi (BMR) 12.1 24.1 8.0 18.4 Agriculture and Services Chiang Mai (North) 26.1 9.5 11.8 21.2 as leading sectors Agriculture and Trade All other provinces as leading sectors Whole Kingdom 17.2 22.7 16.7 142 5ource: -Mekvichaiet al, I THAILAND - SELTORAL ENVIRONMEN'TALASSESSMENT R)oR HIGHWAYS PAGE 48 3A.3 Land Use 87. Table 3.8 is a summary, by region, of land uses in Thailand as of 1985 [based on Arbhabhirarna, 19881.It can be seen that the country is still overwhelmingly agricultural in terms of land utilization. Interestingly, almost as much land is given over to national forest preserves (although this includes forest which has already been "encroached"). This once again points out the need to carefully consider the potential impacts of highway projects on these protected areas, as required by NEQA. There is so much land that is protected that it is reasonable to expect that many highway projects will go through or adjacent such areas. 88. Urban land uses, such as towns and villages, are also c ommon, although they occupy only a very small fraction of the total area of the country. Even widening projects may have significant land use impacts in these areas. Primary impacts such as relocation along the right of way and noise from increased traffic are more likely, as are secondary impacts such as undesirable induced development. Table 3.8 Land Use in Thailand, kn 2, 1985 Land Use North Northeast Central East South Total Percent Forest 103,701 54,073 20,394 14,068 25,742 217,978 42.5% Agricultural 55,680 99,605 37,539 19,133 31,309 243,266 47.4%/6 Urban 746 791 1,811 340 691 4,379 0.9% 1Water 962 1,587 1,012 291 1,043 4,895 1.0% Other 8.555 12,682 8,765 548 11,931 42,481 8.3% Totals 169.644 168.738 69521 34,380 70,715 512,999 100.0% lbased on Arbhabhirama,19 _j 3AA Agricultural and Mineral Resources 89. Agriculture accounts for approximately 17 percent of the GDP of Thailand (refer to Table 3.7), making this sector the second most important after manufacturing. The Kingdom has a large potential supply of arable land distributed throughout the country. As can be seen from Table 3.9, almost 57 percent of all suitable land is under cultivation. Suitable land in this case includes areas generally unsuitable for economic crops, but that can be used to cultivate special crops once appropriate measures are taken. If these marginal lands are removed from the "suitable" total, the area under cultivation in the country increases to almost 74 percenL Because much of the suitable land is already in use, any disruption to agricultural lands as a result of highway development may be difficult to mitigate through land replacement. On the other hand, the development of a good regional highway network will make it easier to market agricultural products within the country and abroad. 90. Thailand is blessed with considerable amounts of economically valuable minerals- In 1980, tin was second only to rice in terms of foreign exchange earnings. By 1985, the depressed world market for some commodities d,opped tin to sixth place behind textiles, rice, tapioca products, rubber, and integrated circuits. It is unlikdy that highway construction will THAILAND - SECTORAL ENVIRONMENTALAaSSMENT FOR HiGHWAYS PAGE 49 have a negative impact on mineral exploitation in Thailand, but a positive impact may be possible by improving transportation. Table 3.9 Land Suitability for Agriculture, km2 , 1983 Land Suitability North Northeast Central East South Total Percent Upland crops 32,058 49,111 18,377 8,491 257 108,294 21.1% Paddy 26,295 64,833 23,798 8,934 11,291 135,151 26.3% Perennial crops 0 0 1,124 1,537 23,515 26,176 5.1% Specialcrops 23,559 34,000 5,368 8,903 7,894 79,725 15.5% UUnsuitable 86,786 19,348 20,553 6,381 26,732 159,80 31.1% Water bodies 946 1,562 301 135 1,025 3,970 0.8% Totals 169,644 168,854 69,521 34,380 70,715 513,115 100.0% Being Farmed 44,704 85,232 45,865 (Incl.in 22,968 198,768 Percent of 54.6% 57.6% 59.9% Central) 535Y7 56.9% SuitableLand [based on Arbhabhiama. 1988] 3.5 Quality of Life 91. This section presents a brief summary of issues which should be investigated in more detail for those highway projects which require environmental documentation beyond the checklist stage. This is not meant to be all-inclusive, and other aspects of quality of life may be important in specific circumstances. 3.5.1 Socioeconomic Values 92. Improved transportation can have many beneficial impacts on socioeconomic values of the community, and also some negative effects. As specific projects are evaluated, care should be taken to ensure that positive and negative effects such as the following are addressed: * Increased employment due to highway construction. * Loss of property due to highway right-of-way needs. * Loss of beneficial use of properties which are not taken for road construction but which become cut off from access or otherwise useless. * Improved farm-to-market and other trade transportation, resulting in increased community income. * Improved access to public facilities, including health care, police and fire protection. * Severance, or loss of access to some facilities by wide or limited-access roadways. * Loss of productivity from adverse effects of air pollution or noise from increased traffic. * Increased traffic accidents. THAILAND- SECroRALENviRoNMENTAL ASSEs=MENT FOR HIcHWAYS PAGE 50 3.52 Public Health 93. Public health in Thailand has been improving steadily as the country continues to develop. Life expectancy at birth has increased from about 59 years in 1971 to about 69 years today. Infant mortality has dropped dramaticaUly, and health care is widely available, particularly in urban regions. Highway construction, particularly projects that do not require additional right-of-way, should not seriously impact public health. Particular projects should be evaluated for their impact of the community's physical access to these services. 94. A public health problem which is sometimes overlooked is the increase in the spread of disease due to improved transportation. This problem should be investigated at the national level, and measures taken to reduce this danger through disease prevention and treatment. It is unrealistic to expect that highway construction will be reduced simply to prevent the spread of communicable diseases. 3.5.3 Recreational Resources 95. Thailand's significant recreational resources may be made more available by improved transportation. These resources include the Kingdom's National Parks, its many beaches and resort areas, and even urban recreation amenities which could be made more accessible. Project-level environmental assessments should enumerate local recreation potential and investigate the project's impacts. These imnpactscould include access problems during construction, increased noise and air pollution for parks and other public sites, severance of recreation amenities from neighborhoods, etc. 3.5A4 Aesthetic Resources 96. Similar to recreation resources, aesthetic resources may suffer impacts from highway construction, but will also make these more accessible to the public. 3.5.5 Cultural Resources 97. Thailand's many cultural resources include religious sites, archaeological and historic sites, schools, universities, and performing art centers. As in the case of recreational and aesthetic resources, a careful inventory of cultral resources should be performed during the environmental evaluation of specific projects. The DOH may wish to engage the services of specialists in these areas to determine the presence of cultural resources and the potential for harmful disruption. THAILAND- SECroRAL ENVIRONMENTALASSE5MENT FOR HIGHWAYS PACE 51 4.0 Environmental Impacts 4.1 Environmental Project Screening 98. The DOH currently does project screening in two ways. First, it completes environmental checklists for all projects, and proceeds with IEE or EIA as warranted by the checklist and as determined by the size of the project. Second, DOH has started to include environmental issues in the feasibility study reports that the Planning Division prepares for major projects. As mentioned in Section 1.2.5, this has been done for the widening projects anticipated to be carried out on National Highway Route No. 2. Positive impacts were identified as the provision of improved transportation efficiency, safety, living standards and quality of life for the people of the region and nearby countries, particularly Laos. Negative impacts were identified as destroyed plants, silt runoff, dust, noise, vibration, changing of the terrain, safety, health, and induced development. Little specific information is given as to the reasons for these conclusions or the methodology used to arrive at them. This DOH screening process could be improved through the use of any one of several handbooks or methodologies in use in the region or under development3 , although many of these handbooks address individual projects. 99. For a progranmmaticeffort such as the Fifth Highway Sector Loan projects of the Seventh Plan, it is useful to carry out a preliminary screening of all the projects based on potential for environmental impact. In Thailand, as mentioned in earlier chapters, the need to perform an EIA is dependent on the location of the project to the extent that it crosses or lies adjacent to National Parks, wildlife protected areas, important water bodies, and other sensitive sites. Because of this, an attempt has been made in this SEA to perform a c-rsory review of aU projects contemplated for funding under the Seventh Plan. 100. This review was done as a desk exercise which involved careful examination of the DOH 1:1,000,000 scale highway maps and looking for the presence of Wildlife areas, National Parks, water bodies, and towns along the route of each projecL No claim is mnadethat actual impacts are expected as a result of these projects, but their presence near sensitive locations indicates that care should be taken in their planning and execution, and that in a number of cases full enviromnental documentation pursuant to NEQA wil probably be warranted. 101. The procedure used in this screening consisted of checking on the highway maps how many kilometers of a projects length appeared to impact sensitive areas. Water bodies were considered potentially impacted if the roadway came within one kilometer of the water body. This probably overly conservative, but it was not practical to attempt to look at smaller distances given the scale of the mapping. A river or canal crossing was arbitrarily assigned 2 kilometers of project impacting length. In no case did impacting length exceed the length of the project, which explains why the interchange projects have very small impacting lengths assigned to them. Detailed tables showing the screening results, by project, are reproduced in Appendix H. The results of this prelminary screening is presented in summary forn in Table 4.1. 3 See, for example, the World Bank Sourcebooks [World Bank, 19911;a new handbook on roads and the environment also from the World Bank IWorld Bank, 1993a]; a methodology manual in use in Indonesia [Hoff & Overgaard, 1993]; or the Asian Development Bank's Guidelines [ADB,1988]. Appendix I also includes relevant sections of US Federal Highway Administration's Guidelines for Environmental Assessment, which is presented in the form of flowcharts. THAILAND - SECrORAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTF4R HIGHWAYS PAGE 52 Table 4.1 Preliminary Environmental Screening of Seventh Plan Projects Region Total Wildlife Preserves National Parks Waterways Projects affecting Number Towns of Projects Projects Km Projects Km 1ProjectslKm Projects No. Rehabilitation/Reconstruction Projects North 69 3 66 0 0 35 296 41 103 N'East 39 0 0 1 60 27 156 33 97 Central 70 1 4T 0 0 15 78 13 17 South 57 2 271 5 37 22 109 38 80 Totals 2351 6 97 6 971 639 225 297 Widening Projects North 17 2 10 0 0 5 40 11 26 N-East 17 0 0 1 5 14 71 16 47 Central 35 0 0 2 58 10 69 7 13 South 16 1 5 0 0 8 65 16 50 Totals 85 3 15 3 63 37 245 50 136 InterdcangeProjects North 5 0 0 0 0° 0 0.48 2 2 N'East 4 0 0 0 0 1 1.68 3 3 Central 21 0 0 0 0 1 2.4 4 4 South 8 0 0 0 0 0 01 0 0 Totals 381 01 0 0 21 4.561 91 9 New Link Projects North 14 0 0 1 9 4 34 10 10 N'East 16 0 0 1 24 2 2 12 14 Central 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 South 14 0 0 0, 0, 1 1 4 5 Totals 61 O 0 21 331 71 37 - 28t 31 ______Paving Projects _ _ North 56 1 3 1 10 5 17 4_ 4 N East 60 2 39 2 33 11 34 23 50 Central 60 0 0 1 8 14 78 21 41 South 39 2 10 1 5 5 30 10 16 Totals 2151 51 521 51 561 351 159| 58 11I Summary of ALL Seventh Plan Projects (ExceptMotorways) North 161 6 79 2 19 49 387 68 145 N East 136 2 39 5 122 55 265 87 211 Central 203 1 4 3 66 40 227 47 77 South 134, 5T 421 61 421 361 205 68 151 Totals 1 6341 141 1641 161 2491 180 1,085 2707 584 - Source: Basic Project data in PADECO, 19921 THAILAND- SECrORALENVIRONMENTAL ASSaMdENT FOR HK;HWAYS PAGE53 42 Cumulative Impacts 102. The screening procedure described above also provides a rough indication of cumulative impacts which can be associatedwith the SeventhPlan highway developmentproject (excluding the Motorways). While mindful of the fact that Table 4.1 reflects only potential impacts, it can be said that the program may have the followingcumulative effectson Thailand's environment: * 14 projects (out of 634) may impact WildlifePreserves for a total route distance of 164kilometers. * 16 projects may affect National Parks, fora total route distance of 249 kilometers. * Up to 180 projects wiUlpass close to or cross waterways, with a potential impacting route length of 1,084kilometers. * 270 of the projects will pass through or otherwise potentially affect 584 towns. 4.3 DOH Land Acquisition Procedures 103. Another important aspect of environmentalinpact is the DOH Land Compensation Examples possibility of relocations due to land acquisition for right-of-way. The Case 1: ROWAcquisition for Pran Katai - Bang Seventh Plan investment program Rakum National Highway, November report indicates in the first page of the 1992. Compensation of Baht 3,334,251 executive summary "DOH urgently (US$ 133,3W) for relocation epenses to requires substantial fimding for land 57 families living illegally.inthe National acquisition. During the Seventh Plan Park, which was declared part of the period the amount needed is ROW. equivalent to 17% of the projected budget approPrations.' [PADECO, Case .2: ROW Acquisition for Chiang Mai - 1992]. In another place, the report Sanpatong National Highway,March estimates that Baht 7 biRlion(US$ 280 1991. Compensation of Baht 16,700 (US$ million) will be required for land 670) for a -structure and trees to -a acquisition through 1996. Discussions resident who had made a living on with DOH indicate that these public land fora long time acquisitions are generally not envisioned for the widening, paving, Case 3: Nakom Thai - Ban Teen Tok - Ban Na and rehabilitation projects being Muang National Highway: Due to considered for funding under the Fifth construction erosion of ateriteduring Highway Sector Loan. The main land the rainy season caused damage.to acquisition costs will be associated nearbyfarmseh-CabinetdirectedDOH with the Motorways program and tonbmpensars TheCfarmers at arate of interchange development [DOH, not more than Baht 2,000 per rai (USS 1993b1. 500 per hectare). 104- DOH provided three case studies which are illustrative of the way the process acually works in situations where land ownership is not dear. These are THAILAND - SECTORAL ENVIRONmENTAL AssEsNT FOR HIGHwAYs PAGE 54 shown in the box above. Although final payments were made in all cases, it appeared that a long and somewhat cumbersome process was involved. Cases l and 2 were situations where the people compensated did not own the land to be used by DOH. Case 3 went all the way to the Cabinet which ruled in favor of land owners. It is of particular interest because compensation did not involve land acquisition but rather impacts to adjacent properties. This precedent may need to be observed by DOH in project cases where highway construction impacts land owners or nearby residents not by taking of property but rather by limiting its utility, such as by erosion impacts or by eliminating access. 105. Although land acquisition and resettlement is not considered a major aspect of this SEA, a review of DOH procedures was considered prudent given the very large number of projects involved. This process is summarized in Figure 4.1, and further detailed in Figure 4.2. The land acquisition procedure appears to be complete. Historically the time required from the inception of the acquisition process to final payments to land owners is quite lengthy. Recently, actions have been taken to expedite the process. Because of institutional barriers, resettlement is generally not addressed by DOH. Recommendations for improvements are made in Section 10.2. Figure 4.1 Land Acquisition Overview Identify Preliminary DOH Obtains Route Ministerial Order-I Able to Make Use (urge9nto tice of the Property 4 - 5 mOnh Issue Royal Decree Royal Decree in Effect 10- 12 months Validfor 4 yars DOH and Land Owner Seek A reement- Reach Voluntary Agreement to Procure to Sell Property According to Royal Decree Detailed Issue Land r ire Design Acquisition Law THAILAND- SECTORAL ENviRONMENTAL AssESSMENT FOR HKIiWAYS PACE55 Figure 4.2 DOH Land Acquisition Process DOH Land Acqulsiltion Process * Project Proponent Division subrnts map of alignment * Checrked by Land ACqu diion Division (10 oaVS) * Examineinlormation ISSUEROYAL DECREE ISSUELAW 130days) l DOMprepares nformalion * DOO pieparesinlormarion A map and * Gal approvallor land a map andsubmils tO the submits10 Ihe Cabinethr approval acquisilionand establish Cabinetloa approvalin principle m principle 1120days) Negotiationand Valuation II0 days) * Legal Committeeexarnte the dralt Commiltte (30 days) * LegalCommittee (00 days) examinesthe dratl * CabinetSecrelariat Jtticr submitsto the (90 days) Cabionttar approvalar, order tar * CabinelSecrelariat Oflice preperingmaps (30 C Ays) submitsto the Cabonet * Prepare2.S00 sets tar approvaland order ot maDsand submitIt tar preparingmaps Parliamenttar consieatilion (30 aays) (45 days plus timedependent * Prepare8.500 Sets o maps on the Parlrment) and issuethe RoyalDectee * Pepale 8.500sets at maps (90 days) and issue Ite law * Surveyand eslad1ietia (90 days) Committee on Compensation I (30days) In case of issuing law , . .- ...... acodntoAile2accordingto Articler23 or in case at no agreement F ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~inprincipleat * Establishcrderia _ ApprovalWithin DOH Royal Decreelevel for cormpensalion for land. * Caomtdl Approvrd buildings and tress * Cabinet Issues Urgont Notice (45 days) * Depositmoney and make use * Divisionsubmits to of land DON tarapproval (30 days) LAND BUILDINGS I TREES * Sufvay * Survey& calCulatecompensation (30 days) (60 days) * Certifyowner * CompensationCommittes reviews (90 days) (30 days) * Calculale * fssuenotice and negotiate with Ownurs compensation (30 days) (1 5 days) . Approvefor payment (I S - 40 days) * Examine intormation (30 days) Noice io OC S eners 130 ca ys) * APProVer pty.E i fment (IS - 40 days) Py mentPayment a (Tolta of 375 tolatld 01 *00 days) 2 as GRIEVANCE PROCESS * Submitinformation to the Commdeutotron Grvances * Expsanatinto tse Commmueon Gnevance * Calculatecompensatron according to Ihe clmrslet'sorder * Payment according to the Miister's oroer * Sue in coun * Submdinformalion lo Ilia ProseculorI * Witness in courts| * Caliculate compt nsalion ;tccording to the court's ordw * Paymentaccording to the court'sordet THAILAND - SEClURAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSEaMENT FOR HIGHwAYs PAGE 56 5.0 Analysis of Alternatives 106. This Sectoral Environmental Assessment investigates only those projects selected for the Seventh Plan by DOH. As discussed in Section 1.2.5, no environmental considerations were taken during the process of selecting the candidate Seventh Plan projects, so alternatives between projects are not evaluated. 107. Programmatic altematives to the Seventh Plan projects are not evident. The nations primary highway infrastructure is in serious need of upgrading in order to deal with demand that is there now, and which is anticipated to increase. Railroad and inland waterway transportation are alternatives to a portion of the projected increase in traffic, but will probably not satisfy the demand other than perhaps for the increase in goods movement. Air transportation within Thailand is also in the process of being upgraded, and new domestic carriers are competing for a small portion of the inter-city traffic, but this will not significantly relieve existing congestion on many of these roads. 108. The Motorways system, which should be the subject of a comprehensive environmental assessment in its own right, will act as an important alternative transportation network within the country. It is anticipated that this system will have far larger impacts than the widening, rehabilitation, reconstruction, and paving projects investigated in this SEA. Moreover, it is uncertain when this vast program will be completed, resulting in a gap of many years before the Motorways can significantly relieve the inter-city network. For these reasons it is believed that DOH should continue with the Seventh Plan program which it has developed, while taking care to evaluate projects for their environmental effects on a project-by-project basis. This would include developing appropriate alternatives at the project level. Guidance on how to develop these alternatives is available in various references cited in this SEA [see, for example, World Bank, 1991; ADB, 1988; Hoff & Overgaard, 1993; World Bank, 1993a] THAILANI) - SELTORALENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTFOR HKH WAYS PAGE 57 6.0 Mitigation Plans 6.1 Mitigation Framework 109. Potential adverse environmental impacts may occur during project construction and operation. Impacts may result from the physical location of a facility, its specific design or its operating characteristics. Some types of impacts may occur only during the construction phase. Others may be associated with roadway operation. Negative project-related impacts can be mitigated in several ways, including: Avoidance - New roadways can be routed to avoid particularly sensitive areas. Avoidance becomes more difficult where modifications to existing roadways are proposed as with projects to be funded through the Fifth Highway Sector Loan. With existing road projects, however, it may be possible to avoid some of the more significant impacts with bypasses. * Minimizatina - The adverse effxct of impacts can be minimized through application of appropriate mitigation techniques. For example, noise imracts can be minimized through provision of sound attenuation barriers. * Restoration or rehabilitatioua - Restoration to the previous condition after project construction or at the close of project operation is sometimes undertaken with mining projects or projects involving construction activity in wetlands. Complete restoration is difficult with roadway projects as the roadway will continue to operate long after construction is completed. However, elements of the affected environment can be retumed to their previous condition. For example, if a roadway project would change an area's natural drainage, it is possible to design the project with culverts and other drainage works to restore the affected drainage pattern to its preconstruction condition. * Preservationi - Some mitigation techniques allow preservation of the existing condition in spite of timeimpact. Road construction which does not disturb subsurface archaeology would be a case in point. e Compenisationior replacement - Some impacts are unavoidable and irreversible. In this case, compensation or replacement can be an effective mitigation tool. This would include provision of replacement housing, replacement lands, alternative income sources, or a cash settlement depending on the type and er',ont of the impacts on people. 110. The mitigation strategy outlined here focuses primarily on means to avoid or minimize impacts, with a secondary emphasis on restoration and preservation. Compensation or replacement are mitigation strategies are best addressed on a project-by-project basis. 111. The potential for impact or intensity of impact can be minimized through incorporation of standard mitigation measures in the roadway design process. For example, shoulder and culvert design can minimize the potential for subsequent drainage, erosion and sedimentation problems. Incorporation of noise walls into the standard roadway design in areas meeting minimum threshold levels of population density, proximity of residences to roadway and traffic volumes can minimize potential for noise impact. THAIL AN[ - SECT)RAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTK)R HIGHWAYS PACE i 112. Standard contractor specifications regarding work hours, noise, dust and erosion control, worker safety requirements, living conditions in worker camps, procedures regarding archaeological discoveries and other considerations can minimize potential for adverse construction impacts (both direct and indirect). 113. Mitigation planning for the operations phase can involve recommendations for specific mitigative measures as well as broader legislative initiatives. Appropriate legislative initiatives may be local or national in scale. For example, local land use regulations can control potentially negative secondary growth impacts of newly paved or improved roadways. National legislation precluding agricultural land use within a specific distance of the edge of roadway can prevent food production on potentially toxic soil<. 114. The mitigation process outlined in Table 6.1 emphasizes address of potential operations impacts during the design stage and specification of means to address construction impacts prior to development of the contractor bid package. Mitigation recommendations are characterized by type of impact the measure is designed to address, optimal timing for implementation of the mitigation mechanism, the type of area in which the mitigation measure is most likely to be required, and the party responsible fo- design and implementation of the mitigation measure. More detailed mitigation information and references for additional source materials are presented in Appendix F. 115. Because the Fifth Highway Sectoral Loan includes funding only for widening, paving and other improvements to existing roads, the mitigation process described here is appropriate in association with improvements to existing facilities. Many of the mitigation measures and processes recommended also may be applicable to new roadway design and construction. However, the mitigation process recommended here has not been designed to accommodate large scale impacts potentially associated with new roadway development. For example, the siting, design and construction of the proposed Motorways system may result in a number of primary and secondary land development pressures, potential for massive relocation, changes in community development patterns and major environmental changes associated with changes in drainage patterns, animal migrations, etc. Project-specificEA's would need to be conducted to develop programmatic and specific mitigation plans to address the potential beneficial and adverse impacts of these projects. THAILAND - SECTORALENVIIaINMENTAL AssEssMENTR)R HK;HWAYS PAGE 59 Table 6.1 Recommended Mitigation Program Impact Type Mitigation Measures Responsible Party Project Sensitive Areas Phase Potential Negative Impacts Plan lm2lement r Construction labor force Establishment of minimum DOH Contractor Prior to All camps impacts standards for construction preparation worker camp layout and housing of provision, provision of sanitary construction facilities and insect control, bid particularly as related to malaria. documents Establishment of coordination Camps in or procedures with local authorities proximate to settled to facilitate accommodation of ares construction worker needs with local population and systems needs. * Spills of oil or other hazardous Establishment of standards for DOH, Contractor During Of particular waste materials handling and transport MOSTE preliminary importance in to avoid spills; establishment of design stage settled areas and emergency msponse and to allow proximate to containment / clean-up safety related sensitive water procedures to minimize adverse transport resources and effect of spills strategies to natural areas be reflected in roadway .______d ______esig n e Construction-related air Establishment of standards for DOH Contractor Prior to Proximate to settled pollution and dust water application during preparation areas; sensitivity construction; establishment of of would increase with construction vehicle maintenance construction density and requirements; requirements for bid absolute size of air pollution control devices on documents settlement traffic management THAILAND- SECTORAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSME'4T RR HIGHWAYS PAGE60 Impact Type Mitigation Measures ResponsibleParty Project SensitiveAreas ______Phase Potential NegatVve Impacts Plan Implement * Air pollutionand dust relating Speedlimitations, traffic DOH, DPC,Police Duringfinal Proximateto settled to operations management,vegetative screens DPC design areas;sensitivity to filter dust;manufacturer / wouldincrease with importcontrols to reduce densityand pollutant loadingsof emissions absolutesizc *of settlement • Construction-relatednoise and Requirementsfor construction DOH Contractor, Priorto Proximatetoi settled vibration planning- operatinghours, DOH constructinn areas;sensitivity mufflersor othersound CGnst- documents wOuldincrease with attenuatingdevices on ruction preparation proximitytoi equipment;vibration attenuation Manager sensitivereceptors - in sensitivezone. schools,residences, hospitals;proximate to structuresof historicand cultural importance * Operations-relatednoise and Manufacturer/ impoirtcontrols DOH DPC,Police During Proximateto settled vibration to reducenoise levels at source; preliminary areas;sensitivity pavement/ shoulderdesign; and final would increasewith physicalbarriers; building facade design proximityto insulation;bypass routes; land sensitivereceptors - usecontrols to maximize, schools,residences, distancebetween sensitive land hospitals;proximate usesand edge of roadway to structuresof historic and cultural l______im portance TIIAILAND - SECTORALENVIRONNMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR Hw;IIWAYS PA#.E6h Impact Type Mitigation Measures Responsible Party Project Sensitive Areas Phase Potential Negative Impacts Plan Implement * Water pollution frtm higlhway Direct runoff awvayfrom DOH DPC During Areasnf high traffic runoff sensitive water btidies througli preliminary vtolumeswhich are roadway/shoulderdesign; use of and final proximateto catchmcntbasins tit alloiv for design drinking water filtration of runoff; reservoirs,areas of impoundnientand treatmentat great biological particularly sensitivelIcations value, karstic zones and streams/ rivers with limited fliws * Ertosion Limitation of clearedarea; DOH DOH Const- During Basicdesign mulching/planting and plant ruction preliminary standardswould be maintenance;silope design and Manager, and final requiredin all stabilization;drainage woirks; Cintractor design;and areas;specialized specificationof work-site details definition of featureswould be (quarrying, off-road equipment contractoir requiredin areasof traffic) specs steepslupes. unstablesoils or other erosion-prone areas * Interferencewith natural Drainageworks to restore DOH Contractor During drainage patterns beneficial natural drainage preliminary patterns,to reduceflooding In and final flood-proneareas and tu design impound water or encourage recharge In dry areas * Impact on historic Avoidance,preservation and DOH, Contractor, During Areasof cultural archaeologicalsites information e.traction; removal Fine DOH preliminary significance and relocationof significant Arts and final resourcesas last resort; Dept design;and developmentof contractor (Min. of during ______procedures Ed.) constructiin TIAILAND - SErIRAL ENVIR(NMIENTAL AsSEssMENTRUR HK;IwAYS PACE 62 Impact Type Mitigation Measures ResponsibleParty Project SensitiveAreas Phase Potential Negative Impacts Plan Implement * Impaired views, aesthetics Designto minimize alteration of DOH Contractoir During Scenicareas; areas and maximizefit with existing preliminary with tourist environment; and final poitential;national design;and parks construction * tnduceddevelopment Intto Localor national land use DOH. Prior to Sensitivenatural ecologicallysensitive areas controls NESDB? construction areas;national parks/preserves * Relocation/ resettlement Routing;bypass construction; DOH DOH, During Roadwaysegments establisilmentand enfoircement Cabinetcan preliminary proximateto of resettlementand make final and final residentialand compensationstandards compensa- design business tion ruling developments * Community life and econnmic Establishimentof coordination DOH DOH During Communities activities processwith local officials to preliminary arrange for local circulation, and final businessand housingneeds; design TIIIAILANIf - SECTORALENVIRONMENTAL ASSEMSMENT RIR HiCIIIWAYS PACE11 7.0 Environmental Management and Training 7.1 DOH Environmental Training 116. It is clear that the DOH is already doing a good job in some environmental areas and is willing to continue to improve its environmental assessment procedures. The lack of a large and influential environmental unit within DOH may be a blessing in disguise since it affords the DOH an opportunity to develop an agency-wide awareness of environmental protection while still remaining focused on their primary mission to provide highway infrastructure for the country. This can be achieved by a comprehensive top-to-bottom training program for all levels within DOH to inform the managers, engineers and other professionals of DOH's responsibilities under NEQA and the host of other environmental legislation which may affect highways. 117. There is a danger that the presence of a large DOH environmental unit would encourage the perception among planners, designers, and construction personnel that the environment is someone else's department and therefore not their immediate concern. In addition, it is likely that a feeling would emerge that the environmental unit's procedures and requirements would be a hindrance to progress and cause unwarranted delays. This might result in more energy being spent on avoiding or circumventing environmental requirements within DOH than on developing environmentally-appropriate projects. 118. However, the development of environmental awareness within DOH will not happen unless there is a substantial increase in training assistance for developing the needed environmental evaluation skills for guiding future planning and project implementation. 7.2 OEPP Institutional Strengthening 119. The OEPP is the other major agency which may need assistance with OEPP ProjectProposal Objecfiv regard to institutional development. As of this writing, the OEPP has forwarded a 1. Study lswl of environmentalImpact proposal to the World Bank requesting resultingfrom highway traffic; assistance in developing better methods for 2. Improve predictive(modelling) method- large-scale highway environmental obogis for air and noise impacts; assessment and planning (See Appendix G). 3. Define mitigaion measures; The primary objectives of the proposal are 4. Esablish comprehensive monitoring shown in the box at right. methods to validate modelling; and, 5. Use this Project for on-the-job training 120. It is recommended that the for OEPP and other agencies. World Bank (or other donor organization) Source: OEPP, 1993 further develop this proposal under either the Fourth or Fifth Highway Sector Loan, and that the recommendations of this SEA for mitigation and monitoring be considered and expanded in the resulting Project. 121. It is likely that as the environmental documentation for the highway sector required under NEQA is done more routinely, the OEPP will need to enlarge its technical review staff. This will be particularly important once environmental assessment of the Motorways Program and other megaprojects begins in earnest. In the area of monitoring, OEPP may need THAILAND - SEClORAL ENVIRONMENTALASESSMENT RR HxK;HWAYS PAGE 64 to develop in-house capabilities, obtain contractor support, or coordinate with other agencies (such as DPC) to fullV carry out its duty for project review. The current NEB policy of distributing the environmental review process among various agencies and expert committees should be revisited as OEPP develops both the staff and the standardized techniques to carry out project environmental reviews. At that time, it is believed that OEPP will have the expertise and impartiality required for a successful EIA review process. 7.3 Manuals of Practice 122. In addition to training and technical assistance, manuals of environmentally- appropriate technology and practice (in Thai) are needed by RTG line agencies and other project proponents. This SEA contains only a very broad outline of the necessary steps for appropriate environmental management in the highway sector. Some handbooks and guidelines are becoming available through efforts of the World Bank and others and these should be adapted to the Thai realities4. Manuals are needed in the following areas: (i) Poliky.Guidelines to assist decision makers at DOH and other transportation agencies in the reorientation of economic and engineering-based policies so that they complement regulatory programs for controlling environmental degradation within the highway sector. (ii) Staindards. Guidelines for setting appropriate minimum acceptable environmental standards for highway infrastructure, with equal attention to affluent, poor, and poorest areas. This should be done on the basis of an understanding of relative environmental health risks and costs, not by simply copying industrialized country standards. These guidelines would be used by DPC, OEPP and other environmental agencies charged with enforcing NEQA, but could also be used by DOH and other infrastructure agencies to develop their own environmental standards appropriate to the highway sector. (iii) Master Pannlaing.Guidelines for national, regional, and local roads master planning, to be done with careful attention to environmental concerns. Additional guidelines would be helpful for integrated urban infrastructure services master planning. (iv) Ecoiionoic AnalYsis. Manuals for performance of eco,nomic analysis of highway development projects which take into consideration environmental costs and benefits. (v) Design anndContstriction Maniagement. Manuals for roadway design which are "appropriate" (which meet the need at acceptable levels at affordable cost), with particular attention to ensuring adequate O&M, for all categories of development. These design and construction management manuals would be compiled primarily for the use of design engineers, but they would have built-in environmental safeguards (mitigation measures) in areas such as erosion control, drainage, barriers and other safety features, noise control, wetlands protection, relocation/resettlement, and protection of cultural resources. (vi) EinzironmentalImpact Assessments. Handbooks for conducting ElAs for all categories of roadway projects, in sufficient detail to facilitate wide-scale use and application of the See, for example, Roadsand the Environment: A Handbook currently beiing finalized by the World Bank, and Hoff & Ovcrgaard 119931 THAILAND - SEOURAL ENVIRPNMENTAL AsEseMENT RFR HiK.HWAYS PAGE 65 EIA process. This would include the lesser level of detail of Initial Environmental Examinations. (vii) Motnitorinig.Guides for planning and conducting appropriate environmental monitoring programs, including all aspects of the community environment. These programs must address quality-of-life, socio-economic, institutional, and financing aspects. They must provide for periodic evaluation of the monitoring data for use in planning needed improvements, and include establishment of an appropriate central environmental data base adequate for assessing environmental quality in quantified terms suitable for use by administrators, engineers, environmentalists, and economists. In addition, as resettlement issues become resolved, the resulting policies should be reduced to an appropriate guideline and/or rra al. 123. Several reports and papers are already available on the integration of environmental issues into infrastructure development planning. For example, the ADB has published Environment Papers No. 1 and 5 which deal with project and program cycles, respectively. The European Development Bank, the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements, and others have also developed guidelines which address this issue. As an example at the country level, the Indonesian Department of Public Works, D.G. Cipta Karya, has developed under an ADB technical assistance grant their own guidelines for integrating the EIA process (called AMDAL in Indonesia) into infrastructure development feasibility studies. The World Bank's widely-used Environmental Sourcebooks provide a good starting point for the development of these environmentally-oriented manuals of practice. THAILAND - SECroRAL ENViRONMENTALASSESSMENT FOR HIGHWAYS PAGE 66 8.0 Environmental Monitoring Plan 8.1 Introduction 124. This chapter provides a summary overview and some detailed recommendations of the monitoring activities that should be instituted as part of the highway development program under the Fifth Highway Sector Loan. The purpose of monitoring plan is to help ensure that the design, construction, and operation activities that are part of highway development will be carried out in an environmentally sensitive and responsible manner. Monitoring is a continuous, structured process which has as its primary objective the identification of serious environmental impacts which may be avoided or mitigated through early action. Some of the monitoring procedures are general in nature, while others will only be done as part of the construction process for specific projects. For these reasons, it is recommended that a structured Monitoring Plan be developed by DOH as part of its highway development program under the Seventh Plan. 125. The monitoring activities to be considered by DOH for inclusion in the Monitoring Plan are presented by environmental category and by time period (planning and design, construction, and operation). First, an overview of a suggested monitoring program is presented. This is followed by specific individual monitoring procedures. DOH mcnitoring is proposed within the limitations of manpower and equipment. 8.2 Monitoring Program Overview 126. The DOH highway development program is a large and lr.ngthy undertaking, and its environmentally-sensitive management requires a comprehensive view of the many interrelated components. Similarly, the recommended monitoring prcgram has been developed in such a way that it can be managed as a holistic undertaking wnile still providing flexibility to apply to individual projects as appropriate. Table 8.1 provides recommended monitoring activities for the highw.ay sector, the type of each activity, the frequency of monitoring, the performing party, and the development time period. More detail on each type of monitoring activity is presented in Section 83. The major headings in Table 8.1 are as follows: Monitoring by Environmental Topic - This column lists those environmental categories which should be monitored. Not all of the topics addressed in Chapter 3 of this SEA will experience impacts or mitigation measures which require monitoring, while others will have more than one monitoring procedure recommended. Type - This column is used to identify whether monitoring is required for a particular topic, and the type of program that is recommended. Entries in this column include: * "None" - means that no monitoring is required. * "Spec"- indicates that the monitoring activity should be included in the contract specifications, and will normally become the responsibility of the contractor. * "Standard" - refers to standard or routine monitoring which normally would be done on a major project or which is carried out routinely by various agencies or the construction manager. This is also used to refer to activities which various divisions of DOH will carry out in a routine fashion during the development and operation of the highway program, such as checking pavement condition. * "(xY'- a new monitoring procedure, described in Sections 83.1 to 8.3.12, that is recommended to be the responsibility of an independent environmental monitoring contractor or a monitoring group within DOH. THAILAND - SECrORAL ENVIRONMENTALASSE;MENT FOR HIGIWAYS PAGE 67 Table 8.1 Summary of the Environmental Monitoring Program Monitoring by Environmental Topic Type Frequency Performing Party Project Phase I~ - Topography None Soils - Excavation and replanting Standard Daily Const. Manager Construction - Erosion Standard Monthly Monitor Construction Climate None Surface and Ground Water - Water quality in receiving streams (it) Monthly Monitor Construction - Surface runoff management (12) Daily Const. Manager Construction Geology/Seismology Noine l Ecological Resources - Flora and Fauna (9) Monthly Monitor Construction Communities and Population - Access to community and private (4). (8) Quarter Monitor Design, properties Construction, - Squatter settlements (5) Quarter Monitor Operation Industry None Infrastructure Facilities Design. - Community Facilities (4) Quarter Monitor Construction - Impacts to/from other infra- (1) Monthly DOH structure programs l Institutions None Transportation Design, - Other transport projects (1) Monthly DOH Construction - Inter-city highway system (3) Quarterly DOH Operation Land Use Planning Design, - Impact on land uses near projects. (1). (5) Quarter DOH Construction including inducedi development l Agricultural and Mineral Noine Development _ __l Socio-economic Values None Public Health/Safety Standard Daily Contractor, Construction, Const. Manager Operation Recreational Resources None THAiLANn- SECTORALENVIR)NMENTAL ASSESMENT F)R HIHWAYS PACE68 Table 8.1 Summary of the Environmental Monitoring Program, Continued Monitoring by Environmental Topic Type Frequency Performing Party Project Phase Aesthetic Resources - Maintenanceof constructionbite Spec. Weekly C.inst. Manager Construction screens - Work-site cleanliness and sweeping Spec. Daily Cuiist. Manager Construction - Upkeep *oflandscapinig Standard Monthly DOH Operation Cultural Resources - Impacts on historic/archa'ologic Standard Monthly Const. Manager sites Construction - Unearthing of ancient sites/relics (2) Monthly Monitor Air Pollution - Dust and other emissions (6) Monthly Monitor Construction - Road user emissioins Standard Daily Govt. Agency Operation Noise - Noise from construction (7) Quarterly Monitor, Construction Contractor - Vehicle nfLise Standard Daily Govt. Agency Operation Solid Waste - Disposal of ctnstruction spoils and (11) Quarter Monitor Construction waste - Hazardous substances Spec. Daily Contractur Construction Frequency - This column contains recommended time intervals for each monitoring activity. Some monitoring will occur more or less continuously, whereas other activities will take place at defined intervals. Performingr Party - Identified in this column are the parties recommended to bear the responsibility of performing each specific monitoring activity, as follows: "Monitor" refers to the DOH principal investigator for monitoring, an independent environmental monitoring contractor, or another group within DOH who will have responsibility for the compilation of overall monitoring program reports. The use of an outside, independent monitoring contractor will normally be limited to major roadway projects. * "Const. Manager" is the construction manager and/or field engineer who will oversee the construction contractors on behalf of DOH. * "Contractor" alludes to construction contractors. * "DOH" refers to an operating or planning division of DOH other than the monitoring group. THAILAND- SECTORALENVIR)NMENTAL ASSESSMENT R;R HIGHWAYS PAGE69 * "Govt. Agency" indicates that monitoring of this issue is currently the responsibility of a governmental agency other than DOH, and it is expected that they would continue the monitoring in the future. Project Phase - indicates when the monitoring should be done, i.e. during the design, construction or operation phases. 8.3 Monitoring Plan 127. DOH should consider developing a programmatic monitoring plan to address the environmental monitoring requirements presented in this SEA and in any project-specific ElAs. The purpose of developing this plan is to provide an efficient, comprehensive, and effective convention for ensuring that highway projects are monitored for environmental compliance. 128. This Monitoring Plan should consist of two parts: a general Highway Sector Monitoring Program, and individual Project Monitoring Plans which will address specific issues at the project level. These individual Project Monitoring Plans will generally be developed only for major projects, or in cases where the Highway Sector Monitoring Program does not address an important or unique feature of a project. 129. This section describes twelve different monitoring procedures which are the components of the Highway Sector Monitoring Program recommended as part of this SEA. Each procedure may cover more than one monitoring activity, since many of the topics are closely related. The following material provides a description of the specific tasks to be accomplished for each monitoring procedure. DOH should adapt and refine these procedures for inclusion in project-specific Monitoring Plans as each major project is implemented. 130. In developing the monitoring procedure work plans, there are a number of general common elements that should be included. DOH should develop and implement a monitoring program which addresses the following aspects: * A clear sta'ement of the objectives and scope of the particular monitoring effort. Objectives should include, as a minimum, the following: a definition of the specific project(s) which are addressed; an identification of the specific activities to be monitored; a listing of all organizations involved in these activities; and a statement of understanding which discusses the relationship of this monitoring procedure to the overall monitoring program, to this SEA, and to any project-specific EIA. * A brief managementplan should be prepared, containing the following information: the name and phone number of the DOH principal investigator for each monitoring procedure (the principal investigator should have the responsibility and authority to utilize the staff and resources necessary to carry out the procedure); an organization chart that specifies the names and responsibilities of individuals involved in this monitoring procedure; a list of specific tasks to be performed, with resources identified; a description of the methods to be used to assure the quality and integrity of the information to be gathered; and a personnel work hour and equipment budget. * A schedule should be developed, including project milestones dates where available, based on an understanding of the timing and deadlines of the specific activity being monitored. THAILAND - SE LMRAL ENVIRO}NMENTALASSESSMENT RIK HK;HWAYS PAGE 70 * The major products of the monitoring program would be a series of periodic reports to be prepared (monthly, quarterly, or annually as appropriate) by the various monitoring entities with the results of the individual monitoring procedures, and compiled by DOH. These reports would contain comprehensive analyses and recommendations regarding the conduct of the highway development program and the mitigation of its impacts. 131. Although the monitoring program is seen as an in-house DOH function, DOH may wish to retain an independent monitoring contractor to carry out many of the day-to-day functions described in this chapter. 8.3.1 Monitoring Procedure (1) - Monitor Progress and Environmental Conditions on Other Major Projects 132. Other major projects in Thailand may impact the inter-city highway program by using scarce labor or materia! resources, or by changing the need or priority for specific highway improvement projects (for example, by providing alternative routes or changing travel demand to an area). Other major projects may also increase public awareness of environmental or social problems associated with highway construction, resulting in attacks on the highway program. The work plan for monitoring procedure (1) should contain the following specific task descriptions: (a) Develop information on baseline conditions, including a listing of all major inf;..structure projects in Thailand, particularly roadways and mass transit. (b) Each month the DOH principal investigator (from the environmental or planning group) should contact the project managers or other knowledgeable parties concernedwith each of the major projects. They should review the following items of interest: actual progress versus schedule, resources consumed in the previous month, problems encountered, available versus required labor, and projected effort in the coming month. (c) The information gathered should be compared to the original baseline developed above.Major changes from the baseline or from the previous month and potential conflict areas would be identified. Announcements, public meetings, ground breakings, building completions, orother milestones reached by the major projects being monitored would be reported. (d) A separate accounting would be maintained of the availability of labor for the requirements of the highway program, both during construction and operation. Potentially large requirements for labor by other projects in upcoming periods would be documented. The DOH principal investigator would document any problems in obtaining needed labor which is experienced either by the highway contractors or other project contractors. Recommendations for ameliorating these impacts would be made, possibly including the development of training programs to upgrade the skills of available in-country labor to the necessary levels. (e) The results of each month's monitoring should be summarized in the monthly report of the overall monitoring program and compiled by DOH. THAn.AND - SECTORAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FtR HX;HWAYS PALE 71 8.3.2 Monitoring Procedure (2) - Monitor Unearthing of Ancient Sites and Relics 133. In addition to the general sections outlined in Section 8.3, the work plan for monitoring procedure (2) should contain the following specific task descriptions: (a) Using the background information specified in Section 3.5.5 and any available project-specific data, the DOH should develop a site-specific cultural resources preservation procedure which should be made part of the specifications for all construction contracts, especially for those that will involve excavation. This procedure should cover the necessary steps which a contractor must take when he encounters any ancient sites or relics, including notification of the DOH, and immediate stopping of excavation or other activities in the vicinity of the discovery. (b) Whenever a new site is uncovered, the DOH should note the occurrence and notify the Fine Arts Department in the Ministry of Education. If so directed, the DOH should mobilize a competent archaeologist or historian to evaluate the site and recommend a course of action, in compliance with the applicable laws and regulations. The results of the evaluation would be reported in the next monthly monitoring report. (c) The DOH would check to see that the course of action, as approved by the Fine Arts Department, is implemented by the construction contractor so as to preserve and protect to the fullest extent possible any ancient sites or artifacts, while causing as little delay as possible to the highway development program. The DOH monitor would confirm that all construction contractorpersonnel, especially those engaged in excavation duties, are aware of the requirements for the preservation and protection of cultural properties. (d) The results of each month's monitoring should be summarized in the monthly report of the overall monitoring program by DOH. 8.3.3 Monitoring Procedure (3) - Monitor Maintenance During Operation 134. In addition to the general sections outlined in Section 8.3, the work plan for monitoring procedure (3) should contain the following specific task descriptions: (a) During the operation of the completed highway improvements, the DOH monitoring group would conduct a quarterly assessment of the quality of the maintenance at each of the projects. The DOH principal investigator and his assistants would visit each of the projects, conduct a brief visual inspection of the sites, meet with those in charge of maintenance to review any problems encountered, and document the results. (b) The results of each quarter's monitoring should be summarized in the next monthly report of the overall monitoring program by DOH. In addition to basic reporting data, the reports would contain recommendations for improvements where they are needed. THAILAND - SECK)RAL ENVIRONMENTAL AS5ESSMENTR)R HK;IHWAYS PA(;E 72 8.3.4 Monitoring Procedure (4) - Monitor Impact on Businesses and Dwellings in the Region of Influence 135. In addition to the general sections outlined in Section 8.3, the work plan for monitoring procedure (4) should contain the following specific task descriptions: (a) A baseline report should be prepared by the DOH monitoring group to establish a specific list of businesses and dwellings scheduled for relocation or likely to be impacted by the roadway projects, as described in the section on resettlement. Much of this information would be made available during the screening and feasibility stages for individual projects, but some would not be known until final design. (b) During construction, the DOH should maintain careful records of the number of businesses and dwellings by type which have been relocated or otherwise impacted along each of the roadway projects. This information would be compared to the baseline and reported in the quarterly monitoring reports. In addition, the DOH monitoring group would report any unusual problems encountered, including public opposition, difficulty in finding suitable replacement housing or business space, delays, or other non-routine actions which were necessary during the reporting period. (c) The results of each quarter's monitoring should be summarized in the quarterly report of the overall monitoring program and submitted to DOH by the tenth working day of the month following the end of each quarter. 8.3.5 Monitoring Procedure (5) - Monitor Illegal Settlers Activity and Develop Plans for Removing Illegal Settlers 136. In addition to the general sections outlined in Section 8.3, the work plan for monitoring procedure (5) should contain the following specific task descriptions: (a) A baseline report should be prepared by the DOH monitoring group to establish a specific list of locations which currently have or which may attract illegal settlers along each of the project roadways. Much of this information should be available from local field staff and project planners and designers, and the DOH monitoring group's responsibility should be to compile the information, and not to generate it. (b) A plan for the removal of illegal settlers would be developed by DOH, in accordance with World Bank OD 4.30 and 4.20. This plan would be incorporated into the baseline report by the DOH monitoring group, so as to provide a measure for the success of the slum clearance program. The DOH monitor would meet on a monthly basis with the relocation program manager to review the actions which were taken during the reporting period and planned for the next month to remove squatttrs from the DOH right of way. The DOH monitor would then visit the identified areas and report on conditions there. Recommendations for changes or improvements in the squatter removal program would be made based on the experience gained. THAILANI) - SECTORALENVIRONMENTAL AbmESMENTRoR HIcGHWAYS PAG;E73 (c) The results of each quarter's monitoring should be summarized in the quarterly report of the overall monitoring program by DOH. 8.3.6 Monitoring Procedure (6) - Monitor Air Pollution 137. In addition to the general sections outlined in Section 8.3, the work plan for monitoring procedure (6) should contain the following specific task descriptions: (a) A detailed implementation plan for air quality monitoring should be developed by DOH, with the understanding that MOSTEhas the primary responsibility for air quality monitoring. Therefore, the plan should be consistent with the other air quality monitoring programs currently under way in Thailand. The plan should specifically address both construction and longer term monitoring, and sensitive receptors such as schools and hospitals. In addition, a baseline of existing air quality in the areas where major highway works are contemplated should be developed. This should be done in consultation with the DPC. (b) During construction, the air pollution monitoring plan should be particularly concerned with concentrations of suspended particulates (PMIO), since airborne dust will be one of the primary pollutants associated with construction activities. The plan should specify the necessary instrumentation, how often and for what duration samples are to be taken (normally once a month for a 24-hour period), and the monitoring locations for each major construction site. Of particular importance will be areas of major excavation or disposal sites, where airborne dust may be generated in great quantities especially during periods of little or no rainfall. The sampling data gathered would be subjected to statistical analysis to establish its characteristics and validity, and would be compared to baseline information discussed above, and to ongoing measurements by DPC and others. (c) At disposal and tipping sites, the DOH monitor and the construction manager should ensure that proper restoration techniques are employed so as to control wind and water erosion. Restoration should be a part of the specifications of excavation and hauling contractors. (d) The results of each month's monitoring should be summarized in the monthly report of the overall monitoring program by DOH. These data should be made available to DPC. In addition to basic reporting data, the reports would contain recommendations for improvements to air quality management where they are needed. 8.3.7 Monitoring Procedure (7) - Monitor Noise 138. In addition to the general sections outlined in Section 8.3, the work plan for monitoring procedure (7) should contain the following specific task descriptions: (a) A detailed implementation plan for noise monitoring should be developed by the monitoring contractor. The plan should be consistent with the other noise monitoring programs currently under way in Thailand, such as the programs carried out periodically by DPC and the universities. The plan should specifically THAILANI) - SEC7ORALENVIRONMENTAL AbSESSMENTFoR HIGHWAYS PAGE 74 address both construction and longer-term monitoring, and sensitive receptors such as schools and hospitals. Longer-term monitoring may not be necessary at locations where sound-suppression measures have been taken, such as the erection of noise barriers. Monitoring of individual vehicles is the responsibility of DPC and others. In addition to the monitoring program, a baseline of existing noise levels at major construction sites should be developed. (b) Each construction contract should include specifications for noise monitoring of equipment and ambient noise at the site to demonstrate compliance with the standards set by DPC. Contractors should be encouraged to use the quietest equipment available, to avoid intrusive noise generation during the night (11 pm to 5 am), to install temporary noise barriers near noise sensitive receptors, and to limit truck hauling activities during the night. It must be recognized that a requirement to use daytime hours only for truck hauling operations may have serious negative impacts on daytime traffic congestion and on the project schedules, since major infrastructure construction in Thailand typically takes place around the clock. The DOH monitor should receive the contractors' noise reports on a monthly basis, but should also conduct random spot checks of noise levels, equipment being used, and sensitive receptors impacted. Recording hand-held sound level meters may be used for the spot checks to record L., and compute Ldn, as necessary. Measurements should be taken at the construction site boundaries, and at sensitive receptors such as schools and hospitals within 200 m of the site. A minimum of 10 random locations per month should be selected, but all construction sites should be monitored at least once every three months. (c) The results of each month's monitoring should be summarized in the monthly report of the overall monitoring program by DOH. Quarterly monitoring results should be reported in the quarterly reports and summarized in the annual monitoring reports. In addition to basic reporting data, the reports would contain recommendations for improvements to noise control and maintenance procedures where they are needed. 8.3.8 Monitoring Procedure (8) - Review and Monitor Plans for Maintaining Access to Schools, Businesses, and Community Facilities 139. In addition to the general sections outlined in Section 8.3, the work plan for monitoring procedure (8) should contain the following specific task descriptions: (a) For each major project. develop information on baseline conditions, including a listing of all schools, businesses, and community facilities likely to be impacted by the highway construction. This information is most likely to be available in the local or regional DOH field offices, but may need to be updated based on future development. (b) Each month the DOH principal investigator or his assistants should visit each construction site which had been identified as causing potential impact with regard to access to schools, businesses, or public facilities, and report on the availability and safety of access. If problems are discovered, the construction THAILAND) - SECTORAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASsE;MENT R)R HIGHWAYS PAGE 75 manager would be informed and he would instruct the construction contractor to provide the needed access. In addition to these routine visits, any complaints regarding access would be investigated through a prompt site visit by DOH and action recommended to correct the problem. (c) The results of each month's monitoring should be summarized in the monthly report of the overall monitoring program by DOH. 8.3.9 Monitoring Procedure (9) - Monitor Construction Impacts to Flora and Fauna 140. In addition to the general sections outlined in Section 8.3, the work plan for monitoring procedure (9) should contain the following specific task descriptions: (a) For each major project, develop information on baseline conditions, including a listing of all flora and fauna resources which are likely to be impacted by the construction of the project. Most of this information should be found in the project's lEE or EIA, but may need to be updated, especially if there are significant changes in the construction methods or alignment for the project. (b) Construction activity near mangroves, wildlife preserves, along coastal areas, within river floodplains, near or through wetlands, or in national parks should be monitored to ensure that these resources are not damaged, and that activities are in compliance with laws and regulations protecting natural resources. The principal investigator of this monitoring procedure should visit any such sensitive areas each month during the construction of major projects. As Appropriate, monitoring could include water quality sampling to determine changes in suspended solids or other water quality constituents which would be likely to impact mangrove ecosystems, wetlands, fisheries, etc. These measurements would be compared to baseline conditions. In addition, the DOH monitor would note any unusual changes in these natural areas since the last monitoring period, any signs of environmental distress, and any evidence of direct construction impacts, such as the accumulation of debris, damage to vegetation, or surface water runoff from the construction site. If any of these signs are detected, the DOH monitor would consult with the construction manager as to the cause and recommend measures to mitigate or stop the impact. (c) Any areas to be used to dispose of spoil material should be monitored on a monthly basis by the principal investigator or his assistants to ensure that there are no unavoidable impacts to the vegetation or wildlife of the areas. During a site visit, the DOH monitor should note the methods being used to access the disposal site, provide for surface drainage, store and manage topsoils, and replant the site, as appropriate. Any variations from specifications which lead to undesired impacts shoufl be discussed with the construction manager and recommendations made tor correction of the variance. (d) The results of each month's monitoring should be summarized in the monthly report of the overall monitoring program by DOH during the construction stages of the project. THAILAND - SELTORAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTFOR HIGHWAYS PAGE 76 8.3.10 Monitoring Procedure (10) - Monitor Water Quality Impacts 141. In addition to the general sections outlined in Section 8.3, the work plan for monitoring procedure (10) should contain the following specific task descriptions: (a) Develop information on surface water baseline conditions, including a listing of locations where effluent from construction sites is expected to discharge into adjacent streams. This information can be found, in part, in Section 4.1 of this SEA, but would need to be updated at the project level. Sampling stations can then be located at each effluent point, so as to sample water quality both in the receiving stream and the effluent stream. At very sensitive sites, monitoring should be carried out on a daily basis during construction so as to prevent or limit sudden pollutant discharges into the receiving streams. At other sites monthly sampling may be sufficient. Sampling of the instream water quality should include a chemical analysis as well as temperature, pH, suspended solids, dissolved oxygen, BOD, and COD. Samples of effluent should be analyzed for their chemical constituents, including metals, pesticides, herbicides, and nutrients. As the information is gathered, it should be reviewed for unusual or severe indications of pollutant loadings and recommendations for their immediate correction and control made to the construction manager and DOH so as to prevent significant long-term damage to receiving streams. The data should also be maintained in a data base which would permit the development of trend evaluation, seasonal variations, or other longer term analyses. The DOH monitor should analyze the sampling data and recommend mitigative measures if adverse water quality impacts are detected. These results should be reported in the annual summary reports of the overall monitoring program. (b) The DOH monitor should review plans to be developed by the construction contractors that would specify measures to be taken to prevent water quality impacts and ensure that proper treatment facilities, such as settling pools, are used. Variances from the accepted plans would be reported to the construction manager for correction and would be reported in the monthly monitoring reports. (c) Another possible water quality monitoring requirement (applicable to a very limited number of projects) is the monitoring of any dredging operations which may be done to provide fill for construction. Dredging may cause increased turbidity in the river, disturb bottom sediments which may release heavy metals, and impact the spawning of commercially valuable species. The DOH monitor should develop a program to conduct monitoring of the dredging operations for the entire period projected to be needed for dredging. This would include a daily inspection of the dredging operation to ensure that they are done in an environmentally sensitive manner, according to specifications built into the construction contract. Grab samples of water quality from various depths in the river downstream of the dredging operations would be compared to samples from upstream. These samples would be taken periodically, at least weekly, and unusual problems reported. Measures to control any such problems would be recommended. The data would be maintained in a data base which would permit analyses of seasonal or other longer-term events, and the information would be reported in the annual monitoring report. THAILAND - SECTORALENVIRONMENTAL AXiEbSMENT R)R HiGHWAYS PAGE 77 (d) The results of each month's monitoring should be summarized in the monthly report of the overall monitoring program by DOH during the construction stages of the highway construction program. 8.3.11 Monitoring Procedure (11) - Review and Monitor Solid Waste Handling and Disposal Plans 142. In addition to the general sections outlined in Section 8.3, the work plan for monitoring procedure (11) should contain the following specific task descriptions: (a) Develop information on baseline conditions, including a listing of locations where excavation or other spoils from construction sites is expected to be loaded into trucks for hauling. The baseline should also include a map with all the designated haul routes, including the period of time during which it is expected they would be in use, the times of day during which hauling would occur, and the number of truck trips per day on each haul route. The disposal sites to be used should also be documented in the baseline, and the methods for management of disposal at each site. (b) The construction contractors will be required to develop detailed plans for the loading, transport, and disposal of spoil. The DOH monitor should review those plans to make sure that they comply with the mitigation measures for solid waste handling. If the plans are incomplete or inadequate the monitor would make recommendations for improvements and return them to the contractors. Once the plans have been approved by the monitor, the construction conrractors would be expected to comply with all the terms of the plans. (c) The DOH monitor should assess compliance with the solid waste disposal plans on a daily basis. The monitor would rely to some extent on the support of the construction manager to ensure compliance, since the plans would be a part of the construction contracts. The inspection would include making sure that the haul trucks are covered and washed before leaving the site. The haul routes would be monitored in a similar way. Each working day, the DOH monitor would establish a monitoring station at random along one of the haul routes, and observe the condition of the trucks, speeds, and rate of truck traffic. These observations would be compared to the baseline established for that route. The DOH monitor would inspect each of the tipping sites at least once per week to observe compliance with disposal and reclamation methods. As before, any variances from the solid waste disposal plans would be reported to the construction manager and recorded in the monthly reports. It is possible that there will be other signs of environmental impact at tipping sites, along the haul routes, or at loading and unloading areas which are not covered by the solid waste disposal plans. These impacts would be reported, and the DOH monitor would make recommendations for their control. (d) The results of each month's monitoring should be summarized in the monthly report of the overall monitoring program by DOH during the construction stages of the program. THAILAND - SECR)RAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASsESSMENTR)R Hl1IIWAYS PAGE 78 8.3.12 Monitoring Procedure (12) - Review and Monitor Storm Water Quality Control Plans 143. In addition to tile general sections outlined in Section 8.3, the work plan for monitoring procedure (12) should contain the following specific task descriptions: (a) The DOH monitor should develop a plan for the periodic measurement and analysis of the water quality of surface runoff resulting from storm water in construction sites. It is expected that adequate drainage and sedimentation control plans for construction areas would be built into each of the construction contracts, and that the construction manager would have the responsibility of ensuring that those plans are adhered to by the contractors. The monitoring plan should have three general parts: the review and approval of the drainage and storm water quality control plans; the inspection of sedimentation control features at the construction sites; and, the actual monitoring of storm water runoff from construction sites immediately during and after storm events. (b) The DOH monitor would review the plans developed by the construction contractors regarding storm drainage management at construction sites and the measures to control sedimentation. Suggested methods can be found in Chapter 6. The monitor would consult with the construction manager on the best way of monitoring compliance with these plans. At a minimum, however, the monitor would visit the construction sites after major storm events to verify that the storm control measures were successful. Major problems would be recorded in the monthly reports and would be brought to the attention of the construction manager. (c) The results of each month's monitoring should be summarized in the monthly report of the overall monitoring program by DOH during the construction stages of the program. THAILAND - SECT)RAL ENVIKUNMENTAL AMEMENT FOR HIGHWAYS PAGE 79 9.0 Public Consultation 9.1 Public involvement in EIA Preparation 144. Public consultation represents a weak, but improving, aspect of DOH environmental assessment procedures. The NEQA addresses public information as follows (official English translation): Section 6. For the purpose of public participation in the enhancement and conservation of national environmental quality, the following rights and duties may be accorded to individual person as provided by this Act or governing law related thereto: (1) To be informed and obtain information and data from the government service in matters concerning the enhancement and conservation of environmental quality, except the information or data that are officially classified as secret intelligence pertaining to national security, or secrets pertaining to the right to privacy, property rights, or the rights in trade or business of any person which are duly protected by the law. (2) To be remedied or compensated by the State in case damage or injury is sustained as a consequence of dangers arisen from contamination by pollutants or spread of pollution, and such incident is caused by any activity or project initiated, supported or undertaken by government agency or state enterpnse. (3) To petition or lodge complaint against -offender in case of being a witness to any act committed in violation or infringement of the laws relating to pollution control or conservation of natural resources. (4) To co-operate and assist government officials in the performance of duty relating to the enhancement and conservation of environmental quality. (5) To strictly observe the provisions of this Act or other laws concerning the enhancement and conservation of environmental quality. 145. Although Section 6(1) gives the public a right to be informed, the NEQA is not clear regarding the responsibilities of the government for public information within the environmental impact assessment process. This is in the process of being resolved within the OEPP, and a study is reportedly about to get under way to establish public involvement procedures which are appropnate to Thailand. 146. There are large numbers of NGOs which have an interest in environmental matters, and some of these are active in reviewing and commenting on projects. According to DEQP, there are hundreds of NGOs, but a much smaller number are registered with DEQP according to the NEQA provisions. Appendix D presents the current list of NGOs. THAILAND- SECrORAL ENVIRONMENTALASSESSMENT FOR IiGHWAYS PAGE 80 9.2 Public Consultation for the SEA 147. The DOH has not as a rule formally involved the public in developing or reviewing environmental documentation. This is not to say that the public and NGOs have not been vocal in their support or opposition to specific projects over the years. Due to the centralization of the planning and design functions within DOH's Bangkok offices, the people in the vicinity of a project often do not get word of the project's existence until the contractors bidding for the job show up at the site. In some cases, even the local DOH officials may not be fully aware of the project's extent and so find it difficult to inform the public. For many larger projects, design reports, plans and specifications are in English, so it is more difficult for the public to truly evaluate a project . 148. A small sampling of NGOs were contacted as part of the preparation of this SEA. They were asked whether they had an interest in environmental issues conceming rural highways, and if so, what comments or advise could they give. Most of the NGOs contacted did not have a direct involvement in these issues, although they expressed interest in transportation issues in Bangkok and in sensitive locations. 149. NGO concerns were typified by a number of useful comments which were received from Khun Witoon, Director of Project for Ecology Recovery, as follows: 3 NGOs believe that the government should consult more with local people as a project is planned and executed. 3 I~Thepublic in Thailand is not accustomed to participating, and may feel that the government will not listen to them resulting in the relatively low involvement rate reported by DOH and other agencies. NGOs can provide a useful linking function between the public and the government. In general, the public is interested in the benefits of new or improved roads. They may feel that the builders (ie., the government and the contractors) should take care of the negative impacts. THAILAND - SECTORAL ENVIRONMENTAL AssEsSMENT FOR Hr.HWAYS PAGE 81 10.0 Recommended Environmental Protection Procedures and Action Program 150. This chapter summarizes the recommendations for procedural changes and improvements within DOH that are discussed in the various chapters of this SEA. Also presented here is an Environmental Action Program which will assist in achieving these desired changes. 10.1 Recommended DOH Environmental Process 151. NEQA requires that an environmental impact assessment (EIA) study must be carried out for all special highways projects and the national highways that go through the protected and/or sensitive areas. The EIA must be reviewed and approved by the EIA Reviewing entity within MOSTE. A 1992 Cabinet Resolution ordered that an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) is required for widening of the roads and highways that go through protected and/or sensitive areas while an environmental checklist is required for rehabilitation and maintenance activities. The IEE is reviewed and approved by OEPP while the checklist can be reviewed and approved by the Forestry Department. 152. To comply with the NEQA and Cabinet requirements and to increase its capacity to deal with environmental problems, an environmental unit was created in DOH under the planning division. Technical capacity of this unit as well as of DOH as a whole in dealing with environmental problems is still very limited and needs to be strengthened as soon as possible. 153. A new, small, independent, high-level Environmental Unit reporting to the Director General should be established within DOH to ensure that the projects of the Seventh Plan are carried out without major environmental degradation. In addition, a process should be instituted within DOH which attends to environmental issues at every stage of project development (planning, pre-construction, construction, and operation). The new DOH Environmental Unit should have as a principal responsibility the administration and implementation of this process. 154. Durin- the Planning Phase, DOH must identify environmental issues, scope plans for environmental study, conduct preliminary field surveys, consult with affected groups and concerned agencies, and prepare TORs for needed environmental studies. As part of feasibility studies, DOH should examine altematives, assess impacts and possible mitigation measures, conduct economic analyses, conduct appropriate environmental studies (EIA, IEE, or checklist) and obtain their approval as required by laws/regulations. 155. During Pre-construction activities, DOH should allocate adequate budgets for implementation and monitoring of the environmental mitigation measures. Detailed design and bidding documents must incorporate the environmental improvements and mitigation measures identified in the environmental analyses. 156. DOH responsibilities during the construction phase include monitoring and reporting to ensure compliance with the contract specification on environmental protection aspect. The contractor's willful failure to carry out mitigation measures should be cause for termination of the contract. TtiAiLANr) - SECK)RAL ENVIR)NMENTAL ASSESMENT FOR HiGHWAYS PAGE 82 157. Later, during the operation and maintenance phase, DOH should carry out monitoring and evaluation to ensure adequacy of environmental protection and cost effectiveness of the activities. 158. An outline of the recommended DOH Environmental Process is presented in Figure 10.1, covering the major phases of the project cyde. These preliminary flow charts can serve as first-level "decision-trees" to guide DOH. A part of the Environrnental Action Program detailed in Section 10.3 (Action 4) should be the enhancement of this Enviromnental Process, filling in needed operational detail and developing appropriate Manuals of Practice for carrying out each step of the process. Figures 10.1 is designed to provide an overview and to include indications of who should be primarily responsible for each action or decision step. 10.2 Recommendations Regarding Land Compensation and Resettlement Issues 159. The DOH land acquisition process described in Section 4.3 appears to involve compensation only for situations involving actual takings of land. In spite of this, there are cases where impacts may not extend to the taking of land or houses. An indication of how DOH deals with these situations is found in Case 3 in the box in Section 4.3. The DOH paid local farmers for damages caused by erosion and runoff from highway construction, even though their lands were not taken. Using this as a precedent, it is not unreasonable to recommend that the DOH consider formnalizingthe compensation procedures for all other situations, such as when access to a portion of a property is disrupted or prevented. There are a series of institutional barriers that must be resolved to allow conformance with World Bank's Operational Directives 4.30 and 4.20. [Word Bank 1990, World Bank 1991b] 160. In the event that land or other.. property is taken and people are forced to -IRSet3flPogamen p:i: move, the DOH procedures do not < t) 5 -- A ,- adequately address the resettlement -Fr un *a.-,- asta fr : difficulties which may be encountered by ; A -A these affected individuals. The World Bankls .. resettlement procedures require that a plan be developed which will ensure that affected ...... A people be assisted in regaining at lest their former standard of living. This indicates that replacement lands and alternative income . sources be provided by project proponents. d* .t .. DOH compensation and resettlement h bynsEpr procedures should embrace, as a minimum, v : -d x the principles in the box at right. 161. Action 6 in Table 10.1below calls for further developing the DOH land-acquisition and compensation procedures to include the principles outlined above. Useful guides for the implementation of these goals are found in the World Bank's Operational Directives 4.30 and 4.20 [World Bank 1990, World Bank 1991b]. The latter document addresses relocation impacts on indigenous peoples, which would also need to be compiied with for projects affecting indigenous populations. S See Section73 for a desaciptionof some of the needed Manualsof Practice. THAILAND- SECrORALENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR HIGHWAYS PAGE 83 Figure 10.1 Recommended DOH Environmental Process Project Identification and Planning Stage ProjectRequest Receivedby DOH * Intemal * Extemal | OtherRTG * OtherRT s DOHPlanning Div. Dnputof Information/ Data DevelopMagser LbR fromPCD and OEPP/DOH Monitoring. DOHI EnvironmentalUnit (EU)Identify: +4nr * Rules/Regulations(see OEPP ScreenPropects Regulationsand Notifications). for Engineering,Economic, and * PotentialEnvironmnental and Social EnviromentalViabiltyIncudingIssues Basedon PreliminarySurvey IdentirncationViAltenativnd. IncludingMitigations to be Required. * PotentialEnvironmnntal Costs/Benefits. * Consultationwhh OEPP. * Consultationwith the Publicas Appropriate. RankProlects _ Accordingto Engineering, L. _ I:iDOHDevelop Criteria and Economic,Environmental, Manualsof Practicefor Ranking I andSocial Constraints DOHI EU Ientify: * EnvironmentalRequirements (EIA.IEE, Checklist. PrepareProject Action List 4 Guidelines,and Manuals) andSteps to be Takenfor EachProjecL * Budgetto be Includedin the ProjectCost. Go to PreconstructlonStage THAILAND- SECrORALENVIRONMENTAL AWESSENT FOR HIGHWAYS PAGE84 Figure 10.1 Recommended DOH Environmental Process (continued) Preconstruction Stage (Feasibility Study / Detailed Design) \Requirec't ~ Project Action List YES FSSudby PlanningDiv. DOHI EU: • PrepareTOR * PrepareTORs (see OEPP Guidelines): * FS Study Is Required * ConsultOEPP: * Consultationwilh thePublic as Appropriate; * PrepareStrategy and/or TOR ior DetailedStudies on SocialIssues IncludingCompensation to the AffectedGroups and Relocation; DOHI EUI Consulttnts * PreparelEE/EIA Including Cost for MiigationMeasures, Altematives andMonitoring Program. * PrepareAction Plan for Relocation (havinglega I andnon-lega I rights) andIdentification of Mitigation Measures to Other Affected Groups. OEPPReviews the IEE/EIA < CApproved?.X(see EIAReview Process) Public ConsuHationand/or Hearing May be Required. Locetion and Design Div. DesignProject DesignGuidelines / Standards to withinclusion of Standardsand be Developedby the Location Projec-SpeciicEnvironmental andDesign Division and MXtigationMeasures and OEPP EnvironmentalUni. ConditionsIncluding Those for Dealingwith Social Issues. Constrctlon Div./ Loan Control Dlv. PrepareContract Documents Manualsfor Preparationof Including Lists of Contractor Contract Documnentsto Include Responsibilities to Conform wXh Environmental Mitigation During OEPP Conditions and Other Construction to be Developed by Mitigation Measures During Construction Div.. Loan Control Construction. Div. and Environmental Unit. H Go to Construction StagT emeAs PE 8 |saionandRelocation IPlans. l THAILAND- SECTORALENVIRONMENTALAs6EssMENT FORHIC;HWAY{S PAGE85 Figure 10.1 Recommended DOH Environmental Process (continued) Construction Stage DOH Bid Reviews DOHI EnvironmentalUnit ContractorMust: * PrepareManual of Practicefor * BeTechnically Capable * Monitoringand Reporting * Be FinanciallyCapable DuringConstruction and * Acknowledgethe Need to Operationwilh OEPP Conlormwith the Consultation. EnvironmentalRegulations * AssignResponsibility to EU andCarry Out the Staffor OtherOfficials to MitigationProgram CarryOut the Monitoring andReporting Tasks. SupervisionOfficer * MonitorMitigation Measures Compliance andAssess Whether the Contractor Performanceis Satisfactory. Construction , In Case of PublicComplaints and/or Non- _Compliance: Identify the Problems andSolve Them. Report the Results to DOHIEU.i the Situationdoes not Irmprove.Report to.Higher Authoritiesas Appropriatefor FurtherAction. OEPP MonitorsComPEliance < ~~Periodicallyand ReportsSerious Non-Complianceto NEB lor FurtherAction. |After Cornpletion, |Go to Opertion Stage| THAILAND- SEC'rORALENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR HICHWAYS PACE86 Figure 10.1 Recommended DOH Environmental Process (continued) Operationand After Project Stage DOH / Envlronmental Unit OEPP *MonitorCompliance During the * OEPPPeriodically Monitors OperationIncluding Public ComplianceIncluding Public Complaintsor Unidentified Complaintsand Unidentified EnvironmentalIssues. EnvironmentalIssues. * Submitthe MonitoringResuls * In Caseof SeriousNon- to OEPP. Compliance,Report the Resultsto NEB forFurther Action. In Caseof SeriousIssues. DOHI OEPPand Other IfNecessary, ConcernedAgencies Address Stopthe Operation. the Problemsand Develop I Implementthe Mitigation Measures. DOHI OEPPCany Out Post EvaluationAssessment and OEPPPrepares Guidelines for ConsiderModification of the the PostEvaluation Procel . Processto IncreaseEfficiency t andEffectiveness of the EIA Processior RoadSector. Goto ldentlifcatlon and PlanningStage THAILAND- SECrORAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR HIcHWAYS PAGE87 10.3 Environmental Action Program for the Fifth Highway Sector Project 162. The World Bank's Fourth Highway Sector Project included Action Plans for reducing pollution from mobile sources, enhancing safety, and for other purposes. This Action Plan served to focus the sub-projects towards common goals, and is currently being carried out. Following this example, recommendations are presented for actions that will facilitate the enhancement of environmental procedures at DOH and other agencies of the RTG. The actions specified in Table 10.1 are considered necessary to ensure that the DOH program of projects under the Seventh Plan will not adversely arfect the environment. 163. A possible impediment to the implementation of environmental mitigation measures as a standard process in the development of the Seventh Plan is that little information exists regarding the cost of these measures. Possibly as a result, DOH may not be allocating adequate budgets for environmental work If line items for environmental mitigations do not appear in program or project budget requests, it is possible that funding will not be made available. A further complication is that there is not a large body of data on these costs, so it is difficult to forecast these needs at the planning stage. 164. An approach to estimating these costs is presented below. It is strongly recommended that these numbers be refined by DOH using Thai-specific information as it becomes available. Costs presented here are order-of-magnitude estimates only. Using the data in Appendix H, the total cost of those projects which may require environmental documentation and mitigation was extracted. These projects are the ones specified in Table 4.1 as impacting Wildlife Preserves, National Parks, waterways, or towns. The total costs are then multiplied by a percent of total construction cost which corresponds to environmental mititgation. The percentages are based on estimates from projects in the United States, and as such may be on the high side. The resulting approximate cost for environmental mitigation for Seventh Plan highway projects (not including the Motorways) is presented below. Estimated Seventh Plan Environmental Mitigation Costs (milion Baht) ProjectType Rehab/Recon Widening Interchange New Link Paving Total Percent of projectcost for 1% 2% 5% 5% 1% environmental mitigation North 33.7 30.6 0 21.0 2.1 87.4 Northeast 40.1 84.2 12.5 6.2 5.7 148.7 Central 13.6 66.1 0 0 10.2 89.9 Southern 25.6 64.8 0 5.5 3.4 99.3 Total 113.0 245.7 12.5 32.7 21.4 425.3 THAILAND - SECTORAL ENVIRONMENTALASSEsMENT FOR HIGHwAYs PAGE 88 Table 10.1 Recommended Environmental Action Program,Fifth Highway Sector Project ExternalBudget in No. Action Million US $ Remarks (Duration) 1 DOH establislhesan Environmental Unit (EU) responsible for 1.0 1-2 sets of computer and preparition of environmental studies (EIA, IEF.,Checklist) and (begin in 1994) accessory; 1 fax machine; cooroination of related activities within and outside DOH. 1-2 vehicles; 2-4 sets of The unit should be comprised of engineers and other related monitoring equipment professionals, be equipped with proper instruments, and have (dust, noise, turbidity, etc.) priority for training and recruiting of staff. This unit serves as secretariat to the Environmental Committee mentioned in 2. 2 DOH assigns clear roles and responsibilities for environmental Not required. Before appraisal protection to concerned divisions/offices and establishes an (begin in 1994) Environmental Committee (EC) responsible for directing thie policy and implementation of the environmental strategy/program of DOH or identify a mechanism to ensure full integration and implementation of the environmental concerns into the existing work stuctuire of DOH. 3 DOH acquires technical assistance through national and/or 0.4 DOH/EU prepares TORs international specialists (Environmental Technical Specialists, (1994-97) before appraisal ETSs) for at least 24 months. The ETSs will assist DOH and the EU in performing their tasks, especially in the areas of preparing EIA, integrating environmental concerns into DOH procedures (including preparation of guidelines and manuals), development of strategy and workplan to deal with social impacts, ecology, and training. TllAILAND- SECTORAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FORHIGIHWAYS PAGE89 External Budget in No. Action Million US $ Remarks (Duration) 4 DOH develops and implemenits standard procedures to 1.0 DOH witlhassistance from integrate the environmental concerns into every stage of (1994-97) national and/or planning and implementation of the road/highway projects. international specialists This shotild include development of Policy, Standards, Master Planning, Economic Analysis, Design and Constmiction Management (including mitigation measuires), ElAs and l______monitoring. 5 DOH develops Manuals of Practice in Thai and English for 2.0 DOH wit}1assistance from ranking of projects, performing IEE or EIA, designing project, (1995-97) national and/or preparing contract documents, and monitoring and evaluation international specialists (also see Figure E.2 of the SEA). This includes those required for the projects to be invested by the private sector. 6 DOH develops and implements a program to deal with social 1.0 Develop a strategy in 1994 impacts to all affected groups to ensure that none of them (1994-97) before appraisal; finalize would be worse off because of the project. This includes relocation policy within 2 resolving the institutional barriers that impede implementation years of initiation; with of World Bank resettlement guidance. Prototypes or basis of assistance from national this updated relocation program could include policies and/or international developed in Thailand by EGAT and RID. . specialists 7 DOE develops a separate program to deal with the 3.0 Set program in 1994;EIA environmental issues due to the implementation of the (1994)-95) 1995-96;training 1995-97; Motorways Project including the preparation of ElAs and with assistance from training of staff. national and international specialists. TAIAlLAND- SECTORALENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FoR HIGIIWAYS PACE90 ExternalBudget in No. Action MillionUS $ Remarks (Duration) 8 DOH developsand carries out an environmentaltraining 3.0 DOH/EU prepares the program to increase knowledgeand experienceof DOH staff. (1994-97) strategy and program This includestraining of trainers;development of training beforeappraisal; with close courses and training materials (in Thai); seminars/workshops. cooperationwith MOSTE Internationalexperience should be acquired through and inputs from national conferences;seminars; workslhops; on-the-job training; and and international study tours. specialists are requiired. 9 DOHestablishes an agreement with OEPP regarding the 0.1 Begin1994; activities environmentalprocess (see Figure E.2)and develops (1994-97) includemeetings/ process/mechanismto improve their consultation with other workshops/ seminars. RTG agencies, the public, and NGOs. 10 OEPP establishesand implements a program to strengthen its 2.0 OEPPdevelops the capacity and efficiencyin reviewing and monitoring of EIA (1994-97) program in 1994. process, especiallyfor the road and highway subsector- preparing manual and guidelines,training of staff, and __ _procuring monitoring equipment. 11 OEPP establishespolicy/guidelines and proceduresto include 0.5 Nationaland/or public consultationin the EIA process. Priority given to the (1994-97) internationalspecialists. road/highways subsector. TIIAILAND- SECTORALENVIRONMENTAL ASsESSMENT FOR HiGhIWAYS PACE91 11.0 References Arbahbhirama, Anat, Dhira Phantumvanit, John Elkington, and Phaitoon Ingkasuwan (1988). Thailand - NAtural Resources Profile Oxford University Press, Singapore, 1988. ADB (1988) Environmental Guidelines for Selected Infrastructure Projects Environment Unit,. Asian Development Bank, Manila, 1988. Cernea, Michael M. (1988) Involuntary Resettlement in Development Projects -- Policy Guidelines in World Bank-Financed Projects World bank Technical Paper Number 80, Washington, D.C., 1988. Department of Land Development (DLD, 1972)"General Soil Map of Thailand", 1:1,000,000scale DOH (1993a) Feasibility Study Report for The National Highway Route No. 2 (Nakhon Ratchasima - Nong Road Programming Section,Planning Division, Department of Highways, MOTC, September, 1993 DOH (1993b). Personal communications. DOH (1993c).Highway Map of Thailand, four sheets. 1:1,000,000scale. Conditions as of January, 1993. Gutman, Jeffrey S. (1993) 'Thailand: Highway Sector V Project (4THLPA151) IEPS Review Meeting" World Bank Memorandum, September 29, 1993 Halcrow Fox and Associates, Pak-Poy and Kneebone Pty., Ltd. (1991) Executive Summary Seventh Plan Urban and Regional Transport (SPURT),March 1991. Halcrow Fox and Associates, Pak-Poy and Kneebone Pty., Ltd. (1990a) Working Paper No. 3: Transport Issues Seventh Plan Urban and Regional Transport (SPURT), 14 May, 1990. Halcrow Fox and Associates, Pak-Poy and Kneebone Pty., Ltd. (1990b) Working Paper No. 5: Potential Proiects for the Seventh Plan Seventh Plan Urban and Regional Transport (SPURT), 1990. Halcrow Fox and Associates, Pak-Poy and Kneebone Pty., Ltd. (1990c) Working Paper No. 8: Transport Concessions Seventh Plan Urban and Regional Transport (SPURT), 1990. Halcrow Fox and Associates, Pak-Poy and Kneebone Pty., Ltd. (1990d) Working Paper No. 14: Implementation of Transport Plans Seventh Plan Urban and Regional Transport (SPURT), 1990. Hoff & Overgaard (1993) Pilot Feasibility Studies for Road Capacity Expansion Projects - Methodology Manual. Hoff & Overgaard a/s denmark and PT Multi Phi Beta Indonesia. a report for Directorate of Road Planning, Directorate General of Highways, Ministry of Public Works, Republic of Indonesia. July, 1993. JICA (1991) Road Development Study in the Southem Rezion Prepared by Pacific Consultants International for Japan International Cooperation Agency, September, 1991. THAILAND - SECTORAL ENVIR)NMENTAL ASSESMENT FKR HIGHWAYS PAGE 92 LTD (1990) Kingdom of Thailand Land Transport Department Sector Paper Department of Land Transport, Ministry of Transport and Communications, Bangkok, March 31, 1990. Mekvichai, Banasopit, David Foster, Sopon Chomchan, and Phanu Kitiporn (1990) Urbanization and Environment: Managing the Conflict 1990 Year-End TDRI Conference, Chon Buri, December 8-9, 1990. NEQA (1992) "Enhancement and Conservation of National Environmental Quality Act, B.E.2535" Draft. Translated by Environmental Law Center, Environmental Information Division, department of Environmental Quality Promotion, Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment. OEPP (1993) Personal communications. PADECO (1992) Preparation of and Investment Programme for the Department of Highways (2 volumes) Asian Development Bank TA No. 1362-THA,prepared by PADECO, April, 1992. Sayeg, Philip. (1992) Assessment of Transportation Growth in Asia and Its Effect on Energy Use. The Environment, and Traffic Congestion: Case Study of Bangkok. Thailand. International Institute for Energy Conservation, Washington, D.C., May 1992. Shetty, Sudhir et al (1993) Thailand: Managing Environmental Impacts in a High-Growth Economy. Country Economic Report, Report No. 11770-TH. The World Bank, Washington D.C. June 25, 1993. World Bank (1985) Thailand Transport Sector Review Report No. 4950-TH World Bank, Washington, D.C. June 28, 1985. World Bank (1990) Operational Manual: Operational Directive 4.30 The World Bank, Washington, D.C., June, 1990. World Bank (1991) Environmental Assessment Sourcebook Three Volumes, Environmental Department, The World Bank, Washington, D.C., October, 1993. World Bank (1991b) Operational Manual: Operational Directive 4.20 The World Bank, Washington D.C., September, 1991. World Bank (1992) 'Staff Appraisal report - Thailand, Fourth Highway Sector Project" Infrastructure Operations Division, Country Department I, East Asia Regional Office. The World Bank, Washington, D.C. February 10, 1992. World Bank (1993a) Roads and the Environment: A Handbook. Draft report. The World Bank, Washington, D.C., 1993. World Bank (1993b) Environmental Assessment Sourcebook Update: Sectoral Environmental Assessment Number 4, Environmental Department, The World Bank, Washington, D.C., October, 1993. World Bank (1993c) The Environmental Data BookThe World Bank, Washington, D.C. April, 1993. THAILANrI - SECTORAL ENVIRONMENTALASSESSMENT FoR HK;HWAYS PAGE 93 World Bank (1993d) World Tables. 1993 Published for The World Bank by The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London, May, 1993. THAMLAND- SECKORALENVIRONMENTAL ASSES;MENT FOR HIGHWAYS PACE 94 APPENDIX A ORGANIZATION OF THE ROYAL THmAIGOVERNMENT Prime Minister and Council of Ministers Royal Thai Government Independent Public Agencies Office of the Prime Minister Ministry of Defence Ministry of Finance "he RoyalInstitute a The Secretariat Offliceof the * Officeot the *Bureauof the Royal of the PrimeMinister Secretary Secretary Household TThe secretarial to the Minister to the Minister * TheOffice of His of the Cabinet Officeof the * Officeof the Majesty'sPrincipal * Officeof the Permanent PermanentSecretary PrivateSecretary PaemanentSecretary. Secretary for Finance aBureou ol the the PrimeMinister'. Office for Defence * TheFiscal CrownProperty *The Bureau * TheWar Veterans Policy Office Officeof the of the Budget Organization * TheTreasury Audltor-General *Secretariat of the of Thailand Department of Thailand NationalSecurity Council * TheSupreme * TheComptroller- * TheSecretarial of - Officeof the Command General'sDepartment the Houseof JuridicalCouncil Headquarters * TheCustoms Represuntatlves - Officeof the Clvil a RoyalThai Army Department 9 TheSecretariat ServiceCommission * RoyalThai Navy a TheExcise of the Senate * office of the o RoyalThai Depwtment * Bankof Thailand Commissionof Air Force . TheRevenue a BangkokMetropolitan CounterCortuption Department Administration * office ol th StheLE lsea * Officeof the NationalEconomic * ThePreserved StateEniBgrZet Attorney-Genefal and Social FoodOrganization * TheGovernment DevelopmentBoard * The Glass LotteryOffice * OffieI of Ihe Organization * Thailand NationalEducation * TheToxtile TobaccoMonopoly Commission Organization * TheGovernment a Offlceof the * The Battery SavingsBank Narcotlls ControlBoard Organization . TheGovernment * Officeof the * TheTanning HousingBank Boardof Investment Organization * KrungThai *NationalStatstical BankLtd. Office *Bank for Agriculture &The PublicRelations and Agricultural Department Cooperatives * NationalIntelligence a TheDhipaya Agency InsuranceCo.. Ltd. * Departmentof *Thai Marble Technicaland Economic CorporationLtd. Cooperation *Uquor Distillery 4 NationalYouth Bureau Organization, • Officeof the ExciseDepartment Commissionfor the a TheSyndicate Managementof of ThaiHotels RoadTraffic and Tourists *National Energy EnlerprisesLtd. Policy Office SitateEnhawptihsL • The ElectricityGenerating Authority of Thailand • The TourismAulhority of Thailand • The ZoologicalPuk Organization * Sports Authorityof Thailand * The MassCommunicatlon Organization of Thailand * MetropolitanRapid Transit Authorlty PrimeMinister and Council of Ministers Royal Thai Government Ministry of Education Ministry of Public Health Ministry of Industry Ministry of University Affaits * Office of the * Office of the * Office of the v Office of the Secretary to Seeretary to Secretary to the Secretary to the Minister the Minister te the Monister Office of the Permanent * Office of the * Olfice o o the Secretary for University Affairs Permanent PermanentSecretary Permanent * ChulalongkornUniversity Secretary for for Public Health Secrolary for * Kaselsart University Education * Departmentof Industry *Khon Kaon University * Department of Medical Services * The Thai * Chiang Mal University Teacher Education * Departmentof Industrial * ThammasatUniversity * The Religious Communicable Standards . Mahidol University Affairs Deparlmenl Disease Control Institute * RamkhamhaengUniversity * Depaitment of a Departmentof ODepartment of * Silpakorn University Physical Educatlon Health Mineral Resources * SrinakharinwirotUniversity * Department of * Departmentof * Departmentof Prince of Songkla University Curriculum and Medical Sciences Industrial Works * Sukholhailthammathirat insIruction Development * The Food and * Departmentof Open University 9 The Fine Arts Drug Administration IndustrialPromotion * KingMongkurs Institute of Department Technology,Thonburi a Departmentof Stt-Wr-l.StatO-EnflotO.fEL ~ aKing Mongkur'sinstitute of Technology, General Education * The Government aTheIndustrial North Bangkok oDepartment of Pharmaceutical Estate Authority * King Mongkurs Institute of Technology. Non-FormalEducation Organization of Thailand Lat Krabang * Departmentof *The Offshore * NaUonalInstitute of Development Vocational Educallon Mining Administration * Offlico of the Organization * Maejo Institute of Agricultural Private Education Sugar Factories Inc.. Technology Commission Departmentof * Ubon RatchathaniUniversity * Office of the Industrial Works * Burapa University National Culture *Narayana Phand Co.. Ltd. * NaresuanUniverosity Commission A Jolnt Venture with * Ralamangala the Ministry of Industry Institute of * Tho Petroleum Technology Authority of * Office of the Thailand National Primary * The Office of EducaUonCommission Industrial Economics * Offlce of the Teacher Clvil ServiceCommission SteltE * The Teachers' Council of Thalland * Business Organizaton of the Teachers Council of Thailand PrimeMinister and Council of Ministers Royal Thai Government Ministry of Interior Ministry of Commerce Ministry of Justice Ministry of Science, 9 Office of the Offlice of the * Office of the Technology and Environment Secretary to Secretary to Secretary to . Office of the the Minister the Minister the Minister Secretary to the a Office of the * Office of the * Office of the Minister Permanent Permanent Secretary Permanentl Office of the Secretary for Commerce Secretary Permanent lor Interior ODepartment of ;r Justice Secretay for *Department of Foreign Trade aLelal Executin Sciene. Tehnoogy Local a Departmentof Department and Environment Administration Internal Tradea Offic. of the aDeprtment of *The Community a Departmentof Judicial Affairs Scionce Service Development Corrrnercial aDepartment *The Nabonal Department Registralion of Probation Research Council * The Royal Thai ODepartment of l The Supreme of Thailand Police Department Business Courtl Office of a Department Economics *The Court Environmental ol Lands * Departmentof of Appeals Policy and Planning * Departmentof Export Promotion * The Civil Court *Pollution Cortroi Public Welfare a The Insurance * The Crilminal Department • The Public Department Court *Department of Works Departmentl Departmentol a The Central Environmental * Departmentof Intellectual Propetty Juvenile and Ouality Promotn Corrections o The Public Family Court uDeparlmlntom * Departmentof Warehouso * The Central Energy Ar airs Town and Organization Labour Court * Office of Country Planning Atomic Energy * Office of for Peace Accelerated Rural Development StateU Pnltg[IsL * Departmentof *Thailand Instituto of Labour Protection Scientific and and Wellare ToechnokodcalResearch * Departmentof oNational Science Skill Development and Technology DevelopmentAgency The Mtropolitan Electricity Authority * The MetropolitanElectricity Authority (Kiong Taci District Office) • The Metropolitan Electricity Authority (Sam Sen District Office) * The Metropolitan Electricity Authority (Eang Kapi Distrit Office) * The Metropolitan Electricity Authority (Yan Nawa District Office) • The Metropolitan Electricity Authority (Samut Prakan District Office) * The Metropolitan Electricity Authority (Thon Burl District Office) * The Metropolitan Elcbicity Authority (Rat BuranaDistrict Office) * The Matropolitan Electricity Authority (Nonthaburl District Office) * The Metropolltan Electricity Authority (Bang Yal District Offke) * The Metropolitan Electricity Authority (Min Surl District Office) * The Metropolitan Electricity Authority (Bang Pll District Office) * The Provincial Electricity Authorily The Metropolitan Waterworks Authority The Expressway and Rapid Transit Authority of Thailand The National HousingAuthority The Provincial Watetworks Authority * The Marketing Organization Prime Minister and Council of Ministers Royal Thai Government Ministry of Foreign Affairs Ministry of Agriculture & Cooperatives Ministry of Transport & Communications * Officeof the * Officeof theo Officeof the Secretaryto Secretaryto Secretaryto the Minister the Minister the Minister * Officeof the * Officeof the Officeof the Permanent Permanent Permanent Secrelary Secretaryfor Secretaryfor for Foreign Agricultureand Transportand Affairs Cooperatives Communications * Department TheRoyal * The Department of Protocol irrigationDepartment ot LandTransport aDepartment Deprtmeantofl The Depatment of Economic CooperativeAuditing of Aviabon Affairs Departmentof a The Harbour *Department Fisheries Department of Treaties Departmentofl The Department and LegalAffairs Livestock of Highways 'Department Developmentl The Postand of Information * TheRoyal TelographDeparlment o International Forestry aThe Moleorobiocal Organization Department Departmont Department aThe Land oOffice of the Departmentof Development Maritime ASEANAffairs Department Promotion Departmentof Oepartment Commission EuropeanAffairs of Agriculture Departmentof a Dopatmentof Slafo1na prisos East AsianAffalrs AgriculturalExtension * The Port Authorityof Thailand *Departmentof * TheCooperatives * The StateRailway of Thailand Americanand PromotionDepartment The ExpressTransportatIon Organization of Thailand SouthPacific * The Agricultural The BangkokMass TransH Authority Atfairs LandReform Office The TelephoneOrganization of Thailand Departmentof * Officeof Thai AirwaysInternational Ltd. SouthAsian, AgriculturalEconomics * The AirportsAuthority of Thaiand Midde East and AeronsuticalRadio of ThalandLtd. AfricanAffairs Biala EnhIrpIiza The TransportCompany Ltd. * The ForestIndustry Organizallon * ThaiMaritime Navigpbon Co.. Ltd. * The RubberEstate Organization a The CommunicationsAuthority of Thailand * TheFish MarketingOrganization * TheGovernment Cold Storago Organization * The DairyFarming Promotion Organizatlon of Thailand a Officeof the RubberReplanting Aid Fund * The ThaiPlywood Company Ldt. * TheMarketing Organization for Farmers APPENDix B NEQA, MOSTE NOTIFICATIONS AND EXPERTCOMMTTEES It x z 2 P p 0 2m z Iw zN zIz 8 I0 r r'4 w * a 0 '4 U of ehN * '4 14 0 0 pi ~0 2 - 3 -4- likely Lo hsvo Impacts an environmentalquslity or to cnume Naosrdauu Subh-etmac smans explosive substances. conditionspoisonous or harmfulLo the healthand hygieneof the inflammablesubstances, oxidizing and peroxiding subetances. public,and shall mean Lo IncluderdiatLion, hbeat light,nolee toxic submtances,pathogenic aubstances.radioctLive substnaces. odour,vibration or othernulosnooe eminaltd or dischargedfram goneLio transforming mubLaancem. corrosive muhstanesm, pointsources of pollution, irritatingsubstancom. or otebr substances whetherchemical or 'Follatla means the atLte of onvironmontthat has been not, whibh any cause danger to human-being.animal, plant. affected, changedor contaminatedby pollutants,remoulind in properLyor the environment. deteriorationof environmentalquality, such an water pollution, air pollution,soil pollutlan. "NulsamW seann nuimance eccordingto the law on pulblo ePolat 8ouree of FolltLlooi means any eoemunity, bealth. factory, building, structure, vehicle, place of businessor activityor any other thingfrom wbichpolluLion Is generated. 'Fatory' means faotories according to the law oan induatrialplants. V"Lte means refuse,garbage, filth, dirt, wvatewater. polluted air, polluting substancesor mny other bhsardous 'l1i1dleg means buildingseaccording to the law an eubntacoam hbichare discharged or originatedfrom pointsources buildingcontrol. of pollutlion,including residuem, sediments or resaindersof such matters,*itber In the ostte of solid, liquidor gas. Tebhell means autoLobilesor motorcyclesaccording to the law on autLoobiles.vemmela accordingto the law on Tbai "UtneuaLer'5 omana watLe in liquid stato including vesselsand aIrorefttaccording to the lav oa aviaLton. pollutingor contaminatingsubstances contained Ia much liquid. NomiLtaringCoatrol OporatorO means thb person licoaend 1ollutedA1r means wvste in gaseous state in tbe form to monitor, control, *nmeon, operate and maintainwatowaLtor of vapour, eteanoexhaust, fume, odour, smoke,gas, dust,soot, treatmentor wastedisposal facility, or equipment,Instrument, ani or other polluLltgmubhtaneoi In the form of particulate tools, appliances for control. treatment or disposalof any matters thbt can be suspendedin the atmospherioair, otherpollutlon, which tbe owner or possommorof pointsource of III To be Inforned and obtain Information and data from Beotiom 7 in order to encourage public p.rtlcipation in the governmenL service in mutter. aoncerning Lhe enhanemeanL and the promotion and conservaLlon of environmeatal qualIty, conservation of environoental qualiLty except Lhe Information or non-governmental armanizaLions (Noons having the status of a data Lhat are oFficially classified an secret InLoligence JurisLic person under Thei law or foreign law which are directly perLaining to national security, or secrets por.aising La the onggsed in acLivitien concernins eonvironmonLalproLeLtion or con- right to privacy, property righLet or the ribt. In trade or servaLlon of natural resources wiLbouL any objecLive to be business of any person vbhih oro duly protected by low. Involved in politics or Lo make profile froe the engagement In much sativities. shall be entitled Lo reislter with the iinistry 213To be remedied or compensated by the State In oone of Science, Technology and Rnviromert as thb RMos for onvirom- dosage or Injury In oustained asoa onsequence of dangers arise. aental protection and conservation of natural resources in froa contamination by pollutanLe or spread of pollutioa. and accordance wLth the rulejd procedures and condition, proescribed such incidenl is caused by any activity or project initiated, by ministertul regulation. supported or undertaken by governmenL agency or staLe enterprise. seLloo n The MOOs that have been regislored pursuant to 13 To poLitioe or lodge complainL against Lbt offender section T may request for government assiatance or support In in came of being a witness to any *aL coemitted in violalion or the following matLerst infrinessent of Lte laws relating to pollution control or conservation of natural resources. II) The onrgnization of volunteers to assilt In the per- lormance of duLy of govorasgaL offiloals under tble Act or other 14) To co-operate and anoint govurnment officials In the lava concerning the enh.ncesentand conservatlon of envirouaenL.l performance of duly relatlig to the enhancement and consorvaLion quality. Of environmeatal quality. (U) To etictly observe the provisions of this AcL or I21 Public relaLlons campaign and disseminalion of Infor- othor laws concerning the enheanoertL and consorvaLlon of matlon or datL Lo promote public awareness and proper undersLand- environmenLtl quility ing and knowlodge about enviromaental protetLlo sad conservation of nature and natural resources. - It - - 12 - Identifled.the Prime MiniutLrshell be empoweredLo enjoin *ucb The Minister or science. Tecbnology and Environment personsfrom any eLtawhich may aggravatethe adverseeffetot of mhall have the power to appoit, pollutioncontrol oflicials and pollutlionduring the oceurrenoeof much endengeringInoideat.. otber compeLenLofficials. leeue minimterial regulaLton. preecrib- ng fteesnot exceedingLbse rates attachedbereto and prescribing The Prime Minletermay delegate the power *o give orders other activitlesfor the executionof this Act. pureueantto the first paragraph to the Cbasnrataovernor to exeroisesuch power and act on hi. behalfwithin the territorial The NlniLterialRegulations haellcome into force upon JurildiLion of thaL Chmngwat. The maid deleatlionof power their publicationIn the aovernnentaexette. shall be made by a written order and publishedIn the Goverue.at oazette. ChapterI NatliaalYEwiramment bSard When any order In given by the Prime MIniLterby virtue ------___------of the first paragraph,or by the changwatGovernor acting on behalfof the Prime Ministerby wirtueof the Secondparagraph, Booelos1i There sball be a MaLionalEavironment Board muoh order shall be publishedto the Governent.azaette without consistingof the Prime Minister as the cbhirman,a DeputyPrime delay Minister deigaLoted by the Prime Minister as the firet Vice Chairean.the Miniaterof science.Technology and EIvironmentae uoLtiom10 In order to prevent.remedy, extinguish or the second Vice Cheirman,Lte Minister of Defence,the inicater mitigate the emergency or denier of polluLion envisagedby of Finance,the Ninisterof Agricultureand Cooperatives,the section9, *he inisltershall determine preventivemeaoures and Minister of Transport and Comauniletions,the inisLter of preparea contingency plan to rctlify the siLtuationIn advance. Interior, the minliter of Education, the Minister of Public Health,tho MinistLrof Industry. thL SmereLary-Onneralof the setiolo1i The Prme. Ninieterand the Minieter of Science. NtLional Economicand socialDevelopenet board, the Secretary- Technologyand Eavironmentshell have charge and controlof the aeneral of the Doard of Inventeent. the Director of thb Bureau of execution of this Act, insofar as It In concerned with their the Budgetan membersex officioand memberm qualifiedin snov- respectivepowers and duties oenferredupon them under thie Act. roneentalmatters aot more thba eibt permone of which no lese than half shall be representativesfrom the private seetorand -55-tt - sLate enLerpriseinfringes or retrainsfroa complying aiththe 8eotlao lb In additionLa tbe expirationot th, term of laws and regulatione for environmentalprotection whioh may officeaccording to seetion 14. a qualilfedmember appointed by cause extensivedamage to Lhe environment, tbe obinet *oall vacateoffice upons 515 Deatht fill To specify measures for the Ltrendtbening and fostering of co-operationand co-ordinationamong goveromonL (II resignmLions agencies. state enterprises mad the privatesector In moaters conoerning the prootlion and ceomsnrvatlonof environmental 43 bWeni a banbrupts quality. 44i being an incompetentor quemo- incompetentpersons 41tl To mupervimethe Fund managmentand admlnintraLion. is; being punished by a fJoal Judgesent to a Lter of 4131 To subolt reporte on atLionaleviranmentel quality imprisonaenLexcept for an offence committedthrough aegligeacs situatlonto tho oabinotat least onoe a year. or a patty oftfnce. uI4t To pertorm other funotions as mapy b providedby (di Being dismissedby the cabinetfor lmoompetemasor this Aot or otoer lauw to he within the autborityof the misoonductor havingvested interestsio any activityor businese Natlonal nliroasentBoard. that may have a direaL lmpacLon or adversely ffectLtbe savirom- mentalquality. leotiom14 A quolitiedmember appointedby tho ombinot sabll hold oftfie for a term of tbree years and may be Whoe a qualified member vacates office before tho ro-appointedfor a periodof not more than one consecutiveterm, expiration of bis tora of office. tbe cebinLt may appoint another personto fill the vacancyand snub persnasball bold in came an addiLional appointmentof qualitiedmember im office only for the remainingterm of bhs predecessor. made daring the tera of those members who have alreadybeen appointed to bold office, the term of additLionalmemborship Uectioa 1m ln convxulogthe W.Llonal3anlronaeat *o-rd *hill be equal to the remainder of tbo term of those memberswho meeting,if tbh Cbhirman is absent or unableto performthb hive alreadybeen appointedbefore. -120 - InvironmentalPolicy and Planning. Lbh PollutionControl Deparl- 463 Ronmys or proportLiesdonastd by donors la Lbe private ent, or Lbo Eovironamnt.alqualiLy Prootlion Department under the sectorboth doesLio aad foreign, by foreigagoverameaLs or by Nisistryof Balaence,toohology and lnltronenntwitb the opera- i0teraonal orgasiLio tion or preparation of propositicasto be *ade to the NationalEnvironment Board for furthor otLions. iii Lareut ad benfits acrued from this Food. Chapterit il Otor *oseys recsivedfor the operationof thsl Foud. awavrommeatalFeud The Coeptroller-omeraPls 3.partmos.t.Wialetry of Finaace, bhallkeep th* moseys sod propertiesof the lavIroames- tal lead sad sake diebenseseatsfrom the feud I. accorisnoswith 8etioa uA There shall be establisheda fund called tbe mavIromeeatal Fuad" is the HimioLry of Fimamo. wvit tLb this Act. tollowvigmonmeys ad properties# SeoteloAs resd disbursemeateshall be mado for the its Money from Lhe Fuel oil Fund ia the aoountdeter- followiag ctLivities*ad purpoesmi ilaid by the Prim, Nimister. (ii As graatsto goveruseatagency or local admiaistra- 39)momey treasferedfrom the RevolvimsFGnd for VaTiVan- tio. for lsvestmeatIn aod operollonof tho centralyestewater meatalDevolopment and qualiLyof Life establishedby the Anneal troatmealplant or neutralwvato disposelfacility. iaoluadig the Dudget for the FiscalYear of I.P. 103i Acl, 3.3. ilS3. acquisitioa sad prooroemeatof laad, materials. sqeipseat. lnatrussutLtools aad appliaaeos necessaryfar tLe operatlooa*d (t3 servioe fees and penalties collectedby virtueof salemamas of such facility. this ot. (39 As loansto local adaisistratLoaor Lstteenterprise 449 Greats from the Governmentfrom tine to time. for mahkigavailable of air pollutioacoatrol system, wasteaLter treatmentor waste disposalfacilities to be usod specificatllyo the activitiesof sueh local adaelnmlratiomor AtaLeonterpries. - m3 - - z4 - ES) To fix duratlonsfor repsymentof loans from the Fund Chaiuat. Action Plan for environmental qualiLtyameasement accord- according*o neLion 23 3) or 43) as well am interestrates and ing to section 39 Lo conmarueL or operate bhe wastewater securlitlesa necessaryand appropriate. treateot. planL or caste disposal faciliLtyfor which certaim arountof governmentbudgeL bhn been earmarkedor tevenuesof Lin 481 To determineLhe ratio and criteriafor deductionof localadminatralion have been allocated as additionalcontribe- serviceteam and penaltie that arte requiredby secLloo33 to be Lions to the Fund allocatlon. remiLttodo the Fuad. The proportionbetw.ee the governomntbhdget or coatribu- CT) To performany other functionsprovided under thL tlionefrom the localrevenues aad *he Fund allocation to be Act. determinedby the Fund Commstteeaccording to the first paragraph ohall be determined tn accordance with tbo rule. laiddown by The prescriptionof rulum according to euh-moLioa 12. tbh MNatlonalEnvironmeant oard. tS or (44 and guidellessfor actlo under eub-mectiou(tl ar (I) ahallbe approvedby the NationalKnvironent goard. Bectim IS The rund allocatlom as loaom to the local adminislration.state entarprime or privaLt pereonpurusant to The Fuad ComiLttee may appoint a subcoamLttee to sooLion23 41) or 43) hall be determined by the Fuod Commilttee aoonideror oarry out any mLtter am way be *ntrustedby the Fund In ocordance wiLth the rules and conditLios stipulatedby the committee. NatiomalEavirommeat Board. leoLiam 16 Bection1i. section 17 and section g0 shall in order to oencourmescompliance witb this Actb the Fuand apply muLaLisautandis to tbe performanceof functionsof tbe CommiLLte may, with the mpproval of the Natioaalgaviroameat Fund CommiLtee and the subcoomiLtteappoinLted by the Fund Bard. allocate from the Fund as an emcepLiomal loag-termloam CommittLe. to aay local adaimistraLiom.state enterprise.or privatsporoom end say determineto reduce tbe Intereatrates or make exemptlio BeaLtoiof In ooasiderationto allocatemoney from the to the paymentof much interestas deemedappropriate. Fund for the purposeof meLtion 23 411. the Fund Comsmiteemhail give first priortLy to the request for allocatioausder tbe -27- - 2A - shall have the power to proscribe by notificaltlonpublished In Roectioo3 The National EnvironamntBoard shall. if the aGoveranmt auzetue the following environmental quliLty deemed reasonable,have the power to prescribespecial standards. standardol whicb are hibher than tbe environmentalqualiLty standarde prosoribedpursuant to sootion31. for the protetlion of areas ill Wtelr quslity sLandards for riverscaenal, swamp, designated an conservationor mnvironaontallyprotocted area marsh. lake,reservoir and other public tinand watersources according to notlion42, or areas designated according to aocording Lo tbeir use claseificatloneIn eacb river basinor setlion44. or pollutlon control areas demignatodpuruaLnt to vatercatobnoat. ectlion58. 12i uater qualiLtystandards for coastaland estuarine bectio 34 The Nationalnowiroon.at Board shall bhwa tho water areas, power to make appropriatemodificatLion and Improvementsto Lbs presoribed envirosmentalquality standards Ia the Itght of ES) aroundwmtsrquality standards. selentittiand teobsologloalpregressesn and ohangesin econoeie and socialconditlons of tbe country. 4a Atmoospherioambient air standards. 451 Ambient standards for noln and vibratlon. Eauiroaseatal qeality Eagoeeat Plaanieg isi imvironmentalqualiLty standards for other matters. BoetleotS The Nmlietershall, with the approvalof the Tbe prescriptliooof environmentalquality standards National gnvironment Board, formulate sa motion plan called purnuant to the foregoing paragraph shall be based upon 'tovircaaental qualilty aneagaent Plan' for Iaploanotationof aelnZltifcknowledge. prinolples.criteria and evidencerelated the natlonalpolicy and plan for enhanemnentand conservationof theretoand hballalso take into acoauntthe practicabilityof environmentalquality deternined by virtueof setlion 13111. sucb standards from the viwpoilnt of economic,soolal and technological considerations. The EnvironmentalQuality NanagesLntPlan purouantto thb firstparagraph shall be publishedto the covernuentGazeLte. - 31 - - 32 - plan for *nviroouitsenLaqualily management. If. howeveor,bero in severiLyor the problems andeconomic, socialand *nvirrnaental a reasonable around. the seid duration any be eetonded *a condtilonsof tbat Chbaswat, and should addre-sand contain appropriateby the NationalEnvirousent Boad. *ounontial*leentlo in Lhe followingmaLLere la preparinga ChanowntActlion Plan for the pollution t1l PlAn for controlof polluLionfrom point sources. control area occordingto anelion SS, the Governor haill Incorporate Into it the aotion pies for mitigation and 12 Plan for procureseu, *ad equigitIonof land. elmIntlion of polluLion prepared by the local authority ealerlolo equipment,tools and appliancesvbieb are mesential pursumatto sooeioo 0 end the localsotlon plan alkal form an for Lbo 0o0mtruotlon,instLalation. improvsee..t *odifioaLion. integr%lprTl of the CkaguvatActia Plan. repair,*Slntemnane and operatlonof centralumseteater treat.esl plonts or eontral watle digponal tacilites belogling to ic case there Is any Chniguat,in vhicb no localityis movernment4agey or localadminisratlon concerned. dealsgaled as an eavironaeaLallyprolooled ores accordineto seotion 41. or as pollulion controlarea accordingto section (II Plea for colloelionof taxes.duties and service s,. tht. is novertLbeleovdesirous to *enhancend eonoorvote fteesfor operation and aintLonanceof ceontral wlsteater eavironmentalqualilty within the limits of its torritorial treatmont paint.or centralvrole dispogal fSolliti.e referred Juri.ditLlom.the Govornor of that ebshgwat *ny prepare a to In sub-snoni2 gbovo ebhngvatAotion Plan,within tbe fromovork of and In conforuily ith the requirementsof the* nviroasLntalqualily Nanmsoment (4) Plan for Inospeoion0momitoriag and conlrol of Plan, and submiLtIt to the National Invironoent Boardfor wasotwatersand olber wasts *n1aers whicharo diboehrgedfroe approval, poila*oureso of pollutlion. *aotionis Thb ChsosawtAction Plan to bo submittedto u5) Lav enforcoment plan for tbh prevention and theo ationalUnviroaeat. Board shall be an actionplan wbiob euppressionof violaLionor Intringementof laws and reaultlione proposes a systLe of integratedmanagemont of environOmetol pertainine to pollution control and conoervationof naturo. q%zlity is cunforoltf wltb the galdnoceu *prelfted In Lk* natural resources and oultural environient pertflnafg to EnvironmentalqualiLy Management Plan, taking Into accounttbo aesthbticvalues. - 35 - - 36 - Part. II* Land use prsesriptionsfor preservingthv natural Cammervatiom amd UsviromenmtnIlyProteated Areas condiLionsof such area or for proventingItn naturalecosyatoas ______- or its asothsLio values or amenities from being adversely impacled. leotiom41 ProtectLionand managemenLof areaswitbin Lhe limits of natlonal parkb and wildlife reserves sballbe in 12 Probibitlonof any acts or activities that may be accordance vith Environmental the Quality Nanagement Plan harmfulor adversely affector changethe pristine staLe of tho effeotive by virtue of eotlion35 and governedby tbe lav ecosysit.esof such area. reaItedthereto. I3a Specifyingtypes and sizesof proJectsor activitLies SeoLlca 48 In case It appears that any area In undortakenby governentLadencieo state .nterprieenor private characterizedas watershed area, or chareaterisedby unique ntLites,to be constructedor operatedIn such area,which shall natural eoeytoena vwhoih are different from other areas in have the legal duty to subaitreports of environeLntalimpact general,or naturallycomposed of ftragileecosysLes which are nsssnsnent. sensitive mad vulnerable to destructlon or impacts of buman activities,or worLtyof being conserveddue to its naturalor (43 Determinationof management approach and ebthod aenthetio values or amenilies, and such area Is atnto be specificto the managementof such area including the scope of demignatedan a conservatlon area, the Ministershall. vith the functLionsand responsibilitLiesof relevaentgovernment agencies adviceof the National Environmentbaord, be anpoweredto issue for the purpose of co-operatlionand co-ordinationtbat are ministerial regulation designanlog such area as an eoaducive to efficienL performanceof work towards the environmentallyprotected area. preservationof natural conditionsor ecosysteaeor aemthetio valuesand amenitlesIn sucb area. BeotoLs44 Ia issuing tho aisisterial rmqulation pursuant to section 43, amy one or more of the following (s) Proescriptionsof a otherprotective measures wbich proLootivemeasures shall he prescribedthereunder$ are deemedproper snd multablmto Lbe canditlocsof sucb area. - 3s - _ -40 similar nature. thb Ninlatorway. wihb bhe approval of Lbs an expert or opecializedin eonvironmentalInpetc assesmuent. to National EnvironmenLBoard. 1isue a notificatlion In the studymnd submitreport or opinionfor Its consideraLlontbereof. Governmentuazette exeompting such proJeator activiltyof tbe *aro or similar nuturefrom the requirementof environmentallepooL For proJector activityof governmentagency or stteo assessent, provided that the propoment of such projector enterprisewhich is not required to bo approved by the ebineL activitP *hall exprens ite conment to comply with various accordingto tbe firstparagraph. the governmenLagency or state *easuresprescribed in tbe seviromonetal upaotL euessmnentreport enterprimeresponsible for such proJector activity*ball prepare vhioh Is applioable as the standard for aeseemeoatof *ucO and file the environmentalimpsact aeeeesent report to orderto projuct or motivity In scoordenoo vitbthe rulesand *eLiods obtain approval prior to tbe Inilialionof such projector specifiedby the 4inister, activityin aceordancewiLth th rules and proceduresas provided by section48 and 49. section41 in came tbe proJect or activitywbhib is requiredto preparethe enviro,menteliopaot aeeessmentaccording section48 In case h*e proJect or activitywhich to to ooetlioo l is tbe projector activity of a governmentegesoy required by section 48 to prepare tho environmentalimpact or of a stateenterprise or to bo Jointlyundertaeno with private amseussentreport is tbe projector activitywbich In requiredby unterpriee hblhb In required the approval of the osblet ig lav to obtlainp-rminsele prior to constructionor operation.the aecordaneo with official rulesamd regulatloon, the government person applyins for Lhe permission heallhavo the duty to fril agenoy or state enterprise responsiblefor much projector the onvironmentalimpaet asessmmeLt roport with Lhe porilttlig acLivityshall have the duty to preparethe onvironmeatalImpact authority undersuch law and with the Officeof *aviromemotul assoesmentreporL at the ag. of omd04'tinga fteeibilLystudy Policyand Planning isoultnneouely.Tb- reportto be filed as for euch project.such report shall be filed with the National atoresaid may be made in Lbo form of an initiLlenvironmental loviromenLtboard for its review and commentsand then submitted examinationIt.h.1. In accordanee witb the rulesand proe dures to tho cahimatfor consideration. detL inrledby the iniLeterpurounaL to section 46. second paragraph. Ia consideringto give approval to t*e enviroomental Wapat assesaseatreport filed ascordingto the first paragrapb. ITo official who la loegally authorized to grant the cabinetmay an well request any personor lnstitutLionbeing permissionohall withbold the greantingof permission for the - 43 44 guidelines and detailed requiremeats determined by the or activityidentifled in the report for whibh *pprov-l tLermof order of Lhe ooamltt*e of *xperts. in sought. *he When suab person hnn resubiLttedthe eovironoentmlimpeLt When Lhe commiltee of experts bra approwvd 49, ameesementreporL thaL has been amended or entirelyredone. the snviranoent.limpeeL aesessmenb reportpursuant to section to grastpermission or Lbe commiLtteeof expert.shall revievand concludeits oonsideration the offloielwho In legally copOtOnt. Lbh coeditionsof vithin thirtrdnsy from Lbh dato of receivingthe renubiLtted removal of perleelaom shall stipulate as all Lho mitigaLfoo measures reporL.If Lhe eoamittLeof expertsfails to conoludoit* review permission or renewnl thereof reportand all encb and consideraLlonwithin the maid period, It shall be deemedtha. proposedIn thb environmentimpneL assessment prescribedby wirLuoof the comnMttee has approved the reporL and tho permitting conditionsshall be deemedthe conditions authorityshall aooordindlyorant permission to the person vho tbe governinglavs on tbe subjectmatter. appIles for It. Bectiom51 For the purpose of compliancewitb section4? may. vith the approvalof the In case it in deemed reasonablethe NInister may issue aed section 48, Lhe Ninister that h*esnviroumenLal impact notificatloanIn thb overnsentasoatto requiring thaL the preJecL nationalgnviroamenL bard, require sectlom 48 be preparedor or activiLy of the type and izeospecified by tbo notification assesamesL reporL as required by ti licensed to be a specialisto Issuedby virtueof oeLtion4* also filo the environmentalimpaot certifiedby the personwbo assssmeenL reportwhon Lbe appilotilon is made for renewalof environaentalImpaeL assessmenL. permissionfor much projector acLivityin accordance viLb th* qualificaLlonsof seoe proceduresea applicable to the application for tbe Applicaltloand issuance of liceaere impaet poruiseion, specialisltwho will bo eligibleto prepare*evironmenaal assessment reporte. conLrol of the licesnee's performanooe issuance of certificato In lieu of tho 8ecLlougo For thb purpose of review and consIderatlionof renewal of liceses licemcesad fee payments the envireonusmtllmpaet sseessmenLreport pursuantto eotlion licence,suspsnsion or revocaLionof tho of licmecs sball be Is 46 and sectio 4*9mnd sits lespeoLiosis deeomedppropriate. the for the applicaltionand issunsce rules.proe dures and conditionsstipulated committee of exportsor the competentofficial ansigned by tbe aocordaaeowitb Lbe commitee shall be auLborizedto inspecttho siLe of tho projecL by *solnLerlalregulaLlon. - 47 -48 - 18i To give advice to Lbe Ninioterconcerning the type. 8ectloa54 Section 16. section 17 and setlion20 shall of point sources of pollutlon thantwill be requiredto comply apply mutatis*utandis to the performanceof funtLionsof tbe with uecLion So and section69. PollutionControl CommiLtte and subcomnlttee. I71 To make recommendationan the immulanof ministerlal Part 2 regulationsspeaifying the typen and oategoriesof hazardous Emlaasioor EfflueatStandards wastemunder seetlonTo. 161 To coordinate governmentagencies sLtateenterpriess BetLlomi5 The NinLstorshall. witb tbe adviceof tbe and Lhe private sector In their otLion. Lo coLtrol. prevent. PollutlionControl Committee and tbe approvalof the Natlfeal mitleateor eradioatepollution. Environmentboard have the power to pubilbh aLotiftaLiouIs tbe doveranaL aazeLtteproscribing emissionor effluentetaudards for 101 To prepare and submit the report on pollution the controlof wastewaterdischarge. pollutted air emossioms.or situationto the NationalEnvironment board oancea year. dischargeof other waste.or pollutants from pointsource. Into the environaent. in order to meeL tbe eaviroaaeatalquality 1101 To coneider and resolve on tho uhallengetL b*b standarde met by virtue of this Aet for tbe coaeerva-tomof orderof tbn pollutolncoatrol offiois' uodc. this Act. nationmlsavironaantal quality. *111 To performothor funotionm desligatedby Lbth Aet se*tiom56 la crce tberehave been standardsprescribed or other lav to be the poverand duty of the PollutionCoatrol by virtueof the other laws cnomarefig wastewsterdischarges. Committee. pollutted air emissionn. or diseharge of otLer wastes or pollutetosfrom poiatsources of pollutlon into thb eaviromeant ill To oarryout othor sa*ters assignedbj tbe National and such standards are no less stringent tha the *etmalonor Enviroment board, effluent*standards set by tbe Nialaterby wirtue of sectiongo. such standards sball continueto be effectLiveby virtueof tLh The PolluLion Control CoaaiLte may appoiat a laws related thereto. f hbowever,such standards are less subcommitteeto oonsider or carry out a*y matteras may b stringent than the eolssionor efflusatstandards set by the aesigmedby the PollutiLonControl Committme. - - SI- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-52z land for tho sitinL Durpose.If there are e2l La oake an invenlory showingthe number.type and neletL and acquire expenses. Lbe setiLate and request for goverameaL budget and Feud site of poiln aources of pollution under survey and collectLion shall be asds In *hb changuatAction Plan. of data accordingto ill above. allocation it Is umableto proceodunder the firaLparmsrsph, i3i to eLudy.anmlyno and assess the state of pollution, If lnd *hall be selectedand proposedto Lbe MinisterIa as vell as the scope, nature, severity of thb probleead ualtable to take atLpa to expropriatemue land In accordancewiLt iapecLe on eovironaenaLlqualilty i order to specifysuitable order tbe law on exproplatlon of Imaovableproperty. and nea*seary measores for miigatLilon aud eradication of polluLlonIn thLa pollutlonocatrol area. SeotLlo *S The chaegwat Gowewror shall uspervle-aad leeal offiialom ealioce wnder section go. It so The pollutioa control offteial shall give adviceand overOOm tbh by th local officialwitim a reaaonbl- *ie uansitnnceto tbe localofficial neceesary for the preparaLionof metionla takes changvat aovernor 0ball have the power to takoe tlioaam the moLion plsm Lo ruduce mad eradieatepolluLlon aeoordingLo tho behalf of the local aulhority upon motiflcatioo to su*b local the fArtl and seacd paragraphs. authorityand the NatLonalInvironeaLt board. gectioeIt The actioaplaa for reductlonand oredicatiom Part 4 of polluLlo In Lbhe pollutlio oontrol area under sectiont0 Air mad Soloe Pmlletloe *bhll propome the soLtiaLion and requesL for government budget and Fund alloostionsfor conLretLiom or operationof the central wastewater tratment, plant or te cesLtralwvat, disposal Sbectio64 Usableveblele giall contore to thb eolealou facililtynecessary to reduceand eradlcate pollution In LteL precribed for muechvebileo prouant to sectioa5s. pollutioneantrol area. tnLndardm If itIs fotndthat the use ot any vehicleIn Bdtlam It In came it is neoessary to acquirea piece of 8elentoan Io violatLioof mnctios 64, the competeat official *ehll have the land to be used as the site of the central watewaoter treatment to probibittIh use of such vehicleperuanmetly or until it or centralwaste dispooalfacility for may pollutlonconLrol area power have been moditiedor ilprovedto meet the elialionstandard but state-owned land Is not available.eteps shall be takes to will requirementsproeoribed puressat to sectiono5. -65-o -56 Part S If any point aource of polluLion hba had an on-sitL WteorPollution facilLtyfor vastewatertreatment or wastedisposal before the date of notfLicationof the Minlet,runder seeLion C9, the ovmer or posesmmorof such polntsource of polltlion shall informthe ecetLla6d The Minister*ball, viLththe adviceof the pollutloncontrol offielel Lo cheek thb funationfagsystem of the PollutlonControl Conmittee, have the pover to publiahnotifies- fsaility. It Ito capabilityto treat vateowtLersor disposeof tlon in the aevernuentaazette the typeeof point vpssifyingvnnte. fail. to meet tbe applicable staadards the owneror sourcesof pollutionthat hballbe controlledin regardto the poseessorhas the duty to modifyor ImproveIt In conformiltyvith disohargeof vwatewatersor wastes into publlo vater sourcesor the pollutioncontrol official'sdiroeLloni . into the environmentoutside the lmlitsof such polnt sources.In conformitywith the effluentstandards met pursuantto seotion b geotLion71 In any pollution controlarea or locality or the standardsset by any governmentagenoy by virtue of : whborea central vwateewtertreatment plantor a centralwaste other law whihb remainin foresaccording to sectionhe. or the disposal facility han been brought into operation by thb standard.met by the Changwat oovernorIn specialcase for the administratlionconcerned, the owner or possessorof the polnt pollution controlarea acoordingto seation*** sourceof pollutlonaccording to section70. fir.tparagraph, who hasnot yet constructed.installed or broughtinto operationtho Beotio. TO The owner or possessorof the point source of on-mite facility for wasuLwaotr trsatseat or wastL dimpopsl pollutionunder sectionas has the duty to construet,install or accordingto tbh prescriptLionof tbe pollutioncoatrol official. bring ilto operailonan on-sitefmciliLy for wastewatertreataent or may not want lo constructor sake arrangementsfor such a or waste disposal am determined by the polluilon control system, shallhave the duty to send the wastewatersor vwates official. For thbi purpose,the pollutioncontrol official may generatedby his activiltiesto the centralvantewater treatmeat also requiretbat such owneror possessorcomminslon a aolitoring plantor contralvaste disposal facility in the pollutioneontrol Control operatorto controlthe vastewatertreatment or vwnte area or In that localityfor treotmentor disposaland shall have disposelfacility that shallbe oonmtruoted,installed or brought the duty to pay the servicefees at the ratesfixed by virtueof into operationaccordingly. this Act or the other relatedlave. - 59 -80 - treatmentof wastewatersor disposalof wanstesfro point mourcem aovernorin specialcase for th. pollutioncontrol ares according of polluLlon under suection70 and sectlon71 until the central to section Be. waste vater treataent or central waste disposal facilitywill have been constructed,Installed and put into operation vithin UsoL1oa17 The governmentagency or the localauthoriLy such pollutloncontrol area or localilty, whih makes provision for the oervicesof oeLtralwastewater treatmenl or central vaste dimposal faciliLfas by aging The temporarymethod for wastewater treatmentor vast* gowernmentbudget. or revonumaof Lb. localauthoriLy. and Fund disposalaccording Lo the first paregrapb shall mean to includo mllocatlionsunder tbis Aet shall be responsiblefor the mag emenL the collecLlon,transport or convoyanceof waetewatersor wasLes and controlof such facilities. in Lhis respect.the respousible by whatever appropriatemeans to be treatedor disposedby the agency or local authourity may employ a licensed Service central wastewater trestmenl plant or oentralwaste disposal ContracLorunder this Act to manageand controlthe operationof tflilityof the governmentin tbe other areas or to allow Lhe much facililiem. licensedService contractor rendoring servicoeIn the other area to renderthe *mae servioes in that pollution controlarea or Regulatlons,rules and methodsfor conveyance,coll-c- locality temporarilyg or to allow such lic3nseld Service Lion and transporL of wastewatersor uastem from the polnt Contraotor Lo collect and transport wastevstersor wastesto soureesof polluLlonto Lhe centralwasewLater treatmenL plant or treat or dispose by his own wvste water treatsomeor vasto central waste disposal facility as well as prescriptione. dimposal facililtylocatd outsidethat polluLloncontrol area or prohibilioon.restrictions and otbhr conditlons for discharging localiL" and drairing of vastevatersor wasneLfrom factories and other poinL sourcesof pollutionunder seoLion 7I InLo tbe mysteaeof atLiam 76 WVastewateretreated by either Lhe central centralvastewater treatment or centralvasLe disposalfaciliLties wvasnasL-rsLreatment plant of the government or by the shall be prescribedby the ministerialregulation. vsnteuatertreatment faciliLty of the ServiceContractor must also have the propertieswhich ageL Lhe requitesseatof the osfiuent standardspremoribed by virtueof section 05,or the standards premenibed by wirtLueof the other law which resain In force according Lo section 56R or the standards met by the Changvat - 63- -4 - MonitoringControl OperaLor shall have Lh- duty La *at under the instrument,or when Lhere la a reasonablemuspicelan LhaL there firat paragraphon behalfof the owner or ponnsenor. Ia a on-compliancewiLb thil AcL. The Service Contractor licensed La renderwastwaeaor 625 To Issue an order In wriLing directLingLs owner or treatmentor waste disposalservices shall have the duty to do posseasor, Lhe Nonitorfn*ConLrol Operator, or Lhe licensed the same am the owner or possessor of the point sourceof Service Contractor rendering the service. of wastewater polluLtinie requiredunder the first paragraph. treatment or waste disposal, to correct, chanse,Improve or repairthe air pollutioncontrol, wavLeweLer treatnLt or waste section*I The localofficial *ball satberthe reporte disposal facility or obher equipmenL and instrumentfor tbe receivedaceording to setlion80 and mend them to the pollutlion ountrol of polluted air or other polluLoaLs.It however, the controlofflolal, who has JurisdioitLaover that locality,on a point souree of pollutlonis a factory,the officialunder the regular basis at lonLt once a month. In doing no, the local law on industrialplants shall be noLifiedto take aeLlonwiLbin official may make ooasentstor considerationof the pollutlion his power and duty. If much official falls Lo do *o, the controlofficial, pollutioncontrol officialshall have the power to take action In accordancowith this Act, soetion0I In orderto performhis functionsunder this lot, the polluLion oontralofficial is empovered as folloves 13) To issue a vritten order directing the owner or possessorof the point sourceof polluLionwhich Is not a factory (11 To enter into the building,ploe and site of the to pay penalties asnprovided under seeLion 90. section 91 or factoryor pointsource of pollutionor the site of vastewater sectienSt. If the pointLmoarc of pollutlon Is a fatLory the treatment.or wastedisposal facility vohic bolongs to any person, officialunder the law on Industrialplants shall be notifiedto beLweenthe sun rise and sun net or during tbe workinghours, to order the owner or possessorof such factoryto pay the peonalies inpecLtthb functioningprocess of vwntewatertreatment or waste and, in doing so. such officialunder the lav on Industrial disposal facililty,air polluilon control system or equipment and plants shall be deeaed to be tho pollution control offialol other instrument for the control of polluted air or other under this Act. if,however, such official fails to issue the pollutants, *o well as to examine the notes, statistics or data penalty order vihbl a reamonable time, the polluLion conLrol on the functioningof the said facility, equipment and officialshall thon have Lhe power to Issuethe order direoLing the owner or possessorof such factoryto pay te peonalLies. - 0? - - as - under thle Act by the oeapentent,orficial or the pollutlion ParLtI controlofficial who shall be officialunder the Penel Code. ServiesFew sod PFoslsi Sectlo as The performance of duty by the compotent or locality official under section 10, first paragraph,or sectlonas end Oectmlona in any pollution controlarea plant of a ceontrlwaste the performance of duty by the pollutlionconrol officialunder vhere * central watewvter treatLetn and brougbtinto operatlio sectlon St (I1 shall bo done In the prseneoo of the owner or disposalfaoililty bas been constructed budgetor occupier of the premiseor vehialesaIf sueb personcanneot e as a public uLiliLtyservice. funded by governmeat found.it sball bo done In tbh presence of at leeet two other revenueof the local adoiniatrationand money allocatedfrom tie Board persone requestedby the competent officialor the pollutlion Fund ae provided In thlo Act. tbe Nationallnvironment Committee,fix controlofficial to attendan witnesses. shall,witb the adviceof the PollutionControl the rates of service fee to be applicabl wilthinthe limlts of BetlicaSI The owner or poamsesorof the polnt sourceof eaeb polluLton controlarea or locality,being the siLteof and pollutionathe ServiceContractor licensedto renderservices of mervedby the operationof such facility. wastewater treatmentor waste disposal, the NonitorlngControl formeolag Op.ratoror any other personwbo ia not satisfiedwilth he order The service foo rates fixed accordingto the In tho overnment of the pollutloncontrol official under secLlonII 17), (3, 141 first paragrephshall be notifiedand published L or it, ti entitledto challengemuch order by petitionto the aaette. PolluLionControl coasitee withinthirty days fre tbe date of to reeiving h*eorder of the pollutloncontrol official. Beetloe55 The rateo of servicefee fixed according sectionas for treatmentof wastewatersor for diSposalof wastes if the poliLioner does not agree with the deoisionof eminatedfrom poinL sourcespursuant to sectionTi and ametLlonT the PollutionControl Cosaittee, he shall appealto the oinister sai be variedan appropriate. vithin thirtydays froethe date of receivingnotification of the PollutlionControl ComILttee's decision. The owner or possessorof the pointsource of pollution governed by the provisionof sectionT23 in the categoryof The doolsionof the Ministershall be flal, domestichousehold, that can be classifiedas a oaoll-seeleueor -1 - 72 servicewhich is made available by such local autborityor (II Requestfor assistanceregarding ImportduLiy for goveromeat agency. the Import into Lbe Kingdom of necesarty.mmbinery, equipasLt. InstrumenL.tools. appliances or maLerials which are nat The servicefees and penaltiescolleoaLble In *acordanoe Availablein Lbo Kingdom. wiLh Lbh foregoingfirat pmragraphshall be seampLd froambeing romiLttedto tLh Treasuryas governmentrevenues. but *ball b. (I Applicaltiontor permissionLo bring forotgnexperts deduoted and reomilttedto the Fund at the ratliospealfed by tbh or speclalisltInLo the counLry to carry out works concornlmi Fund Coit.toe, vhboreasthe balance tberefram*ball be used o the insLallaLion.aoniLoring. control or operation of air expendituresfor operatlon end maintenanceof the central Pollution controlsystems. vastowaLertreLumnaL works or waste wsetwvatertreaLtant plant or the centralwasto disposalfeolliLy disposal(aoliLles inIass qualifiedpersons within tho Kingdom of tbe local authorityor government agencywhich is resposible ore noL avulable for rocrultounLend comisoning to supervise to'collectsuch serviceteen and penaltiea. and controlmachinery, equipment,lntLruoenL or Lools ImporLW inLo the Kingdom puruent. Lo sub-sectioatI). Including Cbapterv applicaltonfor exeaptlonof Incaes tax that will Iscur from Lho ?promaiotbaaI Reman. performanceof work ae a supervisorof such porsonvithin the lingdom. oeLtiom04 The owner or possessor of any poinL source of Tb- ovwar or possessor of tha point source of polluLiom polluLlon who has the duty acoording to Lbhi Act or other who has no losalduty am referred to In th. foregoing first related lawsto installan oo-sit.faoility ror treaLtent of paragraph.but nonetheled wiieb.sto lnnL-llan on-sit.ofaciliLty pollutedair or wastevatersor for disposalof any other wastes, vitb bis own equipmeat.instrumnat, tools or appliancesfor air including Lhe procurement.of equipment..inst.rument, tools, pollut.onoontrol, wast.wt.or treatmenL or for disposalof other appliancesor materialsnecssaery for control of pollutionfrom waste.eminaLed from his activiLIesor businessundertakings, is such point.source, or the serviceContracLor licensed purusuant also eonitledto request for promoLionalsupports and assiltance to this Act, Is eoniLled to requestfor promotionalsupports and from tie government service In aecordamo. with the foregoing assistaooefrom the governmeotservice io the followingmattersi first parasraph. - 75- - 7 - ChapterVil Section100 Any person who violates or rerrainsfrom Penal Provislons obeervingg*he reetrietionsstipulated by ministerialregultaloa ______Issuedaccording to secLion44 or by noLIlicaLlongiven by thb ninimLeraccording to section AS shall be punishedby imprilon- seotlos58 Any personvho violatesor refuse.to obeerve sent not exceedingone year or fine not exceedingone hundred the order isnued by virtue of section e or obstructsaty aet thounandbath, or both. done In compliance vith much order shall bo puniahed by imprisonmentnot exoceding one year or fine not exceedingone 8 1l.on101 Any personwho spreadsor dissemlates false hundredthousand baht. or both, Informationabout the dangerfrom any poit. sourceof polluLton wiLth the Intentlon lo destroy ite reputtLionor to underaitn In case the personwho violatesor refusesto observe publictrust on the lawfuloperation of Its basosneseor activity the order or obstructs ny nactdona Ia compliance vith such shall be puniseodby Imprisonaentnot exceedingone year or fine order In the person who h.o causeddanger or damage arisenfrom not exceedingone hundredthousand baht. or both. pollution, sucb person shall be punishedby Imprisonmentmat exceedingfive years or fine not exceedingfive huadredthousand If tbe epreador disseminationof Inforatlionaccording baht, or both. to the foregoingfirst. paragraph Is done by means of publicaltion. announcement,advortiseoment or report.tbrough newspaper, radio, BsotionIS Any person who illegally encroaobes telvloisanor other fore.of mase media,the personwho coemite upon,occupies,or enter. into public land to aet in any manner sueh act shall be punished by imprisonmentnot exceedingfive which resultu In the destruetlon, loae or damageto natural year, or fine not exceedingfive hundredthousand balh, or both. resourcesor treasure.worthy o; being conserved,or causeethe occurrenceof pollutionhaving impaLtan the environmentwiLthin Beatloo 102 Any person who violates the order of the limitsof environmentallyproteoted area designatedby virtue competent officialforbidding the use of vehicle accordingto of sectlon43 shallbo punishedby ImprisonmentnoL exceeding ectlion65 shall be punished by fine not exceedingfive thousand five year. or fine not exceedingfive hundred thousandbabt. or baht. both. - i9 so - soniLor the operation of air pollutlon control, vnewaLoter of thin Act,shmll conLinuoto be effreive. insofar as theoyare treatment or waste dtsposal facililtythat he has the duty not in conflicEviLb or contrary to Lhis Act. unless mnd until IntaLIland operate accordingto thin Act. shall be punishedby *inisterialregulatlon., rules, procedures, otLificatlone or tinenot exceedingfifty thoueandbah. orderswill have been IssuedIn accordancewiLb thb Act. seLtionIII In cane the offenderwho l liable to be Section 114 The person.who has been holdinga liceer an punished according to thin AoL is a JuriLnti person, the an eligible personto prepare reportsconcerning Lhe study and direatorsor sanmgermof much Juritli pernon,or any personwho measuresfor the preventionof and remedyfor the adverseoffecL is responsiblefor the business operatlionof such Jurtatia on environmentElqualiLty by virtuo of the Kabaneneuotand pernon, shall also be punishable by the game penaltlee Conservalionof Natlonal Environmeatolquality Act, P.P.2511, prceoribedby law for such offence, uilesn It can be provedthat shall continue to be eligible to prepare the envirommental they have no part to play inlthe commiseion of such otfence, Impact asseossent report provided by this Actuantil snch person in required by the Ninister to apply for licenceIn accordance interimProvinioms with thin Aot. 8ecLion115 For all the reportsconcerning the aLudy &ad 8ectlealII In the period during which the Natlonal measuresfor the prowentLionof and remedyfor the adverseoffecL UnvironoentBoard le yet to be appointedIn accordancewith on environeentalquality roquiredfor any proJect or activiLty sectlon 11 of Lbis Aot. the National nvironomentlbard appointed pursuant to Lbt Enhbancemntand Conservation of the National prior to the date of effeotivenensof thli Act shall continueto Eovironmentalquality Act. 3.3.2518.that have been tiled prior hold office in order to perform Its functlonuntil the new Poard to the date on which thle Aet shall come Into effectand still nhall be appointed and take ower the orfice, pending review by tbe Office of Natlonal nowironmentBoard, tbe review and approval of such rvportn shall be farthor proceeded 8ectlonIII All minsLterial regulations, rules, with in accordance wibthtbe rules and procederenlaid down by procedures,notifications or orders, issued by virtueof the virtue of the ahaaoeasent and Conservation of Natlonal Enhancementand Conservation of atlional EnvironmuntalqualiLy EnvironaeLalqualiLty Act. ElEflsi. ror tbis purpons, the power Act, 11.3 lU18 which remain in force on the date of effeetiveness and duty of the Office of National EnvironmentBoard In oonnctLion witb the reviewand approvalof *ech reportssball Notification of The Ministry of Sciences, Technology and Environment Re: Specifying procedures, rules, methods and guidelines for the preparation of environmental impact assessment report By virtue of Section 46 and Section 51 of the Enhancement and Conservation of National Environmental Quality Act B.E. 2535, the Minister of Sciences, Technology and Enviromnent with approval of the National Environment Board hereby issues procedures, rules methods and guidelines for the preparation of environmental impact assessment report for projects or activities of any government agency, state enterprise or private person required to prepare reports on environmental impact assessment as follows: 1. Steps to be taken in order to file reports on environmental impact assessment are required to comply with documents prescribed at the end of Notification No.1. 2. Expansion of projects or activity are required to comply with the following mles: 2.1 In case the project or activity has been submitted and complied with the environmental unpact assessment report required by the Ministerial Notification on the specifying types and sizes of projects or activities of government agency, state enterprise or-private person required to prepare reports on environmental inpact assessment and likely to expand its project. 2.2 Project or activity which is expanded until its size are required to comply with the Ministerial Notification on the specifying types and sizes of projects or activities of government agency, state enterprise, or private person required to prepare reports on environmental impact assessment. 3. Guidelines for the preparation of the environmental impact assessment reports are required to comply with the documents prescibed at the end of Notification No. 2. Given on the 24th day of August, B.E. 2535 (signed by) Mr. Paijitra Auetaweekul Minister of Sciences, Technology and Environment Published in the Govenumental Gazette VoL 109 No. 130, dated 8th October, B.E. 2535 THALAND - SECTORAL ENVIRONMENTAL AssE,MENT F)R HIGHWAYs PACE B-1 Items Types of Projects or Activities Steps for Submission of Reports 4.2 In case the project is other than project in 4.1, the report must be submitted at application for commence- ment of operation and start of the expansion site accord- ing to the Hotel Law. 5 Mass Transit System under the Prior to the application for Mass Transit System and the approval to the Cabinet and, the Expressway Act or projects as the project expansion same characteristic or Mass Transit which use rail. 6 Mining as defined by the Mining Application for "Concession" Act 7 Industrial Estate as defined by 7.1 In case the project does not the Industrial Estate Authority require approval of the of Thailand Act or projects Cabinet, the report must be with similar feature submi-tted prior to the application for approval of the project, and the project expansion 7.2 In case the project requires the approval of the Cabinet, the report must be submitted prior to the application for approval of the project, and the project expansion THAILAND - SECTORAL ENVIRONMEN4TALASEEMENT FOR HIGHWAYS PACE B-3 Items Types of Projects or Activities Steps for Submission of Reports 10 Industries 10.1 In case the project does not (1) Petrochemical Industry require the approval of the (2) Oil Refinery Cabinet, the report must be (3) Natural Gas Separation or submitted at the application Processing for certificate of industrial (4) Chlor-Alkaline Industry eltablishment and the project requiring Sodium Chloride expansion (NaCI) as raw material for 102 In case the project requires production of Sodium the approval of the Cabinet, Carbonate (Na2CO3 ), Sodium the report must be submitted Hydroxide (NaOH), Hydro Chloric prior to the approval of the acid (HICI),Chlorine (C2), Sodium Cabinet and the project hypo-chloride (NaOCI) and expansion Bleaching Power (5) Iron and/or Steel Industry (6) Cernent Industry (7) Smelting Industry other than Iron or Steel (8) Pulp Industry 11 AU types of projects located in Prior to submission of the areas where it has been application for approval to the approved by the Cabinet to be Cabinet and the project expansion watershed area as class 1 B THALAND - SECJORALENVIRONMENTAL AsEMsrNT FORHx;HWAYS PACEB-5 Items Types of Projects or Activities Size I Coastal reclamation Al sizes 2 Building in areas adjacent to 1. Height of 23 meters or rivers, coastal areas, lakes or more, or beaches or in the vicinity of 2. Total floor area or any National Parks or Historical Parks floor area in the building is 10,000 square meters or more 3 Residential Condominium as defined 80 units or more by the Condominium Act 4 Land allocation for residential 500 land plots or more or or commnercialpurpose total developed are exceed 100 rais ( 16 hectares) 5 Hospital which located 1) in area adjacent to 5.1) in-patient's bed of 30 rivers, coastal areas, beds or more lakes or beaches 2) In area other than (a) 52) in-patient's bed of 60 beds or more 6 Pesticide Industry or industry All sizes producing Active Ingredient by chemical process 7 Chemical Fertilizes Industry All sizes using chemical process in production THAILAND - SECToRAL ENviRoNMENTAL AsEsmENT }oR HX;HWAYS PAGE B-7 Expert EIA Review Committee Selected by NEB for Port/Harbor, Airport, Highway, and Land Reclamation Projects. DRAFT 1.1 Secretary General OEPP, Chairman 1.2 Director General Harbor Department 1.3 Director General Forestry Department 1.4 Ministry of Interior 1.5 Ministry of Public Health 1.6 Noise Expert from Chulalongkom University 1.7 Dr. Supat Wangwongwatana, DPC 1.8 Social Expert from Chulalongkom University 1.9 _ 1.10 Soil Erosion Expert from Land Development Department 1.11 Water Resource Expert 1.12 NGO's 1.13 OEPP Official 1.14 OEPP Official 1.15 OEPP Official THAILAND- SEcToRALENVIRONMENTAL AsEsMENT FoR HK;HWAYS PACE B-9 APPENDIX C OEPP GUIDELINES FOR ROAD CONSTRUCTIONAND WIDENING EIAS seasonal recycle, and impacts on natural hydrology to foundation and other structures of the project. 4.2 increase in erosion and sedimentation - should predict quantity of erosion, sedimentation,turbidity, suspended solid and analyze water quality. 4.3 damage to forestand biodiversity- assess the impactsconcerning number, types, and values etc. of valuabletrees to be cut; damage to biodiversity important for natural habitats of wildlife and important water birds: damage to source of seepage and opening of surface soil. 4.4 change in ecology - should assess cumulative effect of different activities to ecology of birds, fishes, and other important wildlife especially to feeding, nesting, and hatching areas with due consideration, at a minimum, to the following: - destroying of ecosystem by cutting or moving or destroying of biodiversity; - destroying of ecosystem by removal of surface soil, filling, and construction; - changes of ecosystemdue to changes in hydrology such as water level and seasonalrecycle; - changes in ecosystemdue to erosion and sedimentation in water bodies and the sea, spill/falling of oil chemical,and other materials on the roads, solid wastes; - disturbance of living condition of wildlifedue to encroachment of forest and tourism, expansion and development of communities. 4.5 impacts to important projects in the areas - should predict net impacts of the existingand the proposed project including expectedchanges due to cumulative impacts. 4.6 impacts on socio-conomnic- assess at communitylevel in the project area, district level, and provinciallevel, at a minimum, on the issues of merit and deficiency in terms of economicsto transportation, agriculture,tourism. and industry; merit and deficiencyon scenery, natural beauty of concerned areas both direct and indirect;merit and deficiencyon managemnentof protected areas; opinions of the public, concernedofficials regarding merits and deficiencieson socio-economics, utilization, and living conditions etc. 5. Mitigation plan and measures - both during construction and operation with due consideration to effectiveimplementation including comparison of mitigation costs and recommends the optimum mixed;this includes: 5.1 measures on structure - including avoidance of criticalareas; avoidance of water bodies; minimizeimpact on changes in hydrology;minimize impact on changes in water quality (SSand other pollutants); 5.2 measures for compensation including rehabilibtationof forest, biodiversity and ecosystem;control encroachment in line with the Forestry Department's policy; THAILAND - SECrORAL ENViRDNMENTALAssEEMENT FOR HIGHWAYs PAGE C-3 Qualitative and quantitative informationregarding constructionare required as follows: 3.3.1 transportation of soil 3.3.2 clearanceof the sites (size, location including map, amount of excavated soil, locations for storage of soil and other filling materials) 3.3.3 digging and excavation in each areas (length and height; location with map; amount of out and fill;location of storage;location of borrowed soil; locations of sources of soil, rock, and other materials) - should indicate the large areas having more than 1,000 m3 in the 1:20,000map of alignment and show the above data in tables; 3.3A filling and embanking (size, location, amount, type of soil) - should indicate the large area having quantity more than 1,000m3, height more than 2m) in the map of alignment and show the data in tables. 3.3.5 underpipe and other structure related to drainage (study and design to facilitate equilibrium of underpiping and natwal hydrology including formula and calculation,location and site of the pipe). 3.3.6 engineering structure such as elevated road and bridges (projects on special construction such as elevated road or bridges in case that underpiping is not applicable, procedure and steps for construction of elevated road with minimum inpacts including service roads during construction). 4. Guidelines for impact assessment: - assess the impacts to the site and nearby area 500m away from the center of the rcad or more if significant impacts may occur such as water resourcesdownstream about 2-3 km due to sediment and in case of dividing the project into sections according to geo/topography or kilometer poles: - assess the impacts during construction and operation; - compare the impacts for each issue in cases of with and without other important developmentprojects that may have impact on the road project being studied; - assess the impacts of the road project to other existing and future development projects in the area. The environmental issues shall include, at a minimum, the following: 4.1 Changes in hydrology - should consider quality and quantity relating to natural water flow, water level, drainage, seepage, etc. for both surface, underground, and seepage in the project site and nearby area and study the impacts on impeding of natural drainage, changes of water level in upstream and downstream areas, changes of quality and quantity, velocity, direction, and THAILAD - SECioRAL ENVIRONMENTAL AssEsT RoRHIGHWAYs PAGE C-2 OEPP GUIDELINESFOR ROAD CONSTRUCrIoN AND WIDENING EIAs This Appendix contains an outline for Environmental Impact Assessments for construction and widening of roads into protected areas according to the Office of Environmental Policy and Planning. ElAs in this category should contahi the following sections:: 1 Introduction - r0ers to the cabinet resolution in March 1992 and the problems :xperienced from the previous projects that go through the protected and sensitive areas (Kao Yai-Prachinburi Highway and Doi Tong - the later one was first constructed by the military for the King's mother project and was transferred to DOH at a later stage after erosion problems occurred). The serious problems include impacts on forest, wildlife, erosion, and hydrology resulting in serious damage of downstream and lowland uses especially to farmers. 2. General irnpacts - direct impacts include forest and wildlife resources, erosion/deposition, water quality, scenic and aesthetic quality; - indirect impacts include illegal logging, disruption of natural ecology, weather and local climate, flooding,, socio- economic, inappropriate development causing degradation of natural resources. 3. Procedure and description of projects - In preparing an EIA, some flexibility can be made as appropriate to the areas. The project proponent shall submit implementation procedures of the project in detail and special consideration be given to the impacts due to changes of ecosystems of forest and wildlife, surface hydrology of the areas, erosion and sedimentation and shall prepare data/information including maps relating to the following: 3.1 Project description 3.1.1 type and nature of project 3.1.2 rationale for the project 3.1.3 location 3.1.4 size/class of road standards and important of the project (length and width, cross section and profile, right of ways, drainage, bridges, etc. 3.1.5 total cost of the project 3.1.6 construction plan including time and schedule of construction 3.1.7 existing status of the project 3.1.8 ful project and network of relevant transportation 32 Road aligmnent - briefly explains the alignment since there are some parts encroaching into the protected areas (wildlife sanctuary, national park); prepares map scale 1:20,000 - 1:50,000as appropriate; and details the following: definite location of the areas encroaching into the critical areas, length of the encroached areas, reasons why this alignment can not be changed, and other alternatives (if any). 3.3 Design and implementation of the project In designing and implementing the project, design alternatives appropriate to the areas such as..., mnangrove, coastal areas, and agricultural areas should be considered. THAiLAND- SECIRAL ENVIRONMENTALAssEaMENT FOR HIGHWAYS PAGE C-1 5.3 prevent and correct the impacts on erosion and sedimentation - including dredging, planting vegetation, construct drainage system, consider new alignment; 5.4 reduction of impactsduring construction- propose alternatives for construction methods relating to construction of drainage or bridges, soil excavation and. digging, borrowing pit, ernbanking, disposal, and selection of time for constructionincluding the distance to be constructed during each period; propose alternatives for selection of service road during construction; 5.5 measures relating to other development projects in the area - propose plan to manage any expectingconflicts and changesboth at the present and in the future; these measures should be integrated and formed an action plan including estimation of budget and comparison of available options (including recommendation for the best one). 6. Monitoring plan - including: 6.1 forest, wildlife,and water birds 6.2 changes in hydrology, quantity and quality of surface water 6.3 erosion and sedimentation 6.4 socio-economicconditions 6.5 other important areas as identified in 5 and 6. The plan shall identify parameter, frequency,report format, recipients, including the agencies responsible for the budget. THAILAND - SECIDRAL ENVIRONMENTAL AsEsNT K)RHIGHWAYs PAGE C4 APPENDIX D THAI NON-GOVERNMENTALORGANIZATONS INVOLVED IN THE ENVIRONMENT Name of NGO Functions Sectoral Emphasis or Interest Target Group Reg. Adult Education Laboratory Mixed Development and Education, Human Resource Urban Poor Yes Social Services Development _ Advance Media for Education and TechnicalAssistance Media NGOOS No Development(AMED) Alternative Development Studies Strategic Facilitation of Media, Education NGOOSand GOS No Program NGO's Appropriate Technology Association Technical Assistance Technology, Agriculture NGO Yes (ATA)_ AROM Pongpangan Foundation Mixed Development and Human Rights, Education Urban Poor, Laborers Yes Social Services Association for the Promotion of the Mixed Development and Human Rights, Human Women and Children Yes Status of Women Social Services Resource Development Building Together Association Mixed Development and Human Resource Urban Poor No Social Services Development Catholic Commission for Family Mixed Development and Human Resource General Public, NGO, and No Life Promotion Social Services Development, Health, Media Government Catholic Council of Thailand for Mixed Development and Integrated Education Urban Poor and Rural Poor No Development (CCTD)* Social Services Catholic Youth Council of Thailand Mixed Development and Human Resource Youth No Social Services Development Center for Culture and Development Integrated, Human Resource Urban Poor, NGO's No Development/Northeast (CCTD)* Development Center for Promotion of Human Mixed Development and Integrated, Human Resource Urban Poor, Youth No Development Social Services Development Chachoengsao Foundation for Development Integrated, Education, Human Rural Poor Yes Development Resource Development Credit Union League of Thailand, Mixed Development and Human Resource Members of Credit Union Yes LTD. Social Services Development Deaf People's Assoclatilon of Mixed Development and Human Resource Disabled, Helpless No Thailand Social Services Development, Medla Development Dialogue Club Coordination Human Resource NGO's and Govemment No ______.Development _ T'HAILAND- SECTORAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSENT R HIGHWAYS PACED -1 Nameof NGO Functions SectoralEmphasis or Initerest Target Group Reg. Friends of Women Group MixedDevelopment and HumanRights, Education, Women,General Public No SocialServices Public Awareness Girl Guides' Associationof Thailand MixedDevelopment and Human Resource Women,Youth Yes (GGAT) SocialServices Development,Education Grassroots IntegratedDevelopment Coordination,Development Integrated,Human Resource Rural Poor, NGO's, No Prolect (GRID) Development Government Harry P'irance Foundation for MixedDevelopment and Education,Agriculture Rural Poor, NGO's Yes Educationin Thailand/Foundation SocialSetvices, Coordination of Education for Life and Society . Health and Community Development Health, Integrated Rural Poor Development Project/Rasisalal Health and Development TechnicalAssistance Health, Media,Public NGO's,General Public Foundatlon(Drug Study Group) Awareness __ Hill Area DevelopmentFoundation Development Education Hill Tribe,GO's No Holt Sahathai Foundation Mixed-Developmentand Health Children Yes SocialServices Hotline Mixed-Developmentand Education,Human Resource Women, Youth No SocialServices Development Joint Fellowshipon Rural SustainableDevelopment Integrated,Education Rural Poor No Development (JFORD) justice and Peace Commissionfor Mixed-Developmentand Human Rights,Public General Public No Development SocialServices Awareness KomolKeemthong Foundation Mixed-Developmentand Education,Media, Public NGO's,General Public Yes SocialServices Awareness KWACRA-BOME Syat Development Integrated Rural Poor No Development Project .__ "Maya"Children's Art and Theatre TechnicalAssistance Media,Human Resource NGO's,Children, Youth No Workshop Development Media Group for the People TechnicalAssistance Media,Education, Human Youth,Children, General Yes ResourceDevelopment Public Mental Health Associationof MixedDevelopment and Education,Human Resources Children Yes Thailand Social Services Development THAILAND- SECTORAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSENT RFR HIGHWAYS PAGED -3 Nameof NGO Functions SectoralEmphasis or Interest Target Group Reg. Rural Reconstruction Alumni and Strategic Facilitation Human Resource NGO's No Friends Association (RRAFA) Development Svita Foundation Technical Assistance Human Resource NGO's, Rural Poor Yes Development, Media, Small Scale Enterprise _ School of Community Research and Technical Assistance Education NGO's, Urban Poor No Action Siamese Association of University of Mixed Development and Education, Health, Human Members, Women Yes Women Social Services Resource Development . Slum Study Group Coordination Human Resource NGO's No Development Slum Youth Development Coordination Human Resource NGO s, Urban Poor, Youth No Committee (SYDC) Development Small Rubber-Growing Development Integrated, Education Rural Poor, Youth, Children No Communities Development Project Social Science in Public Health Technical Assistance Health, Human Resource Members, Interested Groups No Group Development Social Workers' Association of Technical Assistance Human Resource NGO's and Government No Thailand Development So-Ha Foundation of Thailand Mixed-Development and Health, Education, Human Children Yes Social Services Development Southern Fraternity of Rural Development Human Resource Interested Groups No Development (S-Ford) Development Student Cooperative Village Project Development . Agriculture, Small Scale Children, Youth No ______Enterprise Study Project for the Development Development Agriculture, Technology Rural Poor No of Farmers Cooperatives ______. That Consumers Power Group Technical Assistance Consumers Rights, Public NGO's, GO's, General Public No Awareness Thai Development Support Technical Assistance, Human Resource NGO No Committee (TDSC) Funding Development THAILAND- SECTORALENVIRONMENTAL AUEWS4ENT RFR HIGHWAYS PAGED -6 Nameof NGO Functions SectoralEmphasis or Interest TargetGroup Reg. Populationand Community SustainableDevelopment FamilyPlanning, Health, Refugees,GovernmentNGO's, Yes DevelopmentAssociation (PDA) Integrated,Media, Human RuralPoor, Urban Poor, ResourceDevelopment, Public GeneralPublic Awareness PrimaryHealth Care Group/Buayal Development Health,Integrated RuralPoor No (PHC BUA YAI)W PrimaryHealth Care Development Hpalth,Integrated RuralPoor No Group/Choompuang(PHC Choompuang)* PrimaryHealth Care Coordination,Development Health,Integrated Public RuralPoor, NGO s, No Group/KORAT Awareness Government,General Public PrimaryHealth Care Development Health,Integrated RuralPoor No Group/Lamplaimart, Buriram PrimaryHealth Care Development Health,Integrated RuralPoor No Group/Praithai (PHC Praithal) PrimaryHealth Care Group Development Health,Integrated RuralPoor No Sungnem(PHC Sunghem)* Projectfor Developmentof Development Health,Education, Integrated RuralPoor, Children No GraduateFriendship Volunteer Projectfor EcologicalRecovery Coordination,Technical Environment,Public NGO's,Government, Rural Yes Assistance Awareness Poor Promotionof HumanResources for Coordination Education,Integrated, Human NGO's,Government, Rural Yes RuralDevelopment Foundation ResourceDevelopment Poor ProvincialDental Health Club TechnicalAssistance Health,Human Resource DentalHealth Personnel No Development RaindropAssociation SustainableDevelopment Integrated RuralPoor, Children Yes RuralDevelopment Documentation Technical Assistance HumanResource NGO'sand Government No Center(RUDOC) Development RuralDoctor's Club TechnicalAssistance Health,Human Resource Members,General Public Yes ______Development,Media Rurl FriendsAssociation SustainableDevelopment Integrated,Human Resource RuralPoor Yes _Development _ THAILAND- SECTORALENvIRoNMENTAL AssE55MENT FOR HIGHWAYS PAGED -5 Nameof NGO Functions SecturalEmphasis or Interest TargetGroup Reg. MettaSuksa Foundation/Chiang- MixedDevelopment and Education,Human Resources Children Yes Mai SoicialServices Development NationalCouncil for Child and Coordination,Mixed HumanResource Children,Youth, NGO's No YouthDevelopment Developmentand Social Development,Educatlion Services NationalCouncil of Womenof Coordination,Mixed Integrated,Education Women,Children, NGOOs Yes Thailand(NCWT) Developmentand Social (MembersOnly) Services NationalCouncil on SocialWelfare Coordination Integrated NGOs(Members Yes of Thailand(NCWT) only),Govemmentsand GeneralPublic Net Foundation Development Integrated,Human Resource RuralPoor Yes Development NGOCoordinating Committee on Coordination HumanResource NGO'sand GO's No Rural Development(NGO-CORD)* Development NGOCoordinating Committee on Coordination HumanResource NGO's(Members Only), No Slums Development,Public UrbanPoor Awareness NongKho YangFoundation for MixedDevelopment and Education,Agriculture, Youth Yes RuralDevelopment SocialServices HumanResource ______Development Nong Nol IntegratedRural Development HumanResource RuralPoor No DevelopmentProject Development NorthernDevelopment Workers' Coordination Integrated,Human Resource NGO(Members Only) Yes Association Development Nurses'Association of Thailand TechnicalAssistance, Mixed Health,Human Resource Members,General Public No Developmentand Social Development,Development Services PlerraMaternity and Child Welfare MixedDevelopment and Health,Education Children,Women Yes Foundation SocialServices PlannedParenthood Association of MixedDevelopment and FamilyPlanning, Health, UrbanPoor, Rural Poor, Yes Thailand SocialServices IntegratedHuman Resource Refugees Development _ . THAILAND- SEClURALENVIRONMENTAL ASssEMENT FOR HIGHWAYS PAGED -4 Nameof NGO Functions Sectoral Emphasisor Interest Target Group Reg. Thai Environmentaland TechnicalAssistance Environment,Public Youth, GeneralPublic No Community Development Awareness Association Thai Foundationfor the Development Integrated,Human Resource NGO's Yes Developmentof Human Resources Development in Rural Area (Thai DHRRA) .____ Thai Inter-ReligiousCommission for Coordination Integrated,Human Resource NGO's,Rural Poor No Development/Surin Development _ Thai NGO Committeeon Agrarian TechnicalAssistance, Integrated,Human Resource NGO's, Rural Poor No Reformand Rural Development Coordination Development (WCARRD) _ Thai Rath NewspaperFoundation Mixed-Developmentand Education,Health, Children Yes SocialServices Agriculture Thai VolunteerService (TVS)* Development,Technical Human Resource NGO's Yes Assistance,Funding Development,Media Traditional Medicine In Self-Curing TechnicalAssistance Health, Media, Public NGO's,General Public No Project Awareness Union for Civil Liberty (UCL) Development Human Rights,Human NGO's,Laborers, General Yes ResourceDevelopment, Public Public Awareness Voluntary Group for Consumers TechnicalAssistance Consumers'Rights, Public GeneralPublic No Awareness Working Committeeon Children Coordination Health, Human Resource Children,NGO's, General No Development,Public Public Awareness Y.M.C.A.of Bangkok Mixed Developmentand Integrated,Human Resource Rural Poor,Urban Poor, Yes SocialServices Development Refugees Y.M.C.A.of Chiang-Mal Mixed Developmentand Integrated,Human Resource Rural Poor,Urban Poor Yes SocialServices Development Y.M.C.A./KORAr Mixed Developmentand Human Resource Youth, Women No SocialSerices Development THAILAND- SECrORALENVIRONMENTAL AsMESSMErr aRHIGHWAYS PAGED -7 Name of NGO Functions SectoralEmphasis or Interest Target Group Reg. Duang Prateep Foundation MixedDevelopment and Education,Health, Human Urban Poor, Children,Youth Yes SocialServices ResourceDevelopment EducationDevelopment for Development Education,Human Resource Teachers,Youth No CommunityAction Program Development (EDCAP) EducationMeans Protection of MixedDevelopment and Education,Human Resource Women,General Public No Women Engaged in Recreation SocialServices Development (Empower) . _ EducationSociety of Thailand (EST) Development Education,Human Resources Membersof EST No ______.______Development EducationStudy Group Development Education,Human Resource Members,Interested Groups No Development FishingCommunity Integrated SustainableDevelopment Integrated,Human Resource Rural Poor No Development Project Development Folk DoctorFoundation MixedDevelopment and Health, Human Resource GeneralPublic Yes SocialServices Development,Public Awateness Foundation for Agriculturaland Mixed Developmentand Integrated,Education, Media Refugees,Rural Poor, Urban Yes Rural Management(FARM) Social Services Poor, NGO's,Govemment Foundation for Children Mixed-Developmentand Health, Education Children Yes SocialServices Foundation for Children's MixedDevelopment and Health, Education,Media Children Yes Development SocialServices Foundation for Education for MixedDevelopment and Agriculture,Health, Rural Poor Yes Developmentin Rural Area Social Services Education,Human Resource (FEDRA) Development Foundation for Handicapped MixedDevelopment and Health, Education,Public Disable,Helpless, General Yes Children SocialServices Awareness Public Foundation for Slum Child Care MixedDevelopment and Health, Education Urban Poor,Children Yes SocialServices Foundation for Thailand Rural Development Integrated,Human Resource Rural Poor Yes Reconstruction Movement (TRRM) Development Foundation for Women MixedDevelopment and Education,Human Rights, Women,General Public Yes SocialServices Public Awareness THAILAND- SECTORAL ENVIRONMENTAL AiMENT FR HIGHWAYS PAGED -2 APPENDIX E DOH ENVIRONMENTALCHECKLIST TABLEFOR ENVRONMENTAL CHECKLIST FOR PROJECT IN HIGHWAYSAND ROADS (nameof project) Supplemental IEE (D) Inbrmrabon Resources(E)______ Acton AffectingEnvironmental Damageto Environment RecommendedFeas4ble --l Si Effect (0) a~~~~~~1= a (A) I (C) c I (a) ENVIRONMENTALPROBLEMS FOR MAJORHR REHABILITATIONPROJECTS (i) Doesreview of experiencewith exiting project Dependson typesof adverseeffects Dependson typesof adverseeffects indcate any significantenvironmental protection problems? It so, list and grade them (ii) Constnuction stage (new projct) (i) Hazardsof silt runolfduring construcbon Impairrmentof downstreamwater quality Competentsystem for controlof sit and landvalues nunoffduring construction (ii) Hazardsol continuingsilt runofffrom areas not Impaimrentof waterqualityAand Proporresurfacing or replanting propertyresurfaced valuesaaeslltieics (iii) Other constructionhazards As applicable As applicable (iv) Provisionof apprOpriateconstnjcton monitoring Witout monitorngcontractor not hkely Competentconstriction stage to comply with constraints monitoring (iii) Post con structbon operation s monioring Withoutmonitoring cannot CompetentpostconslUM ctbon adoquacyof projectdesigrVO&M monitoring _ _ (b) ENVIRONMENTALPROOLEMS FOR MAJOR NEW HIGHWAY PROJECTS (i) Encroachmenton preciousecology Lossof preciousecology Carefulplanning to minkmizeand offset (ii) Encroachmenton historicalIcultural/monument areas Lossof thesevalues (Ni) Impairmentof fish_er/aquatic ecologyand of other Impairmentof downstreambeneficial beneficialuses wateruses (iv) Erosionand siltation Excessivesoil erosionand imnpairrnentof Carefulresurfacing or replantingof doWnstreamwater quality exposedareas (v) EnvironmentalAes_hetics Lossof scenicvalues Carefulplanning to minimizeand offset lses (vi) Noiseand Vibratons Nuisancesto travelersand neighbors Carefulplanning to minimizeand offsellosses (vii) Air pollutionhazards Nuisancesand healihhazards to Conlrolof motorvehicle enmssions travelersiorkers TABLE FOR ENVIRONMENTALCHECKUST FOR PRWECT IN HIGHWAYSAND ROADS | ______(namn_ofple al project) r ______na Supplemental IEE ID) Resources(E) AcdonAffecting Environmental Damiageto Environment RecommendedFeasible - SogiIcn Effec Resourcesand Values Proet Measuring (A) (C) 2a: E~~ ES (viii) Highwaynfnof I pollution (ix) Highwayspills of hazardousmaterials Serioushealth/safety hazards to Carefulplanning and O&M and travlers andneighbors competentemergency clean up (x) Constfucion stageproblems _ (1) Ersion and sill runoff Impairmentof downstreamwater quality rAutul constnuctionplanning and landvalues indudinguse of ponds (2) Other constructionhazards As applicable As applicable (3) Monitoring N"ded to ensuracontractor compliance Competentpostconstrucbon withconstraints monitonngprogram (xi) Postconstructon monitorng Neededlo assessadequacy to project Competentpostlconsirucbon | ______dusign/O&M monitoringprogram (e) ENVIRONMENTALPROBLEMS FOR RURAL ROADS (i) Encroachmenton predous ecoogy (i) Sameas (b) (i) above (i) Sameas (b) (i) above (i) Encroachmenton histotical(cultural areas (D)Same as (b) (ii) above (i) Sameas (b) (i) above (ii) Impairmentof fisheris on otherbenefidal water uses iii) Sameas (b) (iii) above (ii) Sameas (b) (ii) above (iv) Ersion and silt runoff (iv) Same as lb) (iv) above (iv) Sameas (b) (iv) above (v) Dust nuisances Di.trbancestopoplopertesnear Carefulesign __ ~~~~~~~~roads (vi) ConstfuctIonstage proble_s (vi) Same as (b) (iv) above (vi) Sameas (b) (ix) above (vii) Postconstruction monitorng sameas (b) (x) above sameas (b) (xi)above APPENDix F MMGATION MEASURESAND REFERENCES MITIGATION AND MONITORING MEASURES Example of OEPP-approved Mitigation Measuresfor a Port Project:. Star Petroleum Refining Ltd. Mfgtwlion Measures 1. During Construction (1) Air Ouality - Control level of dust from construction and equipment to a minimum - Avoid burning of garbage (2) Water Quality/Ecolog= - Install fabric filter before discharging surface water into the sea. - All labor camps should be at least 150 meters from the shoreline and equipped with adequte sanitation by septic tank (1 un.it/15 persons). - Install automatic monitoring equipment for SS at Somet Island. (3) Noise Ouality - Set minimum allowable noise levels from equipment used in construction according to the standards set by Labor Department and include in the contract of construction. (4) Garbage - Proper disposal of garbage, no burning of garbage or throwing into the sea. - <:Coordinatewith sanitary district for proper garbage disposal. (5) Land and Water Transport - Drivers in the project site must strictly follow the rules. - Record causes and seriousness of accidents every time. - Install signs showing speed limit as appropriate. - Control the compliance with international rules near the harbor and docking. - Prohibit docking outside the ship channel and within 1 km of the port. - Set up an emergency response plan and practice every year. - Train for implementation of the emergency response plan. - Provide adequate light during the transfer of oil at night, also with good communication and adequate working space. (6) Socio-Economic - Consider hiring of local labor as first priority to reduce number of laborers from other areas. - Participate in local activities. (7) Public Health - Reduce dust by water spraying. - Limit construction activities only during daytime. - Set up medication unit in the construction area. - Establish plan for physical examination of the laborers from other areas. (8) Occupational Health - Examine and treat the laborers before starting work. THAILAND - SECroRAL ENVIRONMENTALAss55MENT F)R HIGHWAYS PAGE F-I - Control the compliancewith internationalrules near the harbor ano docking. - Prohibit docking outside the ship channeland within I km of the port. - Set up an emergencyresponse plan and practice every year. - Train for implementationof the emergencyresponse plan. - Provide adequate light during the transfer of oil at night, also with good communicationand adequate workingspace. (6) Socio-Economic - Consider hiring of local labor as first priority to reduce number of laborers from other areas. - Participate in local activities. (7) Public Health - Examinethe pollution control system for compliance with industrial standards. - Maintain good condition of equipment to reduce noise. - Set up medicalunit. (8) Occupational Health/Safety - Set up a comrnittee to oversee the occupation health/safety. - Set up area which requires entrancetexit permission. - Prepare appropriate safety equipment for personnel. - Train for health/safety at least once/year. - Set up a medication room in the port area with at least one nurse and periodic doctor visits. - Physical examine of employees once a year. - Coordinate with ambulance and hospital in advance in case of emergency. - Promote awareness and importance of measures on occupational health/safety of personnel at all levels. Measures for Monitori I1. During Construction (1) Sea Water Ouality - Measure depth, transparency, T, S, pH, SS, DO BOD, oil/grease every month. - Install automatic SS monitoring while dredging at Saket Island. Target Area - Port, Saket Island, open sea, front of SaithongBeach. (2) Noise Ouality - Measure noise level, Ld., and wind direction every four months. Target Area - North of port - Ban Ao Pradn Resort (3) Waste Assess appropnateness and capacity of garbage disposal and rcord THAILAND- SEIDRAL ENVIRONMENTALASSEsENT FoR Hr.HWAyS PAGEF-3 HAZARDS CONTROL METHODSAS NEEDED a. Runoff erosion during rminsfrom aA() Carefl planning of cut-and-fillto unprotected excavated areas nuimizeerosion, including resur- resulting in exceive soil erosion. facing/revegetation of exposed Can be very daimag to marine ar. ecologyr,beah/rwcreational argaL atii) Provisionof dikes to hold runoff to settle out soil partiles (with use of focculating aents where affected resource are sensitive, such as coral.). b. Safet of worker from accidents. b. Appropriatesafety measures (con- sistent with local country economics). c. Communicabledimease hazard to c. Providon of decent houmng6water workers fom lack of sanitaton supply,and excrets mangement. (water supply and excreta d. Insect vector diseae hazards, d. Appropriate control of anopheline especiallymalaria fm imported speciesinvwrkeu' mpmae espe- rarnera cialy spraying e. Slum hazards, i.e., where wiU e. Approprite planning for this, such workers live aftr consuction is as provision of acceptable per- completedif they decideto sa? maaent housing f Culturl hazards due to differen- f Appropriate planning for this ces in customs of imported continy workse and local villager.. g. Use of hazardous materials g Approprate planing and contrb. (toxic., inflammables, incen- See Annex 1/4. diari. (6) Public Health - Collect data on causes of sickness of the people Tareet Area - Health Office at Map Taperd and Houy Pong (7) Occupational Health/Safety - Collect statistics for sicknessand accidents - Measure noise level Ld. every four months Target Area - Within the port - In the officebuilding, central building port and project site. 3. Reporing Prepare report for monitoring every twice a year and submit to Harbor Department and OEPP within two months after the measurement including explanation on the results and a'Asopresent statistically of any change during the measurement from the previous ones. The results of automatic measurement of SS during construction must be submitted (raw data) to Harbor Departmentand OEPP every week THAILAND - SECToRAL ENVIRONMENTALAsEs.4ENT RFR HIGHWAYS PAGE F-5 ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES FOR SELECTED INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS HIGHWAYS AND ROAOS PORTS AND HARBOUR r \;; - r.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~S - -__ ' E*14:e:147..v& 1iAq , URBAN DEVELOPMENT - Environment Unit Asian Development Bank 198 WORLDBANK TECHNICAL PAPER NUMBER 140 Environmental Assessment Sourcebook Volume II SectoralGuidelines Environment Department Th WiorldBan Washnon D.C Table8.9. Rual Roads(continued) Paoital NegptveImpacts M ti Mesur Dird: Pemanent(cntinued) 10. Mired landscape (am fiom oad cuts, inducd landslidesand 10. * Touid sitemen roads plannd with regard for viul asdbteics. ilumps.etc.). * Madelimitations to avoidcutting and filling white nety wutld be spoiled. * Maintanan sadlor mrtloion of roadsidevegeation. I t. Heath hazars ad interfere of plat growthadjsc. to od by, 11.IDust cotrol by applicationof waleror chemials. dud rised andblown by veicle. 12. CotalmInationof gmundand srface watr by hebicideufor 12. * Reductionof use. vegetationcontol sd cheWicals(e.g., calciumchloride) for dust contrl. * Alterutive(ton-cbemical) methods of cotml. 13. Accidentrisks associated with veiculart afficad transport,that may 13. * Regulationof tnsport of toxicmaterials to minimi_dungr. ruIt in spilUsof toxic materials (wee'Huadous Materials Magemt section),Injuries or lowsof life (.. 'Public Healdhand * Probition of toxicwaste tnspor thugh oologicadly Safy section). seitivo am. 14. Cration of a oew pathwayfor dieam vectornaffecting humans and 14. Establishmntof plant andma! asniwionsevice ad animals. relatedcheckpoints. IS. Dlstuption/detstutionof wildlifiethrugh inenplion of migrtory IS. Sitingto minimizeimp;cts. nrutes,disturboc of wildlifehabitats, sad nois selatedproblems. Table 9.2. Roadsand llighways PotenflalNegative Impacts MitigatingMeasures Direct 1. Increased sediment in streams affectedby erosion at constructionsites 1. Protect suseplible surfaces with mulch or fabric, and plant erodible ad fresh road cuts, fillsand waste dumps. surfacesas soon as possible. 2. Soil and water contaminationby oil, grease fueland paint in equipment 2. * Collect and recycle lubricants. yards and asphalt plants. * Avoid accidentalspills through good practice. 3. Air pollution from sphalt plants. 3. Install and operate air pollutioncontrol equipment. 4. Local dust and noise. 4. * Periodicallywater down or lightly oil lemporaryroa. * Install and maintainmuMers on equipment. S. Air and noise pollution from vehicle operalion, in populated areas S. * Includephysical barries to noise in plans. Iraversedby the highway,notably meimpolitanSreas or denselysettled rural areas. * Require adherenceto engine maintenanceschedules and stndards (or use alternative fuels)to reduce air pollution. * Enhancepublic Iransporationand trafrice masngementcapability. 6. LAndscapedisfiguration by embankmentsand deep cuts, fills and 6. * Use an architecturaldesign to *bleod with tie landscape. quarmies. * Replantdisfigured surfaces. Table 8.9. Rural Roads Potnlal NegativeEmpacts MilgaulngMesur fDlred During Coanudloa 1. lrasioa frofmbemd cus and fill and temporry madinmialionof 1. * ULmibltiooof eafth movingto daypeiods. uaua dainag ways. * Protectionof mostssetble soUlsufs withmulch. * Protectionofdisgchannelswithbe s,tawo fabricbsrier. Installationof sedimetationbuns, edingor plantingof esudible surfac as oo as poible. 2. Gmrundag aer coulamiationby oil, greasu,and fuelin equipn.t 2. * Collectionand recyclingof lubricnst. Iyards. * Precautionsto avoid ccideaWlspills. 3. Cmion of sagnantwain bodie in borrowpits, quarries,otc. alted 3. Assessmeotof vector ecologyin work ams sad eploymnt of to quito bedinogsad otbe diseasevectors msues (e.g.. improvedlandaping, filing or drinf-ge)to avoid creatinghabitats. 4. Environmentaland soii dinuptionby constmdioncamps. 4. Caeful siting,constuction cod m ngeimt of co_mction campU. Dd: Pr_uum 5. Destuctioa of buildings.vegewion and soil in the right of-way, S. * Alterntive ignments. borwr pit sdit, waft dump, end equipmentyads. * Havest ad utilizationof pubLicdoma f orst eoomuprior to coutruction. Table9.2. Roadsand Hlighways (continued) Poetilal Negqaivebnpacts MitigatingMeasum Direed(continued) 13. Desinction or damsa of terrestrial wildlife habitats. biological 13. Plan national Irmnsportationrute aligment ccordingto location of reource or ecosystemshat should be preserved. fugilo,unique. etc. arems. 14. Allemiion of hydrologicalregines of wetlandsby causeways. with 14. * Realignmentto avoidwetlands. harmful effects on these ecoqystu. • Instaliationof culverts,bridges. etc. as neded andaccording to criteriafrom prior hydrobiologicalsurveys. • See WeAlands'section. IS. * lntermplionof migratorymute. for wildlifeand livestock. IS. * Realignto avoidimnporlant migralory routes. * n:reased collisionswith aimals. * Provideundergmde crossings. 16. Poor snitatio, and solid wadte dispoal in conatnrctioncamps mad 16. Provide adequatelylocated and maintainedblrines. wrlk sit.*. 17. Posibletrmision of communicabledisas fromworkers to local 17. Periodichelth examinationsof woretenwith mnat whennded. populations advice vea. 18. Creatiomof temporasy brmedinghabiuts for mosquitovectors of 18. Asss vectorecology in work amesand toke steps where possible to disoes e.g.. owny, stgnantpools of water. avoidcrealing habitats. 19. Creationof * transmissIoncorridor for disases,pests, weeds and other 19. Setup plantand animal sanitation sevice ndrelted checkpoints. undesiable organsms. Table9.2. Roadsand hlighways (continued) PolentialNegadive Inpacts MiigatingMeasures Direc (continued) 20. Poacing by cosinhncionworken. 20. Prohibiipoaching under terms of employment. 21. * Dislocationand compulsoryresetlement of peopte livingon the 221. See invaluntaryReueltlemnur section. right-of-way. Loally unprecedentedmechanism and pcedur my be required * Nearcities ad in rich firming megions, anuypeople can be to arive at equitablead adequatecoupealion, ad a companio affected. effortto develop the capacity may be rquired. 22. Obstructionof rutes fromhomes to farms, ec., incraing ltvel 22. Pmvide apprpriately dsigned ad located crmings. lime. 23. Impairnmeatof no-mtored trnspotation in the highwaycorridor due 23. Includeslow Iramc lans and/orpaved sboulder and araecrossings. to reducedor impededrights-of-way. 24. Accidentriskd aociated withvehicular Iramc and tnsport, that may 24. * Deign and implementafety measuresand an emergencyplan to reult in spiillof toxicmaterials injuries or loss of life, containdamages from accidenal spills. * Designatespecial rutes for hazardousmaerials tansport. * See 'Industrial Hazard Maagemeni and Public Health sad Safty scwtions. Indirect 25. Iduced development:roadside commercial, indusidal, reideutiml, and 25. - Involvelad use planningageocie, a Al levelsin prmjectdesi Urbmnsprawl.' and EA, end planfor conirolleddevelopment. Table9.2. Roads andlUghways (continued) iPolentialNegative Impacts MiltgatingMessum Indirect(continued) 26. Incresedmotrizedrapotatioa(widaposibleincas dependency 26. includeproject components to encourageus of uw-maotodzad Omimpoutd feir). mnortaioa. 27. Impainmmtof non-matoded trnspotationeconwmy due to changes 27. Include projoctcomponents to stimulatelocal productionand useof in landuse and/or incressed avasilability of mooidzed altematives. non-motorizedmodes of tUnsporttion. 28. Unplannedor illegallimber cutting. 28. See'Rural Roads'section. 29. Unplannedor illegalland clearing. 29. See'Rural Roads-socion. 30. Illegal invsion by squatterand poachen of homelandsof indigenous 30. See mindigenoPeoples and *1nducedDevelopmnm sections in peoples. Chapter3. Table9.2. Roadsand Highways(continued) PblenlialNegative Impacls Mitigating Measum Did ctcontinued) 7. Landalides,slumps, slips an othermass movements in roadcuts. 7. * Providedainage works aneaded to rduce risk, accordingto prior surveys. * Alignroule to avoidinherently rustable aas. * Stabilize road cuts with dncures (concree walls, dry wall masonry,gabions. etc.). S. Erosion of landsbelow Ihe rod bed receivingconcentried outflow S. * Increasenumber of drin outlets. from coveredor opendrins. * Place drainoutlet w a to avoidcascade effect. * Line receivingsurface with stooes, oncree. 9. Roadsidelitter. 9. * Providefor disposalfacilities. * Encourageanti-littering law. and teguWioks. 10. Hazaidousdriving conditionswhee constructionilnterferes with pre- 10. Providein designfor ptoper nlers on rmob, acludinglights. eisting oads. II. A1M1lionof overlanddaiage andsubsoil drainage (where road cuts 11. Instilation of adequatedrainage wofk. interept perchedwate tables,spiogs, etc.). 12. Destution of vegeatioaand wildlire in the rightlofway occupiedby 12. Realignmenwhere possible to detourexceptional ae, idenWifiedby he Wighway. prior surveys. Table 8.9. Rural Roads(continued) Pokfuial NegativeImpacts MitigatingMesure DBhUL h: w (wcoonwiae * Compensationgiven to privatelandown. Retorationof sits to originalcoodition to ezlentposible tumgh reclamadto mesum. 6. Ilniption of wbsil s ovrlad dainage,pattems (in aes of cuts 6. Isallation of adequatedminage ws. =d fin). 7. Lmdslidwe,sluips, sUps ad othr mam nmovemmtsnm md cuts. 7. * Routealignmen to avoidinhetly unstableamu. * Designof dninage wouksto minimiu chgag in surfaoaliws sd adequateto oal condition,acodin to pbo un a Stbiliation of rad cutswith dmcnu (conce wiuls dry wa1 masonry.gabious, elc.). S. Ersion of lnds below the radbed reciving ncenratedoutflow S. * Incws in numberof dnin oulets. ced by coveWro opendmins. * Drainoutlet plbcedso asto avoidcascde effec.L * Lining of receivingiwrfae with stone, conrt. 9. Inaed pndedwdmont in strm affectedby rod cut erion, 9. a EsiablishmuzIof vegetativeco,er on erdible surfcesasmmuas dclio In waterqualty sd _cfeaedsdimentation downstm possible. * Establishmentof retei pand to rodue modint lad bore waterenct stram. Table8.9. RuralRoads (continued) Potentl Negative Impacts Migaft M esur Indiret 16. Unplannedor illegal limberculling. 16. See*Naturl Porfs Mangemenuisection. 17. Unplaed or illegal land clearing. . 17. See 'New Lnd Setilemelt sectimo. 18. Long-termor semi-permanentdestruction of soils in cleared areas not 18. Se. 17 above. ciltd for agniculture. 19. PlanneddevelopuNt andillegal invaion of howelands of indigenous 19. See 'lndigeuaousPeoples soetion. people by equalte andpoachegs causing seriou socil and economic dismiption. 20. Destructio or damage of teetal wildlife habitats, biological 20. See 'liological Diverity and Wildlans- seoctios. resoure or eosydm that should be preerved by inducel development. 21. Damging alteraion of wdland eosydtems traversed by cAuseways. 21. See 'Wetland' sction. 22. Excesivo and/or destucive developmeotof ctal ars or other use 22. See *ToursmDevelopmet' eoction. of coal for cemt ud landfill, dedrying pori of eef uniquely endowed receational envimomentsude accessibleby roads. Table 1. Equipment for Oil Spill Cleanup owned by the Company DESCRIPTION QUANTITY TYPE 1) VESSELS 1 Unit l) Boom Deployment Vessel 1 Unit II) Fast Response Vessel I Unit [II) Run-About Boat 2) BOOMS 800M Ocean Booms (Freeboard/Draft: 80 CM/100 1000M CM) 250M Harbor Booms (50 CM/75 CM) 200M Tidal Booms (28CM/26CM) River Booms 12 CM/20CM) 3) PORTABLE 3 Units 2 x 10,000 L Capacity STORAGE TANKS 1500 L Capacity 4) Skimmers 1 Unit l) Offshore application (Weir Type) l Unit 11) Harbor application (Disc/rope Type) 1 Unit III) Calm Water Application (Disc/rope Type) 5) OIL SPILL 1 Unit I) Trailer RESPONSE TRAILERS Submersible Pump 2 x Diaphragm/Spate/Peristaltic Hose Pump 2 x Suction Skimmers Hydraulic Power Pack Air Compressor Sorbent Booms and Pads Ancillary Equipment 1 Unit 11) Contains River Booms, Temporary Storage Tank, Disc Skimmer 6) DISPERSANT 2 Sets Portable System SPRAY SYSTEM 7) DISPERSANT 10,000L Types 8) VHF/UHF Two-way Radios, Cellular Phones, COMMUNICATION etc. THAILAND - SECTDRALENviRoNMENTAL AsEsMENT FoR HiGHWAYS PACE F-6 ANNEX I/i: GUIDELINES ANNEX ENVIRONMENTAL CONSTRAINTS FOR PROJECTS INVOLVING MAJOR CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS A. Introduction 1. Most major constructionprojects of ell types involvecertain impactson en- vironmentalresoures that are signiricantand can be vely seriousif not properly managedduring projectplnning and implementation,and which tend to be over- lookedby manyplanners and engineers because it wasnot necesy to wony about them in the pro-environmentalprotection eas. These constraints,which must be evaluatedfor a*lprojects at least at the lEE level,to determinewhether any fol. low-upEIA will be needed,are describedbelow. B. Environmental Constraints During Construction Phase 2. Almostall major constuction projects imposequite significanttemporary hazards to environmental resources during the project's construetion phase. Hencethese hazardsneed to be accountedfor and the properprotection measures includedin the projectES, and their cost includedin the project'sconstruction budget.The FS/EIAshould describe these hazardsand howthey wil be managed. 3. The most commonserious problem posed by most major construction projects(during the constructionphase) are shownas fallow: management of hazardous waste. Target Area - Within port (4) Water Ecology - Collect plankton and benthos every four months Target Area - Port and Saithong Beach. (5) Transportation - Collect data on traffic with separate type of cars every four months. - Collect data on traffic accidents every four months. Target Area - National Highway number 3. (6) Public Health - Collect data on causes of sickness of the people Target Area - Health Office at Map Taperd and Houy Pong (7) Occupational Health/Safety - Collect statistics for sickness and accidents - Measure noise level Ld. every four months Target Area - Within the port - In the office building, central building, port and project site. 2. During, Operation (1) Sea Water Ouality - Measure depth, transparency, T, S, pH, DO SS, BOD, oil/grease every four months. Target Area - in front of port, every point of wastewater discharge, Saket Island, open sea and front of Saithong Beach. (2) Noise Ouality - .=lMeasurenoise, Ld, and wind speed every four months. Target Area - In front of port control office and around the project site, Ban An Pradu, Wat Ta Kuan Kongkaram and Saithong Resort. (3) Waste - Assess appropriateness and capacity of garbage disposal and record the management of hazardous waste. Target Area - Within the port area (4) Water Ecology - Collect plankton and benthos every four months Target Area - Port and Saithong Beach. (5) Transportation - Collect data on traffic with separate type of cars every four months. - Collect data on traffic accident every four months. Target Area - National Highway number 3. THAILAND - SECToRAL ENVIRONMENTALAssEsmT FK)RHIGHWAYS PAGE F-4 H AZ A R D S CONTROLMEIMODS AS NEEDED h. Dust/odore/fume. which are h. Appropriateplanningandeontrols. hazards or nuiosne to wolrke or neaby r_identa i. Noise and vibrtios which are i. Appropriateplanning and contrul. hazardsornuisanestoworkers or nearby residents. j. Quarryingopertions (i) Safetypreautiom (i) Appropriateproedure to safeguad workers, nearby workes/residents and wildlfe. (ii) Failure to leanup/ (ii) Degrdation of environmental replant bllasng aras. aes*_de k. Accidentior other disrptiom of k Appropriate planing and prompt utilityservices (water, SWae) repairs when oacidentsocr. l= Descptin of steet trafric for L Carul constructionschduling. prolongedpeiod. indluding (i) Traffic cnetio Ci) BlockingoftaccSn to buidingp m. Pollution of groundwater by mL Creilplanningforapoilhdisposal. dumpingof consotu mspost. a. Loal flooding fom watering of n. Approprit plannin and ontros. excavation,fluhin, pipe., etc. O. Dredging and filling in lakes, o. Careul plnningforwater use. rivers, bays, etuares, coastal a_e Set up adequate size of labor camp. Set up adequate clean water within the labor camp. The labor camp must be 150m away from the coastline and must be equipped with adequate sanitation. Coordinate with sanitary district for collection and disposal of garbage Oversee that all personnel appropriately use safety equipment. 2. During Operation (1) Air Oualitv Maintain good condition of equipment; check every month. Install air circulation unit in the area of limited air circulation. (2) Water Ouality/Ecology Provide adequate treatment of wastewater from the port by o Oil Water Separator o Induced Air Floatation o Equalization Tank o Biological Treatment Sewage shall be treated by activated sludge process. Adequate maintenance of equipment and piping system so that BOD<20mg/l, oil/greasecl5mg/l. Separate oily water from surface runoff by oil water separator. Ensure adequate area for receiving oily wastewater from port (ships). -Strictly control/prohibit oil discharge from ships into the sea. Set up equipment to deal with oil spill (see Table 1) and examine the system every month. Train personnel for use of emergency equipment for in-port emergency every six months and for large emergency with participation of concerned agencies and local community, every year. Examine and maintain wastewater treatment unit every week and record its performance. Bilge waters from ships shall be collected and stored in the distillation plant to separate oil residue before being disposed of as appropriate. (3) Noise Control good equipment noise level <85dB(A) at Im. Employee shall work in the area having noise >85dB(A) less than 8 hours. The area having noise >85db(A), use safety equipment. (4) Garbage Examine and maintain good condition of garbage bins every week Prohibit disposal of garbage at sea. Prepare adequate receptacles for waste from ships. (5) Land and Water Transport Drivers in the project site must stnctly follow the rules. Record causes and seriousness of accidents every time. Install signs showing speed limit as appropriate. THAILAD - SEMRAL ENVIRDOmNTALASSESMENT FOR HIGHWAYS PAGEF-2 APPENDIX G * OEPP PROPOSAL FOR HIGHWAY TRAFFIc EIA AND ENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENT Projst Title Environmental Impact Assessment and Management of Highway Traffic Project Requesting Agency Office of Environmental Policy and Planning (OEPP), Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment Proposed Source of Assistance World Bank 1) Background Information and lustification for the Project In Thailand for approximately the last ten years, motorization and highways have been proceeding at a rapid pace. As a result, environmental problems by automobiles are now beginning to become more apparent, especially in large cities such as Bangkok, Chonburi, Chang Mai, etc. Levels of noise and air pollution are even more serious. In order to resolve the problem of environment effectively, there is an urgent need to strengthen and improve the technologies available in Thailand for measurement analysis and prediction. At present, OEPP are taking (steps) to establish environmental monitoring division which includes transport monitoring system, development of networks of trunk roads and highways, (all of which) have close ties with World Bank programs. Considering an urgent management for resolving the environmental traffic, The World Bank may be the most suitable partner for cooperation effort with Thailand under Fourth highway project. Obiectives 1) To study the level of environmental impact which resulted from highway traffic. 2) To study possible improvement of predictive methodologies (mathematical modelling) for air, noise and vibration pollution. 3) To plan and provide mitigation measures for various highway traffics. 4) Establishment of comprehensive monitoring methodologies to validate the modelling for future application. 5) To conduct the project as an on-the-job training program for OEPP and related agencies' staff, especially in environmental impact analysis and methodology of data handling, and measuring system as well as designing monitoring program. 2) Results Expected Upon Completion by the Project 1) Environmental Impact Analysis for large scale roadway planning. 2) Environmental management guideline for large scale roadway planning. 3) Hardware and software of modelling for future use on other proposed highways. 4) Enviror.mental monitoring system such as air quality, noise and vibration for major road in urban (areas). 5) Recommendation of mitigation measures for highway projects. 3) Recommended Sources of Information and Data Related to the Project 1) The Department of Highways THiAiLAND - SEcioRAL ENVIRONMENTAL AsEsMENT FoR HIGHWAYS PAGE G -1 2) The Expresswayand Rapid Transit Authority of Thailand 3) Bangkok MetropolitanAdministration 4) Department of Land Transport 5) Department of Police 6) Office of EnvironmentalPolicy and Planning 7) Office of Pollution Control 4) Project Sites The target sites are selected:two types 1) Road in Bangkok (At grade section and elevated section) 2) Inter-cityhighway 5) Projet Work Plan and Activities 1) Objectiveof automotive impacts (1) Air pollutants (NOx, CO, S02,SPM, Lead) (2) MeteorologicalConditions (3) Noise pollution (4) Vibration (5) Trafficcondition/omission factor of automobile (6) Research and development for sound barriers (7) Installationof monitoring and collected data treatment system (8) Determine the automotive impact in terms of level of pollutants. This will be accomplishedby micro computer for simulation model. (9) Study law and regulations and their effectivenesswith recommendations. (I0) Researchand development for sound barrier by local made materials. (':) Prepare short and long term control management strategies including priorities and schedule of appropriate control activities. THAILAND- SECORAL ENVIRONMENTALAssEs5ENT RoRHK;HWAYS PAGE G -2 APPENDIX H DOH PROJECrS IN THE SEVENTHPLAN Tth 7th CIFto WihduMoNatioral Wdet Numbe W4dId Nataoru,I'ViMwPliamaaI Cda" rp Tota TOtal pion Plani Ilh Praawvas Pwmki. wal' of P'e"Nes P.k ways almdmg a l a. Sid______1 Km.. Cog 1092 IM9 1094 199 1696 Maw. Cog ~L J~(km) jk Towns (Proeli (Proot)(Po) o TableI sova,aPlea Pmjee 71 ILam I A Now(Km 6274471 F 20 70 230 40 20 70 ___20 3 __ 72 Il ADanCha LaWan P2 37 06 40 55 3? 95 -4 31 73 21 ASamg8r'OAnANWi- Pi 40 130 30909 0 40 130 9 2 7 4 12 P*WlmlaE A LamSak(Km 90-104.124* PI 20 70 30 40 20 70 20 15 S I 756 2lA SuyThep Bum S mhnP I 35 116 25 II 25 so9 2I 71 II$ ChOombenif AMasuni 82 36 105 _ 38 so so 36 195 361__ 20 9 I __ Sea.PM.g eNMRan A Wang Pa PAO- (eOdimg Swans Whan Ps Pam A 717 199 AKem Yun MmaaHorillon 84 27 12 5iI29 50 90 27 126 611 Sad A IownYuarn-Hum Pam I I 76 I0Aa KIm Yw, n UmeHwono. 84 35 ISO __ so0 60 35160 I__6 1 _ Soo NongOwe Kid- AChihomfOEm"483) 7.10 107 HIaTOO A Fea flj 16 j19 ___ 30 401 40 26 110 - - 201 2 1__ .IIl Ill (2choieMm m linSia. 62 22 120 1__ 30 45 As 221 1201 ___ - -- ~ - sea Ca. SAMt H PaNg ' 12 118 Vciw.n arMnSi StaSa.5 23 125 _ 30 ..45 60 23 129 - - - Sead. PangFaan - Pang Nanuan I7 5 7.13 103AAoiKuan A Now OSI 1755726 __ __ 301 17j7 2 - . 7.14 229 Choy Iwn Lub Ph* 61 _ 9to _ 351 6AI_ _ so 7.15 112 *Ww'aCbenolw A ChanOen 5k0041 s82 s1 699__ 251 30 Ila __ S5 I___ 716 io A.SThomn A. U Kmo.13) 2 13 _0 _ as 13 90 _ _2 I 7-17 201 L.a A.ChMnKh~m(Km 8) 52 3 45 15 _30 __ S 45 - - -2 - - - 713 IlA UaSuu FR.1 92 28 105 ___ 40 _ 5 25 _lOS 6 3 I__ 7.19 201 A h, Chaiaawn(Kafft83-10 11 SI I15 70 _ _ 30 40 _ aI 70- - - 7-20 113 A To-phanHe *KhaooSw(KmdO.221 SI 1 2 42 ______15 _27 12 42 __6 I II 721 117 lNeliossawan PhtMimiok(Km31.?3J 51 34 t0oo _ _ 30 40 24 70 3 722 106SA Thon A U tm3D-5) 82 20 65 - _ 25940 20 69- 11 1 7.23 201 Chavuhwi A. hanaM 3I 20 7560 4 20 75 SWaA. PwKImw.A 724 120 A WaoOjaN S.UaKh&,Chien F3 15 Ss9 _ _ _ 20 35 1 55 10 __ 2 21 725 107 A CeDo A Fen O(77.116 53 49 176 _ _ 6___9 I 65 120 4-0 41 1 726 102A-Sn SaIdLae1 ar-d dId 82 250 ____ 30 11_ 30 65 1 3 ___j- 727 l Il Neklamoassan PPoolk" 3-10 SI 27 Ss __ _ 25 __II_ 35 50 -I- - 721 103fA-SO A. No ni 94 35 110 _ 30 401 40 35 110 2 2. 720 tit1F16Jt(Sa Km.odvet STha Ra4aa F4 is545 20 26 15 45 - 73-0 114SAThaWanoea A ChemKI.n(Km 1&32I F4 17 itO _ 30 4040_17 110 7.1104ChE M!Doi Sra4ho Ft 16la o6 _ 20 40 Is 60r- - - - 732 2010 ALonuak4 i12toNmmTpkmIw1udmAJ toO Tow F2 13 - _ I 0 13 4 THAILAND- SECTORALENVIRONMNENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR HIGHWAYS 'Nots. NACoaWs InMJlior Bahi PAGEH - I 7th 7th CJIFI Wiu. "Ationd WNW Numw*w WiaW Mob"' WiNW Pra*. Co" .o Tolal ToalI Plan Pion dI Piaawe" Pwa Wam" co PomawaPo.. sWa sff*u' * R(** ______Sid K(rm. Cod' 100 100 IN4 10" 100 Kii.. Cod Plan (C "n TOW, (PAoL (Pr'* P!ib) Too" 7.23 1213 J.R.T.I (Sit aunwm F_RI.1173 (B. Dafj Fe____2__6 __26 1to Is -a___ 6 _ 5 __ 7.54- 1067 i .Sdchm &MamTh____ 3 25 __S _ 30 _60 _ ___25 so40__ 7.35 04 PhisahmamnLabbla- Uvaiad4 P2Fe______11I_ 39. 1la.__ 20. _ 11_III 6 __ __ 7.36 1065 A. Mau sod -A. Mae ramal_ A.&ThaSong Y-_ 4OJ AL lo so __ 2 3 __ 6 _s 7 37 2019S.Yson A. NakhonThai Fe 20 900 20 1625 _ 20 90_go 2 7.3 103S LanaP _____Chs-hom( MO-lO)P2 Fe 10 _40 1IS_ 25 10 _40 __ __ 4 1 7.30 I4111A.Tha Wanp L. Chiar KhaTj 2243LW F 28 140 __ 3 5 6 _25 140 a_____ 3 I 7.40 2216 B. TedKioI At. 203t0. KokKeathcr'l P2 22 IO70___ 25 _45 ___ 22- - - 7.41 1 147 ISan Pa Fal A SanKaailian, Fe 32 120 _ 30 _45 45 __32 120 ___4 2 I I 742 1201 A Saw.nkhaIaki.9 Muang A. Sri Salrtcaiala P23 31 103 221 40 40 31 106 II 3 1 1 _ __ K oo ______-- - I -1 _ 5 _ _ I__ 1.3 1232 Na YakPho XhuwrMatRai A. WaChao PS 13 35 ___ 20 13______- - - 14U 1020A Tha,g ______A. Chaing hai(Krft o.121) P3 __i 31__06 20 35 is Ss__6 40 2 2 ' I 7.45 1069 AFag Ths Ion Fe 24 OS 20 40 tolB_ 70 252 2 7.46 IIS J A.T.10(JLug KKA.Wia.siKan P4 i 33 Ito __ _ _26_3 _I 0 60t __ 7.4? 1035 Lamnqan A_2hftHanQ¶SL5~9 P3 40 110_ 30 _d0 25 _70 40 __ .... II 746- 1020Chamg tap A. ThaengOKm 15-37) Pt _ 22 _ 75 __ 0 41 _ 22 __76 __2 2 I I ?.A0 1145A. ThaWangpa ACtiarKhim P4 26 OS 40 68 _ 26 OS0__ 7.60 IIII A. TonHfli A. an Mumualt Fe 22 70 _ __ 25 45 _ 23 70 -1 -1 7.11 IO40Ullsradl:_ Wa Kaph __ F__Pt 9 36 __ _ _ 12 25 __ 0 _ 36 1_ 'ilk210 Kar Son .IKA.aol(AKo SdatoPh _____ 4 __30 95 _ __ 40 S5s_ 30 __ 06__ 7.53 2163 A.ChurnPhas A. Snluf-ian F2e 49 160 ___ _ _40 60R 3_3 100 s0 I__ 7.64 -is L%6JR.I06 EB.22oo7 0ra(B Thk FS 25 76[ 30 48 _25 _73 7.65 22S6 J.Rt21 (B.!aNaNg. B. adoP P2 __F 25 so60_ 20 40 __26 60_so 21 I-S 2326 Phulchabun B. Huai Ye E3 __I7_ 40_ - -- IS_is S Is 25- -- - 7.57 21!5 L.a. -_ __ A ThaLi P3 26as 10 _ - 40 14 40 j70 2 2 7.56 11i63 J,RI.14WAS_ A-ThPie PS 14 36 16a_ 7 __is 20 - 1 Wc&16ALn-krabu.-A lanoRakam Pd. II7 P1 3_7 120 __40 12 40 so 2 2 I 760 2012 J.Fit. 21 A. Wgihianburi - L 7Z 30 _ . _ 10 __2 _ 10 _20- - - 7.61 2013A NkhonThai A.Daniel P2 _ 441 140 _ so Is _ 5o go 32 7.62 106? A. Ba,4rjnaIA IofaaR.I? l 1 _6 _ - _2 7 _25 __30 10I- 7.63 1l60 Nan A. ThaWangpha P2 _ 42 _40 I301 131 40 g0 7.64 203 J Rt21 (KuAdicd-__ A. PhruWag_ ____ PS __S 900_ 30 '0 30 so6 7.68 1221PhicAdrI.ThaIo RI. II14 ______3 _ 14 _ _46 'is _ 5 _ is _ 30 -- -- 7 66 11 .TaiWh Auipg!LiMLC (&Ktkj§o _ P4 _Is 55 __ -20 _ 20 _36 - 10 S -I 1 7.3 71 117J-R.-T.1i A. Kh Lan FS 30 go90_ - 35 -- 12 36 _ 56 2 3 III 756e 2276 Plulchabun _ ____A Ch&ibadar. F3 __36 105 __40 14 __40 __6 _S_ 1.0 106i Lwf;anpn ____ A. Han Chal -2Is 4 2 -- 7i A_ __ 7I "M 27 i 7.1 23 MOOa8aramiam Rolaet Pi Al tel6 __ 1 64 33 1 166 2_2I_ 7.2 24 A.WarinChanwab A.ADMUdomn P2 20 all_ 24 57 __ f 10 el__ 4 1_ _ 11 7 3 23 A. Kham lruanlCa.W A.Xhusn Nat P1i _2 221 _ 45 U 66 _3U 221 3{ 4 22Yasdthom ______A.I(ham KhuanKsw P1I la10 tO _ 32 761 10 106ag _ 7.6 2L A.swsi. sawQ. A. Pharo Kha PI 30 179 -3 0 52 126 - to 2 -1 1 7.6 226 Z. Kantha,rom A.WAginChanwab 62 __2 0 _ __ 5 Li. I I_ 35 204 ___2 2 _ I ___I 7.7 211 A. ThsH A. SriChi.ngmi 62e Is 60 _ 20 36 is1 __0 __ 5 2 7.6 212 NakhonPharncn.J. to A. Rnu Se 47 226 46 00 00 47 226a 20 4I I NakhaEl9-__S.____ _ - I - --. - 1.0 212 9 orrgBang -Huai Salorip S2 26 I3 1 64 64 26 S16 1.0 210 J1R12 (D I aoeil A.aauLnauS __2 4 7 8 15 _ THAILAND- SECTORAL ENVIRONMNENTALASSESSMENT FOR HIGHWAYS 'Note.-All Costs In WAio Edit PAGEH-2 rib 71h CdFto WhilEs Matenli waiw Nun*u WdmIIo Natanal Walsi Piceot, C~~~~~~~~~u~~~~~~~~Tail Tad Pln pi"n oh P,amiu Parks WAys at P,wvS." PAWk WaYS SNdrn Cod ft4 ____d . Ka,.. Coll 101 tON 1964 logs tHU Kn..ca Cm i Plan J ja ~~(ROB) Ji j lP Town* 71t mAN Km Si51 _ II N 22134 II soI _ 4 __2 _ _ _ _ I_ 1AL 70.000 A KIaWa.. St _20 6 St U0 to 110 so 2 __2_ _ __ 1 _t r,_____ DO-" 2 4 4 '7317 4 144 12 3- 714A PM"222 A ______IL 401 _ 40 N3 10 __41 ___ ? t ill ____- - *NsnFEl4u. _ - 2 212 tOO __31 71 13_ 2 __ _ _ IIt, RIA1 "qIuL&aw-law*-A of d1 240 44 44 IN 4 3 it? -222A Wsrantewi A PbsnCthaoeu 82 52 _211 2 116? 131 .2 7 _ _ _ 7111A K______221 SI 34 1 _ 34 ISO. 2 __4 _ _ _ _ 1_ 71 a a NAO-____I_ _ PS 40 tOO _ S dl dl -1 U _0_5 Sawdd A I______m22 34 1 3_ 16406s 34 163-- _3 _1_ WI-A CbgbWM224 *ThpaaMaplu'swwu 23_ 30 _101 __ 30 ?I 310 101__ 7U2 M U*mataswm'i AW.ME roo FS 37 _Lf tU _ V.72 _taO ___ 7732110 o X n,1001 A Pt.oTIh PE__ 43 142 __ II 6 67 423 112 ___--__ __I______~F 0 _2 4 _76 f fUJ __4 1 72It 217113 TMheolma A N YW 46 194 __ 40 7it i77f_ 46 104 2_ __2 a26US*Axw A Koowmihl 73 24 so Is_434 24 so__2___ sin yasdhm____A_____h__ F1 _ IS 137 3__0 70 79 __1 197 __4 __ _ 720- IOWA ddm. A LemnaNdd.m .F3 28 ea __ _ II N 2 4 _ ___I__I 7 JF"iSKne60 gral "N.h Ill PD _ 20 _70 _ _ 21 40 20 _70 __ I _ _ 730Ik C______AL______&S, 2 f U _100 _ 40 _40 __a __0O__ 731 40iiMim A __C ___ __ PS 47 _1SO _5 61 47 III 4 4______I__ 73u IOttJ. tA _____2_U___d_OM_ 2 23 __72 _2 1022so _ 7a ____ _ 733 =7 A E!gglumms KRs3 F4 93 31 $1 29 02 III so 14~~ 3 L36Kwo 2149 KhbA Wkemballm A. Fi 36 129 n 41I -30 In 2 I 736 2M A TMlb-Agwophu-ft F3 23 II 25 62 23 77 ___ __2 Lp- Ms Rftd JL F2W&POWR 31 lm 1 421_ __1 I_ -A T ______2 130 __ 50s es a 22 iII 2_ _ _ 1t4i 12.aK akuI(Km uL P _iL 00 _ 40- *6 7 Ill 399 Aftowme Ss 401 too~~~_ 3 1 ___Ilo .6 3191119A______1___ S I __ ___ I31 7 PMfly asum ___3______6 60 31 13 __ I 320 J_L_3I 3 _2 29 1 316 ,Tid St____2___3 _3 _4 Is I2I I !i1 m ILA WaNmYn(Kau WutChbI 30Is -- _7L____3 7:0 31 Tams AWaom nYnIiC. SiL ... 1 _ 221 33 _ 2__ 6 710 322 B. eYatm3imS UP Yamk(m 0.30 53 _d1 113 _ __ _$ of__ "s M Kwa.ThmS21 h mmKaI.5l JSI~0.0 - l - - is_a THAILAN4DSECTORAL UNV1RONMNENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR HIGHWAYS 'Note* AllCosts Ini Milon 801h1 PAGEH-3 Rth 7Th CIP lo W*i.dW Natioani Wi. 1&0*. W4.f N11thad4WOW. Prqdf Code.lO Total Tota plan Pan loh Pi.wr. Paika ways of Py.rvw Pinks was alledag I A1o..I ______Sld. Kriu. Cool im 19 1994 199 1996 Kms. COU Plan ~ ~jjr Town Tn%J. Olrn (Pris lroa 7.21 !3-!!Yt...._____L___ g P.4 _ 6_ _6 _10 _1 lo__6 __1__ 72i2 3144 Vil 3 9 SaenSuk) Jl. To-KhooKhiw F2.PF4 II __ B _ 22 33 II __I __ ___ 7.23 302360.Tha fan A._ATha nja _ ___ F2 _ S. _ 21 _ 6 _13._ 6 2_21 124 3-412 J.FA.3263 __s___ gamUa -_ _ _ _ a46 _ 21 _ 10 is15 _ _ _ __ I 25 7 ___25 ___3______A. BangRadKan F4 _ tI ___23 _ 3 _20 __ I _ 23 _ _ _ _ _ ?.26 149 111. ----- 8 at_uos 2 16_70to _ 26 42 _ is t6o70_ 4 i. 2'-7 _3-4_ ___v_lCt___y_n Fl _ 22 90 36 64 _22 so0 _ _ 10 I 7.28 3020 A Phfaptiuthabl ____ No __Kh__ 4 __to 25 __ 3 22 __ _10 __25 __ _ _29_Kh____S_r___Muk1F _ 9 _ 40 __ 1 24 _ _ _ 9 __40 ______j70 3346 _BL3L"Kh-oaR n3 1 dtChantlhatmn[ Ft _ 12 __ 4 _ 22 _32 __12 __ 4 __ _ 7.3 3230 Chacho.NLs_a __ ADangNa (NPtW Ft tof __6? 35 52 1Is __ 7 _ ___4 7.32 3235 A NakhonCiwan MakhanChauuriRiw.r Fl 6 __34 __ 14 20 ____6 __34 _ ___ 7 33 1072 jRI.t (N*VgBV A**~.*.~LatYaO F 23 124 __ 4 -s 5so 23 124 __ 7.3- 3121 Ahananhia RtF304 ___ __ Ft _. 6 27 __ 7 20 _ 6 __27 _I __5_0___R__(hi__Mo 1135( 8)Fl 38 205 _ 30 _f 5100 _ 36 205 4 _ _ 7.36 3183 JtoChacPheaylkft PnpK&laat(ml!B 00.. F2 lo liII_ Is so so____ 19 115 ___ 3-7 -'i_ONakhn sasn A %a T ______2 46 ___I __ 36 70 90 __ _41 I9N __ __ 7.38 31 6 ft vv ab nTh Cl2.a*_ 3 22_ _ __ _ UOHuaiko______3048 _hs_L__ 2 14 40 __4 __36 __ __ _ 14 _ 40 __ 7.4_1 3227 iNoen Makck 91K m 4 27 7s 30 _45 __ ___21 __ i _ W.3Y06 AA,nPrathtet 0,TttapPnki F4 26 _ 46 _ _ II 26 ___ 25 _ 46 __1 7.46 3304 JRt3l618.Gon5cnon)_ BLoomP,du Pd- t2 __26 _ ___I T, 17 __ 12 23 __ 7.47 3124 A.BargNam Prow !!angL..____k_ Fg _11 44 ___16 26 __ _ I 44 ____ 7.4831____3___ T_ s_H_____h___h_ _n__ 2 __ 0 a_ 6 __ _ 27 _41 __ _20 _ 68 ______7.49 3136lJ.11.331 .8Ng Kham 9-.4wa Chuad Fl 35 139 __ 56 63 _ 36 139 ______76 3015 19.Th. Kha. Ananih&MaNclolHgpIat P2 __ 6__ 20 i_ 12 IiI__ 20 __ ___ 7.5i___1 ____4_ Som____4mP4 _13 45 _ _8 127 __ _13148 _ __ 7.62 3022 J.R1.310LphpsPhIAlhabatl A.ThafRua P2 __13 __ 4 _ 22 _32 _ 13__is 4 _ ___ 7153 3196 A WatlhamaNaV=a s.CogKum P2 __25 104 _ _ 41 _63 __25 104 7.56-3395i A.WatthamaNaM,on _RUI.3171.Alc So aa 4 74 165il __ _ _4 70 __74 __lB __ 1.66A ha_T___A_Ph___0P2304 to0 64 _ _ _341 0 _ _20 _ 4 __ _ _2 __ 7.671 ___ __2_ _A__Lai__Y__o______San__ 4 22 _ 67 _ _ _ 27 40 __22 _ 67 _ _ 7 66 3246 A PhamatNithow li 331(a. ThaBooqrwt) P2 12 _ 49 _ _ 20 29 __12 do 7 60 3149.ii Bi.Laang P4 ?_ _ to a_ 10I __7 lo6__ 4 2 1__ ?_l _____J_____23__ R3209(Ptiaom Sat Div.) 2 __ 9 _ 29 _ __ _ 12 17 9 _ 29 _ _ ___-i _- __Li_Y E,aws"Waleaillt P2 so I0la0__ 43 63 31 10 6 ___ 763307 A.P,act.~14 amA.StMahapho F-___3 II _ 35 _ __ __ 14 21 __ I _ 35 _ 2 _ _ 7.64 3318 IKAot4ong_.BMakhamiLom8OonChanen P37 22 100 _ __ 10 _45 __12 __ 5 45 766ji 3393 9KhoKtan ______4.31 96 A.C Klu!j _E2 30 11 ____ _ 26 42 19 __70 41 7.67 1072 B WanoSan *.XhtaoChtonkAn F4 21 __ _ - - - 2 6iia- 26 40o _____ 7.66 3264 J1FI 324 J9oLMLaJ_. f 8__WII P2315 _ is a_ Is__1 23 _ ____ ______T_tl se _ ¶16 7.299. 4 R9R 30t6 (DonTument A Bangu P1F 22 es__ __1 38 t 7.1 4 P~mn lnt.remedio Ramalth MonunwnMt Os 40 65 - ~ __f-- ___ THAILAND.-SECTOPAL ENVIRONMNENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR HIGHWAYS 'Nots - ANlCosts in WL4on9aht PAGEH .4 7th 71h C/Fto Wildijia National Walof Numbw WilIda NatIonal WaI" Prqctmb CcdO~~~~~~~~~tadTtal ~ Total Paim Plan &h P,a.eNaa Paiks wayp d Puawom., Paika ways ailadmo *d Fte a Sid______1. Kmn. CON' 199 1002 109 100 0I6 Krn. Cad Plan Jkrr (k_ (km) Towns (PCO (Ptwa) Tows)22!! 73 4 ChoongKhoao &lilrdo A TMaMuan. Ft 20 08 __ _ 20 U0 U9 20 U _ 74 4 Trari Phalhalung(Km 36.400 - Ft 25 86 34 52 25 l1a 25 3 I 75 42 8 ____NAO _ ANdahaa P2 20 '00_D _ 20 4040 _29 100_ _ 76 42 l.oA.Panaw t Bolasa J.toA&Sabua pi 30 60 3as__ 64 __30 as80__ 77 4 A Kaburi J.IOALA*ufn Pt 30 06 _ _20 38 _iI 58 38 5 2 4_ _1_ I I 7.6 4 A.Thul n*BKhok K P 15 64 _ _22 32 _ IS 54 __ __ 2 70 4 Jto5wg11-K Cha.n ltao Lakl,da pi U9 137 _ __ 27 55 23 82 55 7.10 42 A Safi Nwasahmwl Pt 47 153 _ _ 31 el _ 28 __ 2 61 ?II 4 A Tokua0wa(km 1,8091) P"~ NamP 23 .87 - 34 63 _23 _87 Si.5 2-2...... I 712 4 J toA tau ftnod Pt 2 7 __ 7 _5_ 171 70 15 __211 713 42 Pada-.Neaiawma (Sod J. to P2 a 25 25 8 25 7.14 401 APhun phm(Km0.000.- A Phanom so 32 113 - 23 46 45 32 113 I5 3I I 7.15 401lAPhuwlppanp(Km32#0I- A.Phanom S1 31 120 24 48 48 36 120 - __ - KmGB*IW) I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~S 716 406 A SgL-ra JsoKha SI 32 129 __ 28 82 821 _ 321 __20 _ __ 717 406 J IoAARnad A Salwp%a Si 35 131____ 26 55 55 _ 35 138 __ __ _ 2 I I 7.18 403 Ttasu A Kt Si II 82 _ __ 33 40 10_le 2 1is _ 3 II 7.10 4061SonaWa J Ftl43 51 23 04 ____ 37 57 23 94 ___2 _ 1__I I 720APahan 417 ~~~Thu ~~~AWa 63 31 08 _ __ 20 39 U _31_0 7 21 4CSADHuaSoJ tfoA Ranad Sf 20 fit____ 23 48 I? 79 44 __ _ 1 722 406 .110Aft3(MSl.413) AN*a,aa 32 23 72 _ _ 20 43 23 J_7 __ __ II _2_ 17AT_%W A La Na3 __ 26 71 IS 31 1e __4 31 _ _ 7 24A LaNou47 ICha Luna 53 37 133 __27 1 __ 1_ 271 106 __ 725J,FlL4 3215 *Hqam.Uonglihol Fl ID 70 __ 30 40 II _ 70 7260Hum 3M Mm SPlwhab P3 0 30 12I 1I __ 0 30 _ _ 727A Kaft4WO UPao Fl a_ 22 _ 22 6 __22 _ ____21 --- 7 28FM4 6= (AAusklA P4aiPliravs Fl 21 as__ 35 50 21 8es 2 __ _ 2 I ____ 729Kw 4M- 0nTOM Fl 38 137 _ 27565-56 38 137 2 __2___I 7.30 4132 J.Plt,1016litel.ok Ph,omLakWoWala,a Pd 5 to__ Is _ 6 _ Iis____ 5 I_ ___ 7.31A SgciA 405 Su KoIak P3 off 50 2 00 _18 _ s0 2I 7 32APW 4 iwaysA PhiaSw Fl 50 '900 3 76 76 50 '90 2 2I 7 33Rmld%bun 30 FI3003 Fl 22 73 _____ 20 44 _ 22 73 7 34To 427Rue* Lk" " F2 1 20 66 _ 26 40 _ _20 6s 2I 726 4mTram U (11.dlkhwmKun) Fl 48 185 __ 33 66 G66_ 48 165 4 _ 3 1I 7.36 ockN7 A&gaA-W M MAYWM wdwP2 28 U4 __ _1 3 34 _26 45 7.37 4183 KoNokPad1 A Taimra-. P3 6 1, le __ a is ___-8 2 _1 1 7 38Lwrawam &= Flf 6? 212 __42888as 67 212 __ t __0 __I 73__ 41mdaJFta41ion P2 12 44_171 271 __ 12 4 _ _ _ _ 2 2 _ _ _ I _ _ _I 7.40 4I84 J F41 AKhuaKiainKh mF14163UloKoo PD F4 1? 54 _20 3__ _17 54 _ _7 1II 741316lholft inA Om Lum (wea Fl Id 52 __ _ 52 __ I 52 7.42 33MJF&4toOD)Fk.3237 lwh1akkado) P8 8 22 22 22 8 _ 22 743 4WO Cha" 8 Ks-ton ~~Fl 0 42 _ ____ 42 _____ 42 ____ 2__ 7 44 ACM.J -a1O.-9 Kia baru Fl 261 061 20 38 Is so 380 2 746 4112 A-Cho"A hLm Phin F2 36 12224 40 _ 22 _ 73 40 __ 10 3 __ I I 7.47 4011 iPL41 9 PhwrgwdP2 -II 37 ______37 ___ II -37 5 1 __ 48O 418amKM F 4I ) k = O amDuP 2 I I 40 1la____ 24 IIR Z4 - - - - i-49-%U 4016 A an ochwoooF2 24 e7 __ _ U_ 10 38as58 2 _ 7 soa Ton 4016 ::lo: liahm Ft 3 131 _ 26 a _ 28 l0S ___2 7 61Sabm 4061 j* bhmuPodlP 13 41 _ _ 41 13 _ 41 _ ___2 3I I 7 68 81habIoSabo4 P _301 08 I4!1 6 221 861 - - - THAILAND- SECTORALENVIR1QNMNENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR HIGIHWAYS 'Noto -M Costsin Millionbaht. PAG3EH-5 _ _ 7 F_7 WANG, Natonal WaAW mm*& W t1i4NMgo,wf Wi.t Projedh Code Toalatdl Total Plan Plu 3th P,ebevwe Parks ws" d Prmu.vr PM" wip adedm me. a_ .n BSid. Kim. Cod 1002 1993 1004 INS0 1006 Kmt. _Coat Pltn (km)b J Tow (pr [ (Ptre) Toe i5 406tI AYan ]_ B_ _ _P_na_e_ F2 .. 37 120 _ 16 a I a 12 2 2 7.U4 4B5 BNi anL&Anah B _ Bala __| F2 390 123 _25 a 21 o 2 = 1 7.55 4061 PasnamThfpa..T pe SabaYoi F3 _ 31 go 620 __. X 6Z 4 _ 2_ - _ 7 tS 56 10851 YoA d.Bennana oem F3 20 WI60 24 121 30_ : - , 75t4Thrwle *16N 11.42F . T9dF3 S1i T331 i 15 U _ 2 THAILAND SECTORALENVIRONMNENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR HIGHWAYS 'Note- AlICosts In Mion Batl PAGEH-6 7Uh CIFto Wai4deNeatinal Waite Nun*et WildIal NoatinalWaetC P1 od CvodRi Ple m ii TIdal AgJPlan Plan *h PReservesPekak ways ci Pruserves Peaks ways 011401mg9 a I ______Sid. Karn. Cost' 1902 -1903 190411995 190 Kmns. Cost Plan (km) (km) OM Town (Feojs) (Piow) itg Townsi S~ovst Plan Pic)ects, 211 Lanwlw PO 63 700 100 260 W63 700D_ _ 6 4 I 22 1Navtnsawan ___ POawP 28 2805so100 130 26 210 ___ 2 2 _____ Secl.U Salalbd - A lOaan 2 3 T Makhonsawan iIe.*htacnahl PD_ 40 38OD6 150, 150 __ 40 30 _ _ 2__ 1- Sect.A.KhongKNw g 2 Lm,Penh 4KoaK&PO 7 70 20 so 7 70 2 2 25 __ Kw___h _ ___ph______PD 26 360 __ _ _ 70 130 1S0 __ _ _ Sect Kamwqwipangp-t9 Wawg Chao_ _ _ __ 2__ _Kmwe Tak PD I32 390 _ __ 80 130 180 32 300- - - _ - - 2_7 _A APhen-Chw* aRa CoiangRim PD 19 170 7la__ 100 19 170- - -- - seat J la A MmeSugi Chang I6 II ITak Lamp".aa PO 42 400D_ _ 100 150 26 250 150 __ _Sect Tak- J to Pkon*pm~Oam _ 20 ITak1 Laa1e PO 52 4600 1001 160 30280 200 Sect.J.l@Phwvnon Dom- A.Thcwi 2.10 tTak Lam...n PO0352460 _ 70 7 70 270_ _ 2.1 Sodt.AThoen- ASooeab I_____ -. 28 ectS_I A Sop-pag -ebA.KO KM ______2 UlaeChanSod2 (Km S41 6 2.12 lIDCh-$ FNnaR Sj so 1 7 206so100 100 172601 4 __ 1 2 13 11O AMmOhan AMaeeSal so 15 210 __ 0 1301 Is 210 -- -6 2_ Sect.A Mm Chan- B.Hum Khrita ______214 110 AMeeChan A.VaiSo so 17 230 so5 go go 17 230-- Sect UHluai KNi. - A W& Sea___ 2.15 116 Choy Ms Doi Saka(Km 0. 16) SD 16 270 -so 100 110i Ill 270 -- -- 2-- I I 2 1 114 Do& Nae,adio' Law*hun SD 5 90 ____ 30 60 5 90 2.17 IOI A DanChai Plaza SD 20 MO _ 70 160 60 20 302 _1 lyp-s Ctaea Mgs(Scuth) 21 is.1a . LdangmFkvt R,tR106A R1.1 SOS ______F D 6 460 _ WI6 1001 160 IN0 S 450 _ 2. 19I 1001lChhnglMM MaeJo PD 13 210 60 0 801s 13 210 13 2 1 I 2 20 ION1Wd Chdwnaaneelrage tmacFon 117 FO 3 s 20 40 3 6 - ______lolal ____ 3~~~~~~076020 30 340 1230 1640 1330 411 5120 30 _ O __ 40 26 2 ___ II NeflIeeMem Booma _ _ _ _ 2 1 2UB.ThaPh,a KgaouaKen PO012 230 46 9292 i2 230 6 2 ___ _1 1 2 2 24 AWMnCamrhvb, A.DelUdoa PD 10 140 26 11l2 1 4 __ __ 2 3 12 KhoeaKee A.ChumnPhae PO 9 .135 6_4 61 9 1 3 53 6 6S 6a _ I 2 42 KhlaKnKn A NamPhoPD2O 350 106 122 _123 -- 29350 I_ 2 S23 AKhuanpNaa LgA=Raldhaaharu _ PD 5 61l i 321401 5 el __ 2 1 252 JIA.PNnIIB.Thadalo Kha) SaPD 36 6501 1301 117371M 174i 36 -650 __ 272 Ban Phal PmThPhra P 32 5641 1691 Il 1971 321 Su__ 7 3 -A THAILAND- SECTORAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR HIGHWAYS 'Notes-All C03ts In Million Saut PAGEH -7 711, Cl! to Wiile NationsWale Nwi*i Wi*lMM Nab"la Wale Pt GSC Code RI~t. Pc Total Total ?lb Pion Plan 11th Ptoreeve Parks wee d Premmee Parks weys ilfedak a a ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~SId.Krm.. Cool'1 19192 3 1994 199 1996 Kr,.. Coad Plan Jkrn JhL Clan) Townme o0 (P J fpL (P!9je ~ to 218 2 UdonThani J.loAlan Phu(D"Rai PD I I_t 11 __3 -ii __ __t te- _____2 I 2.92 Wion Than, A.tj4an PO S 121 _ 48 73 __ _ 5121 2___ 2 1 1 2.106 2 A.NamrPltonji ~ .. Nam Ki;W ...... PPD 49 497 149 174 174 49 497 2 __ 5 I 2.11 2 * NarnKhona Ujdon Thani PO 34 330 ___10 106to 201 210 140 1 1__ 3 ___ 11 1 212 2 J toA.Phen nKha, PD024 245 74 74 14 141 91 _4 3 i 2.1-3 2 J o A Ban Phu J.lo A.Yuen PD 16 164 Gs __ 6 Gs 9go 2.14 20orhon Kaen A ChiangYuen PD 6100 _ 40 60 _ 6 100 4 41 215 2i23 UThai NsWong SekhonNakhion SO 6M4 86 113 -- 21 2 16 224 NakhonRalghsowns A ChokCfta so 27 249 99 I 99 15SO 2 2 2.17 304 A KatN'buri -. APakThroCoha,(Kn,5105) SD 50 SW100…10 100 400 a 2 - _____ t~~~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~otl_361 460S 74 U151023 106*on 271 320 615 71 41 14 1 ______~~~ ~~3 ~~~~~~~~~~PD76 30 45 3 76 _ _ Seat Don Muang-Weetachori ___Monurmnt 2 23_ r1 _ . ! .. ! *JW 90 .2 120 - -300 _ _ Wua (IncdudingInterchange at 80.1.2Barg Pekono ___l 10 45 4 0 S i3 uangko&.NakhonPiilt4 on1J Soct NakhonPal hown Rlt 338 PD 28 -0 1501IS0 200 26 6SW -- - 24 3R.yng_ Allen __ PD 31 G06 1200 250 38600641 Sect nayonig- JieoNoon Din 2.3 lyrgA K'aa"_g PD 9143 _ 35 16 16 9 US3__ 2 2 Sect.i to Noon Oin Deeng. 2 6 1 Nakhon Sawan we______is___ 20 Sod B.Nongben 8 Slok Bal _ _ _. 4 6 2 5 7- -- 2.6 33e RN Cha-Om Jto PiacIhinburi PO 6 121 so6 76 6 125 2.9 1 P PhuKhas LPbi D 3 30 645 200 ___ '.A0 33 A.ganNas Nakion Nayokr PD 17 325 of f00 146 f7 325 _2____ 21 36 ADaOgqIMjng - g~onp Lpic1i _Olf.PD 17 2060__ 12 ___0 1 2 1 2.12 36 AeangLaniung R~ngSect2Km 17.52) PD 35 455 - 114 9 114 341 4 1 2.1-3 I ftpess Isbun (Wel. ______PD 10 16 64 _ 4 64 g6 2.14 3073Dso Khnonq__ __ _ PhsraPreenj SD 5 50 4 46 6015 15 215 306 Th,enonlrvleiseclion.KaeeLa! A Pskkral SD 14 450 135 135 1601- 14 450- - - -- 216 244 AHanUuflg ____ U. Khtcng~~ptrl sD 405$20 130O 19195 __ 1012 - -- 2.17 304 A PhanomSaraldiam B. KhlorqRn S80ri 33 434 109 162 1631 33 43.4 2.19 304 AKabtnbr15m31.794) APkhn~ri50 25 395 9 14? 146 25 39 25 11 I 1 2144Dhko"P .Kang- D0 3 1 0 0 310 39 510 2 20 304 B KIrL-Rang R__R33 (A Kabi,rbuwi) SD 23 295 75 100 120 23 295 _ 2:21 30A.Thariychiiii ~~~~~~~Q~~g~akSO 32 440 - 50 100290~~~~~s32 440 _ 20 _ 2 22 314 OypauiChechaengaO SDso______S 70 * - 26 42 70 - 2.23 305 A.Onglosiak NahdonNayok SD 30 416 _ _ _ 104 15I1 19 2601 156 I A.PhanornfSarild,m 2 24 331 j RI.3(A SeIatt'p) _ IKm.40.994) so 39 275 _ _ _ 69 103 24 I172. 103 ___ A.PhanoniSaraldim 2 25 331 A,.SAILahy(Km.96234) (m6,0)SD 30 M22__ 5t 0 i132 60 2 26 304 mnxm g 93 300 _ Krn3I.745) 60) 33 447 __ _ _ 127 160 21 307 180__ 33 3 2 I 227L 347 JR1.3461A9anqPhun W.O9RR*A (SanaPa*ln) SD 1 340 __ 1624 1 4 __ _ 228 334 J R1.32 RIZ. -309(Anathoro)SD; 3 661 __ 26 40 . 3 6 THAILAND. SECrORALENVIFI0NMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR HIGHWAYS *Note- ANCoist In PkUIonBlahi PAGEH - 7th C/Fla Witdtla Nalenal Waite Num*er W,tdAd National Walis Piqicts Code Fka. Plapa ~~~~~~~~TotuTta Ith Plan Plean Mh PI.emv Parks ways ot Ptrtnana Parks ways afltedm ______a_ __ Std. KDrw Col 1992 t9Nt IMW I9WDlA Kow. Coo Plan (km) Jkrj Towns JPro (Pwis) (Pico) Town 2_2 _0 Luk ___A._P__ _ so__SD 965 100 200D 5300 260 2_031_S_pCm000 m30lAPA PhwirmSimakhwni SO 30 2101 5Sol_ 7 s0 160oo_ 2 1 _ 231ASW*V____6___M__K_4_#O_ 331 5s 26 1tOO I_ _ 6 1 461 1401 - 2 323344ABI.npM 3266Fit -- FD 6 2051__ 0 77 78 S1 2061 2JR1______33 3310 FO I11 216 1 s56 8090 II 216 _ _ - 4 2 2Um_r__Lid_Kr__ 34 3119 FO 11275 ____9 4 90I 177- -- 36 3160 J Ft 3 FO 3 as ~~~2841 3 691 Total - 51126 . iTi1 Sill,Th11 9w "1is 16013 -5N $1 -3 a !a 2 1 APanbri AKu&A PO 3, 36is 1g tia 148 37 36 - - - __ - - 2 The2 4ASaoP oao nl,temue1ai PD 23 230 60 90 90 23 230 _ __ 2 4 P___k__ _ Had Y __m Po 63 0310 459 0 30 __ SecLU Khuh,-A,AHOYet -NO V.. gless__ 2s 4A AKu.buPanipMwt PO 30 300D_ 60 120 120 30 3001 26 4 PrachapaKhwiAm Curoo PD 27 270 so6 105 105 27 270 2 Seod NhaiP?w80k SanVale Bndge A The.me 27 4Ph tt AHudYai PO 40 410 60o 161 165s 40 410 Ii 6 __ Sod FhWhawtg-JtlaAPak 28 4 Phathakan A PladYea O 2 -20s too___ __2_ 260_ 12 1 - SeaLJ to APakPhay.on- 2.9 4 P,adhapKiwilil, chmhl.111101P _410 __ so 165 161 41 410 ____2 SeodPtactwa Khe*khmi- A.Thso Sakae______2 10 4 Pcaalwp Khawnd Chrangha PO 271 270 ____ 60 lOt 106 27 270 - - - -2 Sodt Bale SiKm423.600. Hull PuaakSnghahm Hueli 21 41 Cliw-Ailio Surmnhear PD 36 350 70 150 140 35 310 2 2 _ _ Seat Pa,mrPtom Intkersedctin- ASaw" ______212 41 ChLo~rOnm Skanhrmr PD 42 430 O0 170 170 42 430 Sodt A Chaya - APhun'Phm ______3 I1 4 r1Chunghmn Siswa.n PD- 3* 320 ' 60 130 130 32320 2 14 4 PrachuapKhirdUwn Chwraihac PD 31 350 _0__150 2 1210 10 A __ __ Seat A Thap akas,- A Bang 2.iS 4 Psadhuapmhcraa Chwrghoa PO 26260 ____60 t00 Is 160 100 _ _ SeULoawe Sagli- an.ode &t K and2U.0 ______2 16 41 Ck.j#ho trufthaf PO 31 310 _ __601126 lB 13Isi126 - Sect Last Suen. ALwmuI. 2 21741 Cr-hmnh Swasuhan PO 34 340 -- - 70 135 211 201 131 Sod A Lamme-AChaI …------*2--i - 2_a_ __Swara.P utk4 O -s 5 235 6 SeodA Phupohm- Km 153.Co0 2141 lSwarw,. lPhhakflhh, PD 3 3201 _ - - 0 101 i 220-- THAILANID.SECTORAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR HIGHWAYS 'Note- AllCosts In LMUlion Bahl PAGEH 9 Plood ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~TMCIPto WIifot( Nat*'a Wate. Nap,*e WdNe Nat WWer P,opwcte Code R P Tdel Tota 7th Plan Plan Uih Pieseave Petrs wa d Pteteee Put, rWaylaftedmig e } IPret2 To.tt I I ______- ____S_ SId. Krr.. Cod-t 1M2 t93 1964 199M 1966 Kns. Cad Plen (L fir) *l Toe JR*) ___ Sect. Km.n153.0V0.AGh5W5F _ __ 1 220 41 Sufatlheni Phathang PPD 65 560 = _ = 170 17 170 360 _ 3 __ __ Se_ ACha*an AThungq ' _ __ 1 2 21 41 Surftharii Phatahiun_ PO 20 210 _ _ =5 25 - 2 1 _ _ SSectA Thung song ARon ______Phihoon ______2 22 41 Suratthans Pha"hhak ______PO 34 150 1__I_I__ 2_0___31 SecI A RonPhaoon 8. Ths ___ _ _ .tah ______.______h______223 41 Sualtianhai _ __ P PD 35 _60 ___ 110 it 110 250 10 6 I Secd.EtTha Pre.Ch.Phb thalun_ 224 402 Stsin kndge_ Phutket SD 42 430 g 170 17Q 42X4 _ 3 1 _ 22S *01 Sutrathtm A Kanhanad _E SD 16 166 es_5 100o 16 66t Sect Suetthen, lKm t1I200) . ___ __ AKenehentedt ______I 2 26 401 Suratthana A.Kanc enad S 1 100o 40 64 _ 104 __ _ = _ _Scte SufaIth mByIpafl ______- _.-. _ _ - _ - S4 1 S 1 ______Total =__ 601 a155ZIG 724 tSo!~ j 9641 611 43771 1960 =i 3 THAILAND-SECTORAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR HIGHWAYS *Noto- AnCosts In Milton aht PAGEH - 10 ______------~~~~~~~~~~~Ylh7t CIF o Wild.d Natinal Waten NurIe Wikd Nainal Wider Proluia cod* Tcoal Total Plan Plan 61h Piewv., Pajks eye ci Proem" Palk$ ways selIdin a FRi.. ______-__ _ Sid. Knu. Casi 1902 19M 1994 .1995 1996 KrTU Coal Plan km (km) (km Ton (Pco Wris (Prta Town Table S SawmnUhPlan Piofuact _____ I~~~nlwcharop ______a ___D _ I PO 0.48 160 60 100 0.48 '60__ __ 3.11 11151006 FIvonraIRi.A uI006 PD_ 048------32 101 Puwg CKar11ig (1wihaeaphO4 51 01se 90 30 60 0.56 90. 3 3 115107 F VoveratRLIJ I&R117 PD 046 ISO 60 I00 0.411 1S0 I 3 4 11511161Fywr atRKit aRI lie PO 0.486 IS 600.16 60 10 0 04 6 111 3561151141 lnjeldMeat ft. I I Fit.II 41 An~- - Total 2.T3 no0 00 0 2401 1.70 550 370 J .6 2 -2 31 2512 Fyovwof Ri 2 andRtlZ12__ 1 034 116 31 of __03416 - - 03 I - 32 2 Faow,ratJ.toKhon Ka.n -Pt 034 113 34 79 0.34 113 1034 1 1 3 3 211231F YawratRIZ3 and Fti23 Pi 032 1110- 33 77 0.32 110 - 34 2 Intardang id RI 2 anrdThai.La96 hidoe Pal,1Claw' 2 __7__76- - - - ..... I I_ I__I ____ ~~~~~ ~ ~~~~~1.90 ~~~Bo9 ~ ~~Total35 III III 152 1.00 463 100 I.66 3- 3 ____ ~~CenlilRoom 3 1 306304 F Vov atlA Paklu.l D 0 40 1141 _6 6? -7 040 146 -- - 3 2 304-3202FlYvel adRam Irilhia Rd (11(nil) so 0__SO 7 0 0_46 ___ 3.3 3344 F oovwiallOn-n%A FO 045 ISO __ 72 106 _0.45 ISo ______3 4 42301 F vovartl& Om*Nas FOIE 050 -'so - 72 106 0.60 160 _------356306.307 Inie:changaRiF.3006and FA307 _Drairolln ISO _ 6 90 IS 25 - 26 3-344 IrMtebLVangatA.Klmang Dfracloni ISO 72 lOS - ISO 2_____ - 3? 345-347 NerdsiaNg.aI9B.BansPhui so 06so 1 O0 _ 60 90 - .60 _IO __ 368 4.321 IMwdsidanemelnR4 wfdN 32 Icc __ _ 40 60 __ 100__ 3 9 304.3276Flyover idMrnbwi so 040 145 - 5 6818 0.40 145 _ _ 3 10 348.3111Flyavw asPathuritharg Si 0.40 70 _ __26 42 0.40 70? _- 3.11 306.3111Flyevar .1 Swaqa*inNam so 0.45 176 _ __ 70 105 0.45 175 _ 3.12 3016,3100F yovaiat 9kh Rans Iso 0.40 150 _ __ 641_ 96 0.401 1501_ __ _ 3.13 3-36 IMardw*eat R.a3 &WdRI 6 __TruRe 160 _ 72 l0S tool 3 __ora4_ -143 h&daia so8 010 190 - 76 114 010 1901 3.15 Mar.36 IrI.oihangeat Rayong Oucla 6 ___ _ 71011 _ 16 _ 316s 4.3097 int.rchang Al FA4 adRPA 7 __Biii. 15 _ _ 74 74 III 3.17 3-317 FlyoversdiiJl.317 - I 040 75 _ _ 30 0.16 _30 45 ___ 4- .- 3 16 33-304 FIycw'aiA Kabinbwin- Si 0.40 70 ~ -- 26 0.16 _26 42 ___ 3 19 344-331 Flycw,id B." nPna 61I 040 70 __ - 26 0.16 26 42_ --- __ 320 3.315 Fbvc~~~~~~,wMJTaAPhanaINrMram-~~~~~~~ Si 0.40 70 . _ - - 26 0.15 _ 26 2_____ 3.21 3.344 FIfvewrmlJ.ToABanlBung SI1 040 1 26 0.15 _ 42- ______~~~~~Total .6.76 2965 gal V0el?7 on6 6.55 3511 824 - = 2.4 4 I -4 31 IFIljovualatUm w ddHadaBypass 046 172 GO6 100 0.46 172--- 32 Inarcharog.aSIJ-.oA-PhD Thuwf Pail. Claw, 280 - 1612I 112 - - 20 _____ 33 Flyoim al PaIhanchn IntW,cin - Pi 0.46 172 _ 69 1103 0.418 172 _- 34 FPoviml Thsrm Paml,emwtinfj Pi 0 48 171 _ se5 103 0.46 171 -__ 35 &Fyovt tM rign Kd Va ByassP1I 0.46 16" I 671 101 0.46 168 35 Fvys,alVat.luguiImlaIpPi- 0.48 67 - 35 52 0.48 67_____ 3.7 __ rLentso_ Brdgtw*h go Kan.Ko No iFF 1.40 420 1 __64 0 26 64 336 ______- - - 368 KoLanasOr" gwthIKo NoI.-KoYBl iFF 0.40 -- g48 02.151 7 -9 I____I___Total_____ 4.20 16501 1its53521 54r0m 2.64 1 161 THAILAND- SECTORALENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR HIGHWAYS 'Notes- AJICosts in MillionBaht Pape14 11 lit lIth CtFIc Wildile Nalenal Wafa Nwvibef Wildlfe Naiwnal Wale, Pttoj6ct Co"a TolAl Tolal Plan Plan Mlh Pi.wtvet Patk, Was" ci Pt.seVea Patkg ways eIlOdkg eRie.o. Io Tablec4rb) _ __ B Kne _co,! 0 100 1094o190 1906 Kris. Coil Plan 0"I (Jm jim) Toafl JPi* ow UeOntnhPlan Prflecta No.wLink dill Notilternfl ii - i s__~~~~~~ s -~~ ___.___ __3 _12_ __ _y Phelchabun ______Pi IS O - - _ _ 30 ______is-__ I__ 4.3 10? !yLan' Fang LinctudairiVvEninRotaAFng 0 10 125 as 35 55 10 126 _ I 4 4 107 Bvn!sChianv0,0 52 __9 15 11 40 9 S I B 0 9 I 1 1__ 4 5 11? qypasa Phitenulok PI 2t __too__ 40 70 70 _ 21 t_Ioo__ I 46 105SIn_ropan Algnrwdnl at Tak.A MaeSod OaiRuak.l Si S. 0 20 40 1_ 6a_ 0 ______I I 4.7 201 Bypass Phukltew ______8 __0 is 35 0 S0ol__ 4 a 201 BypassClaiyapllu I S a _ 20 __8 123 20- _ - - - 4.9 Wei. Ch!M4aiRugqRoad. Sodt. JRlOSRII 1006- Fl l6 1f46 26 70 10 es5 6 ___ I__ 4.l.O 7MAr Chism MaiRm5Road. Sodl.J.RttOO6 .R.107 FlI S 140 so 6 60 g0 S I 411f_ 1010 ypA.!.! .jJjZ7 2 S 60 20 3 20 30 - 41U .1091 iirpcwgAln al1a..lltM 4 30 iO40 80 903090 -- - -I______V_A_g v_l_ al_ Na__ A.fij_ _ 1__ _u ___ __ 4 2101 5 _ _ F 4 1 ______41i3 lZq BLasgUaMaaii 1 Pj2 4-2-1 is __ _2__ 4,14 1000 Irriptwng AbgnmntnA MaeSod -A U,pang (MonHim Lek __ __ 1 1J- Total __ 163 1223 35 140 310 333 211 1341033 130 354 10 1 4 10 4.1 -2 K(honKa"enypaa Seat _____P2 12 Go lei 421__ 12 so I______11 422Non9 KhaiBypatil0cT Thai WasUrde P3 17 el 36 so I? 07 I____11 - 4 3 24 NangRangBvpaa __ __s_ P2 13 60 is 4 is 42 __1_ _1 4.4 212 !!ukdahtanBypsne 1______3 6 30 0 2 1 _ 6 _ 30 __ 11 4.5 219 MuwlAIAm9PASa ______83 7 32 10 22 _ 7 32 ___ 11 4.6 224 NahnAihik f (gi 81I I6 s0o _ 24 56 Is so __ I_ 4.7 346 fttharniBOpalI7 ______9 3 10 451 45 101 45 I 46 2139.yyasaSect3 Maltasa,aham ______9 10 60161 3 IS 351____ 4.9 A.BonLuam.U,TeNai7s 7______4 12 40 12 23 12 40 41so A Khtaml(uanXao -A Hue Fala4 20 65 20 45 20 65 ___ 4 1 A aSn.9nI ______4 4 12__ 26 60 26 6 4 4 12 J tloR 204 - 8Neto PI,dF I? Si. Is 39 17. 55 I____ 4.13 A PakKhan-lth i206).A.Phanna Nft',m P4 24 75 _____22. 7 22 13 24 _ 31 _ ___1 4.14 A Chltaur alphahPln - P4A 16 50 16 6 is 38 I 4.11 _ UbonRalatlSdhaMi a ____ P2 12 48 10 5 10 20 1- __II_ 4.16 . RoillBypalsn1______P2 12 - 21 S jj 31 I j ~~~~~Total ,44 671 311III17? 3GB1 111 700 211 __ 4 2 14 __ _ 2 12 4.1 SudbanllhalRoad AdkiekaamRoad (IntL Pak P3 2 20 - 20 __ __- - 2 20 42 .maopluu Bypasa PIIPO 22 670 170 250 250 _ _ 22 670 J 4.3 JA P?hahi Sasul - -s I-201 1201 -468 _7_2 20 120- _ F_- F -T THAiLAND-SECTORAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR HIGHWAYS 'Note - ANCosts In Milloni Baht PAGEH -12 7th 7th CIFto Wildid. Nawinal Water Numbei Wikigo Nalional Water P,oa.ata coam Total Total Plan Plan Oth Proswv.s Paiks ways al PtIHNeS Paiks ways alluding o Fe* a______PicP Sid Krim. Cost' IM9 1993 1904 1991 I99 Kimn. Colo E!Plan IA Towns (P~j (Pr2m it9p TOM$s __ ~~~ ~~~16 ~~~~200 ~~~~~~s0 120 ~~P! 15 200 415 Sa'shunBypsss(East) PD___0D 60120 _ _ 6 200 45 _ A.K,aamkjnaen-A &anPhaoADjrnaoon Ssduak Fl 50 30 1051 122 123 6_0 350 47 JFit30 -WdiPaIOft F1132 ______F3 7 45i 20 25 7 45 45 __Chum eng Bypass ______Si 7 70 26 42 _ 7 70 4 9 APlaanornSsahtian A-SiaKs.w SI 6o 340 106__126 126 60 260 4 10 BanSsKhb IgB PisothmbuLi Fl 45 260 64 90 96, 45 260 ___ 4 11 __J.F%30$(Bwv0t) A9sngamK Pmew Fl1 45 _300 O0 105 1051 45 300 ___ __ 4 12 _ PaacumbLnypass s______SI £ 20 30 I 60 4.13 Nskhhmn"ok Bypass ______I 7 45 16 27 7 45 4.4 _ 0a.9 Bypass ______Pi a 5o 20 30 a so 415s J_Jm33 (BNontgKurng) F1.3l98(9,NvqtThao) F2 6 40 15 24 0 40 ___ 4 16 J M (Km3S3) FN318 Ft I 50 _ 20 3 20 30 ___ 4.17 -JF111339(9.Nagonq6 F11,222?CIPhakKid) F4 1is=_ 24 6 2A 36 ______~~~ToWa___ 3 2 310 1 533 ilOI 611111414 31963644 6 - - ~~~~~saulhwnRegion 4 1 J_.Ft 402 Phuket Aapotl Ft 5 40 40 6 40 4 2 J_F11.4 Chwnmpa Fl 9 67 27 40 ___ 9 67 ___1 4 3 ThwpLA 11ypuss ______I1 8 40 18 24 __ a 40 _ __ 44 B_.The yagK ~ A MomYaPo Pbo 3 20 130 30 60 60 20 130 4 5 JFtJ_ 4 (l onPho) mF4(B.NaPhu.a,Ca Hgun P1 31 190 40 75 76 31 IO ___ AS MakhoanSiThuarre pallOm,(BNoPhtu-1.SChanuHun) FI ___ 50 20 30 6501 ___ 4 7 *Suraill"nAarpoal 1`1.401 61 20 IS0 4060o 13 100 60 __ I _ __ _ 40 _ K.ANongYYPbrg *.Ynl Chum P3 40 216 - 56 100 24 156 100 - - - - 49DI IJ WMS. F4 Had Yal Aipot 53 30 190 -40 76 16 Its 75- -- - 4 10 Ji.FtAM40F f4=3 S3 a 65 26540 I es - ___ __ I -- - 4,11 _ J.FA4071xlCm) FU414 F4 5 30- 20 5 30 ______ 4.12 J.F142 A YsmN P2 Is 1101 - - _ 25 4 25 B65 2 - ___ 4.13 __ *NmongPbkb FVA(AP:anbui3 F3 30 200 .. 0. 2{ 40 160 _ _ - -- - 4.14 -J.R4 FKA02 (8,TheYu.IBAu Tv SI 15*** _-___ - - ______~~~~Tota___*fl i,s76o 40 ISlw m ITIFl0_10a li 0166F -Ia THAILAND-SECTORAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR HIGHWAYS 'Note - ANlCosa in MillionBahl PAGEH- 13 7th 7th Cip to W"idi National Wale N~m WOW* Neloea Wal, Pr,ed.ta Codo Total Total Plan Plan *th Preouves Pasa ways d Pra.um Parks *wa" alhidui a RIP I Projtd Sid. Knm. Cad' lOM 1000 1994 1905 IM0 Knw. Coil Plan J(1.1. J(L A(1 !o- .J!!e2. t. l T TabIle SeventhPlan Pralo 61 - - N0l1lWfnAe~~~-- h!!Vofi -- - - I I __I I S - ma.Negad~ Dal I.I00IlA&a.jhPhLL_ P4_ 9 __27, 12 1 0 2? - 12 AOmKoilOGO B~~~~~~~9M"Tuen F4.6.7 76 1ISO_ 30 40 40 40160150__ __ 1 3 1316 J.RII 176(lol"Ngoi !CAWVian, HaF___ 4.6,7 30 210 3_0 30 35 35 20 120 Do____ 5- -a J.t7I 3 Pi9ua IN I15ISbPo P4 14 so 201 20 14 0 _ _ 5 6 14 A.Phiao A.WiangPsPao Pd 53 ISO 35 351 45 45 631 1610_ _3 10l 0 1 5 6 1150 8 Du Po" Phrsbal Wasledll P4 S 22 - 10 12 __ 22 ______A Phran WOWatH ong Hiue __.?____Wu______A__Dan__L__n__Ho___ 4 46 120 3 0 40 60 _ 45 130 __ 56 1296 J,R. I.(9.ThaJNam 4 4 3~,13P0 10 60o_ 47 140 ___ _ SO I .RI201 H"Mt) A201R Erawe, P4 46, 130 3 0 4060 _ 46 130.- _ 5.10O 1262 -.J.Iochmo8onNationalPaak F4,6.7 54 1401 20 20 401 40 541 140 ______P~~ ~~~~410 35 1is 20 _ 1025 -- - _ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~NkM!MiP4 ~~A.Sti 2 0 20 30 40_ 0 g0o _ ___ 5149m_____ P 4 50 20 014 50 _ ___ 6.14Pad Sam F~~~~~4 41 12S 20 40 55 41 012 ______RI.2O3CSSanTom) P~~~~~422 6 . - 1 0 26 22 601______ 5 16 123AKhunYu&m Un4P 21 70 - 201251 25 21 70 __ 5i7 JRll(Wgj &hoeO RI. 1043(Hus Dong) Pd I ? _0 - 201 301 17 s0o_ A,Chi&ngKlsng . ThomWiang SI1B 100? Kae*9.Hana thuro ______0__0_____ 6 KeengHai - KhoIsHang Wua.- 21 510 2114 HuaiTiew PdI 24 70To _ 15 _ 25 30 241 70T_____ 5.20 J. I. 103 RIAIS? P S 4 1 0- isAh~1 41 B WangSanrkwq ng.Sang Lai- --- 521 1269 RAtII? ___ 6 _0 624 7 522 ANo P,1AChonarni P 41 135 35 40 60 41 135 _ ___ i25 S8ChangWang OongMunLetk P4 26- -70 _ 20 _20 20 21 70 _ 624 ADan.LanHlos __- A alsam P4 40 120 -30 46 45 40 120__ 93TIsung Sanun . R3ungBan.- 5.25 . RI.l 1 17 ___40 F4.-0-.5 20 3 - 9-.__ 5-26 10iO67WL-i u______ 5.27 J.RIA`11.Na'fVA.hca F4 20 60 26 35 20 10 _ _ Eraa'an. Tha So . ard. 1628 hiangKlomnSW0t I____ _ Fit 20 95 _ 26 20 40 30 es 6.29121 AROiP- 3 A__N _N __i_ 4 38 120I 30 40 20 7060o B?Naisa . 8 HuaySon. B Namn 5.30 1243 Muab __41___32______0__301_ 171_____ 531OMeeKa . BUgolen~~~~~~~Luang P4 66?2 30 156 - - 6 32 Alf!-ghot _ i-ASemiNgscn Fd 40 120 OI 40 23 70 50____ 533 1116 A Hua Fai U Psnthanun P4 23 70 _ 20 20 16 -020______ -. BwangHsn... 9,g . .. - .~~~~~~~~~F-30-40 _0 23 BPai ThaPho.Dong 5300Ssaluanoric;.17I I______131 - -1 20 -1- -36-1- THAILAND- SECTORALENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR HIGHWAYS 'Noteo- ANCosts In Millon Baht PAGEH - 14 7t 7th C17to Wklid. National Walsi Nuifba WalikU National WAtIN Proad. Cod. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~TOWaTotalPI, PlanP 6th~ Prewvsar Parks wapys di Prasarves Parks ways aflesang *I Fbota Pralo SWd. Kmw Cod' 1992 1093 1094 10 1996I Kins. Cod Plan (In 1 Jl(k Towns (Prois) (Nis (Prooga Towns __3 AThm,,usalmA_ Ft 1294(3Th. Ph) F4 26 75 __ _ 20 20 17 50 25 ______3 ______K__P___gDin__ 29 Ds_ 25 40 27 65 20 ___ 1304 flHnIia om fIi (BYo SamnTon) 7 22 65 - _ 25. 40 22. 65 ___ __ Jft201 ThamPa Ping. 5239 2250 Nwrga Fd 22 65 ____ _ 251 40 221 651 ______540 SjOMBu A Lan Kra Ou F4 25 75 - - 0 45 25 752 - _ _ 641 - JFt1020 lSChatwngu FI I I SSOPan Po)- F4 1465as 20 20 0940 26 2 -- 542 A KhuinYuamn AUm.Chai,F 72 220 -- 20 7 20 200 Sea. S ParngLkig -A Mae J FIL11 7 MuA"~NgiQ - KA 5 43 1316 w.anuHa. *PaaLuawg 74.6.7 42 160__ 20 5 20 1SO ___Sod 2 0(rn3072) ___ WangUaw PakHumw 0.. 5 " 1217 Boon Ruan F4 36 1151 35 12 351 800___ _ A P*ng- [bChwr-UH.. 545 low 2(Km20-0l______F4 3 501 20 5 20 2011 TaViehnHin - San Phu . 546 -rg19&&AnN ______4 22 70 3___0 9 30 40 _ _ 547 1117 '-OM-gSwdse ______4 I6 60 _ 20 5 20 40 ASvirNgam. Xaermpha 545 1212 Din .ft106 F4 13 SO_0 _ 20 41 201 40 649 1227 S.uagamPs SHmuaVyaSa F4 21 655- 2 10 25230 - - - - 560 1212 0.6u1"g Koo A Kwamiss 74 20 6552 7 20 25 5 51 1311 AKISur NarIm 1Aa F4 112 361 ___ _I 1 5 2 5562 1210 J.ftII A PhrwmnPl,kw 74 14 40 __ _20 7 20 20 _____ 6.62 - lJ.Ft.21(Phu losl WangPhhwt F4 33 OD ___ 0 II 2 0 SO 5,54 I lhanuKbrn .d.2 ______7 40 120 _ 3_0 9 30 100 IwgPhig-Lan Oak Mat- ______40_ 12_ __ 25 a 25 1001 I_ _ _ B______S______2 25 a 25 40 Tola 109? 4021 is U4S 743 1181 1311 I1I10 3591 1330 2 10 IF 4 I I 5 4 __ ___ Nwn,SL.n - B.Chasngdi ianki,om F4 26 90 - 6 64 36 90 __ 52 22U J FtL227C9Phan) Mo) 74 2 1 56 17 25 21 61 2I___ _3_ 20__1 ______2___ A.Phaihamorig F4 26 120- 36 42 42 26 120 - 10 2 I___ 54 - J0112091.11uft1ril) FIL2237(SKhu*NJ F4 21 II tlI 40 2I SI - 2 -- __ 55 229 J ft2287 ( KanLuangDom) E NonTwn F4 Is_ 49 _ is_6 4 la 4O 2 __ 5 6 _ _JFA2$19-LWMuaDai 9HNonowrbom, 74 39 107 _ _ 21 43 42 39 107 -- ___- 6 S__ o Y______23_ __ 23__ 54 23 77 _ __ 6_ __ KAmi A!M__ SbF 27 _____4__67 27 __I8 ______020 i u B-LaUooL=F4 372 101 - 21 _40 40 27 101 _ _ __ 2 _ _ SI N___ ha A ThaBc F3 20 113 33_2 40 40 2 01 113- _ _1_ O.Khoh Kh_____._on _h ______8F4 23 4_ 23 ha 1____ _12__ No_S_ _ A_____ASn Sun R7m 4 42 105 21 42- 42 _42 105 613 a______kw *NA Ptnr.a 74 16 40 - 12 _26 la__6_ 40 514 2135 *.DonYu- BFs Humn SNam ___ 74 26 t0oo _ 22 43 43 __28 lO I 41 _ _ _ _ F- 2- - 3 _ 2 _ 3_ __2 21 ____ KhanHn,F4 __ 256 70 _21 4___ 5_ 7- - - - THAILAND- SECTMRALENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR HIGHWAYS 'Note - All CostsIn MillionBaht PAGEH - 15 lif 71h C# s0 Win. NsllnAa Wig, PAr W111111111N ~iWi. Prajed Code Totli Total PI" PI"n Id Pra,.rqg Pus we", d Pr.w,,a Pbt ways aiV.dli *_ mesIPI Id _____ Sid. Kim. cost,1902 109 1094 199 199 Knr,. Cog PImn Jhj J7 wn- Map MM loisJ Town Si? __ esswit __A."-- 3a g F4 45 155 _ 31 62 621_ 45 156___ SIla JI248.YD L -!3BM hl___. F4 22 72 __ 21 _51 _ 22 72 ___ 5.19 _ _ INsKiec - !g Npx Fl 40 fie 24 47 47 __40 III ____ 1 20 ___UoSawan -A WanY Ui,9Kham PaM,i ____ 4 __25 71 -2 1 So0 _ _ 251 71- _ _ - --- J Al 2021(9 Ngkhomn 1.21 Khamrnond_____ AKutiChub P4 _24 72 _ ___22 _50 __ _24 72 _ _ -2 5 22 J RI 22 (9 ItaiASoig0a SKNsrnl Pd _ 30 b7y _ _ 30 _ 7 __ 30 67 _ __21 1 5 22 Jq121S3 (9.Nn-.nu& "ai _ ! KR1212(.Kirkann F4 is 48 14 22 is 46 -1I- - ___ 1 24 A Sr 'uugs _v ANs MemoP4 3 2-0 _24 48 481_ 43 22l0__ _ 52 A.sho _ APhonA_ Phisai P4 23 115 23 46 46 332 115 ______* A Pothurnvat A.ChauirnaphakPh*am F4 _6 85 II - 24 48 47 _31 M1 __ -- 527 KAM,yawadtANonjPholi P~~~~~~~~~~~~~~41 660 15 31 __ 160so __ _ S.2 * UloNaNu Luam BSKhmen Pd 03 40 16 24 13 40 _____ A.Kanthisaomn.KANam - -2 5 29 23S0 Klar SKhoan P4 26 65 _26230 26 65 _ ___ 31 5.20 * JRl 1219Dun KhU)_ W2F I OCKaiSjg 4 20 83 __ _ 25 58 30 63 _ ___ ------1319.Nonla.ard * R2~~~~FO2023(B Plin Pradilk) Pd 3_7 1036 - 22+ 42 22 64442 _ __ _ 21 6.32 A NACharuul XIkano P4 __40 11 _____ 24 47 24 71 8 _ __ 13__A.Laan Sai . _A Nang g_____ 4 26 72 23 50 28 73 ______1.34 A.NonThai A__MNon Sung Fil 21 8--21 47 21 6so ______535 A__ASeLm Phur-n B.I.vtlKhae LA.AnSarnwl P4 25 102 - 1 61 _ 25 102 ______S26 ___ .PsKhamn UhafnonHAlinaB._ Pd 23 __9 ___ _ 27 63 23 90 ______137 * OHAn *B,BvPhakKwiem P4 55 163 - 32 65 33 97696 I___ 5 138. 1BNa Ye SOonCftil P4 _27 _90 - i 64 27 so_ _ _ i139 J.Rf2(6OHu4i KhhI WA.ngai Pd 17 4 __ _ 15 33 17 48 1 1 5.40 JRlZ2I4(8 NsSawan) R12091S.KhainmKsew) P4 331 92 1___ 37 Ss 23 92 -- - - 541 _ B.tt~ngSWHong SoKhu Pd 28 a7 26 el6 _ -281 _ 7-- 5.42 ifPaPhan A Na Chuak P4 12 __38 ______23 12 36 __ 543 2236 Llili MI(B SafnvogK.al) 9.,jtahae P4 24 as 20 465_ 24 Go6__ 24 __I 211 1 SU" 228 J.R22091 (9Kho*l(Iic) 9. ThaMuniLua Pd 21 60- 191_ 411_ 21 __ 60__ __ 3 1 ____ 20 B4Ppl.au.SUranFM'I t.phonmYa29 F4 23 _7-1 __ 1 50 __23 712if ___I 5 46 kLian RI 209? 4 25 _ 74 122 52 25 74 21 5 47 7 A Art -Sarat AChalurapftak Phwnan F4 36 114 - - - - 35 11 as 79 ______5.48 ___ Dan Muan lirn___ *Phom Yang Khafn P4 21 __58_ 23 a 23325 549 2-341 9.HuaiCh'an ___B.SMrwong K.is Fd 15 42 42 is 42 Is 2 -2 1I___ &so . NoThon ThaB NoYB ao Fd 4Is 484 8 1s48 - _ 15.. L__Nai).NorQ Mml _P__ 4 42 1524 9 24 04 55225-4 9 HuSilUiKh Khamnbaki is 112 922311 129 _ _ 2 21 5.53 A.Ihs Tumn A__KhaIetW.asi_ _ PFd_ 29 153 - - 45 1I 45 206 5 54 BOnW.NaRai Yai F4 20 224 - ~ 25 8 259go__ 5.55 KAa awde R202 6. NaKha5 .m P4- -17 49ii- - - - -_i _ 14 35 56 * SIB216.U gw RI.2146 .Sok&luKaNua) P4I 30 88 27 Of 278 I __1 5 67 2375 B.BakDok B.Phamnomndm P4 29 OS 38 12 3657? 2 5.58 2337 A.PhoSai H.or Don 17 43 _17 7 17 26 21 5 59 2106 B.Lad Kradlc B.Phak KhamnePhu F4 I8 54 Is1 1 to138 IS3 1__ 1.60 2230 B.anaKho__ __ .iHu.ai4Wad P4 33 99 40 13 40 6 *0 2 1______~~~~~~~TotalIs"1624111111 __ 29 UIblu1bE41 1582 4144 U4? 3 33 34 so a i2 '1 ______- _ 17 SI1 33 B.Sadu IPa l 9 23I 17 e9 28 __ 52 33 S PhrsP,ong 19 Ka.n F4 I 239 2A 914___ __ 5.31 3076 9an San 9.Ban Hai. Nakhon lok P4 3410 30 30 40 _ _ 100122o THAILAND- SECTORALENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR HIGHWAYS 'NOW- Al COStaIn WIlon Blaht PAGEH - 16 7th 7th C/F to WitdMl. Nawlnal Water Numnm W~idll. Natmnui Walu PwjecIS code TOWa ToWa Pi" PMa, Rh1 Prn,rv. Paiha ways ol PFmfvos Parke ways atladmg * Rio * Prq so ______Sid Kim Cl.d 1892 1996 1994 1995 1996 Knw. Come Planl Lkg krnl (km) .Towns JPfai[ (Pion) (Prai) Townks 5 4 A__ANakhoLuang Arha Rua F4 25 90 2?1 27 36 25 _ 01 65 JFt 22ItwatPa Ei;Wl fPh.oP,aYs __ F3 10a 5S 20 30 10a so_____ 56 343san Sialcian S haK hklmn F4 _ 7 __20 a__ 12 7 __20 5 7 3197 J A2 B u sloNoychmu F4 11 28 - II 1? I I 26 2 ____ 568 2247 8 jn i 0 OC _ P4 16 43 I?7 26 1 643 - -2 I 5 9 33539 SWai Sap!!ng STakhvo F4 - 22 61 24 3?1 22 61-2 2 I I to JAg3OCMso 3s 9Char.wkia Pd IS _ 5t 23 36 __9 ___ 5 11 3424 UMai ISAMa F4 I 30 _ 12 16a II 30 512 - J FA3 cS.khPhai) Fti3145(3Ph"gSwam) P4 __7 __21 a_ 13 _ 7 __ 21 I __ 5 13. -_ IJ Ft31Xm322) Charnabx, FPI 9 41 ___1 I 2? - -2 4 - 2 - 1I _ 54 3334 JFt3X2 ~ Ki Sure Ras.anySido P4I 29 78 __ _31 _4? __ __ is_ 51 133.33 J PAI SNng sd ft14 Phim6 4 _12 3 32 _ 12 _20 ___ 13 _32 -- - - _ _ - - - 516- -m UN OmK,adnm0 HuaiauKCubak P4 15 40 _ 16 24 __ II_ 40 617 3471 Allan lO's KAWY Oh1n P4 30 K 3 66 3 0 66 2 - S5I6 t at ANakhaimChanua P4 15_I_ 42 17 251 __ I _ 42___ 5 19 3403 J&36 *LekSa F4 a 21 __ _ 131 __6 2) __1 __ 520. My0 IJR 3I6 N Thae SWi Ft FA I10 24 __ _ 10 14 - I 24--. - ---- S2______anP__F 3 171 7 10 6a_ _ 17 _ __2 _ OMoWn0su AF le 1Is 26 _ 19 '64 I_ -2 1 S_3 320__ i K Cw_ __20_ _1 7 to _ 7 __ I?______4 -__A3_ aU h hamF _ __ _0 125 13 41 __ __ L J2 X= w Khi_w __ 2 _ _2 28 44i __ _2 72 -- 2 -4 ___. JFt 1 K 0 F 34 otn A _ _46 __ _ 1 26 17 4a_ _ 101 1 I _ _I - __2_ UN_S____Ly h m ______II _ IS6 _ _ I __ 29 __ _ _2 1 2 526 __ Jft 3241(UNamnKhuas) PA3405 (3Nom Chwk Sail P4I 22 _65 _ _ 26 39) 22 65 2 I __9 J Ft 3_ ___3613.1ft"an) _ 4 1 32113 19 __9_ 32 - 530 3245 * CrAIRMANNIPrIa A SuarmbCh.ajn P 2? 62 _____33 49 _ 2? _ 2 21 531 amay. PhmiKAEhc*Chommw P4 __32 goU___ 39 59 __ 2 9Be ___ Z Jt3FL3( ua aln _ to___ 1S 29 __ _ IS 41 533 __ Jft21 CO,mw nw fIP I7 KmL F4 22 _76 _ 048 _ 22 _76 _ _ 221 21 534 2017 Ap1,nu,fa ifnm, B mn SuaTon F4 _6 _IS _ 6 9 6 I s 2_ _1 636 Fh306 Khk 8 S RDCh____F 24 ____ 31 48 24 7 __ __ 368CmvAP&k2 ___ _ 2 S 13 _7 221 2 2 . - - 53_2_ iukb Ft2282 SDuamadUs" P 29 582_ 32 80 29 82. 2 _1 536 J mU348BNr Ws") Ftl3193(9Sa.On 0r4 21 54 _ _ _ 21 33 2 1 __ 4 __ $30 OP3210 4n~m 9 .ngwara F4 15 40 __ _ 1 24 _ 15 40 __ S4__ J A25 ft 2272 (9tNamYuTi 4 17I _43 III1 261 _ 17 43 641 -b_p _M___Dn_Sshow Da _ ____ 2 ___ 291 431_ 26 _ 721 __2 egg"_ft31 _7 ____ 2 _ 14 21 12 35 543 *I4uuHim -U9Pt,ua A.LaooKhuan F4 22 55S- 22 33 __22 65-- - - s4 - KA.PtawmogYm A aam ChaLwl P4 20 602 _6 _0 G 646 32_ A Ban _a_ __Nm _Phu _ F el37 12 __37 55 ____ 21___I S473_ 3 Ch___ n___Koo_Chak_____64 _8 39 13 __39 lIII__ 3 ______aTh ______9Chunw,muProws P4 I I _ 2 12 4 12 16 ___ - _ __4 ____ IJ __3 _____1 ______Ft3UV 8 __ 14 __36 Is_1 a __is 231 _ _ 2_ __ 550__ JF&ML(ThaKasaft *iumn so 4 24 66 ______0 551 J__JFt3393 (UChang Kunl Khow) P4 34 76 3___0 13 30 46 _ _ 2 ___1___ 652 JJf3399 Fk (I0.anWirmsn) UPhamg Led P4 1s 4.4 __ __1 6 17 27 5 53 S WW mmm_ *S1 Nm Nua P 36 100 ___ _1 __ THAILAND.SECTORAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR~ HIGHWAYS 'Notes-Al Costs In Million Bahl PAGE H - 17 75, 75, COFIa W&10 P4ats Wdat NmW" VIM" N.dw Wdr Prapso Code Total Total Plan~ Plan Oth Praisirns Psra ways d P,uaa,i Parks wf agi ding a Rise. Pi* Id ______Sid Kn. Cost 1992 199 1994 199 1966 Knw. Cas( PIui .JhL 0"' J11" 7au jM3) M*l pn TOwn 55 U60ManowWan R743017B.Kchshngi us Ton) P4 __10 26 - - I 4 11 17 56se aWayII UKhlcgaSai P4 1-6 44 is1 -I i - 26 5 67 J.F433 A. Nada.S.aI a 4 31 64. 34 139 34- 10 55se J,R13305 A DanCFian P4 26 651 26 101 261 29 559o 9Koo B Huai NamKh,a F4 20562…21 a_ 211 31 5.60 hoRkm .Lm P4 26 __72 29 10 291 43 ______~~~~~Tout___ 1130 32521 77 522 719 662 760. ITS 2640 712 S is 41 ii 14 an 51 41-15- SOu SoqY aChu MO P4 16 So50__ 20 so I0s1 so5 - - 5._24206 jRL__L4..Ib 1 ~ __ K0 Kiang P 21 70 _ 25 42 _ _ 271 TO7 __ __ 5 3 3201 J R14 -RIVlOO 6.Torillifshain P4 14 40 _16 _24 ______141 40 5. 33 !Thv%jLai....w20knHaSa 4 217026 42 - - 26 70 _ 5 5 4036 JRI4 Nu Khoj)__ SLa.m Kruad____ 423 64 26 36 23 64--___ 5 6 4112 B Khoo aid (A Lsng uan) KmALS4000 F4 is 45 _ I 27 -i1s_ 45 __ 57 4134_ALungSuaen _ _A.La'_ P4 20 60 24 _ 6 ___ _20 60o_ 4 21 56 - BaiaoPaIa BDaIoaHaI F4 29 _93 371_ 56 _ 29 90 59 ABan Loom GUBanglabon F4 7 22 22 _ _ 722 5 10 J R4F_ (BThung UapIrwal R.4O9O(SB.akPvIJ P4 1is 47 19 261 Is__1 47--- - 41is 969NamHHo! Ran P4 16 42 17 26 __16_ Is 43------I 512 4130 A Kapuf INs Fit to 644 -l1 26 _ isIS 4 14 2 1__ 51f3 4150 JR1.409(A.Husu -) Kmn.2#000 F4 12 99 16 23 __ _12 _39-- - 614 4205 JRt 4 (Au* kA noi) 8 goGun F4 a_6 23 - 23 _ Of_ 23 __ 5 15IRang MadOaei~~~ A.Sa'buh P4 is 45to _ IIs21__ _ 16_ 5 _ 516 JR*4K9#6) 0Rai ChaoNu& F4 10 so0___ 10 _20 __ _101 20 5.1? A PaThiuw ffskK P4 25 77 _ 1 31 48 25 _ 771 aI 4116 R4t (A, h1 W Km.19,111 P4 19 635 ____ _ 21 _32 __19 63 III 4196J R1.41 6.PskTaka P41i4 35 _ __ 14 21 14 35 _ 52 4O-i19-9A Phis uii. S.K~huat%Sarmkkhi P4 19 __ 2 _ _ _ 21 _31 leIS_ 52 __ __ 4 21 521 4231. A Pal,PhaiLnag 9L"m TsLum Puk F4 17 se ____ 22 34 I? __5 _ 5-22 -3411 SOm Y(an *Shua.agi 9S. HatThai F4 22 70 __ _ 30 40 __22 70 5223 AKhaoPhanom ____ RIA (9.K" Hn)ln P4 -35 110~-- 22 -44 21 S6s 4- 5 24 9MA Ban Steen P4 __is 46 __ 10_I 27 Is As --- -- __ 5 25 Du Sc on'(aSa Nt _____ 4 is 55 _ ____ 22 23 lo 655 526 4223 J.RC4112 9.HuaiPhrun) B-Mluen fian P4 1s Ss5 _ 22 7 __22 233 527 4010 J,Rld40ACanehandadl R140 f .Nai) F4 il 53 - 21 7 _ 1 3I2 4 21 1 _ _1 526 4043 J P4.4 (SKhN Phn 9.ThaM!phaw P4 13 37 - 31 13 __37 _ 5 2 1 ____ 529 4192 5KAiuk - IMOThai F4 _21 67 _2 S_2324 2 530 4207 Nikh,omPhallhara &To MO P4 25 se66__ 27 10 27 41 4 11 531 4214__J,RI.4110 (S.Rat UI __a RL4151(.aChing) P4- 13 W_5 _ 26 5a26 41 1.32 I ThaKub - I.Don lOan P4 16 541_ 22 7 22 321 5~33 l.R1403 W(NonT!haLN 9.KhW* Woung 4 2 62 25 a 25 2 534- A sabayel A.KIIokPhIo P4A 1 5 4 5 1 6 6 1 8 2 ?2 535 B_OSaladan B.BangKa-U KoLam1a) P4 27 SI 32 II 32 49 --- __36 _ Muijngnaam s h P4 27 2_ __ 2 5.327 JRI4 (UThunig) F1.4034 F4 10 21 _ - 12 4 __12 19 __ 5.38 9.Khlongal au4 P.aoSd(K 6 24 -24 S 24 29- ASukiimn _ 1, .1..Taka (Km 1S4600 P4 17 55 - - 2 0 35 ______Tow = 562 205f~ ~T.T 415r33,1 P60 633 424, 10 ~ 21Tu 1-i 'iJ 10 THAILAND- SECTORALENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR HIGHWAYS 'Note -ANCostu In Milan Baht PAGEH - 18 APPENDIX I U.S. FEDERALHIGHWAY ADMINSTRATION ENVIRONMENTALFLOW CHARTS -~~~~~~~a Research. DevelopnWrnI. and Techology Turnhr-Falf bank Highway ResearchCenter US.Department 6300Georgetown Pkg of Trunsportaion McLean. Virgifni 22101 FederalHighway No. ReporltNo. Administratlon FHWA.IP.8?.9 Final Report January 1988 EnvironmentalFlow Charts TIIsdocument is availablelt Ite U 5 public Ithioughthe NationalTechncal InICrMalion SeLwice Springlfld, Virginia22161 Projectthe levelsof potentialwater pollution and/orchanges in environmentalequilibrium attribulableto the project: * Erosion(soil) * Runoff(urban) * Pesticide/Herbicide * Solidwaste (rest areas,asphalt plant, etc.) Combinethe existingwater quality levelswith * Ferilizerrunoff potentialproJect Impacts. * Din-Icingrunoff Compareagainst the Statewater quality standards * Hydrologicalmodification(s) andNational objectives of the CleanWater Act. *> Accidentalspills o Consultwilth appropriate Federal, State and local EvaluateIhe effectof mitigationmeasures that are waterquality agencies and managers. required(25 CFR650 Subpart B-Erosion and SedimentControl). Documentwater quality Impacts in file and Evaluateother potential mitigation measures (Best appropriateenvironmental document. ManagementPractices) that areleasible and practicable. End Projectedlevels of waterquality and changes In environmentalequilibrium should be calculated assuminguse of appropriateBest Management Practices(BMP). January.1988 WO-2of 2 ABBREVIATIONS USEDIN THE ENVIRONMENTAL FLOWCHARTS ACHP .. AdvisoryCouncil on HlstoricPreservallon FWS... Fishand WlIdlile Service OA.. BlologicalAssessment HC... Hydrocarbons EMP BestManagement Practices MOA ... Memorandumof Agreement CUR CoastalBarrier Resources MPO ... MetropolitanPlanning Organization CBRA.. CoastalBarrier Resources Act NAAGS... NatlonalAmbient Air QualityStandards CE.. CategoricalExclusion NEPA ... NationalEnvironmental Policy Act CEA . . Councilof EconomicAdvisors NFIP..... NatlonalFlood Insurance Program CH.. CriticalHabitat NMFS ... NationalMarine Fisheries Service CO.. CarbonMonoxide NOAA ... NatlonalOceanic and Atmospheric Administration COE .. CorpsofEngineora NO ...3 Nitrogen Oxldes CZ.. CoastalZone NPL... NationalPriorities Ust CZM .. CoastalZone Management NPS... NatonalPark Service 001 ... Departmentof theInterlor NR... NallonalRegister o HlstoricPlaces EA.. EnvironmentalAssessnent PB...... ProllminaryEngineering EIS .. EnvironmentalImpact Statement PL ... PublicLaw EO.. ExecutivoOrderf RFW Rgulatorye... Floodway EPA.. EnvironmentalProtection Agency ROW ... Rlght-olfWay EA... Endangered Species Act .C ...... So ll Consorvation Sear ice FEMA.. FederalEmergency Management Agency SHA StateHlghway Agency FHBM.. FloodHazard Boundary Map 8HPO ... StateHistoric Preservation Officer (Office) FHPM .. FederalHighway Program Manual SIP ..... StateImplementation Plan FHWA .. FederalHighway Administration TIP ... TransportatlonImplementation Plan FIA .. FederalInsurance Adminlstratlon TCM... TransportationControl Measures FIF .. FloodInsurance Fund ...... TennesseeValley Authority FIRM.. FloodInsurance Rate Map UMTA... UrbanMass Transportation Administration FONSI.. Flndingol NoSlgniflcant Impact USDA ... UnitedStates Department of Agriculture FPPA .. FarmlandProtection Pollcy Act USGS ... UnitedStates Geological Survey FWCA.. Fishand Wildlife Coordinatlon Act Iv January,1988 Design and PermitApplication Yes Does approvedpermit con- No EPA reviews permit and Project SHA applies to COE for a 404 permil tain new conditions? determinesthal permit ac- may COE applies the provisionsof 33CFR 320-330 tion would have an ulnac- proceed. including: ceptableadverse effect on incublicdingerest review._I Yes municipal water supplies, End * Public interest revieww. . . shellfish beds and fishery * Adequacyof environmental areas,Including spawning No documentation. Does applicant(SHA) ac- yen and breeding areas, wildlife, * Considerationof commentsby the cept new conditions? or recreationalareas. FWS, EPA. and State/localagencies. 404(c) * Consistencywith 404(bXI)Guidelines. ______No * Adequacyol cumulativeimpact study. v * 401 State water quality certificate. Federalfunds may not be Does COE issue permit? approved. End yes lNolr Federal funds may nol be _ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~approved. Federal funds may not be used. ar End End End When issues remain unresolvedat the con- clusionof the environmentalphase of projecl development,they will probablybe raised again when the permit is applied for. January.1988 W-2 of 2 U*rmIdMIU Pruwectioul Yes,or Uncertain Project will require the yes Is the project specifically for No Will farmland be acquiredfor acquisiltonof purposesof natIonaldefense? the project,or wCiIhe proect right.oftway. (Beilnga segmentof the iirecly lead to comvesonof NationalSystem of Interstate farmiand? and DefenseHighways does No not meetthis criteria.) Farmlandb definedin Section 1540(cX)of th Act nd 658.3(b) 682(a) FarmlandProtection PolicyAct (FPPA)is not applicable. Yes O End Projectis exempt. Documentthe restits In the End Ipwlroect file or appropriateen- vironmentaldocutmnt. End Not all fafmlandIs subject to the FPPA.Son prime farmlandIs excluded.(658.2(a)) ApplicableFederal reulation 1s7 CFR 58. January, 1988 F-I of 2 A summaryof the analysiscompleted Wherethe visualImpact analysis indicates shouldbe placedIn the file andlorin the that post-projectimpact will reducevisual appropriateenvironmental document. quality,mitigation measures should be evaluatedand incorporatedinto the project Acceptedmitigation to reduceadverse where feasibleand practicable. visualimpact is IncorporatedInto project Commonmitigation measures Include: plansand specificitionsand Is implemented * Changesin horizontaland vertical duringconstruction. alignment. End * Landscapedesign; e.g., manipulation of earthwork,plant malerial and man- madefeatures, screening, signing, lighting,walls, siructures, thinning and clearingof existingvegetation, preser- vationof existingvegetation, or plant- ing of new vegetation,etc. * MaintenancePractices; e.g., mowing limils, mowingfrequency, vegetation control,litter pickup. January,1988 V-2of I Energy Is this a malorproject? Developa detaileddis- Majorprojects for energy cussionof direct and In. analysiscan be definedes direct energyimpacis. those wheredifferences in Discussrelatlonship and energyconsumption are consistencyof projectwith obvious;I.e., the alter- Yes any Statsor regionalenergy nativesInclude considera- plans. tionof othermodes of Relateany energy conserva. transit to provldethe tion measuresplanned for desiredlevel of traffic the recommended service. alternalive. No Provid, a generaldis- cussionof the energycon- servallonpotential of varlousaltematives under Documentfindings In considerallon. appropriateenvironmental Discuss: document. * Constructionrequire- ments * Vehicleoperatlon requiroments January,1988 E-1 o8 I It the Impactis major, additionalin-depth sludy may be desirable for those socio- economic parameterswhere Impactsare the greatest. ExamplesInclude: Yes * Methodologytor assessingthe disruption AO of communitycohesion (Mobility/Stability indices). * Methodologyfor assessingInlerference with the accessibilityot facilitiesand services. * Methodologyfor assessingthe displace- ment of communityresidents and businesses. e Re-evaluatealternatives moditying or reducingadverse socio-economic Impacts. No -No * Validate the Identifiedeffects and mitigating options by direct oontactwith Documentthe resulls of the socio-economic groups in the project area,contacts impaec:assessment In the approprlate en- within the larger community,and field vironmentaldocument and/or project file. review. it not validated,recycle as necessary. End *See Chapter 5 in "Social Considerationsin Highway Project Development." January, 1988 SE.2 of 2 If Ih preferredalternalive encroaches or supports substantialIncompatible floodplaln development. or rf- -' quires commitmentto a particularstructure size or type. the prolectrecord should Include an evaluationof prac- tIcablealtornatives to avoidor eliminatesuch In- volvementsor commitments. Does the preferredalternative Include a signlficanton- The projectmay not be approvedunless the responsible croachmen,or significantIncompatible floodplain officialmakes a writen finding hat the encroachmentIs development? the only practicableaternatie. The "Only Pracltci * Is theresignilflcant potential for flood-relatedproper- AltemativeFinding" must be supportedby- ty loss or hazardto humanllfe? Yes * The reasonswhy the proposedaction must be * Is theresignificant adverse Impact on naturaland locatedIn the floodplain. beneflclalfloodplain values? * The anemativesconsidered, and why they were not * Is there signifcantpotential for Interruptionor ter- practicable. minatonaof the communities'only evacuationroute * A statementIndicating whether the actionconforms or facilityneeded for emergencyvehicles? to applicableState or local foodplain protection standards. End No Documentationof the floodplainassessment should be IncludedIn the approprateenvironmental document or the prolectfile. End. FP-2 of 2 January,1988 Highway Traffilc Noise Proposedproject is a Type I Yea projecl (flew highway construction). _ aConduclyn acpropriane noiwi analysisin accordancewith yes No FHPM 7-7-3. d A noiseimpact is identified. No rOs@analysis required. No Considernoise abatement Y End .nd 1r si~~~~~~~~~~~~aderedmeasures.to beAbatement reasonableIs con-and Documentthe resultsof the feasible. analysis In the environmental I document.Notify local officials No Documentthe resultsof the of futurenoise levels and of analysis the likelihoodoln- FHWAfunding policy for Type Documentthe resullsof the cludansreasonable and leoaible 11projects (exisling highways). analysisIn the environmental abatementmeasures and Ihe End document.Include *easons why impactswhere no apparent abatementIs not reasonable solution Is available, Notifylocal and feasible. offlcialsof futurenoise levels Notifylocal officials of fulure and of FHWAfunding policy for noiselevels and of FHWAfund- Type 11projects (existing Ing policyfor Type II projects projects). (existinghighways). End End January.1988 N-1 of I Haardous wasteIs Identified No Hazardouswaste Is kdentid No - duringapprasal or o duringconstruction. i acquisition. iYO Yes Coordinatew1th EPAUState Contactthe a wrora EPA and ImiPoten-Regional authofftles. OfficeOn-Scone tindImocal audmtho gatle. oen Coordinatorand State and shalimcacts and mitigation local officials.Construction ahouedbeon reiwdadshould be stoppedunlg Itsl agEedofprocesnles.o deiteminedthat furnher work wsendofe discoeraneddrnew will not posean environ- wastesare discovereddurlng mentalthreat. End of construction, process. January,1988 HW-2of 2 Hazardous Waste Projed will affect a shieon EPA'sNational Priorities Ust (NPL). (Availablefrom EPA.) Yes Projectwill affect a site In the EPA inventorybut not on the NPL. (Availabtefrom EPA.) _S |Y i ~~~~~Proctwill a*Hect lands WiflI ths pobentlafor hwbf hudous waste;e.g. uniry hndfilb, public dumps,gaolne statis, manufacwungacMtls, etc. Y s 1 No further actionneoeosy during environmenal Impact analysts.Proced to ROW aoqulsition. Conductan appropriatlesumey to confirmthe presermcor absenced hzardous waste.Coordination with EPAStateand ocaloiis b encouraged. Presenced hazudouswaste ,YesIs confimd. In coordinationwith EPAand/or State anrd ical officialsconcernd with hazardouswastes, in- dicatethe potentialimpact of differentallernailves and discussin the environmentaldocument. Delinealethe geographicextent of the site and the relationof the projectto the site.Address the severityof the impacland evaluate the leasibilityand costs of mitigation. _W.1 of 2 January,1988 Soclo-Economic Impact Assemblea socio-economic profile including trendsfor the projectarea and the community * Identifyand evaluate the effectsof each at large. projectalternative(s): Typicalfactors to be consideredand Included * Communitycohesion as appropriate. * Neighborhoodaccess to community * Demographic: tacilities Sizeof population f Ageand ethnic distribution * Socialand economic disruption Income * Discrimination(Title Vi) * NeighborhoodBoundaries. * Relocation * Housing: Density * Identifymitigation oplions which would Multivs. singlefamily eliminate,reduce, or mInimizeadverse socio- Ownervs. tenant economiceffects. Condition Price AvallabililyNacancyrate Occupancyrate * CommunityFacllitles: Locationand type Accessto and from _ * Business: Numberof establishmentsby Industry Orientation:I.e., neighborhood, regional. SizelDistribution/Access DetermInewhether or not the project,as pro- Yes Ownership posed,has or couldhave a majorsocio- Slability economicImpact. The distinction between ma- Numberof employees pr, non-major,or minorwill by its naturebe a * Tax BaselEconomy: subjectiveevaluation. No Unemploymentrate Incomedistribution Will the projecthave a majorimpact? StabIllity DataSources: Primary Secondary Communitycontact January,198 SE-1of 2 Floodplains Determinewhether or not the proposedaction will en- The studyof projectalternatives with encroachments,or croachupon the base(100-year) floodplain, supportof base floodplaindevelopment. must Includean Identifythe geographicaea of the floodplain, exhibit which displaysalternitives. floodplaIns, and • Federal InsuranceAdministration (FIA) maps and floodways,and some discussionof the following,cond studies,including Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRM) mensuratewith the levelof Impact:h o and FloodHazard Boundary Maps (FHPM), must be Risk to. or resultingfrom, the proposedaction. used,if available.* * Othermaps, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Corps of * Impactson naturaland benoticialfloodplain values. Engineers,Soil Conservation Service (SCS), Bureau of * Degreeto whichthe actionprovides direct or In. LandManagement, Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA,) direct supportfor incompatibledevelopment In the ForestService, etc., may be used. base floodplaln;Ie., the developmentwhich Is not * Approximatemaps may be developed by Statehighway consistentwith the oommunities'foodplain develop. agencies. mentplan. Is the proposedaction localed within the limitsof the * Measuresto minimizefloodplain Impacts associated basetloodplain, or wouldthe actionsupport base with each allemative. floodplaindevelopment? * Measuresto restoreand proservethe naturaland beneficialfloodplain values that are Impacted. Yes In addition,If a particularalternative encroaches upon a regulatoryfloodway, the followingquestions must be ad. dressed:(This usuallyrequires some deslgn studies.) * Can the hlghwayencroachment be located,de- signedandlor construcledso that It Is consistent with the reogulatoryfloodway (RFW)? No * Can the RFWbe revisedto accommodatethe pro- posed project?;Ie., does the RFiW,though moved or changed,still meetNFIP standards? Document the action,taken to support thedeterminati * Can the RFWelevation be exceeded;I.e., Is it cost Documentthe acliontaken to suppor the determination effectiveto miligate flooddamages associated wilh that thereis no encroachment. a floodwayof greaterthan 1-footrise? 'If the projectis not in a FederalEmergency Manage- mentAgency (FEMA) identified flood hazard area, FIA mapswill not be availableand othersources should be Furtherdiscussion of requiredlocation hydraullc used.FHPM 6-7-3-2 shall be followed, studiesis found in FHPM6-7-32 January.1988 FP1 of 2 Visual Impact * Inventory,within the viewshedand land. Identify and mnapthe viewshed for the project alter- scape units, the location, numbers,and natives; I.e., the land area which can be seen from characteristicsof the people(viewers) who the project. This is identical to Ihe land area from will be able to see the completedproject. which the project can be seen. a Describethe numbers and characteristicsof the people(users) who will view the land. scape from the completed project; i.e., recreational/scenlctravelers, commuters, | , ~~~~~~~~~~~~~etc. Identify,within the projectvlewshed, each separate and distinct landscapeunit. Landscapeunits may be: Identify,within the viewshed and landscape * Spatially enclosed; I.e., visually bounded by units, the key viewpoints.Prioritize the relative land form and/or land cover, or Importanceof each viewpointIn terms of visual * Spatially unenclosed;I.e., visually unbounded. Information,viewer characteristics,and potentilal visual Impact. Inventory,within each landscape unit, the relative presenceor absence of visual Information. * Landform (descriptionof topographic For each key viewpdnt, evaluatethe visual features); I.e., mountains, hills, valleys, etc. characterand visual quality of the view In terms * Landcover;i.e., water features, vegetation, of existing conditionsand anticipatedpost proj- man-madedevelopment. ect circumstances.Visual character and visual quality are describedIn the FHWA Visual AssessmentMethodoloyv. January,198s V-1of 2 The SHAcompleles PartsI & SCScompletes Parts I1 IV, & v The USDArecommends that III of FormAD-1006 and sub. and returnsform AD-1006to the allernalivesreceiving 160 polnts mils it. togetherwith maps BHA Ys or morebe givena higher level showinglocation of alter. b 6558.4(a).(b), & (c) of considerationfor protection,to natives,to the appropriate * SHAappie0s the site assess- include: local SoilConservation Service ment crilerfa(Part VI). Up to * Use of land that Is not (SCS)field office. 160points may be assigned. farmland. 658.4(a) 658.5(b) * Identityof allemativeloco- 6 SHA combinesthe points lions and deslgnsthat would fromPart VI with those convertfewer acres of receivedfrom SCS(Part V- farmland,or use of other 655.6(a)).Maxlmum cannot farmlandof lowerrelative Within45 calendardays of exceed260. value. receipt.SCS will notify the Doesany atternatlye(s)receive a Reuxaminrtlenof the setin SHAwhether or not all, or a scoreof 160points or more? requirementsothe proj"I part.of any projectalter- 658.4(o3) & (4) native(s)is subjectto the Act.** YNoI Are lands subject to Ihe Act z iry 658.4(a) The UnitedStates Department of The SHA shall documentIn the So Agriculture(USDA) reoommends approprialeenvironmental docw that the alternative(s)be given a ment.or In the projectnies If no minimallevel of farmiand protec- documenl Is prepared, the effots ResucompletrdomesP l of tion and no additionalallernatives madeto Identityand take Into a |- SCS00 andpnetifesthet SA.f needbe evaluated. countthe adverse effects of the Resultsare doumientheSH. 658.4(0)X2) projecton farmland. It shouldIn- Results are documented. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~clude allernativesconsidered man End - u ~- . milgatv measuresthat could lessensuch advers Impacts. 658.4(a) The dDCumentshall assure,to the extentpracticable, that the prolectIs compatiblewith State, Documentthe level of considera- local govemmentand private lionlprolectiongiven In the programsas well as policiesto appropriateenvironmental docu- protectfarmland. A copy of the menl or In the ptojectfiies It no completedForm AD 1006is documentis prepared. included. 658.4 The SHAshould also look at PartVI. In certaincircumstances It may be obviousthat the assessmentcrileria will be less than 60 points.If this Is the case,it is not necessaryto End send theAD 1006to the SCS;however. the file must be documented. "i1 a responseis not receivedin 45 days,and furtherdelay would interferewith consiruc- lion aclivilies.the SHAmay proceed,658.4(a) January,1988 F-2 of 2 Wetlands. Identification Evaluatlon Wetland Finding Using the definitionof wet- Using the FHWA Method for Determinewhether or not there Is a practicable lands containedin Wetland FunctionalAssess- alternativeto constructionlocated In wetlands. 33CFR323.2(c),identify any ment or other recognized wetlandsthat may be al- Yes method, evaluate the Impor- Determinewhelher or not the proposedaction fected by the project. lance of the wetland Includes all practicablemeasures to minimize functions. harmto wetlands. Wetlandsare present and may be affected by the Evaluate and describe the ef- In making these determinations,take into ac- project? fedts the project will have on count all economic.environmental, and other the wetland functions. pertinent factorsthat have a bearingon the issueof practicability. Consult with the FWS under the FWCA and other ap- propriate Federal/Statellocal No agencies(EPA, COE, NMFS, etc.). Documentresults of the Iden- Evaluatethe potentialmitiga.inoorethwtldfniginhenvon tDoeumeonteffor9t,01theIdenl tion options in terms of Incorporatethe wetla finding In the anviron- tlifcalion effor., benefits and costs. Executive mentaldocument. Identify any remainingareas END Order (EO) 11990. of disagreement. "Specifically discuss the Documenttechnical support information In file *These Issuesare central to cumulativeimpact of the pro- or a technical appendix,as appropriate. the acceptabilityof a 404 per- ject on the wetland. mit by the COE and EPA.To avoid review of these Issues 'Consider the project impacts at the environmentalstage Is in relation to the 404(b)(1) to jeopardizethe adequacyof guidelines. the environmentaldocument I at the 404 permit stage. *Discuss the mitigationop- tions considered.Include those that have been Incor. End of wetland analysisIn the environmental porated into the project and designand permit applioapion. thosethat havebeen dsg n emtapiain excluded. January, 1988 W-1 of 2 Air Quality Make judgmentbased on ex- Use simplilied techniques to Use detailedmodeling tech. Coordinatewith State and perienceor past analysisas quantify CO levels for each niques to quantityCO levels local air qualily agencies and to whethera quantitativecar- Yes project alternative. Do the Yes for each project alternative. Yes EnvironmentalProtection bon monoxide(CO) air quali- values approach the National Do the valuesequal or ex- Agency (EPA)on potential ty analysisIs needed.Air Ambient Air QualityStand- ceed the NAAOS? mitigationmeasures. quaity analysis is required. ards (NAAOS)? |No No N Are area-widepollutants (i.e., HC and NOx) a significantIssue? No Yes Summarizeresults of CO-analysisand Summarizefesults of CO-analysisand include (if applicable)(1) proposed area-wideemission trend data ffom mitigationmeasures, (2) evidence of State ImplementationPlan. Also In- coordinationwith air qualiltyofficials, clude (if appropriate)(1) proposed and (3) a conformityfindlng. miligation measures,(2) evidenceof woordinationwith air quality officials, (3) a conformity finding.' anua. | with proJect. A fProceed _ | ~Endr January,1988 AG-1 of 3 Water Quality Identify the waler Is there any probabilitythat Identify the existing water resource(s)within the pro- project activities(construction Yes quality levels for those ject area: and/or operations)could resourcesthat could be * Rivers reasonablybe expectedto affectedby the project. * Streams affect the water resources? Parametersinclude: * Lakes * PhysicalQuality * Estuaries Sediment,turbidity, * Wetlands No temperature. * Impoundments * ChemicalOuality * Reservoirs * Subsurface aquifers Concentrationsof Documentthe actions taken dissolvedchemicals. to support the conclusion(s) * BacteriologicalQualiO y In the project file. Parthenogenic& non- End parthenogenic bacteria. Identify existingenvironmen- tal conditions. * Plants * Animals * Geology * Climale a Flow Consultwith the State agen- 'This procedure Is for water quality In general. These specific steps are not cies halt adminisngr phO required by Federallaw, regulationor ExecutiveOrder. The Informationand wagerquaity planning pro- analysis Is, however,essential when discussingwater quality impacts with gram(s)to determinestand- Federal, State, and local water quality managersresponsible for oermit pro- ards and criteria. grams, point and non-point source pollution,safe drinking water, and recrea- * Performany studies tional water quality standards. necessarywhere water quality Informationis not available. January, 1988 WO-1 of 2 FOREWORD TtN.spublication contains an annotatedflow chart of eachmajor environmenlal subject area for whichthe FederalHighway Administration (FHWA)has a responsibility.The specific concerns have evolved from focusedlaws, regulations, and executive-orders; such as the Clean Air Act, the EndangeredSpecies Act. 36 CFRSOD (Protection of Historicand Cultural Properties). Executive Order 11990-Wetlands,etc. Comprehensiveenvironmental concerns are derivedfrom the languageof the NationalEnvironmental Policy Act (NEPA)and Section 109(h) of Title 23. Flowcharts for theseissues and processesare not included. This documentprovides an abbreviateddesk reference, useful to both newand experienced employees. tI will Identifyand track the myrlad of environmentalprocesses which may be applicableto highwayproject development. It will alsobe usefulwhen projectdevelopment activitiesrequire coordination with other public and privateagencies and entities. The looseleaf formatwill facilitatechanges and revisionsas the variousrequirements change. The individualpages can be punchedto fit in a binderor can be joinedtogether to producea fold-outchart for a singlesubject. Users are free to modifythe chartsIn anyway they feal Is usefuland appropriate. Additionalcopies of this publicationcan be obtalnedfrom the NationalTechnical Information Service, Springfeold, Virginla 22161. NOTICE Thecontents of this reportreflect the viewsof the aulhors,who are responsiblefor the factsand accuracy of the datapresented hereln. The contentsdo not necessarilyreflect the offtcll policyof the Departmentof Transportation. Thisreport does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. /4 f7Jj 2 71 Stanley . Byingion Director,Office of Implementation January,1988